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topping 1,000 g (35 oz). Total length is about 30–50 cm (12–20 in), with a tail length of 1–4 cm (0.39–1.57 in). Their superficial similarity with true beavers reflects only their relatively large size (for rodents), strong odor, preference for living in extremely watery / moist habitats, and propensity to gnaw bark and cut branches. Mountain beavers do not fell trees, build dams, live in lodges, or communicate by slapping their tails (their tail is minute). They are predominantly nocturnal and crepuscular in above ground activities. They are known to climb trees a few meters to acquire food in the form of branches and leaves, but otherwise their diet consists mostly of ferns, especially species that are toxic to other animals.
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wilted vegetation which the animal likely uses as a kind of food cache as well as a source of nesting material. Mountain beavers seldom travel more than a few meters from their burrow entrances, taking advantage of the protection such burrows offer from predators such as cougars and owls (though skunks and weasels that also occupy mountain beaver burrows and tunnels may take nestlings as food). They appear to build
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periods of up to 2 hours and 45 minutes throughout the day with 6 or 7 periods of feeding per day. In total they forage for up to 9 hours per day. These animals are physiologically limited to moist microenvironments, with most subspecies occurring only in regions with minimal snowfall and cool winters. They do not appear to be able to conserve body heat or warmth as efficiently as other rodents, nor do they
1876:
1127:) and it is not restricted to mountains. "Boomer" refers to the loud vocalizations that these usually-solitary animals make when in social situations, but this has not been recorded nor verified. Lewis and Clark originally called the animal "sewellel", a misunderstanding of the Chinook word "she-wal-lal", the name for garments made from the skin of the creature. See Borrecco and Anderson, 1980.
1102:. Originally listed in 1991, the Point Arena mountain beaver is distinguished by its black colouration and by characteristic body proportions, including a smaller overall size. The principal threat to this subspecies is habitat loss and fragmentation; its remaining range comprises a disjunct region of 24 square miles (62 km) in western
453:
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are 5 to 10 years – fairly long for rodents. They are not social, though home ranges can overlap. While mountain beavers are generally solitary creatures, they may form groups due to suitable habitat and food resources being in a small area; population densities vary widely because of this.
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and the animals will sit on their hindquarters and manipulate food with their forelimbs and incisors. Mountain beavers are asocial and generally do not live in shared burrows. Burrows usually consist of a network of tunnels built in deep soil. The entrances to these burrows often contain clumps of
879:
regions of the North
American Pacific coast and moist microenvironments inland due to their inability to obtain sufficient water in more arid environments. It is thought that Aplodontia prefer vegetation high in water content due to their poor ability to concentrate urine which makes it necessary to
795:
Mountain beavers are usually dark gray or brown, but their fur can range from slightly more reddish (rufa) to more blackish depending on subspecies, with a light patch under each ear. The animals have distinctively short tails. Adults weigh about 500–900 g (18–32 oz), with a few specimens
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has maintained a program to exterminate the mountain beaver due to beavers causing economic damage to commercial reforestation. Damage control measures taken to protect forest trees by controlling the mountain beaver population include trapping, placing toxic baits, and placing physical barriers
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mounds at some burrow entrances, but whether this behavior is related to water regulation, curing food, or gathering nest materials is debated. Mountain beavers are partially nocturnal, spending more time active at night than the day but still active during both periods. They actively feed in
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Mountain beavers are considered pests in areas of the
Pacific Northwest because of the extensive damage they cause to forest trees due to basal-grinding (removal of bark), branch cutting, or clipping small sapling and seedlings. This damage often poses a problem for forest management and
1060:
The breeding season is between
January and March, with two or three young born February to April. The ovulation period lasts a few weeks and gestation lasts for a month. The young are born hairless, pink, and blind. They are weaned at 6 to 8 weeks and leave the burrow soon after.
1122:
Other names include boomer, mountain boomer, ground bear, giant mole, gehalis, sewellel, suwellel, showhurll, showtl, and showte, as well as a number of other Native
American terms. "Mountain beaver" is a misnomer as the animal is not a true beaver
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to a family name is to drop the -a only and add -idae. Thus, Aplodontiidae is technically correct. This spelling is gaining acceptance in modern texts and is the standard spelling currently recognized by the
460:
Most references use the spelling
Aplodontidae for the family name. This has been deemed incorrect due to the technical rules of converting a genus name into a family name. The proper conversion of
1278:
Hautier, L.; Michaux, J.; Marivaux, L.; Vianey-Liaud, M. (2008). "Evolution of the zygomasseteric construction in
Rodentia, as revealed by a geometric morphometric analysis of the mandible of
436:, although its less-efficient renal system was thought to indicate greater relative antiquity for the species. There are seven subspecies of mountain beavers, six of which are found in
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tooth, which is unique among mammals and allows for easy identification of teeth. This projection points toward the cheek on the upper tooth row, but points toward the tongue on the
211:
1236:
Piaggio, A. J., B. A. Coghlan, A. E. Miscampbell, W. M. Arjo, D. B. Ransome, and C. E. Ritland. 2013. Molecular phylogeny of an ancient rodent family (Aplodontiidae).
