507:
severity of penile injuries resulting from blunt trauma to a flaccid penis, increasing ability to foresee the consequences of their actions would also enable hominins to realise that these injuries are a useful tool in male-male competition. This behavioural innovation, planned conspecific aggression with the goal of temporary exclusion of competitors from the breeding pool, would create an environment in which a genetic mutation for a penis without a baculum (or with an unossified baculum) would strongly increase the fitness of the mutant phenotype. Along with the hominin propensity for social learning and cultural transmission, this hypothetical scenario may explain why this phenotype became fixed in all human populations.
41:
523:
29:
2442:"In humans, neoteny is manifested in the resemblance of many physiological features of a human to a late-stage foetal chimpanzee. These foetal characteristics include hair on the head, a globular skull, ear shape, vertical plane face, absence of penal bone (baculum) in foetal male chimpanzees, the vagina pointing forward in foetal ape, the presence of hymen in neonate ape, and the structure of the foot. 'These and many other features', Bednarik says, 'define the anatomical relationship between ape and man as the latter's neoteny
46:
45:
42:
47:
44:
243:
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Strengths and weaknesses of these hypotheses were revised in a 2021 study, which also proposed an alternative hypothesis: that conspecific aggression, in combination with the development of self-awareness, may have played a role in the loss. If the presence of a baculum exacerbated the prevalence and
475:
proposed honest advertising as the evolutionary explanation for the loss of the baculum. The hypothesis states that if erection failure is a sensitive early warning of ill health (physical or mental), females could have gauged the health of a potential mate based on his ability to achieve erection
2531:, a raccoon penis bone (scientifically known as the baculum) is a lucky charm used to attract love. In some areas, it's boiled to remove any trace of the animal, and then tied to a red ribbon and worn as a necklace. In other areas, the bones were traditionally given to girls and young women by
494:
in which the male tended to accompany a particular female all the time to try to ensure paternity of her children" which allows for frequent matings of short duration. Observation suggests that primates with a baculum only infrequently encounter females, but engage in longer periods of
419:), the baculum can be used to determine relative age. If a raccoon's baculum tip is made up of uncalcified cartilage, has a porous base, is less than 1.2 g (0.042 oz) in mass, and measures less than 90 mm (3.5 in) long, then the baculum belongs to a juvenile.
396:
Evidence suggests that the baculum was independently evolved 9 times and lost in 10 separate lineages. The baculum is an exclusive characteristic of placentals and closely related eutherians, being absent in other mammal clades, and it has been speculated to be derived from the
1186:
1119:
1167:
43:
1206:
450:(1951), p. 30 say, "Both gorillas and chimpanzees possess a penile bone. In the latter species, the os penis is located in the lower part of the organ and measures approximately three-quarters of an inch in length." In humans, the rigidity of the
2721:
1791:
1183:
1116:
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The mating system shift hypothesis proposes that the shift towards monogamy as the dominant reproductive strategy may have reduced the intensity of copulatory and post-copulatory sexual selection, and made the baculum obsolete.
1163:
2336:
2597:
435:
ossification following trauma have been reported, and one case was reported of a congenital os penis surgically removed from a 5-year-old boy, who also had other developmental abnormalities, including a cleft scrotum.
1691:
1203:
624:
are also sold as tourist souvenirs. In 2007, a 4.5 ft-long (1.4 m) fossilized penis bone from an extinct species of walrus, believed by the seller to be the largest in existence, was sold for $ 8,000.
2266:
Brennan PLR (2016) The evolution of genitalia. In: Shackelford TK, Weekes-Shackelford VA (eds) Encyclopedia of
Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–4. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland
214:, and its characteristics are sometimes used to differentiate between similar species. A bone in the penis allows a male to mate for a long time with a female, which can be a distinct advantage in some
503:, also known as hidden estrus, meaning it is almost impossible to tell when the female is fertile (unless the cervical mucus is examined), so frequent matings would be necessary to ensure paternity.
1788:
2328:
412:
has one around 13 millimetres (0.51 in) long. The great apes, despite their size, tend to have very small penis bones, and humans are the only ones to have lost them altogether.
1845:
2589:
483:: a boneless penis would be more flexible, facilitating a larger range of copulatory positions and whole body movement, giving females greater general physical stimulation.
