Lion - Knowledge

1284: 2741: 1762:, where the cats have better access to water, prey and shelter (via vegetation). The area occupied by a pride is called a "pride area" whereas that occupied by a nomad is a "range". Males associated with a pride patrol the fringes. Both males and females defend the pride against intruders, but the male lion is better-suited for this purpose due to its stockier, more powerful build. Some individuals consistently lead the defense against intruders, while others lag behind. Lions tend to assume specific roles in the pride; slower-moving individuals may provide other valuable services to the group. Alternatively, there may be rewards associated with being a leader that fends off intruders; the rank of lionesses in the pride is reflected in these responses. The male or males associated with the pride must defend their relationship with the pride from outside males who may attempt to usurp them. 123: 2239: 1784: 1995: 2137:, perhaps because females do not become fertile and receptive until their cubs mature or die. Females often fiercely defend their cubs from a usurping male but are rarely successful unless a group of three or four mothers within a pride join forces against the male. Cubs also die from starvation and abandonment, and predation by leopards, hyenas and wild dogs. Male cubs are excluded from their maternal pride when they reach maturity at around two or three years of age, while some females may leave when they reach the age of two. When a new male lion takes over a pride, adolescents both male and female may be evicted. 2016:, lions subsist largely on kills stolen from hyenas, causing them to increase their kill rate. In Botswana's Chobe National Park, the situation is reversed as hyenas there frequently challenge lions and steal their kills, obtaining food from 63% of all lion kills. When confronted on a kill, hyenas may either leave or wait patiently at a distance of 30–100 m (98–328 ft) until the lions have finished. Hyenas may feed alongside lions and force them off a kill. The two species attack one another even when there is no food involved for no apparent reason. Lions can account for up to 71% of hyena deaths in 1692: 404: 17558: 9607: 1706: 2067: 1412: 3005: 2598: 1801: 1959:

leftovers. Large kills are shared more widely among pride members. An adult lioness requires an average of about 5 kg (11 lb) of meat per day while males require about 7 kg (15 lb). Lions gorge themselves and eat up to 30 kg (66 lb) in one session. If it is unable to consume all of the kill, it rests for a few hours before continuing to eat. On hot days, the pride retreats to shade with one or two males standing guard. Lions defend their kills from scavengers such as vultures and hyenas.

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lion cubs lack confidence when confronted with adults other than their mother. They soon begin to immerse themselves in the pride life, however, playing among themselves or attempting to initiate play with the adults. Lionesses with cubs of their own are more likely to be tolerant of another lioness's cubs than lionesses without cubs. Male tolerance of the cubs varies—one male could patiently let the cubs play with his tail or his mane, while another may snarl and bat the cubs away.

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prey fleeing from other lionesses. Males attached to prides do not usually participate in group hunting. Some evidence suggests, however, that males are just as successful as females; they are typically solo hunters who ambush prey in small bushland. They may join in the hunting of large, slower-moving prey like buffalo; and even hunt them on their own. Moderately-sized hunting groups generally have higher success rates than lone females and larger groups.

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competitors by hunting at different times and habitats. Leopards, by contrast, do not appear to be motivated by an avoidance of lions, as they use heavy vegetation regardless of whether lions are present in an area and both cats are active around the same time of day. In addition, there is no evidence that lions effect leopard abundance. Leopards take refuge in trees, though lionesses occasionally attempt to climb up and retrieve their kills.

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are born blind, their eyes opening around seven days after birth. They weigh 1.2–2.1 kg (2.6–4.6 lb) at birth and are almost helpless, beginning to crawl a day or two after birth and walking around three weeks of age. To avoid a buildup of scent attracting the attention of predators, the lioness moves her cubs to a new den site several times a month, carrying them one-by-one by the nape of the neck.

11490: 1304:, which fade as the cub reaches adulthood, although faint spots may still be seen on the legs and underparts. The tail of all lions ends in a dark, hairy tuft that, in some lions, conceals an approximately 5 mm (0.20 in)-long, hard "spine" or "spur" that is formed from the final, fused sections of tail bone. The functions of the spur are unknown. The tuft is absent at birth and develops at around 1270: 4495: 2377:

their numbers are rapidly decreasing, and fell by an estimated 30–50% in the late half of the 20th century. Primary causes of the decline include disease and human interference. In 1975, it was estimated that since the 1950s, lion numbers had decreased by half to 200,000 or fewer. Estimates of the African lion population range between 16,500 and 47,000 living in the wild in 2002–2004.

