Animal sexual behaviour

6108:'Selv om det evolutionsmæssige formål med at parre sig kan siges at være reproduktion, er det ikke selve det, at dyrene får afkom, der i første omgang får dem til at parre sig. Det er til gengæld sandsynligt, at de parrer sig, fordi de er motiverede for selve parringsakten, og at denne er forbundet med en positiv oplevelse. Det er derfor rimeligt at antage, at der er en eller anden form for behag eller tilfredsstillelse forbundet med akten. Denne antagelse bekræftes af adfærden hos handyr, der for mange arters vedkommende er parate til at arbejde for at få adgang til hundyr, især hvis hundyret er i brunst, og handyr der i avlsøjemed er vant til at få tappet sæd – de viser stor ivrighed, når det udstyr, de forbinder med sædopsamlingen, tages frem.' 'Although the evolutionary purpose of mating can be said to be reproduction, it is not the very fact that animals have offspring that causes them to mate in the first place. Rather, it is likely that they mate because they are motivated by the act of mating itself and that this is associated with a positive experience. It is therefore reasonable to assume that there is some form of pleasure or satisfaction associated with the act. This assumption is confirmed by the behaviour of male animals, which for many species are prepared to work to gain access to females, especially if the female is in heat, and male animals which for breeding purposes are used to having their semen collected - they show great eagerness when the equipment they associate with semen collection is taken out.' 4917:(Copenhagen: Justitsministeriet, November 2006), p. 23–24. "Selv om det evolutionsmæssige formål med at parre sig kan siges at være reproduktion, er det ikke selve det, at dyrene får afkom, der i første omgang får dem til at parre sig. Det er til gengæld sandsynligt, at de parrer sig, fordi de er motiverede for selve parringsakten, og at denne er forbundet med en positiv oplevelse. Det er derfor rimeligt at antage, at der er en eller anden form for behag eller tilfredsstillelse forbundet med akten. Denne antagelse bekræftes af adfærden hos handyr, der for mange arters vedkommende er parate til at arbejde for at få adgang til hundyr, især hvis hundyret er i brunst, og handyr der i avlsøjemed er vant til at få tappet sæd – de viser stor ivrighed, når det udstyr, de forbinder med sædopsamlingen, tages frem. . . . Der er intet ved hunpattedyrenes anatomi eller fysiologi, der modsiger, at stimulation af kønsorganerne og parring skulle kunne være en positiv oplevelse – fx fungerer klitoris på samme måde som hos kvinder. Videnskabelige undersøgelser har vist, at reproduktionssuccesen forbedres ved stimulation af klitoris på bl.a. køer og hopper i forbindelse med insemination, fordi det forbedrer sædtransporten pga. sammentrækninger af de indre kønsdele. Dette gælder sandsynligvis også hundyr af andre dyrearter, og sammentrækninger i de indre kønsdele ses fx også under orgasme hos kvinder. Det er derfor rimeligt at antage, at det seksuelle samvær kan være forbundet med en positiv oplevelse for hundyrene." 3816:(Copenhagen: Justitsministeriet, November 2006), p. 24. "Slimhinden i hundyrets vagina og dyrets adfærd er under indflydelse af dets brunstcyklus. Det betyder, at dyret er fysisk og mentalt mere parat til seksuelle aktiviteter på nogle tidspunkter end på andre. Men dette er ikke ensbetydende med, at den seksuelle aktivitet vil være forbundet med skader, angst og lidelse, hvis den foregår udenfor brunstperioden." (Translation: "The mucous membrane in the female animal's vagina and the animal's behaviour is under influence of its rut cycle. That means that the animal is physically and mentally more ready for sexual activities at some times than at others. But this does not mean that sexual activity will lead to injuries, fear or suffering, if it happens outside the rut period.") 873: 1819: 358: 1294:

research with prairie voles found that giving them a dose of oxytocin resulted in the formation of a bond with their future mate (Azar, 40)." Oxytocin has since been treated by the media as the sole player in the "love and mating game" in mammals. This view, however, is proving to be false as, "most hormones don't influence behaviour directly. Rather, they affect thinking and emotions in variable ways (Azar, 40)." There is much more involved in sexual behaviour in the mammalian animal than oxytocin and vasopressin can explain.

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monogamous marriage. Sexual monogamy is defined as an exclusive sexual relationship between a female and a male based on observations of sexual interactions. Finally, the term genetic monogamy is used when DNA analyses can confirm that a female-male pair reproduce exclusively with each other. A combination of terms indicates examples where levels of relationships coincide, e.g., sociosexual and sociogenetic monogamy describe corresponding social and sexual, and social and genetic monogamous relationships, respectively.

1996: 48: 1747:, with their behaviour following their hormonal cycles; during low levels of oestrogen, these (female) lizards engage in "masculine" sexual roles. Those animals with currently high oestrogen levels assume "feminine" sexual roles. Lizards that perform the courtship ritual have greater fecundity than those kept in isolation due to an increase in hormones triggered by the sexual behaviours. So, even though asexual whiptail lizards populations lack males, sexual stimuli still increase reproductive success. From an 1687: 2276: 995: 350: 1254:

they have not mated. The differing response to the neurohormones between the two species is due to a difference in the number of oxytocin and vasopressin receptors. Prairie voles have a greater number of oxytocin and vasopressin receptors compared to montane voles, and are therefore more sensitive to those two neurohormones. It's believed that it's the quantity of receptors, rather than the quantity of the hormones, that determines the mating system and bond-formation of either species.

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insert it into the female's sexual orifice, rather than copulating directly. On the 14 occasions a sexual plug was made, the female produced it without assistance from the male. On ten of these occasions the male's pedipalps then seemed to get stuck while he was transferring the sperm (which is rarely the case in other species of spider), and he had great difficulty freeing himself. In two of those ten instances, he was eaten as a result.

968:. These species live in social groups consisting of several males and several females. Each female copulates with many males, and vice versa. In bonobos, the amount of promiscuity is particularly striking because bonobos use sex to alleviate social conflict as well as to reproduce. This mutual promiscuity is the approach most commonly used by spawning animals, and is perhaps the "original fish mating system." Common examples are 373: 1856:. A small number of pair-bonded females within a group of penguins took nesting material (stones) after copulating with a non-partner male. The researcher stated "I was watching opportunistically, so I can't give an exact figure of how common it really is." It has been reported that "bartering of meat for sex ... forms part of the social fabric of a troop of wild chimps living in the Tai National Park in the Côte d'Ivoire." 1479: 9278: 9266: 1977:, copulation by males is dorsoventral and the females lick the shaft or the base of the male's penis, but not the glans which has already penetrated the vagina. While the females do this, the penis is not withdrawn and research has shown a positive relationship between length of the time that the penis is licked and the duration of copulation. Post copulation genital grooming has also been observed. 2324:. Each snail manoeuvres to get its genital pore in the best position, close to the other snail's body. Then, when the body of one snail touches the other snail's genital pore, it triggers the firing of the love dart. After the snails have fired their darts, they copulate and exchange sperm as a separate part of the mating progression. The love darts are covered with a mucus that contains a 1343:

experience. It is therefore reasonable to assume that there is some form of pleasure or satisfaction connected with the act. This assumption is confirmed by the behaviour of males, who in the case of many species are prepared to work to get access to female animals, especially if the female animal is in oestrus, and males who for breeding purposes are used to

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improves the transportation of the sperm due to contractions of the inner genitalia. This probably also applies to female animals of other animal species, and contractions in the inner genitals are seen e.g. also during orgasm for women. It is therefore reasonable to assume that sexual intercourse may be linked with a positive experience for female animals.

2344:. Species which engage in the practice are hermaphroditic, possessing both eggs and sperm-producing testes. The species "fence" using two-headed dagger-like penises which are pointed, and white in colour. One organism inseminates the other. The sperm is absorbed through pores in the skin, causing fertilisation. 1651: 1649: 1646: 1650: 9217: 2433:

after mating. Normally such plugs are secreted by the male, to block subsequent partners. In spiders the female can assist the process. Spider sex is unusual in that males transfer their sperm to the female on small limbs called pedipalps. They use these to pick their sperm up from their genitals and

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studied 90 seahorses of three species. Of 3,168 sexual encounters, 37% were same-sex acts. Flirting was common (up to 25 potential partners a day of both sexes); only one species (the British spiny seahorse) included faithful representatives, and for these 5 of 17 were faithful, 12 were not. Bisexual

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Grooming, sex, and cuddling frequencies correlate positively with levels of oxytocin. As the level of oxytocin increases so does sexual motivation. While oxytocin plays a major role in parent child relationships, it is also found to play a role in adult sexual relationships. Its secretion affects the

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mating system. When montane voles mate, they form no strong attachments, and separate after copulation. Studies on the brains of these two species have found that it is two neurohormones and their respective receptors that are responsible for these differences in mating strategies. Male prairie voles

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The incidence of genetic monogamy, determined by DNA fingerprinting, varies widely across species. For a few rare species, the incidence of genetic monogamy is 100%, with all offspring genetically related to the socially monogamous pair. But genetic monogamy is strikingly low in other species. Barash

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Social monogamy refers to a male and female's social living arrangement (e.g., shared use of a territory, behaviour indicative of a social pair, and/or proximity between a male and female) without inferring any sexual interactions or reproductive patterns. In humans, social monogamy takes the form of

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to help them do so. Sexual behaviour may be tied more strongly to the establishment and maintenance of complex social bonds across a population which support its success in non-reproductive ways. Both reproductive and non-reproductive behaviours can be related to expressions of dominance over another

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are present, all corals spawn on the same night. This synchrony is essential so that male and female gametes can meet. Corals must rely on environmental cues, varying from species to species, to determine the proper time to release gametes into the water. The cues involve lunar changes, sunset time,

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and mating is able to be a positive experience. For instance, the clitoris acts in the same way as with women, and scientific studies have shown that the success of reproduction is improved by stimulation of clitoris on (among other species) cows and mares in connection with insemination, because it

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Studies have shown that oxytocin is higher in monkeys in lifelong monogamous relationships compared to monkeys which are single. Furthermore, the oxytocin levels of the couples correlate positively; when the oxytocin secretion of one increases, the other one also increases. Higher levels of oxytocin

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is an umbrella term used to refer generally to non-monogamous matings. As such, polygamous relationships can be polygynous, polyandrous or polygynandrous. In a small number of species, individuals can display either polygamous or monogamous behaviour depending on environmental conditions. An example

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around 1.2 million years after the other chromosomes. One possible explanation is that modern humans emerged from a hybrid of human and chimp populations. A 2012 study questioned this explanation, concluding that "there is no strong reason to involve complicated factors in explaining the autosomal

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with the same and the opposite sex, with females being particularly noted for engaging in sexual behaviour with each other and at up to 75% of sexual activity being non-reproductive, as being sexually active does not necessarily correlate with their ovulation cycles. Sexual activity occurs between

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Neither male nor female montane voles release high quantities of oxytocin or vasopressin when they mate. Even when injected with these neurohormones, their mating system does not change. In contrast, if prairie voles are injected with the neurohormones, they may form a lifelong attachment, even if

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Research on oxytocin's role in the animal brain suggests that it plays less of a role in behaviours of love and affection than previously believed. "When oxytocin was first discovered in 1909, it was thought mostly to influence a mother's labour contractions and milk let-down. Then, in the 1990s,

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which makes them highly motivated to mate. However, they also have a strong motivation to protect their newly born pups. As a consequence, the mother rat solicits males to the nest but simultaneously becomes aggressive towards them to protect her young. If the mother rat is given injections of an

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For many amphibians, an annual breeding cycle applies, typically regulated by ambient temperature, precipitation, availability of surface water and food supply. This breeding season is accentuated in temperate regions, in boreal climate the breeding season is typically concentrated to a few short

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Even though the evolution-related purpose of mating can be said to be reproduction, it is not actually the creating of offspring which originally causes them to mate. It is probable that they mate because they are motivated for the actual copulation, and because this is connected with a positive

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as successive polygyny. Within this system, the males leave their home territory once their primary female lays her first egg. Males then create a second territory, presumably in order to attract a secondary female to breed. Even when they succeed at acquiring a second mate, the males typically

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in sociobiology and zoology is defined as a system in which a male has a relationship with more than one female, but the females are predominantly bonded to a single male. Should the active male be driven out, killed, or otherwise removed from the group, in a number of species the new male will

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hermaphrodites, meaning that they develop into males first, and when they mature, they become females. If the female clownfish is removed from the group, such as by death, one of the largest and most dominant males will become a female. The remaining males will move up a rank in the hierarchy.

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spawn around the time of the full moon in the wild. In a group of clownfish, there is a strict dominance hierarchy. The largest and most aggressive female is found at the top. Only two clownfish, a male and a female, in a group reproduce through external fertilisation. Clownfish are sequential

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begin mating with an elaborate tactile courting ritual. The two snails circle around each other for up to six hours, touching with their tentacles, and biting lips and the area of the genital pore, which shows some preliminary signs of the eversion of the penis. As the snails approach mating,

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Social monogamy is relatively rare in the animal kingdom. The actual incidence of social monogamy varies greatly across different branches of the evolutionary tree. Over 90% of avian species are socially monogamous. This stands in contrast to mammals. Only 3% of mammalian species are socially

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Other animal activities may be misinterpreted due to the frequency and context in which animals perform the behaviour. For example, domestic ruminants display behaviours such as mounting and head-butting. This often occurs when the animals are establishing dominance relationships and are not

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called apophallation. This is costly as they must heal, and spend more energy courting conspecifics that can act as male and female. A hypothesis suggests these slugs may be able to compensate the loss of the male function by directing energy that would have been put towards it to the female

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Similar same-sex sexual behaviours occur in both male and female macaques. It is thought to be done for pleasure as an erect male mounts and thrusts upon or into another male. Sexual receptivity can also be indicated by red faces and shrieking. Mutual ejaculation after a combination of anal

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Such low levels of genetic monogamy have surprised biologists and zoologists, forcing them to rethink the role of social monogamy in evolution. They can no longer assume social monogamy determines how genes are distributed in a species. The lower the rates of genetic monogamy among socially

477:, sometimes fighting, between multiple males. Females often select males for mating only if they appear strong and able to protect themselves. The male that wins a fight may also have the chance to mate with a larger number of females and will therefore pass on his genes to their offspring. 7711: 2549:

females appear to be able to discriminate the odour of their kin from the odour of their non-kin. Kin recognition is a useful ability that facilitates both cooperation among relatives and the avoidance of inbreeding. When mating does occur between meerkat relatives, it often results in

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lead to offspring. Genetic tests frequently show that some of the offspring raised by a monogamous pair come from the female mating with an extra-pair male partner. These discoveries have led biologists to adopt new ways of talking about monogamy. According to Ulrich Reichard (2003):

1648: 9238: 1383:, meaning "usual" or "common"). The term was introduced to scientific literature in 1990, and refers to the tendency of animals seeking a mate to prefer that mate not to have any unusual, peculiar or deviant features. Similarly, animals preferentially choose mates with low 6767:

Perhaps the bonobo's most typical sexual pattern, undocumented in any other primate, is genito-genital rubbing (or GG rubbing) between adult females. One female facing another clings with arms and legs to a partner that, standing on both hands and feet, lifts her off the

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are subjected to forced copulations. When females emerge from their nest burrows, males sometimes force them to the ground and mate with them. Such forced copulations are made preferentially on females who are laying and who may therefore lay eggs fertilized by the male.