2559:
1094:
1943:
1657:
977:
1491:
1985:
1884:
919:
2073:
2737:
1063:
802:
1388:
408:, weighing around 500 grams (18 oz), have a baculum measuring around 2 millimetres (0.079 in), while the tiny 63 g (2.2 oz)
1811:
614:. Sometimes as long as 60 cm (24 in), fossilized bacula are often polished and used as a handle for knives and other tools. The
2053:
1019:
2510:
2358:
1230:
1829:
2790:
2257:
Cormier LA, Jones SR (2015) The
Domesticated Penis: How Womanhood Has Shaped Manhood. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, USA.
223:
847:
727:
2389:
Jakovlić, Ivan (2021) “The
Missing Human Baculum: A Victim of Conspecific Aggression and Budding Self-Awareness?” Mammal Review.
942:
479:
The tactile stimulation hypothesis proposes that the loss of the baculum in humans is linked to the female choice for tactile
2660:
2504:
2419:
2150:
2024:
1979:
1878:
1839:
1727:
1566:
1524:
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913:
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that the baculum makes possible, thereby maximizing their chances of fathering the female's offspring. Human females exhibit
1733:
1572:
1530:
1487:
704:
2496:
Book of
Superstitious Stuff: Weird Happenings, Wacky Rites, Frightening Fears, Mysterious Myths & Other Bizarre Beliefs
2458:
2363:
1086:
1969:
1868:
1405:
Herdina, Anna Nele; Kelly, Diane A.; Jahelková, Helena; Lina, Peter H. C.; Horáček, Ivan; Metscher, Brian D. (2015).
1013:
834:
2303:
1237:. ABC – BBC. 2002. pp. Question: How do we know how Godinotia (the primate in program 1) mated?. Archived from
903:
136:. The baculum arises from primordial cells in soft tissues of the penis, and its formation is largely influenced by
2770:
1260:
Dixson, A. F. (1987). "Observations on the evolution of the genitalia and copulatory behaviour in male primates".
2456:
Gilbert, S. F.; Zevit, Z. (2001). "Congenital human baculum deficiency: The generative bone of
Genesis 2:21-23".
1555:
George A. Feldhamer; Lee C. Drickamer; Stephen H. Vessey; Joseph F. Merritt; Carey
Krajewski (19 February 2015).
2622:
Gilbert SF, Zevit Z (July 2001). "Congenital human baculum deficiency: the generative bone of
Genesis 2:21–23".
1773:
1756:
2567:
431:. In many ape species, it is a relatively insignificant 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) structure. Cases of
1385:
427:
Unlike most primates, humans lack an os penis, but the bone is present, although much reduced, among other
2277:
2070:
2722:
On the evolution of the mammalian baculum: vaginal friction, prolonged intromission or induced ovulation?
446:
1599:
Schultz, Nicholas G.; Lough-Stevens, Michael; Abreu, Eric; Orr, Teri; Dean, Matthew D. (1 June 2016).
1554:
628:
2712:
2236:
1678:
222:
in some species. In carnivorans and primates, the length of the baculum appears to be influenced by
2765:
2726:
1338:"Postcopulatory sexual selection and the evolution of shape complexity in the carnivoran baculum"
455:
28:
522:
1808:
1673:
735:
2050:
1513:
Harkness, John E.; Turner, Patricia V.; VandeWoude, Susan; Wheler, Colette L. (2 April 2013).
1003:
2785:
2494:
2140:
1757:"Morphological variability and evolution of the baculum (os penis) in Mustelidae (Carnivora)"
1184:
A positive relationship between baculum length and prolonged intromission patterns in mammals
1137:
653:
534:
1117:
Sexual selection and genital evolution in mammals: a phylogenetic analysis of baculum length
2590:"A brief history of Rep. Don Young's incendiary remarks. (All right, it's a long history.)"
2540:
2051:
Variation of the baculum structure of the
Palaearctic badger (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Meles)
1300:
496:
219:
2368:
1238:
1164:"Baculum length and copulatory behaviour in carnivores and pinnipeds (Grand Order Ferae)."
8:
2547:
gamblers are said to use the bones (also called coon dogs and Texas toothpicks) for luck.
2524:
564:
500:
145:
1304:
583:
2775:
2695:
2678:
2121:
2016:
1935:
1633:
1600:
1456:
1431:
1406:
1386:
Postcopulatory sexual selection influences baculum evolution in primates and carnivores
1362:
1337:
1273:
969:
961:
877:
852:
768:
760:
480:
153:
149:
2214:
36:; the arrow shows the urethral sulcus, which is the groove in which the urethra lies.
