Sexual selection - Knowledge

1031: 996: 1014: 1083: 330: 980: 1063: 610: 1047: 170: 937: 526: 1104: 236: 7055: 432: 922: 959: 6898: 5613: 5160: 4789: 384: 6908: 5184: 4813: 7627: 352:. While males have long tails that are selected for by female choice, female tastes in tail length are still more extreme with females being attracted to tails longer than those that naturally occur. Fisher understood that female preference for long tails may be passed on genetically, in conjunction with genes for the long tail itself. Long-tailed widowbird offspring of both sexes inherit both sets of genes, with females 5196: 314:... plumage development in the male, and sexual preference for such developments in the female, must thus advance together, and so long as the process is unchecked by severe counterselection, will advance with ever-increasing speed. In the total absence of such checks, it is easy to see that the speed of development will be proportional to the development already attained, which will therefore increase with time 5172: 4801: 31: 463:. The general conditions of sexual discrimination appear to be (1) the acceptance of one mate precludes the effective acceptance of alternative mates, and (2) the rejection of an offer is followed by other offers, either certainly or at such high chance that the risk of non-occurrence is smaller than the chance advantage to be gained by selecting a mate. 849:, are sexually dimorphic; the differences such as in size and coloration are energetically costly attributes that signal competitive breeding. Conflicts between an individual's fitness and signalling adaptations ensure that sexually selected ornaments such as coloration of plumage and courtship behaviour are 744:

species, both before and after copulation. Post-copulatory sexual selection involves sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Sperm competition occurs where the sperm of more than one male competes to fertilise the egg of the female. Cryptic female choice involves the expelling of a male's sperm

807:

Many amphibians have annual breeding seasons with male–male competition. Males arrive at the water's edge first in large numbers, and produce a wide range of vocalizations to attract mates. Among frogs, the fittest males have the deepest croaks and the best territories; females select their mates at

399:

It is important to notice that the conditions of relative stability brought about by these or other means, will be far longer duration than the process in which the ornaments are evolved. In most existing species the runaway process must have been already checked, and we should expect that the more

394:

The female widowbird chooses to mate with the most attractive long-tailed male so that her progeny, if male, will themselves be attractive to females of the next generation—thereby fathering many offspring that carry the female's genes. Since the rate of change in preference is proportional to the

812:

are suggested to engage in male-male competition with their elongated prepollex to maintain their mating site. The prepollex, which serves as a rudimentary digit, contains a projecting spine that may be used during this combat, leaving scars on the head and forelimbs of other males. Some species,

543:

Male–male competition occurs when two males of the same species compete for the opportunity to mate with a female. Sexually dimorphic traits, size, sex ratio, and the social situation may all play a role in the effects male–male competition has on the reproductive success of a male and the mate

844:

Birds have evolved a wide variety of mating behaviours and many types of sexual selection. These include intersexual selection (female choice) and intrasexual competition, where individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate. Many species, notably the

411:

and Peter O'Donald have provided detailed mathematical proofs that define the circumstances under which runaway sexual selection can take place. Alongside this, biologists have extended Darwin's formulation; Malte Andersson's widely-accepted 1994 definition is that "sexual selection is the

372:. The taste for long tails and tail length itself may therefore become correlated, tending to increase together. The more tails lengthen, the more long tails are desired. Any slight initial imbalance between taste and tails may set off an explosion in tail lengths. Fisher wrote that: 247:

Darwin's ideas on sexual selection were met with scepticism by his contemporaries and not considered of great importance, until in the 1930s biologists decided to include sexual selection as a mode of natural selection. Only in the 21st century have they become more important in

220:, mostly after Darwin's death. He accepted that sexual selection could occur, but argued that it was a relatively weak form of selection. He argued that male–male competitions were forms of natural selection, but that the "drab" peahen's coloration is itself adaptive as 669:, occurring in plants, fungi, and animals. Since Darwin's pioneering observations on humans, it has been studied intensively among the insects, spiders, amphibians, scaled reptiles, birds, and mammals, revealing many distinctive behaviours and physical adaptations. 395:

average taste amongst females, and as females desire to secure the services of the most sexually attractive males, an additive effect is created that, if unchecked, can yield exponential increases in a given taste and in the corresponding desired sexual attribute.

475:, and the limited capacity of females to reproduce; for example, in humans, a woman can only give birth every ten months, whereas a male can become a father numerous times in the same period. More recently, researchers have doubted whether Bateman was correct. 412:

differences in reproduction that arise from variation among individuals in traits that affect success in competition over mates and fertilizations". Despite some practical challenges for biologists, the concept of sexual selection is "straightforward".

763:(Lampyrid beetles), males fly in darkness and emit a species-specific pattern of light flashes, which are answered by perching receptive females. The colour and temporal variation of the flashes contribute to success in attracting females. Among the 570:

More recently, the field has grown to include other areas of study, not all of which fit Darwin's definition of sexual selection. A "bewildering" range of models variously attempt to relate sexual selection not only to the fundamental questions of

710:

of several dozen females; unsuccessful males may attempt to copulate with a harem male's females if the dominant male is inattentive. This forces the harem male to defend his territory continuously, not feeding for as much as three months.

513:, or that he possesses more speed or a greater physical strength that is used to combat the troubles brought on by the exaggerated trait. Zahavi's work spurred a re-examination of the field and several new theories. In 1984, Hamilton and 652:

Eurasia (although climate-induced habitat deterioration and anthropogenic pressure are now considered more likely causes). It may, however, also do the opposite, driving species divergence—sometimes through elaborate changes in

853:

traits. Signals must be costly to ensure that only good-quality individuals can present these exaggerated sexual ornaments and behaviours. Males with the brightest plumage are favoured by females of multiple species of bird.

632:

had well-developed feathers but could not fly. The feathers may have served as insulation, helping females incubate their eggs, but if proto-bird courtship combined displays of forelimb feathers with energetic jumps, then the

7249: 85:. Successful males benefit from frequent mating and monopolizing access to one or more fertile females. Females can maximise the return on the energy they invest in reproduction by selecting and mating with the best males. 368:. Females that prefer long tailed males tend to have mothers that chose long-tailed fathers. As a result, they carry both sets of genes in their bodies. That is, genes for long tails and for preferring long tails become 68:

with (intersexual selection), and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex (intrasexual selection). These two forms of selection mean that some individuals have greater

1030: 718:, where a large female is dominant within a pack, and female–female competition is observed. The dominant female produces most of the offspring; the subordinate females are nonbreeding, providing 2451: 912:

is used by female gametes and by conidia, implying male choice in these cases. Female–female competition may also occur, indicated by the much faster evolution of female-biased genes in fungi.

207:... depends, not on a struggle for existence, but on a struggle between the males for possession of the females; the result is not death to the unsuccessful competitor, but few or no offspring. 1046: 1082: 789:, the Japanese pygmy squid. Males place their spermatangia on an external location on the female's body. The female physically removes spermatangia of males she is presumed to favour less. 3476:"Impact of cryptic female choice on insemination success: Larger sized and longer copulating male squid ejaculate more, but females influence insemination success by removing spermatangia" 2189:

Proctor, D. S.; Moore, A. J.; Miller, C. W. (2012-03-09). "The form of sexual selection arising from male–male competition depends on the presence of females in the social environment".

212:... when the males and females of any animal have the same general habits ... but differ in structure, colour, or ornament, such differences have been mainly caused by sexual selection. 548:

further influence male behaviour. Male–male competition may also affect a female's ability to select the best mates, and therefore decrease the likelihood of successful reproduction.

2757: 5128: 544:

choice of a female. Larger males tend to win male–male conflicts. Males take many risks in such conflicts, so the value of the resource must be large enough to justify those risks.

830:

in which one male will twist around the vertically elevated fore body of its opponent and forcing it downward. It is common for neck biting to occur while the snakes are entwined.

199:(1871), as he felt that natural selection alone was unable to account for certain types of non-survival adaptations. He once wrote to a colleague that "The sight of a feather in a 2310:

Luo, Zhenhua; Li, Chenliang; Wang, Hui; et al. (2016-02-23). "Male–male competition drives sexual selection and group spawning in the Omei treefrog, Rhacophorus omeimontis".

702:

Among the many instances of sexual selection in mammals is extreme sexual dimorphism, with males as much as six times heavier than females, and male fighting for dominance among

601:), do not always have an energetics, performance or even survival cost; this may be because "compensatory traits" have evolved in concert with the sexually selected traits. 5071: 4871: 936: 3738:

Shine, Richard; Langkilde, Tracy; Mason, Robert T. (2004). "Courtship tactics in garter snakes: How do a male's morphology and behaviour influence his mating success?".

2897:

Feinberg, D. R.; Jones, B. C.; Law Smith, M. J.; et al. (1 February 2006). "Menstrual cycle, trait estrogen level, and masculinity preferences in the human voice".

2154:

Weir, Laura K. (2012-11-22). "Male–male competition and alternative male mating tactics influence female behavior and fertility in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)".

1236: 1189: 808:

least partly based on the depth of croaking. This has led to sexual dimorphism, with females larger than males in 90% of species, and male fighting to access females.

1062: 306:

describes how sexual selection accelerates the preference for a specific ornament, causing the preferred trait and female preference for it to increase together in a

517:

introduced the "Bright Male" hypothesis, suggesting that male elaborations might serve as a marker of health, by exaggerating the effects of disease and deficiency.

376:

The exponential element, which is the kernel of the thing, arises from the rate of change in hen taste being proportional to the absolute average degree of taste. —

3638: 1013: 400:

extraordinary developments of sexual plumage are not due like most characters to a long and even course of evolutionary progress, but to sudden spurts of change. —

6630: 5118: 5123: 136:, where the passing-on of the desire for a trait in one sex is as important as having the trait in the other sex in producing the runaway effect. Although the 348:

loop is created, producing extravagant physical structures in the non-limiting sex. A classic example of female choice and potential runaway selection is the

5108: 626:

Sexual selection may explain how characteristics such as feathers had survival value at an early stage in their evolution. The earliest proto-birds such as

7354: 5113: 995: 467:

states that the sex which invests the most in producing offspring becomes a limiting resource for which the other sex competes, illustrated by the greater

195: 182: 979: 756:

hatch 2–4 weeks later. The eggs are large and reduce the ability of the male to fertilise other females and catch prey, and increases its predation risk.

748:

Many forms of sexual selection exist among the insects. Parental care is often provided by female insects, as in bees, but male parental care is found in

640:

Sexual selection may sometimes generate features that help cause a species' extinction, as has historically been suggested for the giant antlers of the

4152:"A global analysis of song frequency in passerines provides no support for the acoustic adaptation hypothesis but suggests a role for sexual selection" 2267:

Nelson-Flower, Martha J.; Ridley, Amanda R. (2015-09-24). "Male–male competition is not costly to dominant males in a cooperatively breeding bird".

2541: 252:; the theory is now seen as generally applicable and analogous to natural selection. A ten-year study, experimentally varying sexual selection on 1805: 1310: 1103: 7311: 1160: 6379: 2941: 6944: 5679: 2781: 2754: 1430: 894:

visit flowers assortatively by degree of symmetry, nectar production, floral structure, and inflorescences, as well as sexual dimorphisms.