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reforestation when smaller seedlings are buried or uprooted during mountain beaver feeding and can result in tree deformities, growth suppression, and mortality. The
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Godwin, A. J. 1964. A review of the literature on the mountain beaver. USDI, Fish and
Wildlife Serv., Washington, D.C. Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. No. 78. 52 pp.
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pellets are transferred to fecal chambers located within the burrow system. Food includes fleshy herbs and young shoots of more woody plants.
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Functional anatomy of incisal biting in
Aplodontia rufa and sciuromorph rodents–Part 1: masticatory muscles, skull shape and digging
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ancestor). The mountain beaver was once thought to be related to the earliest protrogomorphous rodents, such as the ischyromyids (
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Alternate spellings of the genus name have also been reported, with as many as 30 variants historically. These include
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The mountain beaver is the only living rodent with this primitive cranial and muscular feature (except perhaps the
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1265:"The distribution abundance and habitat requirements of the Sierra mountain beaver in Yosemite National Park"
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850:. The cheek teeth lack the complex folds of other rodents and instead consist of single basins. They are
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Molecular studies have consistently produced a sister relationship between the mountain beaver and the
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has evolved. In the protrogomorphous condition, the medial masseter muscle does not pass through the
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and ever-growing. Two upper and one lower premolars are present, along with all the molars, giving a
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According to the fossil record, the
Aplodontiidae split from the squirrels in the Middle or Late
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35:
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Feldhammer, George A.; Lee
Drickamer; Stephen Vessey; Joseph Merritt; Carey Krajewski (2007).
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1901:
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432:, to which it is not closely related; the mountain beaver is instead more closely related to
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82:
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Mountain beavers are capable of climbing trees, but rarely travel far from burrows. Their
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506:("simple tooth") is in reference to the single large basin comprising the bulk of each
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and divergence time estimates for major rodent groups: Evidence from multiple
1436:"Mountain beaver problems in the forest of California, Oregon, and Washington"
998:. Their consumption of seedling trees has led some to consider them as pests.
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forests, but throughout most of the range they appear to prefer the former.
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is about 4.5 cm (1.8 in) in length. The male does not have a true
552:. This condition is similar to what is found in most mammal groups, such as
2341:
2057:
1964:
1023:
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545:
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1473:. David MacDonald (ed). Oxford University Press, 2001. Pages 596–597.
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probably make up the bulk of their diets. They appear to be strictly
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have recently suggested a more distant relationship to these animals.
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2179:
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2086:
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1705:
1686:"Identifying and Managing Mountain Beaver Damage to Forest Resources"
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855:
851:
266:
186:
2371:
1709:
Wild Mammals of North America: biology, management, and conservation
1398:
1148:
Fellers, G.M.; Lidicker Jr., W.Z.; Linzey, A.; NatureServe (2017) .
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and does not extend to the region in front of the eye as is seen in
572:. Likewise, the lateral masseter muscle attaches to the base of the
24:
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1052:(e.g., plastic mesh tubes) around the base of an individual tree.
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2150:
1344:(432). The American Society of Mammalogists: 1–10. Archived from
1205:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
824:
816:
593:
584:
441:
191:
166:
1589:. Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management. Archived from
1489:. Portland, Oregon: Audubon Society of Portland/Raven Editions.
875:
urine. They are thought to be physiologically restricted to the
2465:
2049:
1942:
1930:
1918:
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1832:
1800:
Adkins, R. M. E. L. Gelke, D. Rowe, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2001.
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828:
730:
694:
636:
553:
403:
306:
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1513:, vol. 41, no. 1, (Feb., 1960), pages 120–121.
1208:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 753.
1043:. Females of this flea can be 8 mm (0.31 in) long.