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decay, is not favoured by all researchers; an analysis of teeth and jaws of man-eating lions in museum collections suggests that while tooth decay may explain some incidents, prey depletion in human-dominated areas is a more likely cause of lion predation on humans. Sick or injured animals may be more prone to man-eating but the behaviour is not unusual, nor necessarily aberrant.

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and 52,000 years ago. Due to the expansion of the Sahara between 83,100 and 26,600 years ago, lion populations in West and North Africa became separated. As the rainforest decreased and thus gave rise to more open habitats, lions moved from West to Central Africa. Lions from North Africa dispersed to southern Europe and Asia between 38,800 and 8,300 years ago.

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equal chance of survival, and sucklings are not dominated by older cubs. Weaning occurs after six or seven months. Male lions reach maturity at about three years of age and at four to five years are capable of challenging and displacing adult males associated with another pride. They begin to age and weaken at between 10 and 15 years of age at the latest.

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48–59 km/h (30–37 mph) and need to be close to their prey before starting the attack. One study in 2018 recorded a lion running at a top speed of 74.1 km/h (46.0 mph). They take advantage of factors that reduce visibility; many kills take place near some form of cover or at night. The lion accelerates at the start of the chase by 9.5

2677:; although his designs were popular, the use of bars and caged enclosures prevailed in many zoos until the 1960s. In the late 20th century, larger, more natural enclosures and the use of wire mesh or laminated glass instead of lowered dens allowed visitors to come closer than ever to the animals; some attractions such as the Cat Forest/Lion Overlook of 2331:, meowing and roaring. Other sounds produced include purring, puffing, bleating and humming. Roaring is used to advertise its presence. Lions most often roar at night, a sound that can be heard from a distance of 8 kilometres (5 mi). They tend to roar in a very characteristic manner starting with a few deep, long roars that subside into grunts. 1455:

consistently interact with multiple males at once. Another hypothesis suggests that the mane also serves to protect the neck in fights, but this is disputed. During fights, including those involving maneless females and adolescents, the neck is not targeted as much as the face, back, and hindquarters. Injured lions also begin to lose their manes.

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acts as the central display of circus shows and entered public consciousness in the early 20th century with cinema. In demonstrating the superiority of human over animal, lion taming served a purpose similar to animal fights of previous centuries. The ultimate proof of a tamer's dominance and control

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Pride lionesses often synchronise their reproductive cycles and communal rearing and suckling of the young, which suckle indiscriminately from any or all of the nursing females in the pride. The synchronisation of births is advantageous because the cubs grow to being roughly the same size and have an

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of males to females. Males with darker manes appear to have greater reproductive success and are more likely to remain in a pride for longer. They have longer and thicker hair and higher testosterone levels, but they are also more vulnerable to heat stress. Unlike in other felid species, female lions

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Manuel, M. d.; Barnett, R.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M-S. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten,

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Lions may live 12–17 years in the wild. Although adult lions have no natural predators, evidence suggests most die violently from attacks by humans or other lions. Lions often inflict serious injuries on members of other prides they encounter in territorial disputes or members of the home pride when

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Usually, the mother does not integrate herself and her cubs back into the pride until the cubs are six to eight weeks old. Sometimes the introduction to pride life occurs earlier, particularly if other lionesses have given birth at about the same time. When first introduced to the rest of the pride,

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up to around 15 years old in exceptional cases, with the victims being calves, juveniles, and even subadults. In typical hunts, each lioness has a favoured position in the group, either stalking prey on the "wing", then attacking, or moving a smaller distance in the centre of the group and capturing

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The male lion's mane is the most recognisable feature of the species. It may have evolved around 320,000–190,000 years ago. It grows downwards and backwards, covering most of the head, neck, shoulders, and chest. The mane is typically brownish and tinged with yellow, rust, and black hairs. It starts

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and started to diverge in sub-Saharan Africa during the Late Pleistocene. Lion populations in East and Southern Africa became separated from populations in West and North Africa when the equatorial rainforest expanded 183,500 to 81,800 years ago. They shared a common ancestor probably between 98,000