958: 5200: 1257: 1210: 505:, holds that the male's survival until and through the age of reproduction with seemingly maladaptive traits is taken by the female as 1417: 290: 3773:

Blouin-Demers, Gabriel; Gibbs, H. Lisle; Weatherhead, Patrick J. (2005). "Genetic evidence for sexual selection in black ratsnakes,

921: 6883: 6338: 5534: 5081: 752:

water bugs, where the male, after fertilizing the eggs, allows the female to glue her eggs onto his back. He broods them until the

1279: 699:. Humans are sexually dimorphic; females select males using factors including voice pitch, facial shape, muscularity, and height. 5318: 5234: 775:

males release pheromones to attract females to mate. Females choose mates based on whether they are infected, and on their mass.

3445:"Females prefer noninfected males as mates in the grain beetle Tenebrio molitor: evidence in pre- and postcopulatory behaviours" 865:

that are complex and varied in amplitude, structure, and frequency. Larger males have deeper songs and increased mating success.

224:. In his opinion, ascribing mate choice to females was attributing the ability to judge standards of beauty to animals (such as 203:'s tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick!" His work divided sexual selection into male–male competition and female choice. 7604: 7462: 5689: 4539: 1136:"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection" 7359: 6646: 6406: 3659: 3531:"Sperm transfer or spermatangia removal: postcopulatory behaviour of picking up spermatangium by female Japanese pygmy squid" 3341: 2953: 2047: 1464: 1335: 4956: 4207:

Møller, Anders Pape; Eriksson, Mats (1995). "Pollinator Preference for Symmetrical Flowers and Sexual Selection in Plants".

3247:

Lewis, Sara M.; Cratsley, Christopher K. (January 2008). "Flash Signal Evolution, Mate Choice, and Predation in Fireflies".

1232: 1185: 340:

This causes a dramatic increase in both the male's conspicuous feature and in female preference for it, resulting in marked

6003: 4881: 4851: 2854: 874: 149: 3814:"Sexual Dimorphism in Melanin Pigmentation, Feather Coloration and Its Heritability in the Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica)" 1687:(1974). "Origin and Function of 'Bizarre' Structures – Antler Size and Skull Size in 'Irish Elk', Megaloceros giganteus". 1183:(1st edition). Chapter 4, p. 88. "And this leads me to say a few words on what I call Sexual Selection. This depends ..." 7230: 6729: 5649: 4592: 802: 6391: 6051: 4046: 3055:

Clutton-Brock, T. H.; Russell, A. F.; Sharpe, L. L. (2004). "Behavioural tactics of breeders in cooperative meerkats".

2610:

van der Plicht, J.; Molodin, V. I.; Kuzmin, Y. V.; Vasiliev, S. K.; Postnov, A. V.; Slavinsky, V. S. (15 April 2015).

96:, in which competition between mate candidates could lead to speciation. The theory was given a mathematical basis by 7304: 3717: 2881: 2138: 1603: 1492: 1426: 822:

Many different tactics are used by snakes to acquire mates. Ritual combat between males for the females they want to

173:

Victorian cartoonists mocked Darwin's ideas about display in sexual selection. Here he is fascinated by the apparent

6458: 4960: 4042:"Song repertoire size varies with HVC volume and is indicative of male quality in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia)" 3873:"Immune investment is explained by sexual selection and pace-of-life, but not longevity in parrots (Psittaciformes)" 7268: 6937: 6463: 6061: 5589: 5404: 7399: 6708: 6698: 6622: 5897: 4726: 4150:

Mikula, P.; Valcu, M.; Brumm, H.; Bulla, M.; Forstmeier, W.; Petrusková, T.; Kempenaers, B.; Albrecht, T (2021).

109: 7404: 6836: 6703: 6483: 6227: 6025: 5929: 5818: 5512: 2705: 798: 6901: 6488: 6232: 5971: 5569: 4805: 6433: 7652: 7334: 7297: 7210: 6841: 6343: 5584: 5384: 5367: 3337:"Total evidence phylogeny and the evolution of adult bioluminescence in fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)" 538: 39: 2612:"New Holocene refugia of giant deer (Megaloceros giganteus Blum.) in Siberia: updated extinction patterns" 21:

This article is about the evolutionary concept. For the artificial selection of the sex of offspring, see

7631: 7379: 6930: 6911: 6505: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5227: 5188: 5176: 4817: 3249: 1003: 927: 735: 731: 682: 4040:

Pfaff, J. A.; Zanette, L.; MacDougall-Shackleton, S. A.; MacDougall-Shackleton, E. A. (22 August 2007).

4039: 3594:

Phelps, S.; Rand, A.; Ryan, M. (2006). "A cognitive framework for mate choice and species recognition".

7617: 6607: 5781: 5522: 5362: 5077: 4734: 4627: 4532: 4424:

Beekman, Madeleine; Nieuwenhuis, Bart; Ortiz-Barrientos, Daniel; Evans, Jonathan P. (19 October 2016).

2545: 1595: 696: 678: 148:

is most often 1:1. Sexual selection is widely distributed in the animal kingdom, and is also found in

2658: 2611: 1795: 7647: 7500: 7374: 7034: 6401: 6198: 6008: 5776: 5669: 5352: 3936: 2232:

Otronen, Merja (1984-08-01). "Male contests for territories and females in the fly Dryomyza Anilis".

1307: 1303: 905: 878: 839: 153: 6530: 7552: 6824: 6688: 6660: 6635: 6592: 6495: 6428: 6303: 6176: 6144: 6117: 6107: 5293: 5031: 4844: 4685: 4649: 3298: 1304:

Population benefits of sexual selection explain the existence of males phys.org May 18, 2015 Report

545: 189: 100:

in the early 20th century. Sexual selection can lead males to extreme efforts to demonstrate their

7044: 6308: 3637:

Wells, Kentwood D.; Schwartz, Joshua J. (2006). "The Behavioral Ecology of Anuran Communication".

1135: 7364: 6829: 6759: 6668: 6396: 6278: 6046: 5642: 5574: 4612: 4582: 4572: 3444: 2410:

Cayuela, Hugo; Lengagne, Thierry; Kaufmann, Bernard; Joly, Pierre; Léna, Jean-Paul (2016-06-24).

2122: 1037: 78: 3932:"Female plumage coloration is sensitive to the cost of reproduction. An experiment in blue tits" 2778: 7349: 6868: 6517: 6386: 6348: 6249: 6220: 6193: 6188: 5786: 5490: 5485: 5281: 5276: 5220: 5136: 5092: 5025: 4994: 4912: 4886: 2659:"The extinction of the giant deer Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach): New radiocarbon evidence" 1069: 634: 597: 595:. Elaborated characteristics that might seem costly, like the tail of the Montezuma swordfish ( 464: 426: 369: 285: 43: 6374: 7591: 7485: 7480: 7384: 6809: 6683: 6602: 6597: 6582: 6567: 6557: 6473: 6448: 6283: 6239: 6203: 6171: 6112: 6090: 6071: 5934: 5887: 5838: 5833: 5791: 5594: 5017: 4970: 4952: 4948: 4932: 4876: 4793: 4587: 4525: 2470: 1511: 1271: 900:

appear to make use of sexual selection, although they also often reproduce asexually. In the

580: 356:

their genetic preference for long tails, and males showing off the coveted long tail itself.

349: 334: 329: 319: 299: 217: 141: 3646:. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research. Vol. 28. New York: Springer. pp. 44–86. 362:

presents a non-mathematical explanation of the runaway sexual selection process in his book

7437: 6783: 6678: 6612: 6413: 6328: 6244: 6156: 6139: 6066: 6056: 5766: 5674: 5658: 5529: 4984: 4567: 4562: 4304: 4216: 4163: 4104: 3994: 3945: 3884: 3825: 3542: 3350: 3013: 2670: 2623: 2568: 2506: 2366: 2087: 1988: 1942: 1884: 1544: 1364: 785: 444: 364: 70: 6418: 6288: 3262: 2133:. Vol. 2. Primates. London, New Delhi, New York, Sydney: Bloomsbury. pp. 45–53. 8: 7581: 7457: 7344: 7320: 7278: 7238: 7022: 6846: 6804: 6754: 6673: 6521: 6513: 6443: 6423: 6369: 6213: 5966: 5909: 5771: 5754: 5732: 5426: 5394: 5164: 5021: 4837: 4617: 3685:"The underground sex life of the Guatemalan Spike-thumb Frog (Plectrohyla guatemalensis)" 3335:

Martin, Gavin J.; Branham, Marc A.; Whiting, Michael F.; Bybee, Seth M. (February 2017).

2034: 1056:

guards its bower from rival males in the hope of attracting females with its decorations.

815: 584: 557: 468: 295: 137: 6124: 4308: 4220: 4167: 4108: 3998: 3949: 3930:

Doutrelant, C.; Grégoire, A.; Midamegbe, A.; Lambrechts, M.; Perret, P. (January 2012).

3888: 3829: 3546: 3354: 3017: 2674: 2627: 2572: 2510: 2370: 2091: 1992: 1946: 1888: 1548: 1368: 909: 509:

of his overall fitness. Such handicaps might prove he is either free of or resistant to

7571: 7567: 7427: 7216: 7116: 6953: 6819: 6771: 6764: 6361: 6273: 6134: 6095: 5919: 5863: 5853: 5813: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5635: 5539: 5517: 5502: 5036: 4705: 4664: 4634: 4458: 4425: 4365: 4330: 4232: 4189: 4127: 4092: 4068: 4041: 4017: 3982: 3907: 3872: 3848: 3813: 3794: 3755: 3665: 3619: 3576: 3511: 3420: 3387: 3386:

Pölkki, Mari; Krams, Indrikis; Kangassalo, Katariina; Rantala, Markus J. (2012-06-23).