2727:
The structure of the penis with the associated baculum in the male greater cane rat (
2700:
2656:
2639:
2500:
2475:
2431:
2415:
2329:"Scientists have answered one of the biggest questions people have about their penis"
2218:
2183:
2179:
2146:
2113:
2020:
2011:
The
Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates
1975:
1927:
1874:
1835:
1723:
1638:
1620:
1562:
1520:
1463:
1436:
1367:
1318:
1143:
1053:
1009:
973:
909:
881:
869:
830:
829:
Clellan S. Ford and Frank A. Beach, published by Harper & Row, New York in 1951.
792:
752:
694:
2125:
1907:
2690:
2631:
2467:
2429:
Achrati, Ahmed (November 2014). "Neoteny, female hominin and cognitive evolution".
2407:
2210:
2175:
2103:
1919:
1768:
1719:
The
Wildlife Techniques Manual: Volume 1: Research. Volume 2: Management 2-vol. Set
1683:
1628:
1612:
1426:
1418:
1357:
1349:
1308:
1269:
953:
861:
788:
Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans
764:
744:
726:
Dollé, P.; Izpistia-Belmonte, J.-C.=; Brown, J.M.; Tickle, C.; Duboule, D. (1991).
467:
211:
117:
1939:
2679:"The penile bone and anterior process of the rat in scanning electron microscopy"
2077:
2057:
1971:
Evolutionary History of the Marsupials and an Analysis of Osteological Characters
1815:
1795:
1717:
1556:
1514:
1392:
1210:
1190:
1171:
1123:
1047:
786:
688:
549:
545:
531:
472:
437:
370:
1407:"Testing hypotheses of bat baculum function with 3D models derived from microCT"
2780:
2711:
The San Diego Zoo's Conservation and research for endangered species projects.
2528:
1755:
Baryshnikov, Gennady F.; Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R.P.; Abramov, Alexei V. (2003).
618:
is a polished and sometimes carved baculum of these large northern carnivores.
595:
568:
557:
553:
459:
441:
331:
187:
157:
33:
2411:
2009:
1687:
1313:
1288:
901:
2759:
1624:
665:
491:
398:
271:
267:
215:
162:
20:
2535:, and in still other places, the charms are worn by men. Earrings made from
1490:. University College London, Researchers in Museums blog, 26 November 2012.
2643:
2479:
2222:
2117:
1931:
1642:
1601:"The Baculum was Gained and Lost Multiple Times during Mammalian Evolution"
1440:
1371:
1353:
1322:
873:
660:
541:
335:
322:(otters, weasels, skunks and others). The baculum is usually longer in the
288:
141:
2187:
756:
748:
2704:
2544:
2278:"Study sheds light on the function of the penis bone in male competition"
1616:
432:
401:
more widely spread across mammals, but notoriously absent in placentals.
315:
121:
2248:
Dawkins R (2006) The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
2108:
2091:
1827:
965:
902:
William F. Perrin; Bernd Wursig; J. G.M. Thewissen (26 February 2009).
848:"Formation, structure, and function of extra-skeletal bones in mammals"
611:
571:, the raccoon baculum is sometimes worn as an amulet for love or luck.
342:
319:
281:
133:
2635:
2471:
1923:
1453:
1422:
865:
643:, and once brandished it like a sword during a congressional hearing.
1204:
Are long penis bones an adaption to high latitude snowy environments?
636:
514:
during human evolution; late-stage fetal chimpanzees lack a baculum.
428:
382:
374:
358:
295:
251:
56:
2390:
957:
657:– Latin expression describing an argument based on the use of force.
2092:"The evolution of human reproduction: A primatological perspective"
686:
607:
603:
451:
405:
390:
386:
362:
354:
350:
327:
323:
307:
242:
206:
The baculum is used for copulation and varies in size and shape by
167:
137:
2539:
raccoon penis bones became a fad in 2004, and celebrities such as
1818:." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 83.4 (2004): 497–507.
1336:
Brassey, Charlotte A.; Behnsen, Julia; Gardiner, James D. (2020).
2536:
1656:
Dyck, Markus G.; Bourgeois, Jackie M.; Miller, Edward H. (2004).