7801: 1151:. For these species, the female ovulates due to an external stimulus during, or just prior to, mating, rather than ovulating cyclically or spontaneously. Stimuli causing induced ovulation include the sexual behaviour of coitus, sperm and pheromones. Domestic cats have 2214:

in which she arches her back ventrally to facilitate entry of the penis. Amongst the land mammals, other than humans, only bonobos mate in a face-to-face position, as the females' anatomy seems to reflect, although ventro-ventral copulation has also been observed in

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It has been reported that young male elephants in South Africa sexually coerced and killed rhinoceroses. This interpretation of the elephants' behaviour was disputed by one of the original study's authors, who said there was "nothing sexual about these attacks".

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Nielsen JF, English S, Goodall-Copestake WP, Wang J, Walling CA, Bateman AW, Flower TP, Sutcliffe RL, Samson J, Thavarajah NK, Kruuk LE, Clutton-Brock TH, Pemberton JM (2012). "Inbreeding and inbreeding depression of early life traits in a cooperative mammal".

2565:) exhibits male-biased dispersal as a means of avoiding incestuous matings. Among those matings that do involve inbreeding the number of weaned juveniles in litters is significantly smaller than that from non-inbred litters indicating inbreeding depression. 1659:

Sexual cannibalism is a behaviour in which a female animal kills and consumes the male before, during, or after copulation. Sexual cannibalism confers fitness advantages to both the male and female. Sexual cannibalism is common among insects, arachnids and

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occurs when a given individual in a species possesses both male and female reproductive organs, or can alternate between possessing first one, and then the other. Hermaphroditism is common in invertebrates but rare in vertebrates. It can be contrasted with

2164:. Dominance relationships with strong sexual elements are routinely observed between related females. They are notable for using visible sexual arousal as a sign of submission but not dominance in males as well as females (females have a sizeable erectile 959:

occurs when multiple males mate indiscriminately with multiple females. The numbers of males and females need not be equal, and in vertebrate species studied so far, there are usually fewer males. Two examples of systems in primates are promiscuous mating

1794:, a minnow found in several river basins in Portugal and Spain, appears to be an all-male species. The existence of this species illustrates the potential complexity of mating systems in fish. The species originated as a hybrid between two species and is 2139:

calves is about bond formation and benefits the species evolutionarily. Studies have shown the dolphins later in life are bisexual and the male bonds forged from homosexuality work for protection as well as locating females with which to reproduce.

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tend to associate with unfamiliar males (usually non-kin), whereas reproductively inactive females do not discriminate. The preference of reproductively active females for unfamiliar males is interpreted as an adaptation for avoiding inbreeding.

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In 1991, an English man was prosecuted for allegedly having sexual contact with a dolphin. The man was found not guilty after it was revealed at trial that the dolphin was known to tow bathers through the water by hooking his penis around them.

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Polygynous mating structures are estimated to occur in up to 90% of mammal species. As polygyny is the most common form of polygamy among vertebrates (including humans), it has been studied far more extensively than polyandry or polygynandry.

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Pfaus, J. G.; Kippin, T. E.; Coria-Avila, G. A.; Gelez, H.; Afonso, V. M.; Ismail, N.; Parada, M. (2012). "Who, what, where, when (and maybe even why)? How the experience of sexual reward connects sexual desire, preference, and performance".

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intercourse and masturbation has also been witnessed, although it may be rare. In comparison to socio-sexual behaviours such as dominance displays, homosexual mounts last longer, happen in series, and usually involve pelvic thrusting.

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Females are also thought to participate for pleasure as vulvar, perineal, and anal stimulation is part of these interactions. The stimulation can come from their own tails, mounting their partner, thrusting or a combination of these.

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Many researchers have described homosexuality as something altogether different from sex. They must realise that animals can have sex with who they will, when they will and without consideration to a researcher's ethical principles.

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In the 21st century, liberal social or sexual views are often projected upon animal subjects of research. Popular discussions of bonobos are a frequently cited example. Current research frequently expresses views such as that of the

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behaviour was widespread and considered "both a great surprise and a shock", with big-bellied seahorses of both sexes not showing partner preference. 1,986 contacts were male-female, 836 were female-female and 346 were male-male.

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almost all ages and sexes of bonobo societies. Primatologist Frans de Waal believes that bonobos use sexual activity to resolve conflict between individuals. Immature bonobos, contrariwise, perform genital contact when relaxed.

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release vasopressin after copulation with a partner, and an attachment to their partner then develops. Female prairie voles release oxytocin after copulation with a partner, and similarly develop an attachment to their partner.

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is used to describe the ways in which animal societies are structured in relation to sexual behaviour. The mating system specifies which males mate with which females, and under what circumstances. There are four basic systems:

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Animal Ethics Council report, which examined current knowledge of animal sexuality in the context of legal queries concerning sexual acts by humans, has the following comments, primarily related to domestically common animals:

1909:: Injury to a partner's genital tract during mating occurs in at least 40 taxa, ranging from fruit flies to humans. However, it often goes unnoticed due to its cryptic nature and because of internal wounds not visible outside. 1626:—if the larger, dominant female dies, in many cases, the reproductive male gains weight and becomes the female. Hermaphroditism allows for complex mating systems. Wrasses exhibit three different mating systems: polygynous, 3143:

Reichard, U.H. (2003). Monogamy: Past and present. In U.H. Reichard and C. Boesch (Eds.), Monogamy: Mating strategies and partnerships in birds, humans, and other mammals, pp. 3–25, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

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Adulyanukosol, K.; Thongsukdee, S.; Hara, T.; Arai, N.; Tsuchiya, M. (2007). "Observations of dugong reproductive behavior in Trang Province, Thailand: further evidence of intraspecific variation in dugong behavior".

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Female and male sexual behaviour differ in many species. Often, males are more active in initiating mating, and bear the more conspicuous sexual ornamentation like antlers and colourful plumage. This is a result of

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Whatever makes a pair of animals socially monogamous does not necessarily make them sexually or genetically monogamous. Social monogamy, sexual monogamy, and genetic monogamy can occur in different combinations.

9306: 9147: 2011:: This is sexual activity in which one animal rubs his or her genitals against the genitals of another animal. This is stated to be the "bonobo's most typical sexual pattern, undocumented in any other primate". 4405:"Dopamine D1 receptors and phosphorylation of dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein-32 in the medial preoptic area are involved in experience-induced enhancement of male sexual behavior in rats" 1067:, the sharing of cost leads to a spectacular display, where the mates suspend themselves high above the ground from a slime thread, ensuring none of them can refrain from taking on the cost of egg-bearer. 656:, making them sexually non-monogamous. For example, while over 90% of birds are socially monogamous, "on average, 30% or more of the baby birds in any nest sired by someone other than the resident male." 376:

Anatomical structures on the head and throat of a domestic turkey. 1. Caruncles 2. Snood 3. Wattle (dewlap) 4. Major caruncle 5. Beard. During sexual behavior, these structures enlarge or become brightly

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have been observed working in pairs to follow or restrict the movement of a female for weeks at a time, waiting for her to become sexually receptive. The same pairs have also been observed engaging in

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mate in a lying-down position. In most mammals ejaculation occurs after multiple intromissions, but in most primates, copulation consists of one brief intromission. In most ruminant species, a single

1019:. This difference in physiological cost means that males are more limited by the number of mates they can secure, while females are limited by the quality of genes of her mates, a phenomenon known as 1737:

is a form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilisation. Technically, parthenogenesis is not a behaviour, however, sexual behaviours may be involved.

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Agrati, D.; Fernández-Guasti, A.; Ferreño, M.; Ferreira, A. (2011). "Coexpression of sexual behavior and maternal aggression: The ambivalence of sexually active mother rats toward male intruders".

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and one or two more species of primates) are the only species that do. This is sometimes stated as "animals mate only for reproduction". This view is considered a misconception by some scholars.

1523:. A sneak spawner is a male that rushes in to join the spawning rush of a spawning pair. A spawning rush occurs when a fish makes a burst of speed, usually on a near vertical incline, releasing 5901: 1054:. In this form of copulation, the individual that first penetrates the other with the penis, forces the other to be female, thus carrying the majority of the cost of reproduction. Post mating, 1573:, where each individual in a species is either male or female, and remains that way throughout their lives. Most fish are gonochorists, but hermaphroditism is known to occur in 14 families of 1140:) or more frequently (e.g. horses). During these periods, females of most mammalian species are more mentally and physically receptive to sexual advances, a period scientifically described as 480:

Historically, it was believed that only humans and a small number of other species performed sexual acts other than for reproduction, and that animals' sexuality was instinctive and a simple "

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siblings rarely mate. These toads likely recognise and actively avoid close kins as mates. Advertisement vocalisations by males appear to serve as cues by which females recognise their kin.

1594:). This can happen if a dominant male is removed from a group of females. The largest female in the harem can switch sex over a few days and replace the dominant male. This is found amongst 5768: 614:

now have evidence that monogamous pairs of animals are not always sexually exclusive. Many animals that form pairs to mate and raise offspring regularly engage in sexual activities with

1870:. Sexual preferences for certain cues can be artificially induced in rats by pairing scents or objects with their early sexual experiences. The primary motivation of this behaviour is 9059: 8210: 6078: 843:, a new male with a different scent will cause females who are pregnant to spontaneously fail to implant recently fertilised eggs. This does not require contact; it is mediated by 739:

is one in which "mating tends to be highly polygamous and involves high levels of male-male aggression and competition." Tournament behaviour often correlates with high levels of

4909: 3809: 2073:, once considered to be monogamous species with pairs mating for life, were described in a 2007 study as "promiscuous, flighty, and more than a little bit gay". Scientists at 15 9084: 8987: 4039:"Neuroanatomical distribution of μ-opioid receptor mRNA and binding in monogamous prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) and non-monogamous meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)" 7737:

Lührs, Mia-Lana; Kappeler, Peter M. (2014). "Polyandrous mating in treetops: How male competition and female choice interact to determine an unusual carnivore mating system".

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East, Marion L.; Hofer, Heribert; Wickler, Wolfgang (1993). "The erect 'penis' is a flag of submission in a female-dominated society: greetings in Serengeti spotted hyenas".

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Mating seasons are often associated with changes to herd or group structure, and behavioural changes, including territorialism amongst individuals. These may be annual (e.g.

1120:, some species have a series of breeding seasons throughout the year. This is the case with most primates (who are primarily tropical and subtropical animals). Some animals ( 2554:. Inbreeding depression was evident for a variety of traits: pup mass at emergence from the natal burrow, hind-foot length, growth until independence and juvenile survival. 1743:

females have the ability to reproduce through parthenogenesis and as such males are rare and sexual breeding non-standard. Females engage in "pseudocopulation" to stimulate

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argues that the prevalence of non-reproductive sexual behaviour in certain species suggests that sexual stimulation is pleasurable. He also points to the presence of the

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in some female mammals, and evidence for female orgasm in primates. On the other hand, it is impossible to know the subjective feelings of animals, and the notion that

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at the apex, followed by a rapid return to the lake or sea floor or fish aggregation. Sneaking males do not take part in courtship. In salmon and trout, for example,

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Leca, Jean-Baptiste; Gunst, Noëlle; Vasey, Paul L. (28 May 2014). "Male Homosexual Behavior in a Free-Ranging All-Male Group of Japanese Macaques at Minoo, Japan".

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Patterson, Nick; Daniel J. Richter; Sante Gnerre; Eric S. Lander; David Reich (29 June 2006). "Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees".

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standpoint these females are passing their full genetic code to all of their offspring rather than the 50% of genes that would be passed in sexual reproduction.

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Gross MR (1984) "Sunfish, salmon, and the evolution of alternative reproductive strategies and tactics in fishes". Pages 55–75 in GW Potts and RJ Wottoon, eds.

5337:"Aspects of the spawning of labrid and scarid fishes (Pisces, Labroidei) at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands with notes on other families (corrected reprint.)" 3193: 6093: 4507:

Phan, Joseph; Alhassen, Lamees; Argelagos, Allan; Alhassen, Wedad; Vachirakorntong, Benjamin; Lin, Zitong; Sanathara, Nayna; Alachkar, Amal (12 August 2020).

7839: 1290:

are related to monkeys expressing more behaviours such as cuddling, grooming and sex, while lower levels of oxytocin reduce motivation for these activities.

1144:

but commonly described as being "in season" or "in heat". Sexual behaviour may occur outside oestrus, and such acts as do occur are not necessarily harmful.

942:

ensures that, when the female is ready to spawn, she has a mate immediately available. A single anglerfish female can "mate" with many males in this manner.

801:, the new male will kill the offspring of the previous alpha male to cause their mothers to become receptive to his sexual advances since they are no longer 2261:

Some females have concealed fertility, making it difficult for males to evaluate if a female is fertile. This is costly as ejaculation expends much energy.

5701: 2014: 7480: 7106: 5536: 3581: 1866:

upon visiting a location where they have been allowed to have sex before, or upon seeing a stimulus previously associated with sexual activity such as an

6354: 2032: 1754:

It is rare to find true parthenogenesis in fishes, where females produce female offspring with no input from males. All-female species include the Texas

9288: 2527:

When mice inbreed with close relatives in their natural habitat, there is a significant detrimental effect on progeny survival. In the house mouse, the

2572:(great tit), inbreeding is likely avoided by dispersal of individuals from their birthplace, which reduces the chance of mating with a close relative. 1403:—their bias tended to support what would now be described as conservative sexual mores. An example of overlooking behaviour relates to descriptions of 6440: 5893: 4572:

Matsushita, Hiroaki; Sasaki, Yuya; Yunoki, Aya; Matsuji, Ayuka; Latt, Hein Min; Onishi, Kazunari; Tomizawa, Kazuhito; Matsui, Hideki (1 August 2022).

1900:" is credited with a recent population boom among pandas in captivity in China. One researcher attributed the success to the sounds on the recordings. 1838:

offspring can result from the mating of two organisms of distinct but closely related parent species, although the resulting offspring is not always

163: 3298: 9333: 7232:"Sexual Reward via Vulvar, Perineal, and Anal Stimulation: A Proximate Mechanism for Female Homosexual Mounting in Japanese Macaques | Request PDF" 5007:

Dawkins, Richard (1986). The Blind Watchmaker. Longman, London. Published in Penguin Books 1988, 1991, and 2006. Chapter 8, Explosions and Spirals.

1983:: Same-sex sexual behaviour occurs in a range of species, especially in social species, particularly in marine birds and mammals, monkeys, and the 1429: 5651:

Emlen, S. T.; Wrege, P. H. (2010). "Forced Copulations and Intra-specific Parasitism: Two Costs of Social Living in the White-fronted Bee-eater".

3481:

Aloise King, Edith D.; Banks, Peter B.; Brooks, Robert C. (2011). "Sexual conflict in mammals: consequences for mating systems and life history".

1924:

There is a range of behaviours that animals perform that appear to be sexually motivated but which can not result in reproduction. These include:

9913: 5764: 2644: 1531:

are common. These are small silvery males that migrate upstream along with the standard, large, hook-nosed males and that spawn by sneaking into

6291:

Artificial breeding of non-domestic animals: (the proceedings of a symposium held at the Zoological Society of London on 7 and 8 September 1977)

6268: 3117:

Solomon, N. G.; Keane, B.; Knoch, L. R.; Hogan, P. J. (2004). "Multiple paternity in socially monogamous prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)".