3317: 3274: 3229: 3216: 3191: 3172: 3143:"Cryptic female choice via sperm dumping favours male copulatory courtship in a spider" 3118: 3091: 3072: 3037: 2986: 2969:

McCann, T. S. (1981). "Aggression and sexual activity of male Southern elephant seals,

2922: 2832: 2736: 2592: 2412:"Larval competition risk shapes male–male competition and mating behavior in an anuran" 2387: 2354: 2335: 2292: 2249: 2214: 2171: 1827: 1756: 1731: 1704: 1658: 1625: 1390: 1275: 1155: 1089: 719: 490: 460: 456: 315: 7250:

How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension

2245: 1567: 1532: 7562: 7557: 7495: 7422: 7414: 7389: 7243: 7143: 7138: 7079: 7069: 7007: 6907: 6861: 6587: 6535: 6313: 6129: 6030: 5993: 5988: 5944: 5939: 5892: 5858: 5544: 5330: 5259: 5183: 5087: 5059: 5041: 5007: 4812: 4750: 4504: 4463: 4445: 4406: 4322: 4273: 4193: 4181: 4132: 4073: 4022: 3963: 3958: 3931: 3912: 3853: 3684: 3669: 3655: 3611: 3580: 3568: 3503: 3495: 3425: 3407: 3368: 3293: 3266: 3221: 3164: 3159: 3142: 3123: 3029: 2949: 2914: 2877: 2824: 2728: 2686: 2639: 2584: 2522: 2392: 2327: 2284: 2206: 2202: 2134: 2103: 2053: 2043: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1958: 1954: 1912: 1907: 1872: 1853: 1761: 1712: 1684: 1663: 1645: 1599: 1572: 1488: 1460: 1456:

The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe Without Design

1422: 1382: 1331: 1251: 1204: 966: 948: 862: 628: 614: 506: 484: 452: 388: 345: 341: 307: 303: 269: 133: 129: 117: 105: 101: 93: 35: 4426:"Sexual selection in hermaphrodites, sperm and broadcast spawners, plants and fungi" 4369: 4334: 3623: 3278: 3233: 3076: 2926: 2635: 2596: 2339: 2296: 2253: 2175: 1394: 7521: 6453: 6020: 5806: 5379: 5051: 4771: 4760: 4494: 4453: 4437: 4396: 4357: 4312: 4263: 4224: 4171: 4122: 4112: 4063: 4055: 4012: 4002: 3953: 3902: 3892: 3843: 3833: 3798: 3786: 3759: 3747: 3696: 3647: 3603: 3558: 3550: 3515: 3487: 3456: 3415: 3399: 3388:"Inbreeding affects sexual signalling in males but not females of Tenebrio molitor" 3358: 3307: 3258: 3211: 3203: 3176: 3154: 3113: 3103: 3064: 3041: 3021: 2982: 2906: 2836: 2814: 2740: 2720: 2678: 2631: 2576: 2514: 2474: 2466: 2423: 2382: 2374: 2319: 2276: 2241: 2198: 2163: 2095: 1996: 1950: 1902: 1892: 1843: 1751: 1743: 1696: 1653: 1637: 1562: 1552: 1372: 1150: 1073: 846: 530: 6298: 3811: 3790: 3751: 3718:"Hylid frogs of the genus Plectrohyla: systematics and phylogenetic relationships" 3701: 3460: 3068: 2218: 7339: 7017: 6814: 6438: 6265: 6254: 6208: 6151: 6100: 5880: 5684: 5579: 5561: 5507: 5451: 5132: 4974: 4906: 4695: 4602: 4597: 4117: 4007: 3897: 3838: 3001: 2871: 2785: 2761: 2682: 2518: 1454: 1450: 1314: 1053: 887: 886:

have many secondary sexual characteristics subject to sexual selection including

883: 809: 753: 707: 588: 561: 359: 353: 256:

with other factors held constant, showed that sexual selection protected even an

3651: 3363: 3336: 2910: 1641: 7586: 7576: 7490: 7369: 7205: 7200: 7133: 6654: 6526: 6468: 5828: 5823: 5761: 5739: 5335: 5140: 4964: 4700: 4417: 2850: 2494: 2378: 2071: 1223: 1176: 1131: 970: 901: 749: 525: 502: 89: 58: 4317: 4292: 3554: 2724: 2323: 2280: 2167: 1377: 1352: 7641: 7526: 7516: 7472: 7195: 7190: 6856: 6734: 6693: 6539: 6293: 5961: 5956: 5549: 5480: 5446: 5357: 5323: 5144: 4715: 4710: 4607: 4449: 3572: 3499: 3411: 2690: 2643: 2331: 2288: 2008: 1897: 1649: 1528: 1507: 1412: 850: 703: 498: 408: 274: 128:. Depending on the species, these rules can be reversed. This is caused by a 97: 30: 22: 18:

Mode of natural selection involving the choosing of and competition for mates

7054: 4499: 4482: 4252:"Trait selection in flowering plants: how does sexual selection contribute?" 3530: 3108: 2580: 2428: 2411: 2099: 2057: 235: 7542: 7394: 7106: 7029: 7012: 6851: 6799: 6744: 6577: 6572: 6166: 5924: 5616: 5468: 5345: 5340: 5286: 4978: 4927: 4922: 4720: 4690: 4656: 4548: 4508: 4467: 4441: 4410: 4326: 4277: 4185: 4136: 4077: 4059: 4026: 3967: 3916: 3857: 3615: 3507: 3429: 3403: 3372: 3294:"The Evolution of Bioluminescence in Cantharoids (Coleoptera: Elateroidea)" 3270: 3225: 3168: 3127: 3033: 2918: 2828: 2732: 2588: 2396: 2210: 2030: 1976: 1930: 1916: 1857: 1765: 1716: 1667: 1576: 1557: 1386: 1021: 688: 494: 281: 253: 240: 169: 2526: 2107: 2078:(1982). "Heritable true fitness and bright birds: a role for parasites?". 1962: 1873:"Genetic benefits enhance the reproductive success of polyandrous females" 904:, the sex ratio is biased towards males, implying sexual selection there. 7224: 7182: 7101: 6997: 6992: 6878: 6749: 6478: 6013: 5843: 5749: 5707: 4765: 4644: 4401: 4384: 4268: 4251: 3192:"The evolution of parental care in insects: A test of current hypotheses" 3092:"Postcopulatory sexual selection: Darwin's omission and its consequences" 2355:"Fight outcome briefly affects the reproductive fitness of male crickets" 2075: 2016: 858: 692: 609: 592: 565: 514: 174: 61: 6318: 4090: 3025: 2948:(2nd ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Academic Press. p. 346. 1848: 1831: 7171: 7166: 7084: 6987: 6739: 6640: 6562: 6549: 6183: 5983: 5870: 5848: 5801: 5796: 5744: 5712: 5627: 5063: 5002: 4917: 4860: 4755: 4669: 4423: 4236: 3563: 3321: 2779:

Comparative evidence for the evolution of genitalia by sexual selection

1708: 1328:

The Mating Mind: How sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature

1094: 891: 654: 619: 257: 221: 74: 7289: 4430:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4176: 4151: 3983:"Male songbird indicates body size with low-pitched advertising songs" 3491: 3207: 2819: 2802: 2479: 1516:

The genetical theory of natural selection: A complete variorum edition

7547: 7273: 7176: 6922: 6873: 6724: 6333: 5951: 5699: 5456: 5431: 5421: 5409: 4639: 4483:"Evolutionary Dynamics of Sex-Biased Genes in a Hermaphrodite Fungus" 4149: 3929: 3002:"Intrasexual competition and sexual selection in cooperative mammals" 2940:

Perrin, William F.; Würsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M., eds. (2008).

1110: 827: 666: 641: 576: 572: 448: 436: 229: 145: 82: 54: 4228: 3766: 3475: 3312: 1871:

Newcomer, Scott D.; Zeh, Jeanne A.; Zeh, David W. (31 August 1999).

1747: 1700: 1143:

Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology

344:, until practical physical constraints halt further exaggeration. A 7002: 6967: 6776: 5978: 5473: 5374: 4577: 4361: 3812:

Saino, Nicola; Romano, Maria; Rubolini, Diego; et al. (2013).

3607: 3529:

Sato, Noriyosi; Kasugai, Takashi; Munehara, Hiroyuki (2013-03-01).

2609: 1800: 1093:

flower's symmetry may have been subject to sexual selection by its

768: 714:

Also seen in mammals is sex-role reversal, as in the highly social

649: 3474:

Sato, Noriyosi; Yoshida, Masa-aki; Kasugai, Takashi (2016-11-17).

618:

was flightless, but had feathers, perhaps used in courtship, that

431: 407:

Since Fisher's initial conceptual model of the 'runaway' process,

7128: 7123: 7111: 7089: 7074: 6982: 6161: 5875: 5441: 5414: 5067: 4902: 1514:, 22 November 1932, cited in Fisher, R. A., Bennett, J. H. 1999. 986: 760: 715: 510: 383: 278: 249: 121: 113: 2706:"Evolution of genitalia: theories, evidence, and new directions" 302:, which explains why the sex ratio is usually close to 1:1. The 7626: 5463: 5436: 5269: 4517: 3682: 1626:"The Relationship between Sexual Selection and Sexual Conflict" 943: 823: 819:, are polyandrous, with one female mating with multiple males. 764: 741: 472: 225: 200: 65: 4093:"Rock sparrow song reflects male age and reproductive success" 1533:"Models of speciation by sexual selection on polygenic traits" 387:

The peacock tail in flight, the proposed classic example of a

288:, developed his ideas about sexual selection in his 1930 book 7161: 6082: 4829: 4385:"Sexual selection: lessons from hermaphrodite mating systems" 3772: 897: 3385: 7039: 6977: 6972: 5264: 4348:

Wilson, Mary F. (June 1979). "Sexual Selection In Plants".

4091:

Nemeth, E.; Kempenaers, B.; Matessi, G.; Brumm, H. (2012).

3980: 2896: 2870:

Buss, David (2019). "Women's Long-Term Mating Strategies".

2450:

Kokko, Hanna; Jennions, Michael D.; Brooks, Robert (2006).

2409: 298:, which might suggest a preference for male offspring, and 125: 3731: 3054: 2036:

The handicap principle: a missing piece of Darwin's puzzle

5243: 4481:

Whittle, Carrie A.; Johannesson, Hanna (20 August 2013).

3334: 187:

Sexual selection was first proposed by Charles Darwin in

4474: 2353:

Zeng, Yang; Zhou, Feng-Hao; Zhu, Dao-Hong (2018-06-26).

3676: 2999: 1969: 1923: 5212: 3443:

Worden, Bradley D.; Parker, Patricia G. (2005-11-05).

3190:

Gilbert, James D. J.; Manica, Andrea (30 April 2015).

3000:

Clutton-Brock, T. H.; Hodge, S. J.; Spong, G. (2006).

2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2129:. In Butynski, T. M.; Kingdon, J.; Kalina, J. (eds.). 1619: 1617: 1615: 1459:. Norton. pp. Chapter 8, Explosions and Spirals. 7615: 3134: 2939: 1933:(1975). "Mate selection—A selection for a handicap". 1351:

Hosken, David J.; House, Clarissa M. (January 2011).

916:

Example sexual selection mechanisms in the named taxa

4200: 2873:

Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind

2657:

Lister, Adrian M.; Stuart, Anthony J. (2019-01-01).