1516:
Harkness and Wagner's Biology and Medicine of Rabbits and Rodents
725:
511:
366:
303:
299:
259:
231:
207:
129:
125:
64:
1905:
1754:
1395:." Proc. R. Soc. B. Vol. 283. No. 1844. The Royal Society, 2016.
510:
An alternative view is that its loss in humans is an example of
2532:
632:
599:
409:
311:
277:
1512:
218:. The length of the baculum may be related to the duration of
2359:"ABC - Science - Beasts - Evidence - Programme 1 - Godinotia"
548:
euphemism for baculum, and that its removal from Adam in the
378:
263:
183:
113:
2655:. New York: Harper, and Paul B. Hoeber, Inc. Medical Books.
1798:." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 50.5 (2001): 450–460.
1598:
1454:
Ronald M. Nowak; Ernest Pillsbury Walker (28 October 1999).
1774:
10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0673:mvaeot>2.0.co;2
462:
is sometimes used to treat erectile dysfunction in humans.
109:
2650:
2166:
Sarma, Deba; Thomas Weilbaecher (1990). "Human os penis".
1828:
Elizabeth G. Crichton; Philip H. Krutzsch (12 June 2000).
728:"HOX-4 genes and the morphogenesis of mammalian genitalia"
1550:
1548:
1404:
415:
In some mammalian species, such as badgers and raccoons (
227:
2560:"Walrus penis sells for $ 8,000 at Beverly Hills action"
2071:
Age determination in the European badger, Meles meles L.
556:
to explain this absence (as well as the presence of the
298:(including members of many well-known families, such as
2676:
2201:
Champion, RH; J Wegrzyn (1964). "Congenital os penis".
2165:
1342:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
687:
Howard E. Evans; Alexander de Lahunta (7 August 2013).
2080:" Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 41.1 (1976): 119–125.
1545:
1335:
1182:
DIXSON33, Alan, N. YHOL T. Jenna, and Matt Anderson. "
2543:
and Vanessa Williams were photographed wearing them.
2492:
2138:
540:, also translated "flank" or "side") in the story of
1821:
1658:"Growth and variation in the bacula of polar bears (
2621:
2060:." Russian Journal of Theriology 1.1 (2002): 57–60.
1967:
1655:
941:Best, Troy L.; Granai, Nancy J. (2 December 1994).
454:is provided entirely through blood pressure in the
2486:
2008:
1809:Bat genitalia: allometry, variation and good genes
1506:
1455:
897:
895:
893:
891:
682:
680:
526:Walrus baculum, around 22 inches (56 cm) long
2200:
1807:Lüpold, S., A. G. McElligott, and D. J. Hosken. "
1126:." The American Naturalist 169.3 (2007): 360–369.
393:(whales, dolphins, and porpoises), among others.
2757:
2132:
2582:
2239:." Sexual medicine reviews 4.3 (2016): 285–293.
1866:
1447:
888:
677:
291:(insectivores, including shrews and hedgehogs)
2006:
1974:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 293–.
1963:
1961:
1906:Grützner, F.; Nixon, B.; Jones, R.C. (2008).
1715:
639:, was known for possessing an 18-inch walrus
250:Mammals having a penile bone include various
2455:
1908:"Reproductive biology in egg-laying mammals"
1711:
1709:
1041:
1039:
1037:
2738:"How do you sex a fossil? | Elsa Panciroli"
2015:. University of California Press. pp.
1008:. Cambridge University Press. p. 264.
280:(rodents), though not in the related order
1958:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1479:
1202:H Ferguson, Steven, and Serge Lariviere. "
940:
822:
820:
230:species, the baculum can also protect the
2735:
2694:
2677:Beresford WA, Burkart S (December 1977).
2107:
2096:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2000:
1860:
1772:
1706:
1677:
1632:
1558:Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology
1430:
1384:Brindle, Matilda, and Christopher Opie. "
1361:
1312:
1034:
778:
2499:. Charlesbridge Publishing. p. 87.
2401:
2395:
1286:
1166:Journal of Zoology 235.1 (1995): 67–76.
1084:
521:
517:
241:
39:
27:
2552:
2428:
2383:
2237:A history of the penile implant to 1974
1587:
1001:
845:
817:
2758:
2139:Friderun Ankel-Simons (27 July 2010).
2089:
1789:Is the bat os penis sexually selected?
1259:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1135:
1085:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert.