1387:. However, animal sexual ornaments can evolve through runaway selection, which is driven by (usually female) selection for non-standard traits. 9960: 261: 6926: 6575:

Tan, Min; Gareth Jones; Guangjian Zhu; Jianping Ye; Tiyu Hong; Shanyi Zhou; Shuyi Zhang; Libiao Zhang (28 October 2009). Hosken, David (ed.).

4247:"Flibanserin and 8-OH-DPAT Implicate Serotonin in Association between Female Marmoset Monkey Sexual Behavior and Changes in Pair-Bond Quality" 10930: 4661: 1442:

necessarily sexually motivated. Careful analysis must be made to interpret what animal motivations are being expressed by those behaviours.

9925: 8206: 8090: 6069: 1919: 336: 6780:

Paoli, T.; Palagi, E.; Tacconi, G.; Tarli, S. B. (2006). "Perineal swelling, intermenstrual cycle, and female sexual behavior in bonobos (

5957: 2358:, each of which can reproduce sexually and asexually. Reproduction also allows corals to settle new areas. Corals predominantly reproduce 9624: 5288:

Buston, P. (2004). "Does the Presence of Non-Breeders Enhance the Fitness of Breeders? An Experimental Analysis in the Clown Anemonefish

2976: 2871: 2669: 425: 251: 225: 5684: 4245:

Aubert, Y.; Gustison, M. L.; Gardner, L. A.; Bohl, M. A.; Lange, J. R.; Allers, K. A.; Sommer, B.; Datson, N. A.; Abbott, D. H. (2012).

3665: 2443:, individuals engage in a variety of sexual behaviors including male choosiness, mate guarding, and vibrational signaling in courtship. 2418:

to attract the female. If the female appreciates the dancing she may join him. Then they join their bodies together end to end at their

781:

ensure that breeding resources are not wasted on another male's young. The new male may achieve this in many different ways, including:

10935: 7603: 7546: 5163:

Robertson, D.R.; R.R. Warner (1978). "Sexual patterns in the labroid fishes of the Western Caribbean II: the parrotfishes (Scaridae)".

4906: 3806: 2132: 2049:: This describes when an animal engages in a sexual act with a dead animal. It has been observed in mammals, birds, reptiles and frogs. 1176:(green frog), spend from June to August defending their territory. In order to protect these territories, they use five vocalizations. 8425: 6980: 5149:

Shapiro DY (1984) "Sex reversal and sociodemographics processes in coral reef fishes" Pages 103–116 in GW Potts and RK Wootoon, eds.,

7320: 8059: 2623: 2516:

behaviour. Several examples of animal behaviour that reduce mating of close relatives and inbreeding depression are described next.

714:. In some species, polygyny and polyandry is displayed by both sexes in the population. Polygamy in both sexes has been observed in 10466: 9378: 7909: 6830: 6704: 5871: 2135:. Janet Mann, a professor of biology and psychology at Georgetown University, argues that the common same-sex behaviour among male 178: 7657: 1987:. As of 1999, the scientific literature contained reports of homosexual behaviour in at least 471 wild species. Organisers of the 586:

occurs when one male and one female mate exclusively with each other. A monogamous mating system is one in which individuals form

10250: 10166: 9294: 8802:

Ishibashi Y, Saitoh T (2008). "Role of male-biased dispersal in inbreeding avoidance in the grey-sided vole (Myodes rufocanus)".

5095: 3861: 6045: 5114: 3917:

Wells, Kentwood D (November 1978). "Territoriality in the green frog (Rana clamitans): Vocalizations and agonistic behaviour".

5022: 4749: 4223: 9248: 9227: 9206: 9178: 9157: 9136: 9115: 9094: 9069: 8997: 8950: 8149: 8124: 7721: 7694: 7667: 7640: 7613: 7586: 6890: 6382: 6336: 6299: 5932: 4697: 3837: 2800: 2704: 2157: 2031:) will sometimes mate with infant females of their species. This is a natural part of their reproductive biology—they have a 1116:, the timing of the common spawning is the only externally visible form of sexual behaviour. In areas with continuously high 4930:

Koeslag, J.H. (1990). "Koinophilia groups sexual creatures into species, promotes stasis, and stabilizes social behaviour".

2751:

Wickler, Wolfgang; Lorenz; Konrad; Kacher, Hermann (1974). "The sexual code : the social behaviour of animals and men".

2210:

Mammals mate by vaginal copulation. To achieve this, the male usually mounts the female from behind. The female may exhibit

918:

that digests the skin of their mouths and her body and fusing the pair down to the blood-vessel level. The male then slowly

9326: 6665: 4452:

Matsushita, Hiroaki; Tomizawa, Kazuhito; Okimoto, Naoki; Nishiki, Tei-ichi; Ohmori, Iori; Matsui, Hideki (1 October 2010).

3535:

Theodore W. Pietsch (1975). "Precocious sexual parasitism in the deep sea ceratioid anglerfish, Cryptopsaras couesi Gill".

2205: 1862:

The sexualisation of objects or locations is recognised in the animal breeding world. For example, male animals may become

168: 4849: 4772: 1991:

exhibit stated that "homosexuality has been observed among 1,500 species, and that in 500 of those it is well documented."

11032: 9868: 9863: 9858: 4138:

Snowdon, Charles T.; Pieper, Bridget A.; Boe, Carla Y.; Cronin, Katherine A.; Kurian, Aimee V.; Ziegler, Toni E. (2010).

3696: 805:. To prevent this, many female primates exhibit ovulation cues among all males, and show situation-dependent receptivity. 173: 5979:

Alves MJ, Collarea-Pereira MJ, Dowling TE, Coelho MM (2002). "The genetics of maintenance of an all-male lineage in the

10581: 9020: 8969: 4352: 4021: 2461:

confirms that, in some cases, interspecies sexual activity may have been responsible for the evolution of new species (

190: 185: 7412: 3508:

Marraro, CH; Nursall JR (1983). "The reproductive periodicity and behaviour of Ophioblennius atlanticus at Barbados".

1788:

occurs when a species is all-male or all-female. Unisexuality occurs in some fish species and can take complex forms.

9970: 9270: 7389: 5748: 4882: 4872: 4655: 3720:"Effects of mating, breeding system and parasites on reproduction in hermaphrodites: Pulmonate gastropods (Mollusca)" 3651: 3334: 3185: 3055: 2824: 2735: 689:

monogamous pairs, the less of a role social monogamy plays in determining how genes are distributed among offspring.

660:

has estimated that, out of 180 different species of socially monogamous songbirds, only 10% are sexually monogamous.

8245: 11156: 10521: 10336: 9368: 6100: 3450:

Silverin, B. (1979). "Effects of long-acting testosterone administration on testes in free living pied flycatchers

2639: 2386: – into the water to spread offspring. The gametes fuse during fertilisation to form a microscopic 2312:

hydraulic pressure builds up in the blood sinus surrounding an organ housing a sharpened dart. The dart is made of

1709:

Some species of birds have been observed combining sexual intercourse with apparent violent assault; these include

329: 7827: 7630: 9319: 1347:

become very eager, when the equipment they associate with the collection is taken out. . . . There is nothing in

7440:"Ventro–ventral copulation in a rodent: a female initiative? | Journal of Mammalogy | Oxford Academic" 7401:

Dewsbury, Donald A. "Patterns of copulatory behavior in male mammals." Quarterly Review of Biology (1972): 1-33.

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For example, masturbation, trial mounting, and other behaviours are regularly seen in male animals out of season

1539:

for reproduction, because it is favoured by natural selection just like the "standard" strategy of large males.

980:

in shallow water. The water becomes milky with sperm and the bottom is draped with millions of fertilised eggs.

10639: 10444: 10111: 9828: 9823: 7576: 7472: 6246:

Porn sparks panda baby boom in China: Research — and blue movies — attributed to record-high birth rate in 2006

5505: 4788: 3585: 3325: 3171: 3149: 2628: 2422:. Here, the male passes the sperm to the female's egg-laying tube, which will soon be fertilised by the sperm. 2000: 1980: 1536: 1411:

When nine out of ten pairings occur between males, "very male that sniffed a female was reported as sex, while

1039:, the role is reversed, and the females are larger, more aggressive and more brightly coloured than the males. 429: 256: 158: 10012: 7942:

Rogers, David; Chase, Ronald (2001). "Dart receipt promotes sperm storage in the garden snail Helix aspersa".

7286: 6372: 6351: 3016:

Westneat, D. F.; Stewart, I. R. K. (2003). "Extra-Pair Paternity in Birds: Causes, Correlates, and Conflict".

1399:. In the past, researchers sometimes failed to observe, miscategorised or misdescribed sexual behaviour which 10501: 9595: 1974: 1681: 772:

occurs when one male gets exclusive mating rights with multiple females. In some species, notably those with

583: 572: 538: 417: 397: 210: 8591:, Alaks G, Graham L, Lacy RC (1994). "An experimental study of inbreeding depression in a natural habitat". 8318:"Mate-guarding strategies and male competitive ability in an orb-weaving spider: results from a field study" 6847:

Doncarlos, Michael W.; Petersen, Jay S.; Tilson, Ronald L. (1986). "Captive biology of an asocial mustelid;

2410:

Butterflies spend much time searching for mates. When the male spots a mate, he will fly closer and release

922:, losing first his digestive organs, then his brain, heart, and eyes, ending as nothing more than a pair of 872: 10973: 10669: 10516: 10316: 10299: 9948: 6457:

Tan, M.; Jones, G.; Zhu, G.; Ye, J.; Hong, T.; Zhou, S.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, L. (2009). Hosken, David (ed.).

6437: 2531:(MUP) gene cluster provides a highly polymorphic scent signal of genetic identity that appears to underlie 2512:

expression of recessive deleterious alleles. Over time, inbreeding depression may lead to the evolution of

2091: 1874:, and the association is due to a conditioned response (or association) formed with a distinctive "reward". 1327: 421: 10054: 6997:

Zihlman, A. L.; Hunter, W. S. (1972). "A biomechanical interpretation of the pelvis of Australopithecus".

4687: 4140:"Variation in oxytocin is related to variation in affiliative behavior in monogamous, pairbonded tamarins" 3042:

Birkhead, T.R. & Møller, A.P. (1996) "Monogamy and sperm competition in birds". In J. M. Black (Ed.),

10751: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10159: 9943: 9873: 9533: 9282: 8165:

Hatta, M.; Fukami, H.; Wang, W.; Omori, M.; Shimoike, K.; Hayashibara, T.; Ina, Y.; Sugiyama, T. (1999).

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and possibly chemical signalling. Synchronous spawning may form hybrids and is perhaps involved in coral

1504: 1148: 322: 310: 289: 28: 10133: 1246: 1042:

In hermaphroditic animals, the costs of parental care can be evenly distributed between the sexes, e.g.

10952: 10701: 10454: 10294: 9612: 9607: 7194:"Sexual behavior in same-sexed nonhuman primates: Is it relevant to understanding human homosexuality?" 2169: 2102: 1853: 1587: 1582: 1560: 469:(the most fertile period in the mammalian female's reproductive cycle), which increases the chances of 100: 10844: 10101: 9471: 4573: 4453: 3166:

Barash, D.P. & Lipton, J.E. (2001). The Myth of Monogamy. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company,

1698:

Sex in a forceful or apparently coercive context has been documented in a variety of species. In some

1100:) so that offspring are born or hatch at an optimal time. In marine species with limited mobility and 751:. Most polygamous species present high levels of tournament behaviour, with a notable exception being 11146: 11065: 10696: 10284: 9918: 9903: 9780: 8317: 6265: 2664: 2058: 9985: 9840: 9050: 6127: 3258:

Mcneil, Jeremy N (1986). "Calling Behavior: Can It Be Used to Identify Migratory Species of Moths".

2769: 684:. More than 65% of all fairy-wren chicks are fathered by males outside the supposed breeding group. 10966: 10649: 10225: 9686: 9307:

Is it relevant to look at the animal kingdom to determine if human same-sex behaviour is "natural"?

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hermaphrodites within a haremic mating system. It is less common for a male to switch to a female (

896: 856: 769: 9880: 9647: 8448:"An autosomal analysis gives no genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees" 4628: 1846:, genetic studies on wild animal populations have shown a "large number" of inter-species hybrids. 895:

occurs when one female gets exclusive mating rights with multiple males. In some species, such as

11025: 9975: 8082: 6352:

These Bears Are Having Lots Of Oral Sex, And Scientists Think They Know Why (The Huffington Post)

2935:

Birkhead, T.R.; Møller, A.P. (1995). "Extra-pair copulations and extra-pair paternity in birds".

2721: 2696: 2659: 2008: 1931:: Some species, both male and female, masturbate, both when partners are available and otherwise. 1928: 1718: 1470:, the sexual activity specifically organized to transmit male sperm into the body of the female. 914:

are much smaller than the females. When they find a female they bite into her skin, releasing an

641:

monogamous, although up to 15% of primate species are. Social monogamy has also been observed in

9300: 8167:"Reproductive and genetic evidence for a reticulate evolutionary theory of mass spawning corals" 2579: 2035:

period, so these females give birth the following year when they are fully grown. Juvenile male

10783: 10746: 10736: 10681: 10629: 10574: 10422: 10417: 10213: 10208: 10152: 9935: 9580: 9558: 9491: 9481: 9476: 5949: 2863: 2528: 2477:, interspecies mating nonetheless occurred regularly enough to change certain genes in the new 2395: 2340: 2201: 2046: 1905: 1871: 1121: 1101: 1027:

often falls mainly, or exclusively, on them. Thus, females are more limited in their potential

1020: 989: 977: 470: 445: 294: 195: 9995: 8634:

Sherborne AL, Thom MD, Paterson S, Jury F, Ollier WE, Stockley P, Beynon RJ, Hurst JL (2007).

6960: 6905: 6643: 6438:"Homosexual Fellatio: Erect Penis Licking between Male Bonin Flying Foxes Pteropus pselaphon." 6027: 5678: 4509:"Mating and parenting experiences sculpture mood-modulating effects of oxytocin-MCH signaling" 4013: 3827: 3047: 2991: 2812: 2690: 19:

This article is about the sexual behavior of nonhuman animals. For human sexual behavior, see

10526: 10086: 9629: 9538: 9503: 9015:. Vol. Suppl 28. Cambridge: Journals of Reproduction and Fertility Ltd. pp. 59–70. 6326: 6114: 5838: 3662: 3029: 2756: 2551: 2505: 1818: 1384: 786: 657: 653: 623: 615: 578: 474: 230: 142: 20: 10096: 10002: 9672: 9078: 7554: 6952: 4574:"Antidepressant-like effect of male mating behavior through oxytocin-induced CREB signaling" 715: 11060: 10889: 10654: 10614: 10609: 10461: 9725: 9657: 9518: 9444: 8811: 8750: 8647: 8600: 8422: 8372: 7951: 7828:"Notes on the breeding ecology and behavior of Japanese martens on Tsushima Islands, Japan" 7746: 7512: 7351: 6977: 6742: 6588: 6529: 6470: 6201: 5992: 5574: 5381: 5301: 4939: 4520: 3544: 3369: 2893:Ågren, G.; Zhou, Q.; Zhong, W. (1989). "Ecology and social behaviour of Mongolian gerbils, 2837: 2649: 2558: 2536: 2513: 2499: 2270: 1966: 1790: 1703: 1461: 1420: 1028: 882:

is polyandrous. This female is trailing the atrophied remains of males she has encountered.