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were taken by lions over nine months during the construction of a bridge in Kenya. The hunter who killed the lions wrote a book detailing the animals' predatory behaviour; they were larger than normal and lacked manes, and one seemed to suffer from tooth decay. The infirmity theory, including tooth

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Lions are part of a group of exotic animals that have been central to zoo exhibits since the late 18th century. Although many modern zoos are more selective about their exhibits, there are more than 1,000 African and 100 Asiatic lions in zoos and wildlife parks around the world. They are considered

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Several large and well-managed protected areas in Africa host large lion populations. Where an infrastructure for wildlife tourism has been developed, cash revenue for park management and local communities is a strong incentive for lion conservation. Most lions now live in East and Southern Africa;

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days; the female gives birth to a litter of between one and four cubs in a secluded den, which may be a thicket, a reed-bed, a cave, or some other sheltered area, usually away from the pride. She will often hunt alone while the cubs are still helpless, staying relatively close to the den. Lion cubs

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Bertola, L. D.; Van Hooft, W. F.; Vrieling, K.; Uit De Weerd, D. R.; York, D. S.; Bauer, H.; Prins, H. H. T.; Funston, P. J.; Udo De Haes, H. A.; Leirs, H.; Van Haeringen, W. A.; Sogbohossou, E.; Tumenta, P. N. & De Iongh, H. H. (2011). "Genetic diversity, evolutionary history and implications

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Manuel, M. d.; Ross, B.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M.-H. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten,

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Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.;

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Lion hunting has occurred since ancient times and was often a royal tradition, intended to demonstrate the power of the king over nature. Such hunts took place in a reserved area in front of an audience. The monarch was accompanied by his men and controls were put in place to increase their safety

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among primates. Head rubbing, nuzzling the forehead, face and neck against another lion appears to be a form of greeting and is seen often after an animal has been apart from others or after a fight or confrontation. Males tend to rub other males, while cubs and females rub females. Social licking

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when the opportunity arises, scavenging animals dead from natural causes such as disease or those that were killed by other predators. Scavenging lions keep a constant lookout for circling vultures, which indicate the death or distress of an animal. Most carrion on which both hyenas and lions feed

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accelerate by 5 m/s², 5.6 m/s² and 4.5 m/s², respectively; acceleration appears to be more important than steady displacement speed in lion hunts. The lion's attack is short and powerful; it attempts to catch prey with a fast rush and final leap, usually pulls it down by the rump, and kills with a

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Young lions first display stalking behaviour at around three months of age, although they do not participate in hunting until they are almost a year old and begin to hunt effectively when nearing the age of two. Single lions are capable of bringing down zebra and wildebeest, while larger prey like

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for the Asiatic lion to increase its chances of survival. In 1987, it was found that most lions in North American zoos were hybrids between African and Asiatic lions. Breeding programs need to note origins of the participating animals to avoid cross-breeding different subspecies and thus reducing

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revealed that nomadic coalitions gain residency at between 3.5 and 7.3 years of age. In Kruger National Park, dispersing male lions move more than 25 km (16 mi) away from their natal pride in search of their own territory. Female lions stay closer to their natal pride. Therefore, female

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In 2005, Lion Conservation Strategies were developed for West and Central Africa, and or East and Southern Africa. The strategies seek to maintain suitable habitat, ensure a sufficient wild prey base for lions, reduce factors that lead to further fragmentation of populations, and make lion–human

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occupy a similar ecological niche and compete for prey and carrion; a review of data across several studies indicates a dietary overlap of 58.6%. Lions typically ignore hyenas unless they are on a kill or are being harassed, while the latter tend to visibly react to the presence of lions with or

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The lion is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture. It has been extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings, on national flags, and in contemporary films and literature. It is considered to be the monarch of the beasts; symbolizing power, royalty and protection.