784:
237:
2513:from the original on 29 December 2015
1091:An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon
805:from the original on 31 December 2013
210:. Its evolution may be influenced by
124:, but present in the penises of some
2600:from the original on 5 December 2020
2459:American Journal of Medical Genetics
1694:from the original on 31 October 2014
1494:from the original on 25 October 2014
1097:from the original on 5 February 2017
1045:
1022:from the original on 21 October 2021
922:from the original on 21 October 2021
707:from the original on 3 December 2020
560:– as a resultant "scar") in humans.
422:
2736:Panciroli, Elsa (24 January 2018).
2651:Clellan S., Frank A. Beach (1951).
2364:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2339:from the original on 19 August 2017
1968:Frederick S. Szalay (11 May 2006).
1605:Integrative and Comparative Biology
1216:
785:Dixson, Alan F. (26 January 2012).
530:It has been argued that the "rib" (
75:
13:
2615:
2493:Joanne O'Sullivan (1 March 2010).
2301:
2275:
1988:from the original on 24 April 2022
1946:from the original on 24 April 2022
1887:from the original on 24 April 2022
1848:from the original on 24 April 2022
1736:from the original on 24 April 2022
1575:from the original on 24 April 2022
1561:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
1533:from the original on 24 April 2022
1488:"How Did Man Lose His Penis Bone?"
1485:
1274:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb03718.x
1005:Biological Actions of Sex Hormones
544:is actually a mistranslation of a
476:without the support of a baculum.
14:
2802:
2713:'What is the significance of the
2670:
2391:https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12237
1834:. Academic Press. pp. 103–.
1716:Nova J. Silvy (7 February 2012).
1139:Advances in the Study of Behavior
983:from the original on 23 June 2010
2142:Primate Anatomy: An Introduction
1867:Ronald M. Nowak (7 April 1999).
1066:from the original on 28 May 2013
908:. Academic Press. pp. 68–.
148:by maintaining stiffness during
2791:Mammal male reproductive system
2449:
2367:. 29 April 2014. Archived from
2351:
2321:
2295:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2229:
2194:
2159:
2083:
2063:
2043:
1899:
1801:
1781:
1748:
1649:
1398:
1378:
1329:
1280:
1253:
1213:." Oikos 105.2 (2004): 255–267.
1196:
1176:
1156:
1129:
1109:
1078:
224:postcopulatory sexual selection
1458:Walker's Primates of the World
1136:Naguib, Marc (19 April 2020).
995:
934:
905:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals
839:
719:
1:
2215:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)64197-1
1873:. JHU Press. pp. 1007–.
1870:Walker's Mammals of the World
1193:." 动物学报 50.4 (2004): 490–503.
671:
458:. An "artificial baculum" or
2276:London, University College.
2180:10.1016/0090-4295(90)80163-H
1831:Reproductive Biology of Bats
1052:. Cornell University Press.
693:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
182:means "stick" or "staff" in
173:
7:
2653:Patterns of Sexual Behavior
827:Patterns of Sexual Behavior
690:Miller's Anatomy of the Dog
646:
447:Patterns of Sexual Behavior
201:
10:
2807:
2090:Martin, Robert D. (2007).
598:to describe the bacula of
140:. The bone lies above the
18:
2412:10.1007/978-1-4419-9353-3
2235:Carrion, Hernan, et al. "
1688:10.1017/S0952836904005606
1662:) in the Canadian Arctic"
1519:. John Wiley & Sons.
1314:10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.001
1122:30 September 2017 at the
846:Nasoori, Alireza (2020).
629:United States Congressman
191:
2402:Bednarik, R. G. (2011).
1287:Stockley, Paula (2012).
1002:Burrows, Harold (1945).
574:
567:, the folk magic of the
349:It is absent in humans,
120:. It is absent from the
19:Not to be confused with
2771:Reproduction in mammals
2729:Thryonomys swinderianus
2076:30 January 2019 at the
2056:30 January 2019 at the
736:Genes & Development
2007:Richard Estes (1991).
1814:22 August 2017 at the
1354:10.1098/rspb.2020.1883
596:Alaska Native cultures
527:
284:(rabbits, hares, etc.)