830: 457: 284: 200: 10899: 8183: 8166: 8021: 4163: 602:, these pair-bonding species have lower levels of male aggression, competition and little 510: 357: 8: 10980: 10761: 10358: 10326: 10071: 10059: 9523: 9508: 9400: 9390: 9373: 9363: 7782:"Baculum length and copulatory behaviour in carnivores and pinnipeds (Grand Order Ferae)" 7315: 6733: 5192:"A comparative analysis of sex change in Labridae supports the size advantage hypothesis" 2359: 2247: 1934: 1516: 1268: 1238: 1137: 904: 892: 887: 764: 506: 493:

animal or survival within a stressful situation (such as sex due to duress or coercion).

489: 405: 401: 361: 10049: 10044: 9990: 8815: 8754: 8651: 8604: 8376: 8119:(3rd ed.). Australia: Australian Institute of Marine Sciences and CRR Qld Pty Ltd. 7955: 7750: 7516: 7355: 6827: 6746: 6688: 6592: 6533: 6474: 6205: 5996: 5863: 5578: 5433: 5385: 5305: 4943: 4524: 3548: 3373: 3352:

Fürtbauer, Ines; Heistermann, Michael; Schülke, Oliver; Ostner, Julia (10 August 2011).

776:-like structures, only one of a few males in a group of females will mate. Technically, 11127: 11018: 10894: 10686: 10664: 10644: 10471: 10449: 10434: 10022: 9590: 9454: 9395: 9038: 8879: 8854: 8835: 8784: 8717: 8692: 8668: 8635: 8564: 8540:"Kin discrimination and female mate choice in the naked mole-rat Heterocephalus glaber" 8539: 8520: 8472: 8447: 8404: 8345: 8293: 8268: 8046: 8002: 7967: 7928: 7890: 7797: 7762: 7528: 7367: 7259: 7171: 7064: 6809: 6611: 6576: 6552: 6517: 6493: 6458: 6419: 6227: 6170: 6004: 5811: 5740: 5664: 5598: 5528: 5481: 5456: 5437: 5317: 5265: 5240: 5221: 4990: 4827: 4792: 4741: 4647: 4609: 4549: 4508: 4489: 4429: 4404: 4320: 4295: 4271: 4246: 4172: 4139: 4115: 4090: 4063: 4054: 4038: 3986: 3934: 3892: 3560: 3400: 3353: 3275: 3240: 3102: 3089: 3069: 2952: 2914: 2486: 2128: 1639: 1352: 1117: 900: 878: 777: 736: 728: 698: 652:

Sexual monogamy is also rare among animals. Many socially monogamous species engage in

599: 413: 39: 9652: 6846: 6754: 4951: 3900: 3642:

Trivers, R.L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.),

2055:: This describes when an animal shows sexual behaviour towards both males and females. 1702:

herd species, or species where males and females are very different in size, the male

1124:) breed dependent upon other conditions in their environment aside from time of year. 11151: 10999: 10706: 10674: 10567: 10476: 10262: 10191: 10091: 9955: 9785: 9772: 9585: 9565: 9486: 9405: 9385: 9244: 9223: 9202: 9174: 9153: 9132: 9111: 9090: 9065: 9061:

The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates

9026: 9016: 8993: 8965: 8946: 8884: 8827: 8823: 8776: 8762: 8722: 8673: 8616: 8569: 8512: 8477: 8396: 8388: 8337: 8298: 8188: 8145: 8120: 8051: 7882: 7862: 7781: 7717: 7690: 7663: 7636: 7609: 7582: 7385: 7251: 7205: 7163: 7155: 7056: 7035:

Hashimoto, Chie (1997). "Context and Development of Sexual Behavior of Wild Bonobos (

7014: 6953: 6886: 6801: 6758: 6636: 6616: 6557: 6498: 6378: 6332: 6322: 6295: 6219: 6162: 6020: 5928: 5819: 5744: 5633: 5590: 5486: 5399: 5270: 5213: 5208: 5191: 5065: 5061: 4955: 4878: 4831: 4693: 4651: 4613: 4601: 4593: 4554: 4536: 4493: 4481: 4473: 4434: 4385: 4348: 4325: 4276: 4262: 4177: 4120: 4106: 4068: 4017: 4006: 3978: 3930: 3884: 3833: 3779: 3719: 3647: 3626: 3494: 3463: 3405: 3387: 3330: 3232: 3167: 3145: 3051: 2948: 2910: 2820: 2796: 2731: 2727: 2700: 2439: 2313: 2255: 2211: 2036: 1897: 1867: 1823: 1755: 1499: 1319: 1302:

It is often assumed that animals do not have sex for pleasure, or alternatively that

1059: 961: 939: 744: 740: 710: 674: 603: 481: 437: 10007: 9720: 8839: 8788: 8362: 8349: 7894: 7532: 7371: 7263: 7193: 7175: 7068: 6813: 6174: 6143: 6041: 5602: 5441: 5321: 4994: 4973:

Moller, A.P.; Pomiankowski, A (1993). "Fluctuating asymmetry and sexual selection".

4796: 4745: 3990: 3938: 3896: 3295:"Biology and Human Behavior: The Neurological Origins of Individuality, 2nd edition" 3244: 2956: 2918: 590:

and cooperate in raising offspring. These pairs may last for a lifetime, such as in

10959: 10904: 10771: 10604: 10429: 10311: 10064: 9790: 9703: 9619: 9553: 9464: 9358: 8915: 8874: 8866: 8819: 8766: 8758: 8712: 8704: 8663: 8655: 8608: 8559: 8551: 8504: 8467: 8459: 8408: 8380: 8329: 8288: 8280: 8178: 8041: 8033: 8006: 7994: 7959: 7924: 7874: 7793: 7766: 7754: 7520: 7451: 7359: 7243: 7231: 7147: 7098: 7048: 7006: 6860: 6793: 6750: 6606: 6596: 6547: 6537: 6488: 6478: 6411: 6231: 6209: 6154: 6000: 5803: 5736: 5660: 5625: 5582: 5520: 5476: 5468: 5429: 5420:

Polis, G.A. (1981). "The evolution and dynamics of intraspecific +4193 predation".

5389: 5348: 5309: 5260: 5252: 5225: 5203: 5172: 5057: 4982: 4947: 4819: 4784: 4737: 4733: 4643: 4585: 4544: 4528: 4465: 4424: 4416: 4377: 4315: 4307: 4266: 4258: 4211: 4167: 4159: 4151: 4110: 4102: 4058: 4050: 3968: 3926: 3876: 3769: 3731: 3616: 3564: 3552: 3517: 3490: 3432: 3395: 3377: 3267: 3224: 3126: 3097: 3081: 3025: 2944: 2906: 2363: 2296: 2176:

nervous systems may be partially reversed in respect to their reproductive organs.

1988: 1946: 1835: 1770: 1547: 1344: 1097: 1076: 122: 9815: 9750: 9708: 8524: 8333: 7971: 4721: 4296:"Oxytocin in the medial preoptic area facilitates male sexual behavior in the rat" 3829:

Asdell's Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction: A Compendium of Species-specific Data

3228: 3070:"Sexual dimorphism in birds: Why are there so many different forms of dimorphism?" 1995: 11161: 10914: 10854: 10839: 10824: 10809: 10778: 10731: 10511: 10493: 10439: 10383: 10128: 10116: 9602: 9105: 8940: 8588: 8429: 7293: 6984: 6878: 6834: 6601: 6542: 6483: 6444: 6358: 6289: 6272: 6252: 5839:"No sex needed: All-female lizard species cross their chromosomes to make babies" 5688: 5586: 5121: 5102: 5083: 4913: 4589: 4469: 3813: 3669: 3382: 3320: 2532: 2458: 2426: 2415: 2355: 2242: 2173: 1734: 1595: 1565: 1532: 1371:

Koinophilia is the love of the "normal" or phenotypically common (from the Greek

1089: 773: 680: 595: 110: 74: 24: 9800: 9677: 9662: 7910:"Copulation behaviour in mammals: evidence that sperm competition is widespread" 7709: 7501: 6657: 6518:"The Adaptive Function of Masturbation in a Promiscuous African Ground Squirrel" 4311: 4155: 2638:, a series of short films about animal mating, enacted by humans, airing on the 1686: 10879: 10834: 10829: 10711: 10619: 10267: 9080: 7998: 7341: 4845: 4532: 3954: 3735: 2615: 2520: 2371: 2234: 2230:

occurs during copulation. In most deer species, a copulatory jump also occurs.

1885: 1863: 1807: 1774: 1623: 1348: 1156: 794: 484:" behaviour. However, in addition to homosexual behaviours, a range of species 132: 10123: 10032: 9965: 9885: 9850: 9691: 9236: 8659: 7758: 7524: 7247: 7151: 7102: 7052: 6214: 6190:"Monkeys pay per view: adaptive valuation of social images by rhesus macaques" 6189: 6158: 5394: 5369: 5313: 4823: 4454:"Oxytocin mediates the antidepressant effects of mating behavior in male mice" 3687: 2275: 994: 594:, or it may occasionally change from one mating season to another, such as in 349: 11140: 11096: 11091: 11070: 11055: 10884: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10793: 10726: 10634: 10481: 10412: 10378: 10289: 10255: 9760: 9730: 9543: 9496: 9459: 9427: 9412: 8392: 8341: 7456: 7439: 7159: 7060: 6906:

de Mattos Brito, L. B.; Joventino, I. R.; Ribeiro, S. C.; Cascon, P. (2012).

5790:

Echelle AA, Echelle AF, Crozier CD (1983). "Evolution of an all-female fish,

5637: 4810:

Panksepp, J. (1982). "Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions".

4597: 4540: 4477: 3391: 2446: 2379: 2367: 2331: 2304: 2227: 2153: 1843: 1740: 1627: 1400: 1263: 1218: 1205:

stimulate sexual wanting in animals. In general, studies have suggested that

1152: 1064: 1051: 1024: 999: 860:

return to the first female to exclusively provide for her and her offspring.

466: 451:

When animal sexual behaviour is reproductively motivated, it is often termed

215: 115: 95: 79: 10076: 9742: 9219:

The Domestic Horse: The Origins, Development and Management of Its Behaviour

8612: 8463: 6398:

Fox, M. W. (1972). "The Social Significance of Genital Licking in the Wolf,

5629: 5176: 3973: 3956: 3436: 2750: 2039:

have been recorded mounting and copulating with immature chimps. Infants in

1133: 47: 10909: 10859: 10819: 10788: 10741: 10548: 10400: 10277: 10272: 10218: 9528: 9449: 9008: 8888: 8870: 8831: 8780: 8726: 8708: 8677: 8573: 8555: 8516: 8495:

Charlesworth D, Willis JH (2009). "The genetics of inbreeding depression".

8481: 8400: 8302: 8284: 8267:

Bel-Venner, M.c; Dray, S; Allainé, D; Menu, F; Venner, S (7 January 2008).

8192: 8055: 8037: 7886: 7878: 7255: 7209: 7167: 6864: 6805: 6620: 6561: 6502: 6223: 6166: 5823: 5594: 5490: 5472: 5403: 5274: 5256: 5217: 5069: 4605: 4558: 4485: 4438: 4389: 4329: 4280: 4181: 4124: 4072: 3982: 3783: 3630: 3480: 3409: 3354:"Concealed Fertility and Extended Female Sexuality in a Non-Human Primate ( 3085: 2609: 2482: 2430: 2280: 2161: 2086: 1938: 1785: 1748: 1691: 1286:

nature of the relationship or if there will even be a relationship at all.

1242: 1234: 1214: 1202: 1055: 956: 951: 927: 848: 587: 558: 502: 393: 279: 205: 127: 10106: 10027: 9980: 9805: 9698: 9311: 9030: 8920: 8903: 8691:

Leclaire S, Nielsen JF, Thavarajah NK, Manser M, Clutton-Brock TH (2013).

8620: 7963: 7018: 6762: 4959: 4091:"Oxytocin: An emerging regulator of prolactin secretion in the female rat" 3888: 3880: 3825: 3236: 2504:

When close relatives mate, progeny may exhibit the detrimental effects of

2061:: This is when females mate with males outside of their conceptive period. 2017:: Some animals opportunistically mate with individuals of another species. 1282:

Oxytocin plays a similar role in non-human primates as it does in humans.

668:

The highest known frequency of extra-pair copulations are found among the

11101: 10849: 10814: 9513: 9432: 9422: 9417: 9145: 8237: 6693:) courted by males for two days at an urban park in South-eastern Brazil" 5897: 3774: 3757: 3467: 2654: 2634: 2351: 2291: 2185: 2052: 1615: 1570: 1395:

The field of study of sexuality in non-human species was a long-standing

1366: 1222: 1085: 1031:. In species where males take on more of the reproductive costs, such as 969: 812: 723: 433: 372: 69: 9835: 8855:"Dispersal as a means of inbreeding avoidance in a wild bird population" 8384: 6978:

Promiscuous and bisexual — the 'faithful' seahorse has a secret sex life

5048:

Katz, L. S.; McDonald, T. J. (1992). "Sexual behavior of farm animals".

3621: 2586:. Individuals that return to natal ponds to breed will likely encounter 1888:

will give up a highly valued item, juice, to see images of the faces or

1535:

to release sperm simultaneously with a mated pair. This behaviour is an

823:, the male will continually attack pregnant females until they miscarry. 9795: 9437: 9237:

Jonathan Pycock; Juan C. Samper; Angus O. McKinnon (23 November 2006).

7363: 6574: 6423: 5815: 5532: 5503: 5353: 5336: 4986: 3862:"Penile spines of the domestic cat: their endocrine-behavior relations" 3279: 2509: 2462: 2404: 2308: 1942: 1803: 1665: 1603: 1467: 1185: 1109: 1081: 1032: 911: 808: 669: 611: 607: 441: 365: 105: 64: 10037: 9667: 8771: 8693:"Odour-based kin discrimination in the cooperatively breeding meerkat" 8144:(3rd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. pp. 117–141. 7010: 6797: 1515:

is dominated by large and aggressive males. Cuckoldry is a variant of

11111: 11041: 10388: 10363: 10353: 10341: 9735: 9570: 7985:

Chase, R. (2007). "The function of dart shooting in helicid snails".

7655: 6245: 5616:

Mineau, Pierre; Cooke, Fred (1979). "Rape in the Lesser Snow Goose".

4420: 4381: 4367: 3556: 3093: 2864:"Animal Attraction: The Many Forms of Monogamy in the Animal Kingdom" 2583: 2540: 2478: 2411: 2321: 2284: 2217: 2003:

mounts a female that has been dead for two days and attempts to mate.