2544:. University of California Riverside. Archived from 2459:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

826:

with includes topping, a behavior exhibited by most

196:

The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

183:

The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

140:

indicates that females would prefer male offspring,

4250:Ashman, Tia-Lynn; Delph, Lynda F. (1 August 2006). 3737: 3630: 3528: 3292:Branham, Marc A.; Wenzel, John W. (December 2001). 3240: 3183: 2890: 2856:

The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex

2796: 2794: 2559:Clarke, J. (9 May 2013). "Feathers Before Flight". 2449: 2436: 2266: 1612: 575:and parental roles, but also to mechanisms such as 228:) far too cognitively undeveloped to be capable of 4480: 4284: 3683:Gonzalez-Mollinedo, S.; Marmol-Kattan, A. (2020). 3473: 2260: 2188: 2120: 2023: 989:species attracts mates with its own flash pattern. 4243: 2452:"Unifying and Testing Models of Sexual Selection" 1478: 1476: 665:Sexual selection is widely distributed among the 7639: 3715: 2800: 2791: 1487:. Princeton University Press. pp. 115–117. 3923: 3140: 3096:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2064: 1877:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1732:"Fitness and its role in evolutionary genetics" 1113:become blue to signal their fitness to females. 908:to fertilise occurs in fungi including yeasts. 783:Postcopulatory intersexual selection occurs in 604: 520: 455:. Sexual preference creates a tendency towards 4206: 3593: 1870: 1473: 930:, the male gorilla is much larger than female. 695:in different human populations are results of 451:left behind, and by their quality or probable 439:might have helped it on its way to extinction. 435:The enormous sexually-selected antlers of the 81:or prefer more attractive partners to produce 7305: 6938: 5643: 5228: 4845: 4533: 3709: 3640:Hearing and Sound Communication in Amphibians 3636: 3291: 3246: 3189: 3083: 2487: 2309: 1787: 1679: 1677: 1636:(9). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: a017517. 1623: 1408: 1406: 1404: 792: 4290: 3981:Hall, L.; Kingma, S. A.; Peters, A. (2013). 3442: 2801:Nieuwenhuis, B. P. S.; Aanen, D. K. (2012). 2656: 2533: 2403: 2182: 2029: 1589: 447:of an organism is measured by the number of 4249: 4084: 3864: 2962: 2552: 2542:"Sexual Selection, Costs, and Compensation" 2352: 2121:Williamson, E. A.; Butynski, T. M. (2013). 2070: 1624:Kokko, H.; Jennions, M. D. (18 July 2014). 1350: 1019:Territorial fight in the Indian rat snake, 740:Sexual selection occurs in a wide range of 216:These views were to some extent opposed by 7312: 7298: 6945: 6931: 5650: 5636: 5235: 5221: 4852: 4838: 4540: 4526: 4493:(11). Oxford University Press: 2435–2446. 4291:Moore, Jamie C.; Pannell, John R. (2011). 4033: 1796:"Large testicles are linked to infidelity" 1781:Biology: The Unity & Diversity of Life 1674: 1630:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 1401: 92:who wrote of a "second agency" other than 4498: 4457: 4400: 4316: 4267: 4175: 4126: 4116: 4067: 4016: 4006: 3957: 3906: 3896: 3847: 3837: 3805: 3725:Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 3700: 3562: 3522: 3467: 3419: 3362: 3311: 3215: 3158: 3117: 3107: 2818: 2478: 2427: 2386: 2346: 2147: 1906: 1896: 1847: 1755: 1657: 1566: 1556: 1518:, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 308 1482: 1418:The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection 1376: 1344: 1154: 691:traits such as beards, hairlessness, and 291:The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection 243:from extinction in a ten-year experiment. 6884:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 5657: 3141:Peretti, A. V.; Eberhard, W. G. (2010). 3089: 2703: 2493: 2471:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110259 2303: 1864: 1299: 1297: 608: 591:, and the "most-debated effect", namely 524: 430: 382: 328: 234: 168: 42:. Male above; female below. Painting by 29: 7319: 4382: 3870: 3716:Duellman, W.E.; Campbell, J.A. (1992). 2539: 2231: 1826: 1449: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1276:"Note on Sexual Selection (S459: 1892)" 1270: 420: 7640: 7605:Index of evolutionary biology articles 6952: 4347: 2968: 2849: 2755:Sexual selection and genital evolution 2704:Eberhard, William G. (24 March 2009). 2558: 1975: 1929: 1832:"Intra-sexual selection in Drosophila" 1325: 1264: 1256:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1209:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1130: 868: 7293: 6926: 6647:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 5631: 5216: 4833: 4521: 4436:(1706). The Royal Society: 20150541. 3342:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3263:10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093346 3090:Eberhard, William G. (16 June 2009). 2042:. New York: Oxford University Press. 1808:from the original on January 31, 2014 1778: 1683: 1527: 1294: 1282:from the original on 17 February 2017 1170: 1166:from the original on 22 October 2012. 767:, sexual selection is common. In the 88:The concept was first articulated by 5171: 4800: 3689:Neotropical Biology and Conservation 3048: 2869: 2753:Hosken, David J.; Stockley, Paula. " 2665:. SI: Quaternary International 500. 2540:Oufiero, Christopher E. (May 2015). 2497:(1967). "Extraordinary sex ratios". 2153: 1793: 1436: 952:, have elaborate courtship displays. 875:Sexual selection in flowering plants 660: 478: 263: 77:, for example because they are more 7231:The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis 5331:Heterogametic sex / Homogametic sex 5195: 4593:Evolutionary models of food sharing 4389:Integrative and Comparative Biology 4383:Leonard, Janet L. (1 August 2006). 4256:Integrative and Comparative Biology 2859:. London: John Murray. p. 578. 2312:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2269:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2156:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 1729: 803:Sexual selection in scaled reptiles 637:could have been relatively smooth. 104:to be chosen by females, producing 34:Sexual selection creates colourful 13: 6052:Evolutionary developmental biology 4047:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2987:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1981.tb03467.x 1592:Genetic Models of Sexual Selection 1156:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02500.x 551: 14: 7664: 2766:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 1330:. London: Heinemann. p. 24. 1230:(1st edition). Chapter 4, p. 89. 706:. Dominant males establish large 533:, a species with very large males 310:runaway cycle. He remarked that: 7625: 7053: 6906: 6897: 6896: 5612: 5611: 5405:Evolution of sexual reproduction 5194: 5182: 5170: 5159: 5158: 4811: 4799: 4788: 4787: 4547: 3959:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01889.x 3160:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01900.x 2203:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02485.x 1794:Vogt, Yngve (January 29, 2014). 1783:. Cengage Learning. p. 281. 1102: 1081: 1061: 1045: 1029: 1012: 994: 978: 957: 935: 920: 725: 415: 110:secondary sexual characteristics 6709:Extended evolutionary synthesis 5898:Gene-centered view of evolution 4727:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis 4487:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4376: 4341: 4143: 3974: 3587: 3436: 3379: 3328: 3285: 3147:Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2993: 2933: 2863: 2843: 2807:Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2788:." Nature 393.6687 (1998): 784. 2771: 2747: 2697: 2650: 2636:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.02.013 2603: 2225: 2191:Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2114: 1979:(1977). "The cost of honesty". 1820: 1772: 1723: 1583: 1521: 1501: 1239:from the original on 2011-11-05 1192:from the original on 2011-11-05 657:—such that new species emerge. 260:population against extinction. 7405:Constructive neutral evolution 6837:Hologenome theory of evolution 6704:History of molecular evolution 5930:Evolutionarily stable strategy 5819:Last universal common ancestor 5513:Sexual reproduction in animals 4859: 2946:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals 1981:Journal of Theoretical Biology 1935:Journal of Theoretical Biology 1319: 1217: 1124: 857:Many bird species make use of 799:Sexual selection in amphibians 778: 1: 6631:Renaissance and Enlightenment 3791:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.03.012 3752:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.05.007 3702:10.3897/neotropical.15.e57142 3461:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.01.023 3102:(supplement 1): 10025–10032. 3069:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.10.024 2876:(Sixth ed.). Routledge. 2246:10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80167-0 1118: 745:during or after copulations. 672: 7355:Fisher's fundamental theorem 6842:Missing heritability problem 6469:Gamete differentiation/sexes 5385:Sex as a biological variable 5368:Simultaneous hermaphroditism 4293:"Sexual selection in plants" 4118:10.1371/journal.pone.0043259 4008:10.1371/journal.pone.0056717 3898:10.1371/journal.pone.0053066 3839:10.1371/journal.pone.0058024 2683:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.03.025 2519:10.1126/science.156.3774.477 2001:10.1016/0022-5193(77)90061-3 1955:10.1016/0022-5193(75)90111-3 605:Toolkit of natural selection 539:Male intrasexual competition 521:Male intrasexual competition 7: 7380:Coefficient of relationship 5189:Evolutionary biology Portal 4818:Evolutionary biology portal 3652:10.1007/978-0-387-47796-1_3 3364:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.017 3250:Annual Review of Entomology 2911:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.07.004 2803:"Sexual selection in fungi" 1642:10.1101/cshperspect.a017517 1421:. Oxford University Press, 1004:Dendropsophus microcephalus 833: 736:Sexual selection in insects 732:Sexual selection in spiders 683:Sexual selection in mammals 239:Sexual selection protected 10: 7671: 6474:Life cycles/nuclear phases 6026:Trivers–Willard hypothesis 5523:Penile-vaginal intercourse 5363:Sequential hermaphroditism 2616:Quaternary Science Reviews 2379:10.1038/s41598-018-27866-4 2033:; Zahavi, Avishag (1997). 1730:Orr, H. A. (August 2009). 