987:
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and eat soft fecal pellets to obtain maximum nutrients; hard
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820:
800:
613:
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407:
210:
1328:
1082:. However, one subspecies, the Point Arena mountain beaver (
2301:
1805:
1075:
1034:
991:
1706:
Feldhamer, George; Bruce Thompson; Joseph Chapman (2003).
1033:
Among the parasites of the mountain beaver is the largest
1999:(Squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, susliks and prairie dogs)
1509:
Lloyd Ingles. (1960). Tree Climbing by Mountain Beavers.
1465:
1463:
1461:
1027:
958:
1587:"Mountain Beavers and Control of Mountain Beaver Damage"
778:, all the way down through Oregon to Northern California
1458:
811:
as seen in other rodents. It is flattened and lacks a
1916:
1819:. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp.
1712:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 179–187.
904:
and Coast Ranges of Washington and Oregon, plus the
838:
Mountain beavers have an unusual projection on each
831:move into a position called semiscrotal during the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1842:
2121:(Zokors, bamboo rats, mole rats, blind mole rats)
1837:, Vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London.
1817:Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level
1558:
2636:
1584:
1433:
1385:Carraway, Leslie N.; Verts, B. J. (1993-04-23).
1329:Leslie N. Carraway; B.J. Verts (23 April 1993).
1434:Borrecco, John E.; Anderson, Robert J. (1980).
1815:McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997.
1375:." Cells Tissues Organs 191.6 (2010): 510-522.
705:: restricted to the far northwestern coast of
587:, which clearly evolved protrogomorphy from a
1902:
1737:"Point Arena Mountain Beaver Species Profile"
1440:Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference
1384:
1173:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T1869A22183865.en
1639:. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
1527:
807:; it has no specialized attachments for the
2675:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
1693:Oregon State University | Extension Service
883:
717:: restricted to a small region in southern
2650:Fauna of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
1909:
1895:
1528:Evans, James (1984). MacDonald, D. (ed.).
1324:
1322:
1078:lists the mountain beaver as a species of
1069:
540:The mountain beaver is considered to be a
382:
228:
209:
1845:Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology
1660:Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage
1656:
1284:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1171:
556:, where no extreme specialization of the
521:
447:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1786:) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation"
1637:"Living with Wildlife: Mountain Beavers"
1413:
973:
896:and southward including the rest of the
786:
525:
451:
1482:
1476:
1319:
467:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
2680:Endemic fauna of the Pacific Northwest
2637:
2096:(Jerboas, jumping mice and birch mice)
1731:
1729:
1683:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1193:
880:consume large amounts of water daily.
550:protrogomorphous zygomasseteric system
424:. It should not be confused with true
406:. It is the only living member of its
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2375:
2060:(Kangaroo rats and mice, pocket mice)
1890:
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1427:
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2665:Extant Pleistocene first appearances
1534:. New York: Facts on File. pp.
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1254:
1252:
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2645:IUCN Red List least concern species
1726:
1612:"Oregon Dept of Forestry info page"
1516:
1187:
1159:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1141:
928:. They range from sea level to the
819:is thin and distinctly forked. The
639:as indicated by the extinct genera
544:, due to the presence of a host of
13:
1422:
888:Mountain beavers are found in the
651:. The fossil record for the genus
548:characteristics, particularly the
14:
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1868:
1362:
1243:
1874:
1296:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00453.x
871:Mountain beavers cannot produce
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134:
23:
1810:Molecular Biology and Evolution
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1749:
1699:
1677:
1663:. Diane Pub Co. pp. B-59.
1650:
1629:
1604:
1578:
1552:
1503:
1486:Cascade-Olympic Natural History
1471:The New Encyclopedia of Mammals
1378:
1086:) of California, is considered
34:needs additional citations for
16:Species of the genus Aplodontia
1851:Johns Hopkins University Press
1782:"Point Arena Mountain Beaver (
1310:
1271:
1230:
1116:
1092:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
782:
1:
2137:(Malagasy rats and relatives)
1134:
932:. They can be found in both
729:: distributed across coastal
685:: distributed throughout the
662:
624:(not to be confused with the
2660:Rodents of the United States
2336:(Spiny rats, coypus, hutias)
1049:United States Forest Service
719:Mendocino County, California
7:
2360:(Chinchillas and viscachas)
2153:(House mouse and relatives)
1531:The Encyclopedia of Mammals
1055:
943:
632:, depending on the author.
628:zygomasseteric system), or
10:
2698:
2278:(New World hystricognaths)
1757:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
1559:Newell, Toni Lynn (2002).