1984: 1839: 1769:

Parthenogenesis has been recorded in 70 vertebrate species including

1744: 1699: 1661: 1619: 1591: 1508: 1189: 1096:

Many animal species have specific mating (or breeding) periods e.g. (

1047: 1043: 1036: 1008: 826: 802: 9908: 9895: 9713: 8508: 8164: 7601: 7384:

Sapolsky (1998), Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers, W.H. Freeman and Co.,

6987:. Timesonline.co.uk. 31 January 2007. Retrieved on 22 December 2011. 6415: 5807: 5524: 3521: 3271: 3130: 2374:. About 75% of all hermatypic corals "broadcast spawn" by releasing 10721: 10716: 10691: 10590: 10405: 10306: 8739: 2452: 2335: 2245:. A "copulatory lock" also occurs in some primate species, such as 2165: 2074: 2070: 1889: 1799: 1763: 1512: 1483: 1412: 1323: 1210: 1206: 1147:

Some mammals (e.g. domestic cats, rabbits and camelids) are termed

931: 704: 353:

Stags fighting while competing for females—a common sexual behavior

220: 8238:"Sexual Appetite and Animal behaviour – Sex and the single spider" 6187: 5978: 5370:"Mates with Benefits: When and How Sexual Cannibalism Is Adaptive" 2254:

The copulatory behaviour of many mammalian species is affected by

10756: 10373: 10346: 10017: 9755: 9548: 8942:

Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity

8026:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

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Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity

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3955:

Georgiadis, J. R.; Kringelbach, M. L. & Pfaus, J. G. (2012).

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are smaller and much less costly (energetically) to produce than

973: 919: 752: 748: 646: 642: 591: 385: 368:, with multiple males displaying for the less conspicuous females 4451: 2398:

is very typical on the coral reef and often, even when multiple

1806:

forms, including all-female forms that reproduce mainly through

855:

Von Haartman specifically described the mating behaviour of the

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Morell, V. (1998). "Evolution of Sex: A New Look at Monogamy".

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Bilde, T.; Tuni, C.; Elsayed, R.; Pekár, S.; Toft, S. (2006).

3607:

Bateman, A.J. (1948), "Intra-sexual selection in Drosophila",

10659: 9149:

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9124: 4870: 4571: 4506: 3758:"Sexual selection: lessons from hermaphrodite mating systems" 3689:

Sexual conflict and partner manipulation in the banana slug,

2470: 2387: 2383: 2347: 2238: 2222:

Some sea mammals copulate in a belly-to-belly position. Some

2024: 1970: 1893: 1714: 1396: 1378: 1372: 1303: 1105: 1012: 844: 840: 816: 137: 11010: 9198:

Equine Reproductive Physiology, Breeding and Stud Management

8022:"The snail's love-dart delivers mucus to increase paternity" 7438:

Dufour, Claire M.-S.; Pillay, Neville; Ganem, Guila (2015).

5950:"Scientists discover unknown lizard species at lunch buffet" 4874:

Animals, Ethics and Trade: The Challenge of Animal Sentience

2328:-like substance that facilitates the survival of the sperm. 2233:

During mating, a "copulatory tie" occurs in mammals such as

1023:. Many females also have extra reproductive burdens in that 10766: 10559: 10196: 8445: 7710:

David M. Shackleton; Royal British Columbia Museum (1999).

6912:

Steuvax, 2002, (Anura, Bufonidae) from Northeastern Brazil"

6181: 4972: 4012:. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp. 3957:"Sex for fun: a synthesis of human and animal neurobiology" 2575: 2466: 1954: 1710: 1113: 1058:

will some times gnaw off their partners penis as an act of

935: 790: 619: 9215: 7686:

Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology

7656:

Donald M. Broom; Andrew Ferguson Fraser (1 January 2007).

7553:. San Diego Zoo Global Library. March 2009. Archived from 7084:"Sex and strife: post-conflict sexual contacts in bonobos" 5682:, Charles Siebert, New York Times Magazine, 8 October 2006 4789:

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3718:

Backeljau, Thierry; Jordaens, Kurt; Dillen, Lobke (2007).

2934: 2447:

Genetic evidence of interspecies sexual activity in humans

1225:

is also involved in the sexual behaviour of some animals.

10175: 8636:"The genetic basis of inbreeding avoidance in house mice" 8633: 8266: 8019: 7602:

L. Alterman; Gerald A. Doyle; M.K. Izard (9 March 2013).

5731:

Wininger, J. David (2004), "Parthenogenetic Stem Cells",

5561:

Barash, D. P. (1977). "Sociobiology of Rape in Mallards (

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Gil, M.; Bhatt, R.; Picotte, K. B.; Hull, E. M. (2011).

4088: 2930: 2928: 2539:. Thus there are fewer matings between mice sharing MUP 1432:, which in 2006 held an exhibition on animal sexuality: 1277: 1271:, they no longer experience these maternal motivations. 1241:; after mating, they form a lifelong bond. In contrast, 8273:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

6779: 6689:"Corpse bride irresistible: a dead female tegu lizard ( 6294:. Academic Press for the Zoological Society of London. 6264:

Klaus Reinhardt, Nils Anthes, and Rolanda Lange (2015)

4846:"Emotions help animals to make choices (press release)" 3717: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3074:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2508:. Inbreeding depression is predominantly caused by the 2334:

is a mating behaviour engaged in by certain species of

10144: 9146:

Menna Jones; Chris R. Dickman; Michael Archer (2003).

5189: 4402: 4137: 3116: 3036: 1852:

There are reports that animals occasionally engage in

384:

takes many different forms, including within the same

7703: 6374:

Wily Monkeys: Social Intelligence of Tibetan Macaques

6328:

The Exultant Ark: A Pictorial Tour of Animal Pleasure

6321: 6085: 5789: 5454: 4627:

Hull, Elaine M.; Meisel, R. L.; Sachs, B. D. (2002).

3826:

Virginia Douglass Hayssen; Ari Van Tienhoven (1993).

3646:, 1871–1971 (pp. 136–179). Chicago, IL: Aldine. 3186:"Mating for Life? It's Not for the Birds of the Bees" 2925: 2160:, closely resembling the penis of the male, called a 8901: 7863:"Baculum length and copulatory behavior in primates" 5504:

Bailey, R.O.; Seymour, N. R.; Stewart, G.R. (1978).

5162: 3819: 3208: 3155: 3061: 3018:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

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than would be expected if there were random mating.

1913: 1257: 9009:"Reproductive physiology and behaviour of gorillas" 8446:Yamamichi, M; Gojobori J; Innan H. (January 2012). 4689:

When Elephants Weep: The Emotional Lives of Animals

4293: 3534: 2168:). It is speculated that to facilitate this, their 1896:

to mate is problematic. Showing young male pandas "

1655:

Araneus diadematus – cannibalistic mating behaviour

8494: 8423:Two Splits Between Human and Chimp Lines Suggested 8269:"Unexpected male choosiness for mates in a spider" 7595: 6955:The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality 6950: 6635: 6094:"Udtalelse om menneskers seksuelle omgang med dyr" 6091: 6068: 6019: 5830: 5457:"Death feigning in the face of sexual cannibalism" 4005: 1664:. There is also evidence of sexual cannibalism in 9125:Temple Grandin; Mark J. Deesing (22 April 2013). 7437: 6577:"Fellatio by Fruit Bats Prolongs Copulation Time" 6459:"Fellatio by Fruit Bats Prolongs Copulation Time" 5702:"Have elephants begun raping rhinos in the wild?" 4036: 3507: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2043:societies are often involved in sexual behaviour. 1622:). A common example of a protandrous species are 1555:change their sex to male if no male is available. 672:, lovely tropical creatures technically known as 11138: 9103: 8315: 7649: 6331:. University of California Press. pp. 89–. 6266:"Copulatory Wounding and Traumatic Insemination" 4907:Udtalelse om menneskers seksuelle omgang med dyr 4037:Inoue, K.; Burkett, J. P.; Young, L. J. (2013). 3807:Udtalelse om menneskers seksuelle omgang med dyr 3582:"Homosexual Activity Among Animals Stirs Debate" 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 1450: 1430:Natural History Museum at the University of Oslo 9194: 9079:William F. Perrin; Bernd Wursig; J.G.M. 'Hans' 8904:"Kin recognition and incest avoidance in toads" 8801: 7632:Arthur's Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics 7628: 6188:Deaner M. O.; Khera A. V.; Platt M. L. (2005). 5334: 5183: 5017: 5015: 5013: 4626: 3423:Haartman, L. V. (1951). "Successive Polygamy". 3292: 3177: 3015: 2645:List of animals displaying homosexual behaviour 1880:A study using four adult male rhesus macaques ( 1466:Copulation is the union of the male and female 9216:D. S. Mills; S. M. McDonnell (10 March 2005). 8852: 8439: 8356: 8244:. Vol. 400, no. 8742. 14 July 2011. 7907: 7682: 7635:. Elsevier Health Sciences UK. pp. 714–. 7229: 7137: 6828:Science/Nature 'Sex pest' seal attacks penguin 6726: 6724: 6722: 6070:"Sex for meat – how chimps seduce their mates" 6017: 5145: 5143: 5124:Fishbase Glossary. Retrieved 11 February 2011. 5105:Fishbase Glossary. Retrieved 11 February 2011. 4925: 4923: 2963: 2892: 2624:Pre-copulatory isolation mechanisms in animals 1351:' anatomy or physiology that contradicts that 1172:days in the spring. Some species, such as the 11026: 10931:Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour 10575: 10160: 9327: 9240:Current Therapy in Equine Reproduction E-Book 9222:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–. 9170:Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction 9128:Genetics and the Behavior of Domestic Animals 9057: 8846: 8795: 8733: 8684: 8627: 8537: 8531: 8488: 8316:Bel-Venner, M. C.; Venner, S. (1 June 2006). 8232: 8230: 8228: 8114: 7736: 7311:"'Tougher laws' to protect friendly dolphins" 7287:Central Park Zoo's gay penguins ignite debate 7191: 6996: 6972: 6970: 6908:"Necrophiliac behavior in the "cururu" toad, 6731:de Waal FB (1995). "Bonobo sex and society". 6456: 6370: 6315: 6287: 5923:Halliday, Tim R.; Adler, Kraig, eds. (1986). 5922: 5765:"New Mexico whiptail lizards are all females" 5156: 5023:"1,500 animal species practice homosexuality" 4686:Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson (21 October 2009). 3950: 3948: 3859: 2861: 2776: 2688: 1274:Prolactin influences social bonding in rats. 1092:in connection with the full moon every August 330: 9166: 9011:. In Short, R. V.; Weir, Barbara J. (eds.). 8902:Waldman, B; Rice, JE; Honeycutt, RL (1992). 8580: 8415: 8139: 7832:Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan 7539: 7308: 7282: 7280: 6516:Waterman, J. M. (2010). Briffa, Mark (ed.). 5190:Kazancioglu, E.; S.H. Alonzo (August 2010). 5047: 5010: 4722:"Animal pleasure and its moral significance" 4719: 4199:. New York: penguin group. pp. 151–172. 3853: 3067: 3044:Partnerships in Birds: The Study of Monogamy 2719: 1920:Non-reproductive sexual behaviour in animals 1892:of high-status females. Encouraging captive 1445: 1330:similar to humans is a contentious subject. 1229:Neurohormones in the mating systems of voles 1209:is involved in sexual incentive motivation, 1159:, the spines rake the walls of the female's 984:Parental investment and reproductive success 9341: 7941: 7622: 7413:"The 15 most bizarre animal mating rituals" 7081: 6719: 6281: 5615: 5140: 4920: 4764: 3636: 2805: 2670:Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals 1419:between males was only 'revolving around' 618:. This includes previous examples, such as 252:Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals 226:Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine 11033: 11019: 10936:International Society for Applied Ethology 10582: 10568: 10167: 10153: 9334: 9320: 8985: 8225: 8083:"Fighting to mate: flatworm penis fencing" 8080: 8013: 7676: 7410: 7304: 7302: 7230:Vasey, Paul L.; Duckworth, Nadine (2006). 6967: 6837:. BBC News. Retrieved on 15 February 2011. 6730: 6686: 6397: 6364: 5836: 5762: 5650: 4871:Jacky Turner; Joyce D'Silva, eds. (2006). 4679: 3945: 2394:, typically pink and elliptical in shape. 1941:and oral sex. This has been documented in 1511:can develop in species such as fish where 337: 323: 8919: 8878: 8770: 8716: 8667: 8563: 8471: 8292: 8182: 8133: 8110: 8108: 8045: 7984: 7917:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 7608:. Springer Science & Business Media. 7455: 7277: 7034: 6959:. 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Retrieved on 2011-12-22. 4929: 4770: 4194: 3755: 3644:Sexual selection and the descent of man 3606: 2897:, at Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, China". 2793:Fishes, An Introduction to Ichthyology. 2720:Thorpe, Showick; Thorpe, Edgar (2009). 2493: 1822:A dog mates with a coyote to produce a 934:in the female's bloodstream indicating 11139: 9295:a "sex tour" covering animal sexuality 9107:Pheromones and Reproduction in Mammals 9006: 8158: 8105: 7860: 7825: 7779: 7187: 7185: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7030: 7028: 6134: 6066: 6042:"Penguins are turning to prostitution" 5960:from the original on 13 September 2018 5947: 5560: 5415: 5413: 5287: 5238: 5076: 4966: 4079: 3860:Aronson, L. R.; Cooper, M. L. (1967). 3799: 3685: 3257: 3214: 3183: 1390: 11014: 10563: 10148: 9315: 8184:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026073 8093:from the original on 14 November 2013 8062:from the original on 18 November 2010 7659:Domestic Animal Behaviour and Welfare 7495: 7419:from the original on 18 February 2015 6707:from the original on 23 February 2015 6650: 6568: 5886: 5874:from the original on 17 December 2008 5771:from the original on 13 February 2015 5712:from the original on 27 December 2012 5542:from the original on 29 November 2014 5419: 5025:. News-medical.net. 23 October 2006. 5001: 4347:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 166–197. 4342: 4226:from the original on 14 November 2012 3916: 3699:from the original on 13 February 2015 3576: 3574: 3528: 3489:(1) (published January 2013): 47–58. 3347: 3345: 3343: 3319:This section and examples taken from 3301:from the original on 16 February 2014 2817:Behavioural ecology of teleost fishes 1633: 1507:which allow small males to engage in 1328:non-human animals experience emotions 1278:Oxytocin and primate sexual behaviour 1050:, sexual behaviour takes the form of 442:sexual arousal from objects or places 8213:from the original on 1 February 2013 8020:Chase, R.; Blanchard, K. C. (2006). 7483:from the original on 20 October 2016 7470: 7464: 7112:from the original on 5 February 2018 7041:International Journal of Primatology 6932:from the original on 5 February 2015 6668:from the original on 29 October 2006 6099:. Justitsministeriet. Archived from 5904:from the original on 11 October 2008 5506:"Rape behaviour in blue-winged teal" 5241:"Territory Inheritance in Clownfish" 5165:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 4209: 4003: 3997: 3196:from the original on 5 November 2007 2977:"Monogamy – a variable relationship" 2206:Social monogamy in mammalian species 1798:but not hermaphroditic. It can have 16:Sexual behavior of non-human animals 10263:Heterogametic sex / Homogametic sex 9859:Sexual selection in scaled reptiles 9104:John Vandenbergh (28 August 1983). 8140:Barnes, R. and; Hughes, R. (1999). 7944:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 7739:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 7581:. Elsevier Science. 16 April 2010. 7344:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 7192:Wallen, K.; Parsons, W. A. (1997). 7182: 7124: 7025: 6658:"Oslo gay animal show draws crowds" 6022:Sexual Behavior in the Human Female 5894:"'Virgin birth' for aquarium shark" 5677:Siebert, Charles. 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It is known as the 762: 696: 576: 570: 396:motivated systems include 101:Androphilia and gynephilia 18: 11120: 11079: 11048: 10990: 10944: 10923: 10802: 10697:Evolutionary neuroscience 10597: 10539: 10492: 10325: 10285:Testis-determining factor 10182: 9934: 9894: 9849: 9814: 9771: 9638: 9625:Non-reproductive behavior 9349: 9189:Sexual behavior of horses 8660:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.041 7759:10.1007/s00265-014-1701-3 7525:10.1007/s00227-007-0619-y 7248:10.1007/s10508-006-9111-x 7152:10.1007/s10508-014-0310-6 7103:10.1163/1568539X-00003155 6215:10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.044 6159:10.1007/s10508-012-9935-5 6044:. BBC. 26 February 1998. 5925:Reptiles & Amphibians 5395:10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.017 5314:10.1007/s00265-004-0833-2 4824:10.1017/S0140525X00012759 4345:Essential Animal Behavior 3676:. 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This extreme 883: 732:(true armyworm moth). 686: 654:extra-pair copulations 634: 378: 369: 354: 295:Split attraction model 247:Animal sexual behavior 196:Human female sexuality 51: 27:. For other uses, see 10251:Temperature-dependent 9620:Interspecies breeding 9167:Ernst Knobil (2006). 8464:10.1093/molbev/msr172 7964:10.1007/s002650100345 7605:Creatures of the Dark 6323:Balcombe, Jonathan P. 6106:on 27 February 2012. 4720:Balcombe, J. (2009). 4578:Neuroscience Research 4458:Neuroscience Research 4300:Hormones and Behavior 4144:Hormones and Behavior 3881:10.1002/ar.1091570111 3668:26 March 2008 at the 2895:Meriones unguiculatus 2552:inbreeding depression 2529:major urinary protein 2506:inbreeding depression 2429:to seal the female's 2294: 2278: 2200:Further information: 2089: 1998: 1967:cape ground squirrels 1821: 1689: 1654: 1550: 1519:, and can occur with 1481: 1434: 1409: 1385:fluctuating asymmetry 1340: 1233:The mating system of 1084: 1046:. 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In contrast with 507:behavioural ecology 362:Greater sage-grouse 57:Sexual orientations 10974:Behavioral Ecology 10895:Nikolaas Tinbergen 10687:Emotion in animals 10665:Cognitive ethology 10472:Human reproduction 10450:Sexual intercourse 10435:Plant reproduction 9909:Breeding behaviour 9630:Fisher's principle 9455:sexual intercourse 9396:handicap principle 9131:. Academic Press. 9089:. Academic Press. 8962:The Serengeti Lion 8209:. Scienceray.com. 7786:Journal of Zoology 7364:10.1007/BF00170251 6833:3 May 2008 at the 6436:Sugita, Norimasa. 6251:4 May 2020 at the 5563:Anas platyrhynchos 5354:10.1007/BF00005881 5290:Amphiprion percula 4987:10.1007/bf02424520 4777:American Zoologist 4513:Scientific Reports 3775:10.1093/icb/icj041 3615:(Pt. 3): 349–368, 3452:Ficedula hypoleuca 3190:The New York Times 2811:Berglund A (1997) 2425:Many animals make 2320:, and is called a 2301: 2289: 2095: 2037:common chimpanzees 2005: 1828: 1741:Whip-tailed lizard 1696: 1657: 1640:Sexual cannibalism 1634:Sexual cannibalism 1557: 1496: 1136:), biannual (e.g. 1118:primary production 1094: 1004: 884: 879:Haplophryne mollis 737:tournament species 729:Mythimna unipuncta 726:species including 600:tournament species 588:long-lasting pairs 436:sexual behaviour, 379: 370: 355: 52: 40:Sexual orientation 11134: 11133: 11008: 11007: 10900:Jakob von Uexküll 10670:Comfort behaviour 10557: 10556: 10477:Lordosis behavior 10192:Sexual dimorphism 10142: 10141: 9956:Lordosis behavior 9836:Frog reproduction 9786:Polyandry in fish 9566:Sexual dimorphism 9487:sperm competition 9406:Fisherian runaway 9386:Courtship display 9281:Media related to 9269:Media related to 9250:978-1-4377-1300-8 9229:978-0-521-89113-4 9208:978-1-78064-073-0 9180:978-0-12-515402-4 9159:978-0-643-06634-2 9138:978-0-12-405508-7 9117:978-0-323-15651-6 9096:978-0-08-091993-5 9071:978-0-520-08085-0 8999:978-1-4899-4656-0 8952:978-0-312-19239-6 8177:(11): 1607–1613. 8151:978-0-86542-834-8 8126:978-0-642-32236-4 7723:978-0-7748-0728-9 7696:978-0-8117-0496-0 7669:978-1-84593-287-9 7642:978-0-7020-3990-4 7615:978-1-4757-2405-9 7588:978-0-08-091455-8 7011:10.1159/000155465 6892:978-1-155-16265-2 6798:10.1002/ajp.20228 6697:Herpetology Notes 6691:Salvator merianae 6384:978-1-920901-97-4 6338:978-0-520-26024-5 6301:978-0-12-613343-1 5934:978-0-920269-81-7 5706:The Straight Dope 5573:(4305): 788–789. 5153:, Academic Press. 5137:. Academic Press. 4699:978-0-307-57420-6 3906:on 19 March 2015. 3869:Anatomical Record 3839:978-0-8014-1753-5 3356:Macaca assamensis 3125:(10): 1667–1671. 3080:(1394): 397–407. 2801:978-0-13-100847-2 2706:978-0-19-914195-1 2440:Zygiella x-notata 2364:hermatypic corals 2314:calcium carbonate 2256:sperm competition 2033:delayed gestation 1898:panda pornography 1868:artificial vagina 1824:dog-coyote hybrid 1771:hammerhead sharks 1652: 1596:coral reef fishes 1500:Cuckoldry in fish 1320:Jonathan Balcombe 1264:postpartum estrus 1098:seasonal breeding 1063:function. In the 1060:sperm competition 940:sexual dimorphism 741:sexual dimorphism 711:Apoica flavissima 675:Malurus splendens 664:and Lipton note: 604:sexual dimorphism 564: 563: 530:Multiple females 482:stimulus-response 438:cross-species sex 347: 346: 179:Prenatal hormones 11169: 11147:Animal sexuality 11126: 11125: 11087:Animal sexuality 11080:Related subjects 11035: 11028: 11021: 11012: 11011: 10998: 10997: 10960:Animal Cognition 10953:Animal Behaviour 10905:Wolfgang Wickler 10605:Animal cognition 10584: 10577: 10570: 10561: 10560: 10547: 10546: 10507:Animal sexuality 10430:Sexual selection 10169: 10162: 10155: 10146: 10145: 10112:ringtailed lemur 9971:African wild dog 9944:Sexual selection 9904:Sexual selection 9824:Sexual selection 9465:pseudocopulation 9359:Sexual selection 9336: 9329: 9322: 9313: 9312: 9280: 9271:Interspecies sex 9268: 9254: 9233: 9212: 9184: 9163: 9142: 9121: 9100: 9075: 9054: 9048: 9044: 9042: 9034: 9003: 8975: 8956: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8899: 8893: 8892: 8882: 8865:(1635): 703–11. 8850: 8844: 8843: 8799: 8793: 8792: 8774: 8749:(11): 2788–804. 8737: 8731: 8730: 8720: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8671: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8567: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8475: 8443: 8437: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8360: 8354: 8353: 8328:(6): 1315–1322. 8322:Animal Behaviour 8313: 8307: 8306: 8296: 8264: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8234: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8186: 8162: 8156: 8155: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8112: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8081:Newman, Leslie. 8078: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8049: 8017: 8011: 8010: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7939: 7933: 7932: 7914: 7905: 7899: 7898: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7806: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7653: 7647: 7646: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7573: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7511:(5): 1887–1891. 7499: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7488: 7475:Tursiops aduncus 7468: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7450:(5): 1017–1023. 7435: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7408: 7402: 7399: 7393: 7382: 7376: 7375: 7339: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7328: 7306: 7297: 7284: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7189: 7180: 7179: 7135: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7111: 7097:(3–4): 313–334. 7088: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7032: 7023: 7022: 6994: 6988: 6974: 6965: 6964: 6958: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6931: 6916: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6879:Dawkins, Richard 6875: 6869: 6868: 6844: 6838: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6728: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6641: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6614: 6604: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6555: 6545: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6496: 6486: 6454: 6448: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6368: 6362: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6285: 6279: 6278:2015; 7: a017582 6262: 6256: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6217: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6141: 6132: 6131: 6125: 6120: 6118: 6110: 6105: 6098: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6072: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6025: 6015: 6009: 6008: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5794:(Atherinidae)". 5787: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5708:. 25 July 2008. 5698: 5692: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5541: 5510: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5484: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5417: 5408: 5407: 5397: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5268: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5211: 5202:(8): 2254–2264. 5187: 5181: 5180: 5160: 5154: 5147: 5138: 5131: 5125: 5112: 5106: 5093: 5087: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5019: 5008: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4981:(1–3): 267–279. 4970: 4964: 4963: 4927: 4918: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4666: 4633: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4552: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4432: 4421:10.1037/a0028707 4400: 4394: 4393: 4382:10.1037/a0023085 4365: 4359: 4358: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4323: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4274: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4175: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4118: 4086: 4077: 4076: 4066: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4011: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3976: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3925:(4): 1051–1054. 