1596:Cambridge University Press 872: 837: 796: 793:In amphibians and reptiles 729: 697:sexual selection in humans 679:Sexual selection in humans 676: 555: 536: 482: 424: 267: 180: 159: 20: 7600: 7535: 7509: 7471: 7446: 7413: 7375:Coefficient of inbreeding 7327: 7261: 7211:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson 7154: 7062: 7051: 6960: 6892: 6792: 6717: 6621: 6548: 6504: 6359: 6263: 6080: 6039: 5972:Parent–offspring conflict 5908: 5777:Earliest known life forms 5698: 5665: 5607: 5560: 5393: 5353:Testis-determining factor 5250: 5154: 5101: 5050: 4993: 4941: 4895: 4867: 4783: 4743: 4678: 4555: 4318:10.1016/j.cub.2010.12.035 3937:Journal of Animal Ecology 3555:10.1007/s00227-012-2112-5 2725:10.1007/s10709-009-9358-y 2324:10.1007/s00265-016-2078-2 2281:10.1007/s00265-015-2011-0 2168:10.1007/s00265-012-1438-9 1378:10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.053 1308:University of East Anglia 973:carries eggs on its back. 879:Sexual selection in fungi 861:, the females preferring 840:Sexual selection in birds 648:) that became extinct in 164: 40:Goldie's bird-of-paradise 36:differences between sexes 7553:Evolutionary game theory 7335:Hardy–Weinberg principle 6825:Cultural group selection 6689:The eclipse of Darwinism 6661:On the Origin of Species 6636:Transmutation of species 5294:Sex-determination system 5032:Nonecological speciation 3299:The Florida Entomologist 2663:Quaternary International 1898:10.1073/pnas.96.18.10236 1590:O'Donald, Peter (1980). 1313:August 21, 2015, at the 1228:On the Origin of Species 1181:On the Origin of Species 687:Darwin conjectured that 546:Winner and loser effects 193:(1859) and developed in 190:On the Origin of Species 57:in which members of one 7365:Shifting balance theory 6830:Dual inheritance theory 6669:History of paleontology 5242: 4613:Male warrior hypothesis 4583:Evolutionary psychology 4573:Dual inheritance theory 4350:The American Naturalist 3596:The American Naturalist 3109:10.1073/pnas.0901217106 2784:27 January 2012 at the 2760:12 October 2017 at the 2581:10.1126/science.1235463 2100:10.1126/science.7123238 1736:Nature Reviews Genetics 1070:southern elephant seals 7350:Linkage disequilibrium 6518:Punctuated equilibrium 5839:Non-adaptive radiation 5787:Evolutionary arms race 5277:Sexual differentiation 5137:Punctuated equilibrium 5093:Character displacement 4913:Reproductive isolation 4882:Laboratory experiments 4442:10.1098/rstb.2015.0541 4060:10.1098/rspb.2007.0170 3871:Edwards, D.B. (2012). 3404:10.1098/rsbl.2011.1135 1558:10.1073/pnas.78.6.3721 1483:Andersson, M. (1994). 1326:Miller, G. F. (2000). 1272:Wallace, Alfred Russel 1040:displaying to a female 623: 598:Xiphophorus montezumae 585:investing in sexy sons 534: 469:nutritional investment 440: 405: 391: 381: 337: 327: 286:evolutionary biologist 244: 214: 209: 178: 177:in the latest fashion. 47: 44:John Gerrard Keulemans 7592:Quantitative genetics 7501:Balding–Nichols model 7486:Population bottleneck 7481:Small population size 7385:Selection coefficient 7045:Widmanstätten pattern 6810:Evolutionary medicine 6684:Mendelian inheritance 6392:Biological complexity 6380:Programmed cell death 6072:Phenotypic plasticity 5792:Evolutionary pressure 5782:Evidence of evolution 5680:Timeline of evolution 5319:Temperature-dependent 5018:Ecological speciation 4933:Evidence of evolution 4588:Evolution of morality 4500:10.1093/molbev/mst143 2899:Hormones and Behavior 2429:10.1093/beheco/arw100 1779:Starr, Cecie (2013). 1512:Charles Galton Darwin 1076:for the right to mate 906:Male–male competition 646:Megaloceros giganteus 612: 556:Further information: 528: 483:Further information: 434: 425:Further information: 397: 386: 374: 350:long-tailed widowbird 335:long-tailed widowbird 332: 320:geometric progression 312: 238: 218:Alfred Russel Wallace 210: 205: 181:Further information: 172: 132:mechanism known as a 112:, such as the ornate 73:than others within a 33: 7632:Evolutionary biology 7463:Background selection 7450:on genomic variation 7448:Effects of selection 7400:Population structure 6784:Teleology in biology 6679:Blending inheritance 6057:Genetic assimilation 5920:Artificial selection 5659:Evolutionary biology 4568:Challenge hypothesis 4563:Behavioural genetics 1038:Victoria's riflebird 786:Idiosepius paradoxus 635:transition to flight 445:reproductive success 421:Reproductive success 365:The Blind Watchmaker 294:. These include the 124:, or the antlers of 71:reproductive success 64:of the other sex to 7653:Population genetics 7582:Population genomics 7458:Genetic hitchhiking 7345:Identity by descent 7321:Population genetics 7279:Mathematics and art 7269:Pattern recognition 7239:Aristid Lindenmayer 6847:Molecular evolution 6805:Ecological genetics 6674:Transitional fossil 6464:Sexual reproduction 6304:endomembrane system 6233:pollinator-mediated 6189:dolphins and whales 5967:Parental investment 5535:Hormonal motivation 5508:Fungal reproduction 5427:Reproductive system 5022:Parallel speciation 4618:Reciprocal altruism 4309:2011CBio...21.R176M 4221:1995Oikos..73...15M 4168:2021EcolL..24..477M 4109:2012PLoSO...743259N 3999:2013PLoSO...856717H 3950:2012JAnEc..81...87D 3889:2012PLoSO...753066E 3830:2013PLoSO...858024S 3547:2013MarBi.160..553S 3355:2017MolPE.107..564M 3026:10.1038/nature05386 3018:2006Natur.444.1065C 2768:19.2 (2004): 87–93. 2675:2019QuInt.500..185L 2628:2015QSRv..114..182V 2573:2013Sci...340..690C 2511:1967Sci...156..477H 2371:2018NatSR...8.9695Z 2092:1982Sci...218..384H 1993:1977JThBi..67..603Z 1947:1975JThBi..53..205Z 1889:1999PNAS...9610236N 1883:(18): 10236–10241. 1849:10.1038/hdy.1948.21 1549:1981PNAS...78.3721L 1369:2011CBio...21..R62H 910:Pheromone signaling 869:In plants and fungi 558:Sexy son hypothesis 465:Bateman's principle 427:Bateman's principle 402:Ronald Fisher, 1930 378:Ronald Fisher, 1932 324:Ronald Fisher, 1930 296:sexy son hypothesis 138:sexy son hypothesis 7568:Landscape genetics 7217:On Growth and Form 7117:Logarithmic spiral 6954:Patterns in nature 6820:Cultural evolution 5935:Fisher's principle 5864:Handicap principle 5854:Parallel evolution 5718:Adaptive radiation 5540:Human reproduction 5518:Sexual intercourse 5503:Plant reproduction 5102:Speciation in taxa 5037:Assortative mating 4706:Sarah Blaffer Hrdy 4635:Sex and psychology 4402:10.1093/icb/icj041 4269:10.1093/icb/icj038 2975:Journal of Zoology 2777:Arnqvist, Göran. " 2416:Behavioral Ecology 2359:Scientific Reports 1842:(Pt. 3): 349–368. 1685:Gould, Stephen Jay 1353:"Sexual Selection" 1306:on a study by the 722:care to the young. 624: 581:Fisher's principle 535: 491:handicap principle 457:assortative mating 441: 392: 338: 300:Fisher's principle 245: 179: 142:Fisher's principle 53:is a mechanism of 48: 7613: 7612: 7563:Genetic genealogy 7558:Fitness landscape 7287: 7286: 7244:Benoît Mandelbrot 7144:Self-organization 7080:Natural selection 7070:Pattern formation 6920: 6919: 6536:Uniformitarianism 6489:Sex-determination 5994:Sexual dimorphism 5989:Natural selection 5893:Unit of selection 5859:Signalling theory 5625: 5624: 5545:Lordosis behavior 5260:Sexual dimorphism 5210: 5209: 5088:Secondary contact 5060:Hybrid speciation 5008:Natural selection 4995:Isolating factors 4827: 4826: 4751:Stephen Jay Gould 4177:10.1111/ele.13662 4054:(1621): 2035–40. 3661:978-0-387-32521-7 3492:10.1111/evo.13108 3208:10.1111/evo.12656 2955:978-0-12-373553-9 2820:10.1111/jeb.12017 2813:(12): 2397–2411. 2567:(6133): 690–692. 2505:(3774): 477–488. 2275:(12): 1997–2004. 2131:Mammals of Africa 2086:(4570): 384–387. 2049:978-0-19-510035-8 1828:Bateman, Angus J. 1466:978-0-393-31570-7 1337:978-0-434-00741-7 1278:. Charles Smith. 967:Abedus indentatus 949:Phidippus putnami 847:birds-of-paradise 773:Tenebrio molitor, 661:In different taxa 629:Protarchaeopteryx 615:Protarchaeopteryx 583:, parental care, 485:Signalling theory 479:Honest signalling 389:Fisherian runaway 346:positive feedback 342:sexual dimorphism 308:positive feedback 304:Fisherian runaway 270:Fisherian runaway 264:Fisherian runaway 144:explains why the 134:Fisherian runaway 130:positive feedback 118:birds-of-paradise 106:sexual dimorphism 94:natural selection 7660: 7648:Sexual selection 7630: 7629: 7621: 7522:J. B. S. Haldane 7314: 7307: 7300: 7291: 7290: 7095:Sexual selection 7057: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6924: 6923: 6910: 6900: 6899: 6699:Modern synthesis 6459:Multicellularity 6454:Mosaic evolution 6339:auditory ossicle 6021:Social selection 6004:Flowering plants 5999:Sexual selection 5652: 5645: 5638: 5629: 5628: 5615: 5614: 5575:Animal sexuality 5498:Sexual selection 5237: 5230: 5223: 5214: 5213: 5198: 5197: 5186: 5174: 5173: 5162: 5161: 5013:Sexual selection 4942:Geographic modes 4854: 4847: 4840: 4831: 4830: 4815: 4803: 4802: 4791: 4790: 4772:Not in Our Genes 4761:Richard Lewontin 4623:Sexual selection 4542: 4535: 4528: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4512: 4502: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4461: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4404: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4320: 4303:(5): R176–R182. 4288: 4282: 4281: 4271: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4179: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4130: 4120: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4071: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4020: 4010: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3961: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3910: 3900: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3851: 3841: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3779:Animal Behaviour 3770: 3764: 3763: 3740:Animal Behaviour 3735: 3729: 3728: 3722: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3645: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3566: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3455:(5): 1047–1053. 3449:Animal Behaviour 3440: 3434: 3433: 3423: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3366: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3315: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3219: 3202:(5): 1255–1270. 3187: 3181: 3180: 3162: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3121: 3111: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3063:(5): 1029–1040. 3057:Animal Behaviour 3052: 3046: 3045: 3012:(7122): 1065–8. 2997: 2991: 2990: 2971:Mirounga leonina 2966: 2960: 2959: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2822: 2798: 2789: 2775: 2769: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2710: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2456: 2447: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2390: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2234:Animal Behaviour 2229: 2223: 2222: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2127:eastern gorilla" 2125:Gorilla beringei 2118: 2112: 2111: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2041: 2027: 2021: 2020: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1910: 1900: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1851: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1759: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1681: 1672: 1671: 1661: 1621: 1610: 1609: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1570: 1560: 1543:(6): 3721–3725. 