247:
67:
37:
2426:(page 134), cited by:
1794:1 August 2017 at the
1391:24 April 2022 at the
1209:6 August 2017 at the
1189:6 August 2017 at the
749:10.1101/gad.5.10.1767
654:Argumentum ad baculum
525:
518:Cultural significance
334:have long bacula and
314:, seals, sea lions),
245:
82:), also known as the
50:
31:
2541:Sarah Jessica Parker
2335:. 14 December 2016.
2049:Abramov, Alexei V. "
1787:Hosken, D., et al. "
1761:Journal of Mammalogy
1093:. Tufts University.
1046:Ewer, R. F. (1973).
594:) is a term used in
404:Among the primates,
186:and originates from
2525:hoodoo (folk magic)
2404:The Human Condition
1305:2012CBio...22R1032S
1299:(24): R1032–R1033.
1235:Walking With Beasts
1170:3 June 2016 at the
501:concealed ovulation
238:Presence in mammals
146:sexual reproduction
2570:on 6 November 2007
2203:Journal of Urology
2109:10.1002/ajpa.20734
1912:Sexual Development
1666:Journal of Zoology
1617:10.1093/icb/icw034
1411:Journal of Anatomy
1262:Journal of Zoology
1142:. Academic Press.
853:Biological Reviews
528:
490:Humans "evolved a
353:(hoofed mammals),
338:have short bacula.
262:, although not in
248:
234:from compression.
160:is the baubellum (
156:to the baculum in
150:sexual penetration
68:
38:
2662:978-0-313-22355-6
2636:10.1002/ajmg.1387
2624:Am. J. Med. Genet
2527:tradition of the
2506:978-1-60734-367-7
2472:10.1002/ajmg.1387
2432:Rock Art Research
2421:978-1-4419-9352-6
2152:978-0-08-046911-9
2026:978-0-520-08085-0
1981:978-0-521-02592-8
1924:10.1159/000143429
1880:978-0-8018-5789-8
1841:978-0-08-054053-5
1729:978-1-4214-0159-1
1568:978-1-4214-1589-5
1526:978-1-118-70907-8
1486:Harvey, Suzanne.
1469:978-0-8018-6251-9
1423:10.1111/joa.12274
1149:978-0-12-820726-0
1115:Ramm, Steven A. "
1059:978-0-8014-8493-3
950:Mammalian Species
943:"Tamius merriami"
915:978-0-08-091993-5
866:10.1111/brv.12597
798:978-0-19-150342-9
743:(10): 1767–1776.
700:978-0-323-26623-9
456:corpora cavernosa
423:Absence in humans
318:(raccoons etc.),
246:A raccoon baculum
216:mating strategies
166:), a bone in the
118:placental mammals
48:
16:Bone in the penis
2798:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2708:
2698:
2666:
2647:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2566:. Archived from
2556:
2550:
2549:
2520:
2518:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2425:
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2393:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2371:on 29 April 2014
2355:
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2163:
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2136:
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2111:
2087:
2081:
2067:
2061:
2047:
2041:
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2035:
2033:
2014:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1903:
1897:
1896:
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1864:
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1819:
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1713:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1681:
1653:
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1646:
1636:
1596:
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1584:
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1580:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1461:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1402:
1396:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1365:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1241:on 29 April 2014
1227:
1214:
1200:
1194:
1180:
1174:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1133:
1127:
1113:
1107:
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1104:
1102:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1043:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
999:
993:
992:
990:
988:
982:
947:
938:
932:
931:
929:
927:
899:
886:
885:
843:
837:
824:
815:
814:
812:
810:
782:
776:
775:
774:on 20 July 2018.
773:
767:. Archived from
732:
723:
717:
716:
714:
712:
684:
468:The Selfish Gene
212:sexual selection
193:
77:
49:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2756:
2755:
2746:
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2673:
2663:
2618:
2616:Further reading
2613:
2603:
2601:
2594:Washington Post
2588:
2587:
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2573:
2571:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2516:
2514:
2507:
2491:
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2422:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2333:The Independent
2327:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2302:Ilyich, Iryna.