3919:Animal Behaviour 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3899:. Archived from 3866: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3823: 3817: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3777: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3683: 3677: 3660: 3654: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3624: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3557:10.1038/256038a0 3532: 3526: 3525: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3403: 3385: 3349: 3338: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3181: 3175: 3164: 3153: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3065: 3059: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2996: 2981: 2972: 2961: 2960: 2937:Animal Behaviour 2932: 2923: 2922: 2899:Animal Behaviour 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2834: 2828: 2809: 2803: 2789: 2774: 2773: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2692:Advanced biology 2686: 2640:Sundance Channel 2618: 2613: 2612: 2563:Myodes rufocanus 2354:(unisexual) and 2243:Japanese martens 2180:Mating behaviour 2090:Bonobos mating, 1947:Tibetan macaques 1864:sexually aroused 1653: 1413:anal intercourse 1382: 1376: 1375: 1077:Seasonal breeder 926:, which release 716:red flour beetle 596:emperor penguins 517: 516: 339: 332: 325: 309: 308: 123:Non-heterosexual 36: 35: 11177: 11176: 11172: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11167: 11166: 11137: 11136: 11135: 11130: 11116: 11075: 11044: 11039: 11009: 11004: 10986: 10940: 10919: 10915:Solly Zuckerman 10855:Karl von Frisch 10840:Richard Dawkins 10825:John B. Calhoun 10810:Patrick Bateson 10798: 10732:Pain in animals 10593: 10588: 10558: 10553: 10535: 10522:Differentiation 10512:Human sexuality 10502:Plant sexuality 10488: 10384:Spermatogenesis 10328: 10321: 10184: 10178: 10173: 10143: 10138: 10117:sexual swelling 10013:European badger 9930: 9890: 9845: 9810: 9767: 9634: 9603:Sexual conflict 9544:hermaphroditism 9345: 9340: 9261: 9251: 9230: 9209: 9181: 9160: 9139: 9118: 9097: 9072: 9046: 9045: 9036: 9035: 9023: 9000: 8982: 8980:Further reading 8972: 8953: 8935: 8930: 8929: 8900: 8896: 8859:Proc. Biol. Sci 8851: 8847: 8810:(22): 4887–96. 8800: 8796: 8738: 8734: 8703:(1): 20121054. 8697:Biology Letters 8689: 8685: 8632: 8628: 8599:(5183): 271–3. 8585: 8581: 8544:Proc. Biol. Sci 8536: 8532: 8509:10.1038/nrg2664 8493: 8489: 8444: 8440: 8430:Wayback Machine 8420: 8416: 8361: 8357: 8314: 8310: 8279:(1630): 77–82. 8265: 8261: 8251: 8249: 8236: 8235: 8226: 8216: 8214: 8205: 8204: 8200: 8163: 8159: 8152: 8138: 8134: 8127: 8113: 8106: 8096: 8094: 8079: 8075: 8065: 8063: 8018: 8014: 7983: 7979: 7940: 7936: 7912: 7906: 7902: 7859: 7855: 7845: 7843: 7824: 7820: 7810: 7808: 7804: 7778: 7774: 7735: 7731: 7724: 7708: 7704: 7697: 7681: 7677: 7670: 7654: 7650: 7643: 7627: 7623: 7616: 7600: 7596: 7589: 7575: 7574: 7570: 7560: 7558: 7545: 7544: 7540: 7500: 7496: 7486: 7484: 7469: 7465: 7436: 7432: 7422: 7420: 7409: 7405: 7400: 7396: 7383: 7379: 7340: 7336: 7326: 7324: 7307: 7300: 7294:Wayback Machine 7285: 7278: 7268: 7266: 7228: 7224: 7214: 7212: 7190: 7183: 7136: 7125: 7115: 7113: 7109: 7086: 7080: 7076: 7033: 7026: 6995: 6991: 6985:Wayback Machine 6975: 6968: 6949: 6945: 6935: 6933: 6929: 6914: 6904: 6900: 6893: 6876: 6872: 6849:Mustela erminea 6845: 6841: 6835:Wayback Machine 6825: 6821: 6778: 6774: 6729: 6720: 6710: 6708: 6685: 6681: 6671: 6669: 6656: 6655: 6651: 6632: 6628: 6573: 6569: 6514: 6510: 6455: 6451: 6445:Wayback Machine 6435: 6431: 6416:10.2307/1379064 6396: 6392: 6385: 6369: 6365: 6359:Wayback Machine 6350: 6346: 6339: 6320: 6316: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6286: 6282: 6273:Wayback Machine 6263: 6259: 6253:Wayback Machine 6243: 6239: 6194:Current Biology 6186: 6182: 6142: 6135: 6123: 6121: 6112: 6111: 6103: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6075:The Independent 6065: 6061: 6051: 6049: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6016: 6012: 5977: 5973: 5963: 5961: 5946: 5942: 5935: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5870:. 23 May 2007. 5862: 5861: 5857: 5847: 5845: 5835: 5831: 5808:10.2307/2407918 5788: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5729: 5725: 5715: 5713: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5689:Wayback Machine 5676: 5672: 5649: 5645: 5614: 5610: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5525:10.2307/4085514 5508: 5502: 5498: 5461:Biology Letters 5453: 5449: 5418: 5411: 5374:Current Biology 5366: 5362: 5333: 5329: 5286: 5282: 5237: 5233: 5188: 5184: 5161: 5157: 5148: 5141: 5132: 5128: 5122:Wayback Machine 5113: 5109: 5103:Wayback Machine 5096:Streak spawning 5094: 5090: 5081: 5077: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5021: 5020: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4971: 4967: 4928: 4921: 4914:Wayback Machine 4903: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4808: 4804: 4769: 4765: 4755: 4753: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4631: 4625: 4621: 4570: 4566: 4505: 4501: 4450: 4446: 4401: 4397: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4341: 4337: 4292: 4288: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4208: 4204: 4193: 4189: 4136: 4132: 4087: 4080: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4002: 3998: 3953: 3946: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3864: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3824: 3820: 3814:Wayback Machine 3804: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3754: 3750: 3740: 3738: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3684: 3680: 3670:Wayback Machine 3661: 3657: 3641: 3637: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3580: 3579: 3572: 3543:(5512): 38–40. 3533: 3529: 3522:10.1139/z83-042 3506: 3502: 3479: 3475: 3448: 3444: 3421: 3417: 3350: 3341: 3321:Robert Sapolsky 3318: 3314: 3304: 3302: 3291: 3287: 3272:10.2307/3494746 3256: 3252: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3182: 3178: 3165: 3156: 3142: 3138: 3131:10.1139/z04-142 3115: 3111: 3066: 3062: 3041: 3037: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2979: 2973: 2964: 2933: 2926: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2860: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2810: 2806: 2790: 2777: 2765: 2763: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2614: 2607: 2604: 2596:Bufo americanus 2559:grey-sided vole 2533:kin recognition 2521:naked mole-rats 2502: 2496: 2459:human evolution 2455: 2449: 2416:courtship dance 2273: 2267: 2208: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2182: 2174:parasympathetic 2150: 2125: 2084: 2068: 2029:Mustela erminea 1989:Against Nature? 1922: 1916: 1886:rhesus macaques 1878:Viewing images: 1842:. According to 1816: 1783: 1775:blacktip sharks 1735:Parthenogenesis 1732: 1730:Parthenogenesis 1684: 1678: 1676:Sexual coercion 1644: 1642: 1636: 1566:Hermaphroditism 1563: 1545: 1543:Hermaphroditism 1502: 1476: 1464: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1393: 1369: 1363: 1300: 1280: 1260: 1231: 1199: 1182: 1169: 1130: 1079: 1073: 992: 986: 954: 948: 930:in response to 897:redlip blennies 890: 876:The anglerfish 870: 815:: amongst wild 767: 761: 701: 695: 681:Malurus cyaneus 581: 575: 569: 550:Multiple males 511:"mating system" 499: 343: 174:Neuroscientific 111:Gray asexuality 32: 25:Human sexuality 17: 12: 11: 5: 11175: 11165: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11132: 11131: 11121: 11118: 11117: 11115: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11083: 11081: 11077: 11076: 11074: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11052: 11050: 11046: 11045: 11038: 11037: 11030: 11023: 11015: 11006: 11005: 11003: 11002: 10991: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10984: 10977: 10970: 10967:Animal Welfare 10963: 10956: 10948: 10946: 10942: 10941: 10939: 10938: 10933: 10927: 10925: 10921: 10920: 10918: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10880:Desmond Morris 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10835:Marian Dawkins 10832: 10830:Charles Darwin 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10806: 10804: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10775: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10712:Human ethology 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10678: 10677: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10620:Animal culture 10617: 10612: 10607: 10601: 10599: 10595: 10594: 10587: 10586: 10579: 10572: 10564: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10551: 10540: 10537: 10536: 10534: 10533: 10532: 10531: 10530: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10504: 10498: 10496: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10486: 10485: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10458: 10457: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10426: 10425: 10420: 10410: 10409: 10408: 10403: 10393: 10392: 10391: 10386: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10350: 10349: 10344: 10333: 10331: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10303: 10302: 10297: 10287: 10282: 10281: 10280: 10275: 10268:Sex chromosome 10265: 10260: 10259: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10223: 10222: 10221: 10216: 10206: 10205: 10204: 10199: 10188: 10186: 10180: 10179: 10172: 10171: 10164: 10157: 10149: 10140: 10139: 10137: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10120: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10081: 10080: 10079: 10069: 10068: 10067: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10041: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9999: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9952: 9951: 9940: 9938: 9932: 9931: 9929: 9928: 9923: 9922: 9921: 9916: 9906: 9900: 9898: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9877: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9855: 9853: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9832: 9831: 9820: 9818: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9777: 9775: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9765: 9764: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9745: 9740: 9739: 9738: 9733: 9723: 9718: 9717: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9684: 9683: 9682: 9681: 9680: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9644: 9642: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9610: 9600: 9599: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9563: 9562: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9501: 9500: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9469: 9468: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9442: 9441: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9413:Mating systems 9410: 9409: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9383: 9382: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9361: 9355: 9353: 9347: 9346: 9339: 9338: 9331: 9324: 9316: 9310: 9309: 9304: 9298: 9291: 9286: 9274: 9260: 9259:External links 9257: 9256: 9255: 9249: 9234: 9228: 9213: 9207: 9191: 9190: 9186: 9185: 9179: 9164: 9158: 9143: 9137: 9122: 9116: 9101: 9095: 9076: 9070: 9055: 9047:|journal= 9022:978-0906545041 9021: 9004: 8998: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8971:978-0226736600 8970: 8957: 8951: 8934: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8894: 8845: 8794: 8732: 8683: 8646:(23): 2061–6. 8626: 8579: 8530: 8503:(11): 783–96. 8487: 8438: 8434:New York Times 8414: 8355: 8308: 8259: 8224: 8198: 8157: 8150: 8132: 8125: 8104: 8073: 8012: 7977: 7934: 7923:(2): 119–131. 7900: 7853: 7818: 7772: 7745:(6): 879–889. 7729: 7722: 7702: 7695: 7675: 7668: 7648: 7641: 7621: 7614: 7594: 7587: 7568: 7538: 7505:Marine Biology 7494: 7463: 7430: 7403: 7394: 7392:, pp. 127–129. 7377: 7350:(6): 355–370. 7334: 7298: 7276: 7242:(5): 523–532. 7222: 7181: 7146:(5): 853–861. 7123: 7074: 7024: 6989: 6966: 6943: 6898: 6891: 6870: 6859:(4): 363–370. 6839: 6819: 6792:(4): 333–347. 6772: 6718: 6679: 6649: 6626: 6567: 6508: 6449: 6429: 6410:(3): 637–640. 6390: 6383: 6363: 6344: 6337: 6314: 6300: 6280: 6257: 6237: 6200:(6): 543–548. 6180: 6133: 6124:|journal= 6084: 6059: 6033: 6010: 5991:(3): 649–662. 5971: 5940: 5933: 5915: 5885: 5855: 5829: 5802:(4): 772–784. 5782: 5755: 5749: 5723: 5693: 5670: 5643: 5624:(3): 280–291. 5608: 5553: 5496: 5447: 5409: 5360: 5347:(3): 330–345. 5327: 5280: 5231: 5182: 5155: 5139: 5126: 5107: 5088: 5075: 5056:(2): 239–253. 5050:Theriogenology 5040: 5009: 5000: 4965: 4919: 4897: 4883: 4863: 4837: 4818:(3): 407–422. 4802: 4783:(6): 883–888. 4763: 4712: 4698: 4678: 4656: 4619: 4564: 4499: 4464:(2): 151–153. 4444: 4415:(4): 523–529. 4395: 4376:(3): 446–451. 4360: 4354:978-0632057993 4353: 4335: 4306:(4): 435–443. 4286: 4257:(3): 694–707. 4237: 4202: 4187: 4150:(4): 614–618. 4130: 4101:(3): 403–412. 4078: 4029: 4023:978-0781760034 4022: 3996: 3967:(9): 486–498. 3944: 3909: 3852: 3838: 3818: 3798: 3789: 3768:(4): 349–367. 3748: 3730:(2): 137–195. 3724:Animal Biology 3710: 3678: 3655: 3635: 3599: 3570: 3527: 3516:(2): 317–325. 3500: 3473: 3462:(2): 141–146. 3456:Endokrinologie 3442: 3415: 3339: 3337:, pp. 140–141. 3312: 3285: 3250: 3207: 3176: 3154: 3136: 3109: 3060: 3035: 3008: 2997:on 14 May 2011 2962: 2943:(3): 843–848. 2924: 2885: 2854: 2829: 2804: 2775: 2766:|journal= 2743: 2736: 2730:. p. 17. 2712: 2705: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2631: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2616:Animals portal 2603: 2600: 2498:Main article: 2495: 2492: 2457:Research into 2451:Main article: 2448: 2445: 2427:plugs of mucus 2372:hermaphroditic 2356:hermaphroditic 2305:hermaphrodites 2266: 2263: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2181: 2178: 2149: 2146: 2124: 2121: 2083: 2080: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2018: 2012: 1993: 1992: 1978: 1932: 1918:Main article: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1901: 1882:Macaca mulatta 1875: 1857: 1847: 1815: 1812: 1808:hybridogenesis 1782: 1779: 1731: 1728: 1680:Main article: 1677: 1674: 1638:Main article: 1635: 1632: 1544: 1541: 1521:sneak spawners 1475: 1472: 1460:Main article: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1392: 1389: 1365:Main article: 1362: 1359: 1349:female mammals 1299: 1296: 1279: 1276: 1259: 1256: 1230: 1227: 1198: 1195: 1188:dwellers, the 1181: 1178: 1174:Rana clamitans 1168: 1165: 1129: 1126: 1075:Main article: 1072: 1069: 988:Main article: 985: 982: 950:Main article: 947: 944: 907:are observed. 886:Main article: 869: 866: 853: 852: 833: 824: 806: 795:hippopotamuses 763:Main article: 760: 757: 694: 691: 571:Main article: 568: 565: 562: 561: 556: 551: 547: 546: 541: 536: 532: 531: 528: 527:Single female 525: 522: 521: 498: 497:Mating systems 495: 394:reproductively 345: 344: 342: 341: 334: 327: 319: 316: 315: 314: 313: 300: 299: 298: 297: 292: 287: 282: 274: 273: 272:Related topics 269: 268: 267: 266: 265: 264: 254: 249: 241: 240: 236: 235: 234: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 182: 181: 176: 171: 166: 153: 152: 148: 147: 146: 145: 140: 135: 133:Plurisexuality 130: 125: 120: 119: 118: 108: 103: 98: 90: 89: 85: 84: 83: 82: 77: 72: 67: 59: 58: 54: 53: 43: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11174: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11129: 11119: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11097:Sexual ethics 11095: 11093: 11092:Hani Miletski 11090: 11088: 11085: 11084: 11082: 11078: 11072: 11071:Ophidiophilia 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11056:Formicophilia 11054: 11053: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11036: 11031: 11029: 11024: 11022: 11017: 11016: 11013: 11001: 10993: 10992: 10989: 10983: 10982: 10978: 10976: 10975: 10971: 10969: 10968: 10964: 10962: 10961: 10957: 10955: 10954: 10950: 10949: 10947: 10943: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10928: 10926: 10922: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10885:Thomas Sebeok 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10875:Konrad Lorenz 10873: 10871: 10870:Julian Huxley 10868: 10866: 10865:Heini Hediger 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10801: 10795: 10794:Zoomusicology 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10754: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10727:Neuroethology 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10676: 10673: 10672: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10635:Anthrozoology 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10602: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10585: 10580: 10578: 10573: 10571: 10566: 10565: 10562: 10550: 10542: 10541: 10538: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10513: 10510: 10509: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10495: 10491: 10483: 10482:Pelvic thrust 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10456: 10453: 10452: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10414: 10413:Fertilization 10411: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10398: 10397: 10394: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10381: 10380: 10379:Gametogenesis 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10339: 10338: 10335: 10334: 10332: 10330: 10324: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10312:parasexuality 10310: 10308: 10305: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10292: 10291: 10290:Hermaphrodite 10288: 10286: 10283: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10270: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10257: 10256:Haplodiploidy 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10227: 10224: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10207: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10193: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10181: 10177: 10170: 10165: 10163: 10158: 10156: 10151: 10150: 10147: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10078: 10075: 10074: 10073: 10070: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10055:Spotted hyena 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9968: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9933: 9927: 9924: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9911: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9897: 9893: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9861: 9860: 9857: 9856: 9854: 9852: 9848: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9830: 9827: 9826: 9825: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9817: 9813: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9770: 9762: 9761:penis fencing 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9731:apophallation 9729: 9728: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9701: 9700: 9697: 9693: 9690: 9689: 9688: 9685: 9679: 9676: 9675: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9649: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9640:Invertebrates 9637: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9605: 9604: 9601: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9567: 9564: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9539:opportunistic 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9505: 9502: 9498: 9497:penile spines 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9473: 9472:Fertilisation 9470: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9460:Pelvic thrust 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9446: 9443: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9428:mate guarding 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9414: 9411: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9384: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9366: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9356: 9354: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9337: 9332: 9330: 9325: 9323: 9318: 9317: 9314: 9308: 9305: 9303:World Science 9302: 9299: 9296: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9284: 9279: 9275: 9272: 9267: 9263: 9262: 9252: 9246: 9242: 9241: 9235: 9231: 9225: 9221: 9220: 9214: 9210: 9204: 9200: 9199: 9193: 9192: 9188: 9187: 9182: 9176: 9172: 9171: 9165: 9161: 9155: 9151: 9150: 9144: 9140: 9134: 9130: 9129: 9123: 9119: 9113: 9109: 9108: 9102: 9098: 9092: 9088: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9063: 9062: 9056: 9052: 9040: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9005: 9001: 8995: 8991: 8990: 8984: 8983: 8973: 8967: 8963: 8958: 8954: 8948: 8944: 8943: 8937: 8936: 8922: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8898: 8890: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8849: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8798: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8736: 8728: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8687: 8679: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8630: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8583: 8575: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8534: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8491: 8483: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8458:(1): 145–56. 