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was considered a lion stronghold in the 1990s. By 2014, no lions were recorded in the protected area so the population is considered locally extinct. The West African lion population is isolated from the one in Central Africa, with little or no exchange of breeding individuals. In 2015, it was

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and leopards, steal their kills and kill their cubs and even adults when given the chance. Cheetahs often lose their kills to lions or other predators. A study in the Serengeti ecosystem revealed that lions killed at least 17 of 125 cheetah cubs born between 1987 and 1990. Cheetahs avoid their

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Lions typically consume prey at the location of the hunt but sometimes drag large prey into cover. They tend to squabble over kills, particularly the males. Cubs suffer most when food is scarce but otherwise all pride members eat their fill, including old and crippled lions, which can live on

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Asiatic lion prides differ in group composition. Male Asiatic lions are solitary or associate with up to three males, forming a loose pride while females associate with up to 12 other females, forming a stronger pride together with their cubs. Female and male lions associate only when mating.

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near the Mozambican border. While the expansion of villages into bush country is one concern, the authors argue conservation policy must mitigate the danger because in this case, conservation contributes directly to human deaths. Cases in Lindi in which lions seize humans from the centres of

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Lions are not particularly known for their stamina. For instance, a lioness's heart comprises only 0.57% of her body weight and a male's is about 0.45% of his body weight, whereas a hyena's heart comprises almost 1% of its body weight. Thus, lions run quickly only in short bursts at about

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Nomadic lions range widely and move around sporadically, either in pairs or alone. Pairs are more frequent among related males. A lion may switch lifestyles; nomads can become residents and vice versa. Interactions between prides and nomads tend to be hostile, although pride females in

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Salis, Alexander T.; Bray, Sarah C. E.; Lee, Michael S. Y.; Heiniger, Holly; Barnett, Ross; Burns, James A.; Doronichev, Vladimir; Fedje, Daryl; Golovanova, Liubov; Harington, C. Richard; Hockett, Bryan; Kosintsev, Pavel; Lai, Xulong; Mackie, Quentin; Vasiliev, Sergei (December 2022).

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in lion samples from East and Southern Africa, which indicates that this group has a longer evolutionary history than genetically less diverse lion samples from Asia and West and Central Africa. A whole genome-wide sequence of lion samples showed that samples from West Africa shared

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often occurs in tandem with head rubbing; it is generally mutual and the recipient appears to express pleasure. The head and neck are the most common parts of the body licked; this behaviour may have arisen out of utility because lions cannot lick these areas themselves.

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According to Robert R. Frump, Mozambican refugees regularly crossing Kruger National Park, South Africa, at night are attacked and eaten by lions; park officials have said man-eating is a problem there. Frump said thousands may have been killed in the decades after

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with samples from Southern Africa, and samples from Central Africa shared alleles with samples from Asia. This phenomenon indicates that Central Africa was a melting pot of lion populations after they had become isolated, possibly migrating through corridors in the

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has been systematically examined. American and Tanzanian scientists report that man-eating behaviour in rural areas of Tanzania increased greatly from 1990 to 2005. At least 563 villagers were attacked and many eaten over this period. The incidents occurred near

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virus (CDV) since at least the mid-1970s. CDV is spread by domestic dogs and other carnivores; a 1994 outbreak in Serengeti National Park resulted in many lions developing neurological symptoms such as seizures. During the outbreak, several lions died from

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The presence of numerous human settlements close to Gir National Park resulted in conflict between lions, local people and their livestock. Some consider the presence of lions a benefit, as they keep populations of crop damaging herbivores in check.

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However, there seems to be some degree of overlap between both groups in northern Central Africa. DNA analysis from a more recent study indicates that Central African lions are derived from both northern and southern lions, as they cluster with

1726:. The average pride consists of around 15 lions, including several adult females and up to four males and their cubs of both sexes. Large prides, consisting of up to 30 individuals, have been observed. The sole exception to this pattern is the 9141:

Roelke-Parker, M. E.; Munson, L.; Packer, C.; Kock, R.; Cleaveland, S.; Carpenter, M.; O'Brien, S. J.; Pospischil, A.; Hofmann-Lehmann, R.; L., Hans; Mwanengele, G. L. M.; Mgasa, M. N.; Machange, G. A.; Summers, B. A.; Appel, M. J. G. (1996).

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Bertola, L. D.; Jongbloed, H.; Van Der Gaag, K. J.; De Knijff, P.; Yamaguchi, N.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Bauer, H.; Henschel, P.; White, P. A.; Driscoll, C. A.; Tende, T.; Ottosson, U.; Saidu, Y.; Vrieling, K. & de Iongh, H. H. (2016).