2300:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2199:
2195:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2137:
2133:
2088:
2084:
2078:Wayback Machine
2068:
2064:
2058:Wayback Machine
2048:
2044:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1982:
1966:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1881:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1842:
1826:
1822:
1816:Wayback Machine
1806:
1802:
1796:Wayback Machine
1786:
1782:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1730:
1714:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1679:10.1.1.464.4517
1660:Ursus maritimus
1654:
1650:
1597:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1569:
1553:
1546:
1536:
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1527:
1511:
1507:
1497:
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1470:
1452:
1448:
1403:
1399:
1393:Wayback Machine
1383:
1379:
1334:
1330:
1293:Current Biology
1285:
1281:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1229:
1228:
1217:
1211:Wayback Machine
1201:
1197:
1191:Wayback Machine
1181:
1177:
1172:Wayback Machine
1161:
1157:
1150:
1134:
1130:
1124:Wayback Machine
1114:
1110:
1100:
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1083:
1079:
1069:
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1044:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1016:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
980:
958:10.2307/3504203
945:
939:
935:
925:
923:
916:
900:
889:
860:(4): 986–1019.
844:
840:
825:
818:
808:
806:
799:
783:
779:
771:
730:
724:
720:
710:
708:
701:
685:
678:
674:
649:
577:
550:Book of Genesis
546:Biblical Hebrew
520:
473:Richard Dawkins
438:Clellan S. Ford
425:
240:
204:
176:
40:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2766:Mammal anatomy
2754:
2753:
2733:
2724:
2719:
2709:
2672:
2671:External links
2669:
2668:
2667:
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2529:American South
2505:
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2174:(4): 349–350.
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1999:
1980:
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1918:(3): 115–127.
1898:
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1767:(2): 673–690.
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1397:
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1268:(3): 423–443.
1252:
1215:
1195:
1175:
1162:Dixson, A. F.
1155:
1148:
1128:
1108:
1077:
1058:
1049:The Carnivores
1033:
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994:
933:
914:
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838:
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797:
791:. OUP Oxford.
777:
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669:
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663:
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648:
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576:
573:
569:American South
558:perineal raphe
554:creation story
519:
516:
460:penile implant
442:Frank A. Beach
424:
421:
399:epipubic bones
347:
346:
339:
292:
285:
274:
272:woolly monkeys
268:spider monkeys
239:
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203:
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175:
172:
158:female mammals
144:, and it aids
128:, such as the
15:
9:
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2689:(3): 589–97.
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2069:Ahnlund, H. "
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2018:
2013:
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2003:
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1722:. JHU Press.
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1611:(4): 644–56.
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1462:. JHU Press.
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1289:"The baculum"
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666:Penile spines
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163:os clitoridis
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35:
32:Baculum of a
30:
26:
22:
21:Penile spines
2786:Mammal penis
2745:. Retrieved
2742:The Guardian
2741:
2728:
2717:in animals?'
2714:
2686:
2682:
2652:
2630:(3): 284–5.
2627:
2623:
2602:. Retrieved
2593:
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2568:the original
2563:
2554:
2522:
2515:. Retrieved
2495:
2488:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2436:
2430:
2403:
2397:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2369:the original
2362:
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2332:
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2307:
2297:
2285:. Retrieved
2281:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2231:
2209:(6): 663–4.
2206:
2202:
2196:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2145:. Elsevier.
2141:
2134:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2065:
2045:
2037:
2030:. Retrieved
2010:
2002:
1990:. Retrieved
1970:
1948:. Retrieved
1915:
1911:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1869:
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1830:
1823:
1803:
1783:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1718:
1696:. Retrieved
1669:
1665:
1659:
1651:
1608:
1604:
1577:. Retrieved
1557:
1535:. Retrieved
1515:
1508:
1496:. Retrieved
1481:
1473:
1457:
1449:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1380:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1296:
1292:
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1261:
1255:
1243:. Retrieved
1239:the original
1234:
1198:
1178:
1158:
1138:
1131:
1111:
1099:. Retrieved
1090:
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1048:
1024:. Retrieved
1004:
997:
985:. Retrieved
952:(476): 1–9.