1001:
900:in the United States, the
791:Skull of a mountain beaver
2384:
2199:
2162:
2069:
2008:
1963:
1925:
1917:Extant families in order
1657:Hygnstrom, Scott (2010).
1585:Campbell, Dan L. (2005).
1040:Hystrichopsylla schefferi
747:San Francisco, California
655:extends only to the Late
612:(family Sciuridae). This
502:, among others. The name
381:
362:
355:
250:Scientific classification
248:
226:
217:
208:
125:
2145:(Hamsters and relatives)
1761:explorer.natureserve.org
1483:Mathews, Daniel (1994).
1109:
1006:Known predators include
884:Habitat and distribution
456:Immature mountain beaver
1282:(Rodentia, Gliridae)".
1070:Status and conservation
969:
440:and three of which are
132:Late Pleistocene–Recent
2670:Rodents by common name
2312:(Agoutis and acouchis)
2288:(New World porcupines)
2235:(Old World porcupines)
1684:Taylor, Jimmy (2013).
1567:. Animal Diversity Web
1371:Druzinsky, Robert E. "
1263:Todd, Paul A. (1990).
1202:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
1196:"Family Aplodontiidae"
979:
978:Mountain beaver burrow
792:
774:: found along coastal
765:to southern Washington
537:
522:Taxonomy and phylogeny
518:means red or reddish.
457:
448:Spelling and etymology
402:) is a North American
2617:Paleobiology Database
2344:(Degus and relatives)
2129:(Mouse-like hamsters)
1784:Aplodontia rufa nigra
1469:"Mountain Beaver" in
1194:Helgen, K.M. (2005).
1166:: e.T1869A115057269.
977:
877:temperate rain forest
790:
529:
455:
1883:at Wikimedia Commons
1511:Journal of Mammalogy
1238:Journal of Mammalogy
1096:Critically Imperiled
924:and extreme western
693:and extreme western
562:infraorbital foramen
43:improve this article
1829:Nowak, R. M. 1999.
1802:Molecular phylogeny
813:postorbital process
757:: found across the
691:Northern California
220:Conservation status
2227:(Laotian rock rat)
2207:("Porcupine-like")
2170:("Anomalure-like")
2113:(Oriental dormice)
2111:Platacanthomyidae
980:
793:
772:(Rafinesque, 1817)
741:: found mostly in
700:A. r. humboldtiana
667:At present, seven
659:of North America.
616:is referred to as
601:and morphological
538:
535:Harvard University
458:
2655:Rodents of Canada
2632:
2631:
2604:Open Tree of Life
2378:Taxon identifiers
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2352:(Chinchilla rats)
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2097:
2080:
2061:
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2036:
2019:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1983:(Mountain beaver)
1974:
1971:("Squirrel-like")
1879:Media related to
1860:978-0-8018-8695-9
1391:Mammalian Species
1387:"Aplodontia rufa"
1215:978-0-8018-8221-0
906:Klamath Mountains
902:Olympic Mountains
890:Cascade Mountains
773:
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684:
680:A. r. californica
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389:
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119:
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58:"Mountain beaver"
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2217:Ctenodactylidae
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2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
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2059:
2052:(Pocket gophers)
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2034:
2018:
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1955:Euarchontoglires
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1614:. Archived from
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1565:mountain beaver"
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1145:
1128:
1120:
1104:Mendocino County
894:British Columbia
868:
867:
866:
863:
809:masseter muscles
805:protrogomorphous
771:
763:British Columbia
754:
738:
726:
714:
702:
682:
675:are recognized:
603:phylogeneticists
589:hystricomorphous
512:specific epithet
430:Eurasian beavers
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2158:
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2016:("Beaver-like")
2015:
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558:masseter muscle
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2077:("Mouse-like")
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683:(Peters, 1864)
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626:sciuromorphous
574:zygomatic arch
564:as it does in
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1593:on 2018-12-02
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419:
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357:Binomial name
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235:Least Concern
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2385:
2350:Abrocomidae
2328:(Tuco-tucos)
2326:Ctenomyidae
2302:Cuniculidae
2276:Caviomorpha
2260:(Dassie rat)
2233:Hystricidae
2225:Diatomyidae
2182:(Anomalures)
1980:
1965:Sciuromorpha
1953:Superorder:
1947:Infraclass:
1844:
1835:of the World
1830:
1816:
1809:
1783:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:
1751:
1740:. Retrieved
1708:
1701:
1692:
1679:
1659:
1652:
1641:. Retrieved
1631:
1620:. Retrieved
1616:the original
1606:
1595:. Retrieved
1591:the original
1580:
1569:. Retrieved
1562:
1554:
1530:
1510:
1505:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1443:
1439:
1415:
1390:
1380:
1353:. Retrieved
1346:the original
1342:Mamm Species
1341:
1332:
1312:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1237:
1232:
1204:
1200:Wilson, D.E.