2368: 2039:, taking their kills and dispatching pups or adult dogs. Population densities of wild dogs are low in areas where lions are more abundant. However, there are a few reported cases of old and wounded lions falling prey to wild dogs. 1527:. Nevertheless, 17 births have been recorded in five prides between 2007 and 2015. White lions are selected for breeding in captivity. They have reportedly been bred in camps in South Africa for use as trophies to be killed during 1673:

Lions spend much of their time resting; they are inactive for about twenty hours per day. Although lions can be active at any time, their activity generally peaks after dusk with a period of socialising, grooming, and defecating.

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since 1996 because populations in African countries have declined by about 43% since the early 1990s. Lion populations are untenable outside designated protected areas. Although the cause of the decline is not fully understood,

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levels increase, and reach their full size at around four years old. Cool ambient temperatures in European and North American zoos may result in a heavier mane. On average, Asiatic lions have sparser manes than African lions.

2365: 1722:". Groups of male lions are called "coalitions". Females form the stable social unit in a pride and do not tolerate outside females. The majority of females remain in their birth prides while all males and some females will 5648: 926:

cluster genetically with those from Cameroon and Chad, while lions from other areas of Ethiopia cluster with samples from East Africa. Researchers, therefore, assume Ethiopia is a contact zone between the two subspecies.

10345:"Multi-institutional survey of social, management, husbandry and environmental factors for the SSP African lion Panthera leo population: examining the effects of a breeding moratorium in relation to reproductive success" 1341:

Among felids, the lion is second only to the tiger in size. The size and weight of adult lions vary across its range and habitats. Accounts of a few individuals that were larger than average exist from Africa and India.

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Coalitions of males hold territory for a longer time than single lions. Males in coalitions of three or four individuals exhibit a pronounced hierarchy, in which one male dominates the others and mates more frequently.

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Lions imported to Europe before the middle of the 19th century were possibly foremost Barbary lions from North Africa, or Cape lions from Southern Africa. Another 11 animals thought to be Barbary lions kept in

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and in Southwest Asia until the late 19th century. By the late 19th century, it had been extirpated in most of Turkey. The last live lion in Iran was sighted in 1942, about 65 km (40 mi) northwest of

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region and broader nasal openings than those of the tiger. Due to the amount of skull variation in the two species, usually only the structure of the lower jaw can be used as a reliable indicator of species.

2490:. By 2015, the population had grown to 523 individuals inhabiting an area of 7,000 km (2,700 sq mi) in Saurashtra. In 2017, about 650 individuals were recorded during the Asiatic Lion Census. 2316:, which a lion makes when sniffing chemical signals and involves an open mouth with bared teeth, raised muzzle, wrinkled nose, closed eyes and relaxed ears. Lions also use chemical and visual marking; males 528:

One of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture, the lion has been extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings, on national flags, and in literature and films. Lions have been kept in

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have traditionally viewed the killing of lions as a rite of passage. Historically, lions were hunted by individuals, however, due to reduced lion populations, elders discourage solo lion hunts. During the

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latest by 11,900 years ago. Bone fragments excavated in European, North Asian, Canadian and Alaskan caves indicate that it ranged from Europe across Siberia into western Alaska. It likely derived from

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Miller, J. R. B.; Pitman, R. T.; Mann, G. K. H.; Fuller, A. K.; Balme, G. A. (2018). "Lions and leopards coexist without spatial, temporal or demographic effects of interspecific competition".

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estimated that this population consists of about 400 animals, including fewer than 250 mature individuals. They persist in three protected areas in the region, mostly in one population in the

1283: 457:, forming groups called prides. A lion's pride consists of a few adult males, related females, and cubs. Groups of female lions usually hunt together, preying mostly on medium-sized and large 10664:

Hazzah, L.; Borgerhoof Mulder, M.; Frank, L. (2009). "Lions and warriors: Social factors underlying declining African lion populations and the effect of incentive-based management in Kenya".

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of England. The male's mane makes it a particularly recognisable feature and thus has been represented more than the female. Nevertheless, the lioness has also had importance as a guardian.

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Marciszak, A.; Ivanoff, D. V.; Semenov, Y. A.; Talamo, S.; Ridush, B.; Stupak, A.; Yanish, Y. & Kovalchuk, O. (2022). "The Quaternary lions of Ukraine and a trend of decreasing size in

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sealed the park and forced refugees to cross the park at night. For nearly a century before the border was sealed, Mozambicans had regularly crossed the park in daytime with little harm.