1525: 1519: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1485:Sexual Selection 1480: 1471: 1470: 1451:Dawkins, Richard 1447: 1434: 1410: 1399: 1398: 1380: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1323: 1317: 1301: 1292: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1255: 1247: 1245: 1244: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1208: 1200: 1198: 1197: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1165: 1158: 1140: 1128: 1106: 1085: 1074:Macquarie Island 1065: 1049: 1033: 1016: 998: 982: 971:belostomatid bug 961: 939: 924: 884:Flowering plants 863:males with songs 810:Spikethumb frogs 531:mountain gorilla 51:Sexual selection 7670: 7669: 7663: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7624: 7616: 7614: 7609: 7596: 7531: 7505: 7467: 7451: 7449: 7442: 7409: 7340:Genetic linkage 7323: 7318: 7288: 7283: 7257: 7150: 7058: 7049: 6956: 6951: 6921: 6916: 6888: 6815:Group selection 6788: 6713: 6617: 6544: 6506:Tempo and modes 6500: 6355: 6259: 6076: 6035: 5911: 5904: 5881:Species complex 5694: 5685:History of life 5661: 5656: 5626: 5621: 5603: 5590:Differentiation 5580:Human sexuality 5570:Plant sexuality 5556: 5452:Spermatogenesis 5396: 5389: 5252: 5246: 5241: 5211: 5206: 5150: 5133:Paleopolyploidy 5097: 5052:Hybrid concepts 5046: 4989: 4937: 4907:Species complex 4891: 4863: 4858: 4828: 4823: 4779: 4739: 4696:Richard Dawkins 4674: 4665:Dunbar's number 4603:Kin recognition 4598:Group selection 4551: 4546: 4516: 4479: 4475: 4422: 4418: 4381: 4377: 4346: 4342: 4297:Current Biology 4289: 4285: 4248: 4244: 4229:10.2307/3545720 4205: 4201: 4156:Ecology Letters 4148: 4144: 4089: 4085: 4038: 4034: 3979: 3975: 3928: 3924: 3869: 3865: 3810: 3806: 3775:Elaphe obsoleta 3771: 3767: 3736: 3732: 3720: 3714: 3710: 3681: 3677: 3662: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3592: 3588: 3527: 3523: 3472: 3468: 3441: 3437: 3392:Biology Letters 3384: 3380: 3333: 3329: 3313:10.2307/3496389 3290: 3286: 3245: 3241: 3188: 3184: 3139: 3135: 3088: 3084: 3053: 3049: 2998: 2994: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2942:"Earless Seals" 2938: 2934: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2868: 2864: 2851:Darwin, Charles 2848: 2844: 2799: 2792: 2786:Wayback Machine 2776: 2772: 2762:Wayback Machine 2752: 2748: 2708: 2702: 2698: 2655: 2651: 2608: 2604: 2557: 2553: 2548:on 6 June 2014. 2538: 2534: 2495:Hamilton, W. D. 2492: 2488: 2454: 2448: 2437: 2408: 2404: 2351: 2347: 2308: 2304: 2265: 2261: 2230: 2226: 2187: 2183: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2119: 2115: 2072:Hamilton, W. D. 2069: 2065: 2050: 2039: 2028: 2024: 1974: 1970: 1928: 1924: 1869: 1865: 1825: 1821: 1811: 1809: 1792: 1788: 1777: 1773: 1748:10.1038/nrg2603 1728: 1724: 1701:10.2307/2407322 1682: 1675: 1622: 1613: 1606: 1588: 1584: 1526: 1522: 1510:in a letter to 1506: 1502: 1495: 1481: 1474: 1467: 1448: 1437: 1411: 1402: 1357:Current Biology 1349: 1345: 1338: 1324: 1320: 1315:Wayback Machine 1302: 1295: 1285: 1283: 1269: 1265: 1249: 1248: 1242: 1240: 1233:"Archived copy" 1231: 1224:Darwin, Charles 1222: 1218: 1202: 1201: 1195: 1193: 1186:"Archived copy" 1184: 1177:Darwin, Charles 1175: 1171: 1163: 1138: 1132:Darwin, Charles 1129: 1125: 1121: 1114: 1107: 1098: 1086: 1077: 1066: 1057: 1054:satin bowerbird 1050: 1041: 1034: 1025: 1017: 1008: 999: 990: 983: 974: 962: 953: 946:, such as this 940: 931: 925: 888:floral symmetry 881: 873:Main articles: 871: 842: 836: 805: 797:Main articles: 795: 781: 738: 730:Main articles: 728: 685: 677:Main articles: 675: 663: 607: 589:sexual conflict 568: 562:Sexual conflict 554: 552:Multiple models 541: 523: 487: 481: 471:of an egg in a 429: 423: 418: 360:Richard Dawkins 272: 266: 185: 167: 162: 26: 19: 12: 11: 5: 7668: 7667: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7635: 7634: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7587:Phylogeography 7584: 7579: 7577:Microevolution 7574: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7539: 7537: 7536:Related topics 7533: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7513: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7491:Founder effect 7488: 7483: 7477: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7454: 7452: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7419: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7370:Price equation 7367: 7362: 7360:Neutral theory 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7324: 7317: 7316: 7309: 7302: 7294: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7241: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7208: 7206:Wilson Bentley 7203: 7201:Joseph Plateau 7198: 7193: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7139:Plateau's laws 7136: 7134:Fluid dynamics 7131: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7072: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6957: 6950: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6927: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6904: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6727: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6655:Charles Darwin 6652: 6651: 6650: 6638: 6633: 6627: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6593:Non-ecological 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6554: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6533: 6524: 6510: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6366: 6364: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6344:nervous system 6341: 6336: 6331: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6270: 6268: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6164: 6154: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6110: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6093: 6087: 6085: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6006: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5916: 5914: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5890: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5844:Origin of life 5841: 5836: 5831: 5829:Microevolution 5826: 5824:Macroevolution 5821: 5816: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5762:Common descent 5759: 5758: 5757: 5747: 5742: 5740:Baldwin effect 5737: 5736: 5735: 5730: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5704: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5655: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5632: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5572: 5566: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5401: 5399: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5355: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5336:Sex chromosome 5333: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5256: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5240: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5192: 5180: 5168: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5141:Macroevolution 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5075: 5056: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5042:Haldane's rule 5039: 5034: 5029: 5015: 5010: 5005: 4999: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4968: 4965:Founder effect 4945: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4899: 4897: 4896:Basic concepts 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4857: 4856: 4849: 4842: 4834: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4809: 4797: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4775: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4701:Daniel Dennett 4698: 4693: 4688: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4637: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4545: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4522: 4515: 4514: 4473: 4416: 4395:(4): 349–367. 4375: 4362:10.1086/283437 4356:(6): 777–790. 4340: 4283: 4262:(4): 465–472. 4242: 4199: 4162:(3): 477–486. 4142: 4083: 4032: 3973: 3922: 3883:(12): e53066. 3863: 3804: 3765: 3746:(3): 477–483. 3730: 3708: 3695:(4): 551–559. 3675: 3660: 3629: 3608:10.1086/498538 3586: 3541:(3): 553–561. 3535:Marine Biology 3521: 3486:(1): 111–120. 3466: 3435: 3398:(3): 423–425. 3378: 3327: 3284: 3257:(1): 293–321. 3239: 3182: 3153:(2): 271–281. 3133: 3082: 3047: 2992: 2981:(3): 295–310. 2961: 2954: 2932: 2905:(2): 215–222. 2889: 2882: 2862: 2842: 2790: 2770: 2746: 2696: 2649: 2602: 2551: 2532: 2486: 2435: 2402: 2345: 2318:(4): 593–605. 2302: 2259: 2240:(3): 891–898. 2224: 2197:(5): 803–812. 2181: 2162:(2): 193–203. 2146: 2139: 2113: 2063: 2048: 2022: 1987:(3): 603–605. 1968: 1941:(1): 205–214. 1922: 1863: 1819: 1786: 1771: 1722: 1695:(2): 191–220. 1673: 1611: 1604: 1582: 1529:Lande, Russell 1520: 1500: 1493: 1472: 1465: 1435: 1400: 1363:(2): R62–R65. 1343: 1336: 1318: 1293: 1263: 1216: 1169: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1108: 1101: 1099: 1087: 1080: 1078: 1067: 1060: 1058: 1051: 1044: 1042: 1035: 1028: 1026: 1018: 1011: 1009: 1000: 993: 991: 984: 977: 975: 963: 956: 954: 942:Males of many 941: 934: 932: 926: 919: 917: 902:Basidiomycetes 870: 867: 838:Main article: 835: 832: 794: 791: 780: 777: 727: 724: 704:elephant seals 674: 671: 662: 659: 622:it for flight. 