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1163:
1157:
1151:
1143:
1124:
1118:
1095:
1083:
1073:
1059:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1005:
981:
947:
887:
873:concentrated
870:
837:
798:
794:
768:
751:
735:
723:
715:Taylor, 1914
711:
703:Taylor, 1916
699:
679:
672:
666:
652:
646:
640:
634:
622:Sciuromorpha
607:
592:
582:
539:
533:specimen at
530:
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363:
348:A. rufa
347:
346:
327:
326:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2565:NatureServe
2487:iNaturalist
2410:Wikispecies
2334:Echimyidae
2318:Dinomyidae
2268:(Cane rats)
2143:Cricetidae
2135:Nesomyidae
2119:Spalacidae
2033:Castoridae
2026:Castoroidea
1766:15 November
1100:NatureServe
1084:A. r. nigra
996:herbivorous
914:Point Arena
783:Description
743:Point Reyes
736:A. r. phaea
712:A. r. nigra
657:Pleistocene
566:guinea pigs
508:cheek tooth
493:Apluodontia
487:Aploodontia
475:Haplodontia
2639:Categories
2320:(Pacarana)
2252:(Blesmols)
2243:Phiomorpha
2188:Pedetidae
2094:Dipodidae
2087:Dipodoidea
2050:Geomyidae
2043:Geomyoidea
1997:Sciuridae
1742:2021-09-06
1643:2013-06-25
1622:2013-03-30
1597:2013-08-12
1571:2013-08-11
1355:2017-09-09
1280:Graphiurus
1135:References
1088:endangered
984:coprophagy
938:coniferous
922:California
908:, and the
827:, but the
776:Washington
769:A. r. rufa
707:California
669:subspecies
663:Subspecies
653:Aplodontia
648:Prosciurus
618:Sciuroidea
580:and mice.
504:Aplodontia
499:Aplodontie
462:Aplodontia
438:California
413:Aplodontia
374:Rafinesque
334:Richardson
328:Aplodontia
99:April 2017
69:newspapers
2294:Caviidae
2071:Myomorpha
2035:(Beavers)
1991:(Dormice)
1989:Gliridae
1929:Kingdom:
1831:Walker's
1452:0507-6773
1179:15 August
1063:Lifespans
964:hibernate
954:opposable
934:deciduous
930:tree line
918:Pt. Reyes
852:hypsodont
610:squirrels
599:molecular
578:squirrels
546:primitive
434:squirrels
342:Species:
273:Kingdom:
267:Eukaryota
2570:2.101780
2557:12300004
2505:10924252
2437:BioLib:
2395:Wikidata
2296:(Cavies)
2219:(Gundis)
2151:Muridae
2104:Muroidea
1949:Eutheria
1943:Mammalia
1937:Chordata
1935:Phylum:
1931:Animalia
1919:Rodentia
1304:84477221
1224:62265494
1056:Breeding
944:Behavior
844:premolar
642:Spurimus
630:Sciurida
597:). Both
585:blesmols
481:Haplodon
313:Family:
307:Rodentia
297:Mammalia
287:Chordata
283:Phylum:
277:Animalia
263:Domain:
240:IUCN 3.1
2544:1001504
2479:2439690
2401:Q503813
2304:(Pacas)
1941:Class:
1833:Mammals
1536:610–611
1407:3504188
1090:by the
1037:known,
1020:cougars
1016:weasels
1012:coyotes
1008:bobcats
1002:Ecology
865:1.0.1.3
862:1.0.2.3
825:scrotum
817:baculum
594:Paramys
554:rabbits
442:endemic
376:, 1817)
323:Genus:
303:Order:
293:Class:
238: (
198:↓
83:scholar
2609:159158
2518:180133
2466:327978
1857:
1823:
1716:
1667:
1542:
1493:
1450:
1405:
1302:
1222:
1212:
1125:Castor
1094:, and
1026:, and
950:thumbs
926:Nevada
829:testes
815:. The
731:Oregon
695:Nevada
637:Eocene
510:. The
496:, and
418:family
416:, and
404:rodent
336:, 1829
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2622:44187
2596:81783
2583:51342
2500:IRMNG
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