8457: 8453: 8452:Mol Biol Evol 8449: 8442: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8424: 8418: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8359: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8312: 8304: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8263: 8247: 8243: 8242:The Economist 8239: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8212: 8208: 8202: 8194: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8161: 8153: 8147: 8143: 8136: 8128: 8122: 8118: 8111: 8109: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8077: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8016: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7938: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7911: 7904: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7857: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7822: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7733: 7725: 7719: 7716:. UBC Press. 7715: 7714: 7706: 7698: 7692: 7688: 7687: 7679: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7660: 7652: 7644: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7625: 7617: 7611: 7607: 7606: 7598: 7590: 7584: 7580: 7579: 7572: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7542: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7498: 7482: 7478: 7476: 7467: 7458: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7434: 7418: 7414: 7407: 7398: 7391: 7390:0-7167-3210-6 7387: 7381: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7338: 7322: 7318: 7317: 7316:The Telegraph 7312: 7305: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7283: 7281: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7226: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7188: 7186: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7031: 7029: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6973: 6971: 6962: 6957: 6956: 6947: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6913: 6911: 6910:Rhinella jimi 6902: 6894: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6843: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6823: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6776: 6769: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6735: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6692: 6683: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6653: 6645: 6640: 6639: 6630: 6622: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6587:(10): e7595. 6586: 6582: 6578: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6528:(9): e13060. 6527: 6523: 6519: 6512: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6469:(10): e7595. 6468: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6442: 6439: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6386: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6367: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6348: 6340: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6318: 6303: 6297: 6293: 6292: 6284: 6277: 6274: 6270: 6267: 6261: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6241: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6140: 6138: 6129: 6116: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6071: 6063: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6029: 6024: 6023: 6014: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5944: 5936: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5750:9780124366435 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5519:(1): 188–90. 5518: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5416: 5414: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5355: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5171:(255): 1–26. 5170: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5146: 5144: 5136: 5130: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5115:Spawning rush 5111: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5092: 5085: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4926: 4924: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4901: 4886: 4884:9781844072545 4880: 4877:. Earthscan. 4876: 4875: 4867: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4701: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4682: 4663: 4659: 4657:9780125321044 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4216:Science Watch 4213: 4206: 4198: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4083: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4025: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4009: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3949: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3856: 3841: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3822: 3815: 3811: 3808: 3802: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3690: 3682: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3664: 3659: 3653: 3652:0-435-62157-2 3649: 3645: 3639: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3575: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3483:Mammal Review 3477: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3368:(8): e23105. 3367: 3363: 3359: 3357: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3335:0-7167-3210-6 3332: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3316: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3057: 3056:0-19-854860-5 3053: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3012: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2931: 2929: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2826: 2825:0-19-850503-5 2822: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2771: 2758: 2747: 2739: 2737:9788131721339 2733: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2716: 2708: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2606: 2599: 2597: 2594:is possible, 2593: 2589: 2585: 2582:, as do many 2581: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2483:X chromosomes 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2444: 2442: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2368:gonochoristic 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2352:gonochoristic 2349: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2332:Penis fencing 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2293: 2286: 2282: 2281:garden snails 2277: 2272: 2265:Invertebrates 2262: 2259: 2257: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2228:pelvic thrust 2225: 2221: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2203: 2187: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2154:spotted hyena 2145: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2088: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1981:Homosexuality 1979: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1850:Prostitution: 1848: 1845: 1844:Alfred Kinsey 1841: 1837: 1833: 1832:Interbreeding 1830: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1641: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1554: 1549: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1471: 1469: 1463: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1388: 1386: 1381: 1368: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1339: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1314:(and perhaps 1313: 1309: 1305: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1243:montane voles 1240: 1236: 1235:prairie voles 1226: 1224: 1220: 1219:noradrenaline 1216: 1215:melanocortins 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203:neurohormones 1194: 1191: 1187: 1177: 1175: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1153:penile spines 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1068: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052:penis fencing 1049: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1025:parental care 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1001: 996: 991: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 958: 953: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 889: 881: 880: 874: 865: 861: 858: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 832: 828: 825: 822: 818: 814: 810: 807: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 783: 782: 779: 775: 771: 766: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 733: 731: 730: 725: 721: 717: 713: 712: 706: 700: 690: 685: 683: 682: 677: 676: 671: 665: 661: 659: 655: 650: 648: 644: 638: 633: 628: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 580: 574: 560: 557: 555: 552: 549: 548: 545: 542: 540: 537: 534: 533: 529: 526: 524: 523: 518: 515: 512: 508: 504: 494: 491: 487: 483: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 459: 454: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 374: 367: 363: 359: 351: 340: 335: 333: 328: 326: 321: 320: 318: 317: 312: 304: 303: 302: 301: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 277: 276: 275: 271: 270: 263: 260: 259: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 244: 243: 242: 238: 237: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 216:Queer studies 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 161: 160: 157: 156: 155: 154: 150: 149: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 117: 116:Demisexuality 114: 113: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 96:Allosexuality 94: 93: 92: 91: 88:Related terms 87: 86: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 62: 61: 60: 56: 55: 49: 45: 44: 41: 38: 37: 34: 30: 26: 22: 11086: 10979: 10972: 10965: 10958: 10951: 10910:E. O. Wilson 10860:Jane Goodall 10820:Donald Broom 10789:Zoosemiotics 10742:Sociobiology 10624: 10506: 10401:spermatozoon 10329:reproduction 10278:Y chromosome 10273:X chromosome 10219:Virilization 10214:Feminization 10102:olive baboon 10050:Hippopotamus 10038:domestic cat 9986:domestic dog 9914:golden eagle 9881:Crocodilians 9529:polygynandry 9450:cloacal kiss 9350: 9342: 9239: 9218: 9197: 9169: 9148: 9127: 9110:. Elsevier. 9106: 9085: 9060: 9012: 8992:. Springer. 8988: 8961: 8941: 8933:Bibliography 8911: 8907: 8897: 8862: 8858: 8848: 8807: 8803: 8797: 8746: 8742: 8735: 8700: 8696: 8686: 8643: 8639: 8629: 8596: 8592: 8587:Jiménez JA, 8582: 8547: 8543: 8533: 8500: 8496: 8490: 8455: 8451: 8441: 8433: 8417: 8368: 8364: 8358: 8325: 8321: 8311: 8276: 8272: 8262: 8250:. Retrieved 8241: 8215:. Retrieved 8201: 8174: 8170: 8160: 8141: 8135: 8116: 8095:. Retrieved 8076: 8064:. Retrieved 8029: 8025: 8015: 7990: 7986: 7980: 7950:(2): 122–7. 7947: 7943: 7937: 7920: 7916: 7903: 7873:(1): 51–60. 7870: 7866: 7856: 7844:. Retrieved 7838:(1): 67–74. 7835: 7831: 7821: 7809:. Retrieved 7792:(1): 67–76. 7789: 7785: 7775: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7712: 7705: 7685: 7678: 7658: 7651: 7631: 7624: 7604: 7597: 7577: 7571: 7559:. Retrieved 7555:the original 7550: 7541: 7508: 7504: 7497: 7485:. Retrieved 7474: 7466: 7447: 7443: 7433: 7421:. Retrieved 7406: 7397: 7380: 7347: 7343: 7337: 7325:. Retrieved 7321:the original 7314: 7267:. Retrieved 7239: 7235: 7225: 7213:. Retrieved 7201: 7197: 7143: 7139: 7114:. Retrieved 7094: 7090: 7077: 7044: 7040: 7037:Pan paniscus 7036: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6954: 6946: 6934:. Retrieved 6922: 6918: 6909: 6901: 6882: 6873: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6822: 6789: 6785: 6782:Pan paniscus 6781: 6775: 6766: 6738: 6732: 6709:. Retrieved 6700: 6696: 6690: 6682: 6670:. Retrieved 6661: 6652: 6637: 6629: 6584: 6580: 6570: 6525: 6521: 6511: 6466: 6462: 6452: 6432: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6373: 6366: 6347: 6327: 6317: 6305:. Retrieved 6290: 6283: 6275: 6260: 6240: 6197: 6193: 6183: 6153:(1): 31–62. 6150: 6146: 6115:cite journal 6107: 6101:the original 6087: 6074: 6062: 6050:. Retrieved 6036: 6021: 6013: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5974: 5962:. Retrieved 5953: 5943: 5924: 5918: 5906:. Retrieved 5888: 5876:. Retrieved 5867: 5858: 5846:. Retrieved 5842: 5832: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5773:. Retrieved 5758: 5732: 5726: 5714:. Retrieved 5705: 5696: 5679: 5673: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5544:. Retrieved 5516: 5512: 5499: 5464: 5460: 5450: 5425: 5421: 5377: 5373: 5363: 5344: 5340: 5330: 5300:(1): 23–31. 5297: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5150: 5134: 5129: 5110: 5091: 5078: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5031:. Retrieved 5003: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4938:(1): 15–35. 4935: 4931: 4905: 4900: 4888:. Retrieved 4873: 4866: 4854:. Retrieved 4840: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4780: 4776: 4766: 4754:. Retrieved 4729: 4725: 4715: 4703:. Retrieved 4688: 4681: 4669:. Retrieved 4639: 4635: 4622: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4519:(1): 13611. 4516: 4512: 4502: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4412: 4408: 4398: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4344: 4338: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4228:. Retrieved 4219: 4215: 4205: 4196: 4190: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4098: 4094: 4046: 4043:Neuroscience 4042: 4032: 4007: 3999: 3964: 3960: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3901:the original 3875:(1): 71–78. 3872: 3868: 3855: 3845:27 September 3843:. Retrieved 3828: 3821: 3801: 3792: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3739:. Retrieved 3727: 3723: 3713: 3701:. Retrieved 3692: 3688: 3681: 3673: 3658: 3643: 3638: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3590:. Retrieved 3586:the original 3540: 3536: 3530: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3324: 3315: 3303:. Retrieved 3288: 3266:(1): 78–84. 3263: 3259: 3253: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3198:. Retrieved 3189: 3179: 3139: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3043: 3038: 3021: 3017: 3011: 2999:. Retrieved 2992:the original 2987: 2983: 2940: 2936: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2876:. Retrieved 2867: 2857: 2845:. Retrieved 2841: 2832: 2816: 2807: 2792: 2757:cite journal 2746: 2722: 2715: 2691: 2684: 2633: 2595: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2562: 2556: 2545: 2526: 2518: 2503: 2456: 2438: 2436: 2424: 2409: 2350:can be both 2346: 2339: 2330: 2302: 2260: 2253: 2246: 2232: 2216: 2209: 2162:pseudo-penis 2151: 2142: 2126: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2096: 2069: 2028: 1939:autofellatio 1929:Masturbation 1923: 1903: 1881: 1877: 1859: 1854:prostitution 1849: 1831: 1789: 1786:Unisexuality 1784: 1781:Unisexuality 1768: 1759: 1753: 1749:evolutionary 1739: 1733: 1724: 1708: 1697: 1692:muscovy duck 1658: 1604:parrotfishes 1581: 1579: 1564: 1528: 1520: 1503: 1491: 1465: 1440: 1435: 1426: 1410: 1394: 1370: 1341: 1332: 1301: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1273: 1261: 1252: 1232: 1200: 1183: 1173: 1170: 1146: 1131: 1095: 1086:Brain corals 1056:banana slugs 1041: 1005: 957:Polygynandry 955: 952:Polygynandry 946:Polygynandry 912:anglerfishes 909: 891: 877: 862: 854: 849:Bruce effect 785:competitive 768: 734: 727: 719: 709: 702: 687: 679: 673: 667: 662: 651: 645:, fish, and 639: 635: 630: 582: 559:Polygynandry 535:Single male 503:sociobiology 500: 479: 456: 452: 450: 381: 380: 280:Aromanticism 246: 206:Kinsey scale 186:Demographics 128:Pansexuality 75:Heterosexual 33: 11102:Sexual norm 10850:Dian Fossey 10815:Marc Bekoff 10803:Ethologists 9841:Salamanders 9721:Echinoderms 9704:sea anemone 9687:Cephalopods 9591:cannibalism 9514:promiscuity 9433:mating plug 9423:mating call 9418:mate choice 7993:: 183–189. 7423:18 February 7269:18 November 7215:18 November 7204:: 195–223. 7116:18 November 7047:(1): 1–21. 7005:(1): 1–19. 6853:Zoo Biology 6741:(3): 82–8. 6711:24 February 6400:Canis lupus 5964:11 November 5898:Metro.co.uk 5878:23 December 5848:13 February 5775:13 February 5467:(1): 23–5. 5428:: 225–251. 5033:19 February 4049:: 122–133. 3741:18 November 3703:13 February 3592:18 November 3431:: 256–273. 3305:10 November 3200:14 February 3048:pp. 323–343 3024:: 365–396. 2635:Green Porno 2570:Parus major 2309:land snails 2191:Vertebrates 2186:Mating call 2170:sympathetic 2152:The female 2053:Bisexuality 2047:Necrophilia 1943:brown bears 1700:herbivorous 1616:protogynous 1571:gonochorism 1494:strategies. 1482:Small male 1367:Koinophilia 1361:Koinophilia 1223:Vasopressin 1157:cat's penis 1110:sea urchins 1071:Seasonality 970:forage fish 962:chimpanzees 813:miscarriage 797:, and some 787:infanticide 745:chimpanzees 724:Lepidoptera 670:fairy-wrens 509:, the term 475:competition 414:promiscuity 191:Environment 164:Birth order 11141:Categories 10752:Structures 10747:Stereotypy 10462:Copulation 10183:Biological 9816:Amphibians 9796:Salmon run 9726:Gastropods 9648:Arthropods 9613:intralocus 9608:interlocus 9586:bimaturism 9445:Copulation 9438:lek mating 9283:Mammal sex 8772:2263/19269 8640:Curr. Biol 7561:4 December 7551:Factsheets 7487:19 October 6936:5 February 6925:(2): 365. 6672:19 October 6307:9 February 6077:. London. 5983:complex". 5908:10 October 4890:26 October 4856:26 October 4732:(3): 212. 4230:4 November 3172:0805071369 3150:0521819733 2676:References 2584:amphibians 2541:haplotypes 2510:homozygous 2463:speciation 2412:pheromones 2405:speciation 2338:, such as 2297:star coral 2269:See also: 2184:See also: 1985:great apes 1804:tetraploid 1756:silverside 1666:gastropods 1588:switch sex 1583:sequential 1559:See also: 1529:jack males 1498:See also: 1486:sunfishes 1468:sex organs 1456:Copulation 1247:polygamous 1239:monogamous 1197:Motivation 1186:coral reef 1184:Like many 1167:Amphibians 1088:typically 1048:planarians 1044:earthworms 1033:sea horses 1000:grey slugs 972:, such as 809:harassment 697:See also: 612:biologists 608:Zoologists 577:See also: 486:masturbate 458:copulation 211:Klein Grid 169:Epigenetic 159:Biological 106:Bi-curious 80:Homosexual 11112:Zoosadism 11049:Zoophilia 11042:Zoophilia 10981:Behaviour 10924:Societies 10762:Honeycomb 10517:Mechanics 10494:Sexuality 10389:Oogenesis 10364:Sex organ 10354:Germ cell 10342:Anisogamy 10083:Primates 10072:Pinnipeds 10060:Marsupial 9991:gray wolf 9751:earthworm 9736:love dart 9709:jellyfish 9678:butterfly 9571:anisogamy 9559:synchrony 9549:cuckoldry 9519:polyandry 9369:evolution 9081:Thewissen 9049:ignored ( 9039:cite book 8914:: 18–30. 8804:Mol. Ecol 8743:Mol. Ecol 8589:Hughes KA 8393:0028-0836 8342:0003-3472 8097:24 August 8066:24 August 7811:27 August 7471:Diaz, K. 7160:0004-0002 7091:Behaviour 7061:0164-0291 6703:: 15–18. 5796:Evolution 5638:0005-7959 5618:Behaviour 5196:Evolution 4832:145746882 4671:13 August 4642:: 3–137. 4614:248089550 4598:0168-0102 4584:: 74–78. 4541:2045-2322 4494:207152048 4478:0168-0102 4222:(3): 40. 3425:Behaviour 3392:1932-6203 2905:: 11–27. 2878:26 August 2847:26 August 2479:gene pool 2390:called a 2362:. 25% of 2322:love dart 2285:love dart 2279:Courting 2218:Rhabdomys 2071:Seahorses 1973:. In the 1745:ovulation 1717:. Female 1704:dominates 1662:amphipods 1624:clownfish 1620:protandry 1592:protogyny 1517:polyandry 1509:cuckoldry 1474:Cuckoldry 1421:dominance 1267:oxytocin 1190:clownfish 1065:grey slug 1009:anisogamy 920:atrophies 905:polyandry 893:Polyandry 868:Polyandry 827:Pheromone 703:The term 554:Polyandry 448:, etc.). 406:polyandry 388:. Common 11152:Ethology 11128:Category 11000:Category 10945:Journals 10772:Instinct 10722:Learning 10717:Instinct 10692:Ethogram 10675:Grooming 10598:Branches 10591:Ethology 10549:Category 10527:Activity 10423:Internal 10418:External 10307:Intersex 10107:mandrill 10065:kangaroo 10008:Elephant 9919:seabirds 9851:Reptiles 9801:Seahorse 9699:Cnidaria 9663:scorpion 9596:coercion 9554:seasonal 9524:polygyny 9509:monogamy 9482:external 9477:internal 9201:. CABI. 8908:Am. 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