606: 603: 579:– governed by 553: 550: 537:Main article: 522: 519: 503:W. D. Hamilton 480: 477: 422: 419: 417: 414: 268:Main article: 265: 262: 166: 163: 161: 158: 90:Charles Darwin 59:biological sex 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7666: 7665: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7622: 7619: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7599: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7528: 7527:Sewall Wright 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7473:Genetic drift 7470: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7445: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7315: 7310: 7308: 7303: 7301: 7296: 7295: 7292: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7260: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7228: 7227: 7226: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7196:Ernst Haeckel 7194: 7192: 7191:Adolf Zeising 7189: 7185: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7056: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7035:Vortex street 7033: 7031: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7013:Quasicrystals 7011: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6948: 6943: 6941: 6936: 6934: 6929: 6928: 6925: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6903: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6857:Phylogenetics 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6782: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6760:Structuralism 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6735:Catastrophism 6733: 6732: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6694:Neo-Darwinism 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6608:Reinforcement 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6540:Catastrophism 6537: 6534: 6532: 6531:Macromutation 6528: 6527:Micromutation 6525: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6434:Immune system 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6358: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6294:symbiogenesis 6292: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6262: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6079: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5962:Kin selection 5960: 5958: 5957:Genetic drift 5955: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5907: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5648: 5646: 5641: 5639: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5618: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5550:Pelvic thrust 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5481:Fertilization 5479: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5447:Gametogenesis 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5380:parasexuality 5378: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5358:Hermaphrodite 5356: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5324:Haplodiploidy 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5233: 5231: 5226: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5203: 5202: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5146: 5145:Chronospecies 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5078:Reinforcement 5076: 5073: 5072:Recombination 5069: 5065: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4855: 4850: 4848: 4843: 4841: 4836: 4835: 4832: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4786: 4785: 4782: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4735:Robert Wright 4733: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4716:Frans de Waal 4714: 4712: 4711:Steven Pinker 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4686:Anne Campbell 4684: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4608:Kin selection 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4538: 4536: 4531: 4529: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4103:(8): e43259. 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3993:(2): e56717. 3992: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3824:(2): e58024. 3823: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3785:(1): 225–34. 3784: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3641: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2957: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2885: 2883:9780429590061 2879: 2875: 2874: 2866: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2430: 2425: 2422:(6): arw100. 2421: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2228: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2150: 2142: 2140:9781408189962 2136: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2031:Zahavi, Amotz 2026: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1977:Zahavi, Amotz 1972: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1931:Zahavi, Amotz 1926: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1790: 1782: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1726: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1678: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1607: 1605:9780521225335 1601: 1597: 1593: 1586: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1508:Ronald Fisher 1504: 1496: 1494:0-691-00057-3 1490: 1486: 1479: 1477: 1468: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1432: 1428: 1427:0-19-850440-3 1424: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1413:Fisher, R. A. 1409: 1407: 1405: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1347: 1339: 1333: 1329: 1322: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1267: 1259: 1253: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1212: 1206: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1137: 1133: 1127: 1123: 1112: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1032: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1005: 997: 992: 988: 981: 976: 972: 969: 968: 960: 955: 951: 950: 945: 938: 933: 929: 928:Among mammals 923: 918: 915: 914: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 893: 889: 885: 880: 876: 866: 864: 860: 855: 852: 848: 841: 831: 829: 825: 820: 818: 817: 811: 804: 800: 790: 788: 787: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 746: 743: 737: 733: 726:In arthropods 723: 721: 717: 712: 709: 705: 700: 698: 694: 690: 684: 680: 670: 668: 658: 656: 651: 647: 643: 638: 636: 631: 630: 621: 617: 616: 611: 602: 600: 599: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 567: 563: 559: 549: 547: 540: 532: 527: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 499:Russell Lande 496: 492: 486: 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 438: 433: 428: 416:Modern theory 413: 410: 409:Russell Lande 404: 403: 396: 390: 385: 380: 379: 373: 371: 367: 366: 361: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 336: 331: 326: 325: 321: 317: 316:exponentially 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 292: 287: 283: 280: 276: 275:Ronald Fisher 271: 261: 259: 255: 254:flour beetles 251: 242: 241:flour beetles 237: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 213: 208: 204: 202: 198: 197: 192: 191: 184: 176: 171: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 98:Ronald Fisher 95: 91: 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 67: 63: 60: 56: 52: 45: 41: 37: 32: 28: 24: 23:sex selection 16: 7543:Biogeography 7517:R. A. Fisher 7432: 7395:Heritability 7328:Key concepts 7248: 7229: 7215: 7181: 7107:Chaos theory 7094: 7030:Tessellation 6869:Polymorphism 6852:Astrobiology 6800:Biogeography 6755:Saltationism 6745:Orthogenesis 6730:Alternatives 6659: 6645: 6578:Cospeciation 6573:Cladogenesis 6522:Saltationism 6479:Mating types 6402:Color vision 6387:Avian flight 6309:mitochondria 6047:Canalisation 5998: 5925:Biodiversity 5670:Introduction 5497: 5469:spermatozoon 5397:reproduction 5346:Y chromosome 5341:X chromosome 5287:Virilization 5282:Feminization 5199: 5187: 5175: 5163: 5012: 4979:Ring species 4928:Cospeciation 4923:Cladogenesis 4872:Introduction 4816: 4804: 4792: 4770: 4725: 4721:E. O. Wilson 4691:Noam Chomsky 4657:presociality 4622: 4549:Sociobiology 4490: 4486: 4476: 4433: 4429: 4419: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4300: 4296: 4286: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4215:(1): 15–22. 4212: 4208: 4202: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4051: 4045: 4035: 3990: 3986: 3976: 3944:(1): 87–96. 3941: 3935: 3925: 3880: 3876: 3866: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3724: 3711: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3639: 3632: 3602:(1): 28–42. 3599: 3595: 3589: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3395: 3391: 3381: 3346: 3340: 3330: 3303: 3297: 3287: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2945: 2935: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2872: 2865: 2855: 2845: 2810: 2806: 2773: 2765: 2749: 2716: 2712: 2699: 2666: 2662: 2652: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2546:the original 2535: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2465:(1): 43–66. 2462: 2458: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2362: 2358: 2348: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2130: 2124: 2116: 2083: 2079: 2066: 2035: 2025: 1984: 1980: 1971: 1938: 1934: 1925: 1880: 1876: 1866: 1839: 1835: 1822: 1810:. Retrieved 1799: 1789: 1780: 1774: 1742:(8): 531–9. 1739: 1735: 1725: 1692: 1688: 1633: 1629: 1591: 1585: 1540: 1536: 1523: 1515: 1503: 1484: 1455: 1416: 1360: 1356: 1346: 1327: 1321: 1284:. Retrieved 1266: 1241:. Retrieved 1227: 1219: 1194:. Retrieved 1180: 1172: 1149:(9): 46–50. 1146: 1142: 1126: 1088: 1072:fighting on 1022:Ptyas mucosa 1020: 1002: 965: 947: 896: 882: 859:mating calls 856: 843: 821: 814: 806: 784: 782: 772: 758: 750:belostomatid 747: 739: 713: 701: 686: 664: 645: 639: 627: 625: 613: 596: 569: 542: 495:Amotz Zahavi 488: 442: 406: 401: 398: 393: 377: 375: 363: 358: 339: 323: 313: 289: 282:statistician 273: 246: 215: 211: 206: 194: 188: 186: 87: 62:choose mates 50: 49: 27: 15: 7496:Coalescence 7225:Alan Turing 7183:Liber Abaci 7102:Mathematics 7008:in crystals 6998:Soap bubble 6993:Phyllotaxis 6879:Systematics 6750:Mutationism 6568:Catagenesis 6496:Snake venom 6429:Eusociality 6407:in primates 6397:Cooperation 6325:In animals 6145:butterflies 6118:Cephalopods 6108:Brachiopods 6040:Development 6014:Mate choice 5767:Convergence 5750:Coevolution 5708:Abiogenesis 5201:WikiProject 4961:Centrifugal 4766:Steven Rose 4645:eusociality 3564:10069/31698 3349:: 564–575. 2719:(1): 5–18. 2669:: 185–203. 2622:: 182–188. 2365:(1): 9695. 1812:January 31, 1095:pollinators 892:pollinators 816:P. bibronii 779:In molluscs 693:steatopygia 620:pre-adapted 593:mate choice 566:Mate choice 515:Marlene Zuk 175:steatopygia 7642:Categories 7438:Ecological 7428:Artificial 7172:Empedocles 7167:Pythagoras 7085:Camouflage 7023:in biology 7018:in flowers 6988:Parastichy 6740:Lamarckism 6718:Philosophy 6641:David Hume 6603:Peripatric 6598:Parapatric 6583:Ecological 6563:Anagenesis 6558:Allopatric 6550:Speciation 6514:Gradualism 6439:Metabolism 6299:chromosome 6289:Eukaryotes 6067:Modularity 5984:Population 5910:Population 5871:Speciation 5849:Panspermia 5802:Extinction 5797:Exaptation 5772:Divergence 5745:Cladistics 5733:Reciprocal 5713:Adaptation 5530:Copulation 5251:Biological 5064:Polyploidy 5026:Allochrony 5003:Adaptation 4971:Parapatric 4953:Peripatric 4949:Allopatric 4918:Anagenesis 4861:Speciation 4756:Leon Kamin 4679:Supporters 4670:Polyethism 3306:(4): 565. 