949:
936:
924:. Retrieved
904:
857:
851:
841:
826:
807:. Retrieved
787:
780:
769:the original
740:
734:
721:
709:. Retrieved
689:
661:Mammal penis
652:
640:
627:
621:
620:
615:
591:
587:
579:
578:
562:
542:Adam and Eve
537:
529:
509:
505:
489:
485:
478:
466:
464:
445:
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348:
336:giant pandas
326:than in the
289:Eulipotyphla
249:
205:
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104:
103:
98:
97:
92:
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83:
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58:
52:
25:
2545:New Orleans
2375:23 November
2343:15 December
2032:12 December
1579:13 February
1498:20 November
1231:"Godinotia"
1070:16 December
809:13 February
612:polar bears
481:stimulation
433:human penis
330:, although
122:human penis
99:os genitale
88:penile bone
34:dog's penis
2760:Categories
2747:24 January
2517:27 October
2308:Flo.health
1992:30 October
1891:30 October
1852:30 October
1740:27 October
1698:15 January
1537:27 October
987:15 January
926:30 October
711:27 October
672:References
497:copulation
429:great apes
383:binturongs
375:lagomorphs
371:marsupials
359:monotremes
343:Chiroptera
316:procyonids
282:Lagomorpha
252:eutherians
226:. In some
220:copulation
134:chimpanzee
84:penis bone
2776:Andrology
2574:30 August
2102:: 59–84.
2038:boneless.
1674:CiteSeerX
1625:1540-7063
974:253909941
882:216556342
637:Don Young
608:sea lions
406:marmosets
391:cetaceans
387:sirenians
355:elephants
351:ungulates
320:mustelids
308:pinnipeds
302:(bears),
296:Carnivora
198:"stick".
178:The word
174:Etymology
154:homologue
138:androgens
105:os priapi
63:from the
59:Indarctos
2644:11424148
2604:18 March
2598:Archived
2511:Archived
2480:11424148
2337:Archived
2282:phys.org
2223:14172255
2126:44416632
2118:18046752
2074:Archived
2054:Archived
1986:Archived
1944:Archived
1932:18769071
1885:Archived
1846:Archived
1812:Archived
1792:Archived
1734:Archived
1692:Archived
1643:27252214
1573:Archived
1531:Archived
1492:Archived
1474:baculum.
1441:25655647
1389:Archived
1372:33049172
1348:(1936).
1323:23257184
1207:Archived
1187:Archived
1168:Archived
1120:Archived
1095:Archived
1087:"βάκλον"
1064:Archived
1026:4 August
1020:Archived
978:Archived
920:Archived
874:32338826
803:Archived
705:Archived
647:See also
600:walruses
452:erection
363:platypus
328:Feloidea
324:Canoidea
312:walruses
306:(dogs),
278:Rodentia
260:Primates
202:Function
168:clitoris
132:and the
126:primates
116:of many
93:os penis
2715:baculum
2696:1234656
2683:J. Anat
2533:suitors
2523:In the
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2188:2108520
2168:Urology
1634:6080509
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1363:7657853
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1101:9 April
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765:6307427
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512:neoteny
367:echidna
345:(bats).
264:lorises
232:urethra
208:species
180:baculum
142:urethra
130:gorilla
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108:, is a
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65:Miocene
53:baculum
51:Fossil
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565:Hoodoo
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410:galago
389:, and
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341:Order
332:fossas
304:canids
300:ursids
294:Order
287:Order
276:Order
258:Order
196:baklon
192:βάκλον
152:. The
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2781:Penis
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1936:S2CID
981:(PDF)
970:S2CID
962:JSTOR
946:(PDF)
878:S2CID
772:(PDF)
761:S2CID
731:(PDF)
641:oosik
616:oosik
604:seals
580:Oosik
575:Oosik
552:is a
538:ṣēlāʿ
535:צֵלׇע
270:, or
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2640:PMID
2606:2021
2576:2007
2537:cast
2519:2015
2501:ISBN
2476:PMID
2416:ISBN
2377:2020
2345:2016
2315:2023
2304:"Dr"
2289:2023
2219:PMID
2184:PMID
2147:ISBN
2114:PMID
2034:2012
2021:ISBN
1994:2020
1976:ISBN
1952:2020
1928:PMID
1893:2020
1875:ISBN
1854:2020
1836:ISBN
1742:2015
1724:ISBN
1700:2010
1639:PMID
1621:ISSN
1581:2018
1563:ISBN
1539:2015
1521:ISBN
1500:2014
1464:ISBN
1437:PMID
1368:PMID
1319:PMID
1247:2015
1144:ISBN
1103:2017
1072:2012
1054:ISBN
1028:2012
1010:ISBN
989:2010
928:2020
910:ISBN
870:PMID
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753:PMID
713:2015
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631:for
610:and
592:uzuk
588:usuk
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440:and
110:bone
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2104:doi
2100:134
2019:–.
2017:323
1920:doi
1769:doi
1684:doi
1670:264
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1415:226
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1350:doi
1346:287
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