2480:1885/22652 1286:13 January 1243:2011-05-22 1196:2011-05-22 1119:References 1111:moor frogs 1090:Citronella 759:Among the 720:altruistic 673:In mammals 667:eukaryotes 577:sex ratios 354:expressing 222:camouflage 79:attractive 75:population 7548:Evolution 7415:Selection 7274:Emergence 7177:Fibonacci 6874:Protocell 6725:Darwinism 6613:Sympatric 6362:processes 6250:Tetrapods 6199:Kangaroos 6125:Dinosaurs 6062:Inversion 6031:Variation 5952:Gene flow 5945:Inclusive 5755:Mutualism 5700:Evolution 5585:Mechanics 5562:Sexuality 5457:Oogenesis 5432:Sex organ 5422:Germ cell 5410:Anisogamy 4985:Sympatric 4744:Opponents 4650:evolution 4640:Sociality 4628:in humans 4450:0962-8436 4194:229176172 3670:160384362 3581:253740276 3573:1432-1793 3500:0014-3820 3480:Evolution 3412:1744-9561 3196:Evolution 2691:1040-6182 2644:0277-3791 2332:0340-5443 2289:0340-5443 2009:0022-5193 1689:Evolution 1650:1943-0264 1431:Chapter 6 761:fireflies 689:heritable 655:genitalia 642:Irish elk 573:anisogamy 449:offspring 437:Irish elk 232:feeling. 230:aesthetic 146:sex ratio 83:offspring 55:evolution 7572:genomics 7510:Founders 7003:Symmetry 6961:Patterns 6902:Category 6777:Vitalism 6772:Theistic 6765:Spandrel 6449:Morality 6444:Monogamy 6319:plastids 6284:Flagella 6240:Reptiles 6221:sea cows 6204:primates 6113:Molluscs 6091:Bacteria 5979:Mutation 5912:genetics 5888:Taxonomy 5834:Mismatch 5814:Homology 5728:Cheating 5723:Altruism 5617:Category 5595:Activity 5491:Internal 5486:External 5375:Intersex 5165:Category 5082:evidence 4887:Glossary 4794:Category 4578:Ethology 4509:23966547 4468:27619704 4411:21672747 4370:84970789 4335:18044399 4327:21377091 4278:21672758 4186:33314573 4137:22927955 4097:PLOS ONE 4078:17567560 4027:23437221 3987:PLOS ONE 3968:21819397 3917:23300862 3877:PLOS ONE 3858:23469134 3818:PLOS ONE 3624:15851718 3616:16475097 3508:27805265 3430:22237501 3373:27998815 3279:16360536 3271:17877452 3234:17791711 3226:25825047 3169:20487130 3128:19528642 3077:53175143 3034:17183322 2927:14884832 2919:16055126 2853:(1882). 2829:23163326 2782:Archived 2758:Archived 2733:19308664 2713:Genetica 2597:31802107 2589:23661746 2397:29946077 2340:13912038 2297:15032582 2254:53188298 2211:22404372 2176:15410498 2058:35360821 1917:10468592 1858:18103134 1836:Heredity 1830:(1948). 1806:Archived 1801:Phys.org 1766:19546856 1717:28563271 1668:25038050 1577:16593036 1531:(1981). 1453:(1996). 1395:18470445 1387:21256434 1311:Archived 1280:Archived 1274:(1892). 1252:cite web 1237:Archived 1226:(1859). 1205:cite web 1190:Archived 1179:(1859). 1161:Archived 1134:(1858). 834:In birds 828:viperids 771:beetle, 769:mealworm 716:meerkats 650:Holocene 507:a signal 461:homogamy 318:, or in 7423:Natural 7390:Fitness 7262:Related 7129:Crystal 7124:Physics 7112:Fractal 7090:Mimicry 7075:Biology 6983:Meander 6793:Related 6623:History 6484:Meiosis 6419:Empathy 6414:Emotion 6314:nucleus 6255:Viruses 6245:Spiders 6157:Mammals 6140:Insects 5940:Fitness 5876:Species 5675:Outline 5442:Meiosis 5415:Isogamy 5177:Commons 5129:Fossils 5119:Insects 5068:Klepton 4957:Quantum 4903:Species 4877:History 4806:Commons 4459:5031625 4305:Bibcode 4237:3545720 4217:Bibcode 4164:Bibcode 4128:3426517 4105:Bibcode 4069:2275172 4018:3577745 3995:Bibcode 3946:Bibcode 3908:3531452 3885:Bibcode 3849:3585210 3826:Bibcode 3799:3907523 3760:4830666 3543:Bibcode 3516:8866473 3421:3367757 3351:Bibcode 3322:3496389 3217:4529740 3177:9110472 3119:2702800 3042:4397323 3014:Bibcode 2837:5657743 2741:1409845 2671:Bibcode 2624:Bibcode 2569:Bibcode 2561:Science 2527:6021675 2507:Bibcode 2499:Science 2388:6018733 2367:Bibcode 2108:7123238 2088:Bibcode 2080:Science 2076:Zuk, M. 1989:Bibcode 1963:1195756 1943:Bibcode 1885:Bibcode 1757:2753274 1709:2407322 1659:4142970 1545:Bibcode 1415:(1930) 1365:Bibcode 1052:A male 1007:calling 987:firefly 964:A male 944:spiders 765:beetles 511:disease 453:fitness 279:English 250:biology 226:beetles 201:peacock 160:History 122:peafowl 114:plumage 102:fitness 7618:Portal 7433:Sexual 7155:People 7063:Causes 6912:Portal 6588:Hybrid 6424:Ethics 6266:organs 6228:Plants 6214:lemurs 6209:humans 6194:horses 6184:hyenas 6172:wolves 6167:canids 6101:origin 5464:Gamete 5437:Mating 5395:Sexual 5270:Female 5124:Plants 4975:Clines 4556:Topics 4507: 4466: 4456: 4448: 4409: 4368: 4333: 4325: 4276: 4235: 4192: 4184: 4135: 4125: 4076: 4066: 4025: 4015: 3966: 3915: 3905: 3856: 3846: 3797: 3758: 3727:(181). 3668: 3658: 3622: 3614: 3579: 3571: 3514: 3506: 3498: 3428: 3418: 3410: 3371: 3320: 3277: 3269: 3232: 3224: 3214: 3175: 3167: 3126: 3116: 3075: 3040: 3032: 3006:Nature 2952: 2925: 2917: 2880: 2835: 2827: 2739: 2731: 2689: 2642: 2595: 2587: 2525: 2395: 2385: 2338: 2330: 2295: 2287: 2252: 2219:594384 2217: 2209: 2174: 2137: 2106: 2056: 2046: 2017:904334 2015: 2007: 1961: 1915: 1905: 1856: 1764: 1754: 1715: 1707: 1666: 1656: 1648: 1602: 1575: 1568:319643 1565: 1491: 1463: 1425: 1393: 1385: 1334: 851:honest 754:nymphs 742:spider 708:harems 564:, and 473:zygote 370:linked 277:, the 258:inbred 165:Darwin 150:plants 7162:Plato 6968:Crack 6375:Death 6370:Aging 6349:brain 6135:Fungi 6096:Birds 6009:Fungi 5807:Event 5690:Index 5253:terms 5109:Birds 4366:S2CID 4331:S2CID 4233:JSTOR 4209:Oikos 4190:S2CID 3795:S2CID 3756:S2CID 3721:(PDF) 3666:S2CID 3644:(PDF) 3620:S2CID 3577:S2CID 3512:S2CID 3318:JSTOR 3275:S2CID 3230:S2CID 3173:S2CID 3073:S2CID 3038:S2CID 2923:S2CID 2833:S2CID 2737:S2CID 2709:(PDF) 2593:S2CID 2455:(PDF) 2336:S2CID 2293:S2CID 2250:S2CID 2215:S2CID 2172:S2CID 2040:(PDF) 1908:17872 1705:JSTOR 1391:S2CID 1164:(PDF) 1139:(PDF) 1109:Male 1068:Male 1036:Male 1001:Male 985:Each 898:Fungi 813:like 529:Male 333:Male 154:fungi 7570:and 7040:Wave 6978:Foam 6973:Dune 6862:Tree 6334:hair 6274:Cell 6177:dogs 6162:cats 6152:Life 6130:Fish 6083:taxa 5474:ovum 5265:Male 5114:Fish 4505:PMID 4464:PMID 4446:ISSN 4407:PMID 4323:PMID 4274:PMID 4182:PMID 4133:PMID 4074:PMID 4023:PMID 3964:PMID 3913:PMID 3854:PMID 3656:ISBN 3612:PMID 3569:ISSN 3504:PMID 3496:ISSN 3426:PMID 3408:ISSN 3369:PMID 3267:PMID 3222:PMID 3165:PMID 3124:PMID 3030:PMID 2950:ISBN 2915:PMID 2878:ISBN 2825:PMID 2729:PMID 2687:ISSN 2640:ISSN 2585:PMID 2523:PMID 2393:PMID 2328:ISSN 2285:ISSN 2207:PMID 2135:ISBN 2104:PMID 2054:OCLC 2044:ISBN 2013:PMID 2005:ISSN 1959:PMID 1913:PMID 1854:PMID 1814:2014 1762:PMID 1713:PMID 1664:PMID 1646:ISSN 1600:ISBN 1573:PMID 1537:PNAS 1489:ISBN 1461:ISBN 1423:ISBN 1383:PMID 1332:ISBN 1288:2017 1258:link 1211:link 877:and 824:mate 801:and 734:and 681:and 501:and 489:The 443:The 284:and 152:and 126:deer 120:and 66:mate 6360:Of 6329:eye 6279:DNA 6264:Of 6081:Of 5244:Sex 4495:doi 4454:PMC 4438:doi 4434:371 4397:doi 4358:doi 4354:113 4313:doi 4264:doi 4225:doi 4172:doi 4123:PMC 4113:doi 4064:PMC 4056:doi 4052:274 4013:PMC 4003:doi 3954:doi 3903:PMC 3893:doi 3844:PMC 3834:doi 3787:doi 3777:". 3748:doi 3697:doi 3648:doi 3604:doi 3600:167 3559:hdl 3551:doi 3539:160 3488:doi 3457:doi 3416:PMC 3400:doi 3359:doi 3347:107 3308:doi 3259:doi 3212:PMC 3204:doi 3155:doi 3114:PMC 3104:doi 3100:106 3065:doi 3022:doi 3010:444 2983:doi 2979:195 2973:". 2907:doi 2815:doi 2764:." 2721:doi 2717:138 2679:doi 2667:500 2632:doi 2620:114 2577:doi 2565:340 2515:doi 2503:156 2475:hdl 2467:doi 2424:doi 2383:PMC 2375:doi 2320:doi 2277:doi 2242:doi 2199:doi 2164:doi 2096:doi 2084:218 1997:doi 1951:doi 1903:PMC 1893:doi 1844:doi 1752:PMC 1744:doi 1697:doi 1654:PMC 1638:doi 1563:PMC 1553:doi 1373:doi 1151:doi 890:if 493:of 459:or 322:. — 116:of 108:in 38:in 7644:: 5314:ZO 5309:XO 5304:ZW 5299:XY 5143:· 5139:· 5135:· 5070:· 5066:· 5024:· 4977:· 4963:· 4959:· 4955:· 4503:. 4491:30 4489:. 4485:. 4462:. 4452:. 4444:. 4432:. 4428:. 4405:. 4393:46 4391:. 4387:. 4364:. 4352:. 4329:. 4321:. 4311:. 4301:21 4299:. 4295:. 4272:. 4260:46 4258:. 4254:. 4231:. 4223:. 4213:73 4211:. 4188:. 4180:. 4170:. 4160:24 4158:. 4154:. 4131:. 4121:. 4111:. 4099:. 4095:. 4072:. 4062:. 4050:. 4044:. 4021:. 4011:. 4001:. 3989:. 3985:. 3962:. 3952:. 3942:81 3940:. 3934:. 3911:. 3901:. 3891:. 3879:. 3875:. 3852:. 3842:. 3832:. 3820:. 3816:. 3793:. 3783:69 3781:. 3754:. 3744:67 3742:. 3723:. 3693:15 3691:. 3687:. 3664:. 3654:. 3618:. 3610:. 3598:. 3575:. 3567:. 3557:. 3549:. 3537:. 3533:. 3510:. 3502:. 3494:. 3484:71 3482:. 3478:. 3453:70 3451:. 3447:. 3424:. 3414:. 3406:. 3394:. 3390:. 3367:. 3357:. 3345:. 3339:. 3316:. 3304:84 3302:. 3296:. 3273:. 3265:. 3255:53 3253:. 3228:. 3220:. 3210:. 3200:69 3198:. 3194:. 3171:. 3163:. 3151:23 3149:. 3145:. 3122:. 3112:. 3098:. 3094:. 3071:. 3061:68 3059:. 3036:. 3028:. 3020:. 3008:. 3004:. 2977:. 2944:. 2921:. 2913:. 2903:49 2901:. 2831:. 2823:. 2811:25 2809:. 2805:. 2793:^ 2735:. 2727:. 2715:. 2711:. 2685:. 2677:. 2661:. 2638:. 2630:. 2618:. 2614:. 2591:. 2583:. 2575:. 2563:. 2521:. 2513:. 2501:. 2473:. 2463:37 2461:. 2457:. 2438:^ 2420:27 2418:. 2414:. 2391:. 2381:. 2373:. 2361:. 2357:. 2334:. 2326:. 2316:70 2314:. 2291:. 2283:. 2273:69 2271:. 2248:. 2238:32 2236:. 2213:. 2205:. 2195:25 2193:. 2170:. 2160:67 2158:. 2102:. 2094:. 2082:. 2074:; 2052:. 2011:. 2003:. 1995:. 1985:67 1983:. 1957:. 1949:. 1939:53 1937:. 1911:. 1901:. 1891:. 1881:96 1879:. 1875:. 1852:. 1838:. 1834:. 1804:. 1798:. 1760:. 1750:. 1740:10 1738:. 1734:. 1711:. 1703:. 1693:28 1691:. 1676:^ 1662:. 1652:. 1644:. 1632:. 1628:. 1614:^ 1598:. 1594:. 1571:. 1561:. 1551:. 1541:78 1539:. 1535:. 1475:^ 1438:^ 1429:, 1403:^ 1389:. 1381:. 1371:. 1361:21 1359:. 1355:. 1296:^ 1254:}} 1250:{{ 1235:. 1207:}} 1203:{{ 1188:. 1159:. 1145:. 1141:. 587:, 560:, 497:, 156:. 7620:: 7313:e 7306:t 7299:v 6946:e 6939:t 6932:v 6538:/ 6529:/ 6520:/ 6516:/ 5651:e 5644:t 5637:v 5236:e 5229:t 5222:v 5147:) 5131:( 5084:) 5080:( 5074:) 5062:( 5028:) 5020:( 4981:) 4973:( 4967:) 4951:( 4909:) 4905:( 4853:e 4846:t 4839:v 4659:) 4541:e 4534:t 4527:v 4511:. 4497:: 4470:. 4440:: 4413:. 4399:: 4372:. 4360:: 4337:. 4315:: 4307:: 4280:. 4266:: 4239:. 4227:: 4219:: 4196:. 4174:: 4166:: 4139:. 4115:: 4107:: 4101:7 4080:. 4058:: 4029:. 4005:: 3997:: 3991:8 3970:. 3956:: 3948:: 3919:. 3895:: 3887:: 3881:7 3860:. 3836:: 3828:: 3822:8 3801:. 3789:: 3762:. 3750:: 3705:. 3699:: 3672:. 3650:: 3626:. 3606:: 3583:. 3561:: 3553:: 3545:: 3518:. 3490:: 3463:. 3459:: 3432:. 3402:: 3396:8 3375:. 3361:: 3353:: 3324:. 3310:: 3281:. 3261:: 3236:. 3206:: 3179:. 3157:: 3130:. 3106:: 3079:. 3067:: 3044:. 3024:: 3016:: 2989:. 2985:: 2958:. 2929:. 2909:: 2886:. 2839:. 2817:: 2743:. 2723:: 2693:. 2681:: 2673:: 2646:. 2634:: 2626:: 2599:. 2579:: 2571:: 2529:. 2517:: 2509:: 2483:. 2477:: 2469:: 2432:. 2426:: 2399:. 2377:: 2369:: 2363:8 2342:. 2322:: 2299:. 2279:: 2256:. 2244:: 2221:. 2201:: 2178:. 2166:: 2143:. 2123:" 2110:. 2098:: 2090:: 2060:. 2019:. 1999:: 1991:: 1965:. 1953:: 1945:: 1919:. 1895:: 1887:: 1860:. 1846:: 1840:2 1816:. 1768:. 1746:: 1719:. 1699:: 1670:. 1640:: 1634:6 1608:. 1579:. 1555:: 1547:: 1497:. 1469:. 1433:. 1397:. 1375:: 1367:: 1340:. 1290:. 1260:) 1246:. 1213:) 1199:. 1153:: 1147:3 1097:. 644:( 46:. 25:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.