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Mammals as predators: the proceedings of a symposium held by the Zoological Society of London and the Mammal Society, London. Volume 65 of Symposia of the Zoological Society of London

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coexistence sustainable. Lion depredation on livestock is significantly reduced in areas where herders keep livestock in improved enclosures. Such measures contribute to mitigating

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The evolution of sociability in lions was likely driven both by high population density and the clumped resources of savannah habitats. The larger the pride, the more high-quality

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Wilson, A. M.; Hubel, T. Y.; Wilshin, S. D.; Lowe, J. C.; Lorenc, M.; Dewhirst, O. P.; Bartlam-Brooks, H. L.; Diack, R.; Bennitt, E.; Golabek, K. A. & Woledge, R. C. (2018).

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The skeletal muscles of the lion make up 58.8% of its body weight and represent the highest percentage of muscles among mammals. The lion has a high concentration of glycolytic

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Tumenta, P. N.; Kok, J. S.; van Rijssel, J. C.; Buij, R.; Croes, B. M.; Funston, P. J.; de Iongh, H. H.; de Haes, H. A. Udo (2009). "Threat of rapid extermination of the lion (

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of Morocco. However, a genetic analysis showed that the captive lions at Addis Ababa Zoo were not Barbary lions, but rather closely related to wild lions in Chad and Cameroon.

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When resting, lion socialisation occurs through a number of behaviours; the animal's expressive movements are highly developed. The most common peaceful, tactile gestures are

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Extinction of lions in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East interrupted gene flow between lion populations in Asia and Africa. Genetic evidence revealed numerous

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Green, D. S.; Johnson-Ulrich, L.; Couraud, H. E.; Holekamp, K. E. (2018). "Anthropogenic disturbance induces opposing population trends in spotted hyenas and African lions".

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designed enclosures with concrete "rocks", more open space and a moat instead of bars, more closely resembling a natural habitat. Hagenbeck designed lion enclosures for both

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Rarely, lionesses (in the wild and in captivity) have been observed to grow manes. Increased testosterone may be the cause of maned lionesses reported in northern Botswana.

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an ambassador species and are kept for tourism, education and conservation purposes. Lions can live over twenty years in captivity; for example, three sibling lions at the

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fighting at a kill. Crippled lions and cubs may fall victim to hyenas and leopards or be trampled by buffalo or elephants. Careless lions may be maimed when hunting prey.

6388: 2551:. Wild-born lions were imported to American zoos from Africa between 1989 and 1995. Breeding was continued in 1998 in the frame of an African lion Species Survival Plan. 2896:

substantial villages have been documented. Another study of 1,000 people attacked by lions in southern Tanzania between 1988 and 2009 found that the weeks following the

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Barnett, R.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Soares, A. E. R.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Zazula, G.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Kirillova, I. V.; Larson, G. & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2016).

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in 2006 were of unknown origin; these animals might have carried genes that are extinct in the wild and may therefore be important to the maintenance of the overall

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The lion's repertoire of vocalisations is large; variations in intensity and pitch appear to be central to communication. Most lion vocalisations are variations of

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The lion is a muscular, broad-chested cat with a short, rounded head, a reduced neck, and round ears; males have broader heads. The fur varies in colour from light

11446: 11299: 10151:"Using ancient DNA techniques to identify the origin of unprovenanced museum specimens, as illustrated by the identification of a 19th century lion from Amsterdam" 5282:(PhD). Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. p. 8–10. 3902: 8756:

Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P.; Rondinini, C. (2013). "Generation length for mammals".

2434:. These were the first sightings of lions in the country in 39 years. In the same year, a population of up to 200 lions that was previously thought to have been 6486:

Riggio, J.; Jacobson, A.; Dollar, L.; Bauer, H.; Becker, M.; Dickman, A.; Funston, P.; Groom, R.; Henschel, P.; de Iongh, H.; Lichtenfeld, L.; Pimm, S. (2013).

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O'Brien, S. J.; Joslin, P.; Smith, G. L. III; Wolfe, R.; Schaffer, N.; Heath, E.; Ott-Joslin, J.; Rawal, P. P.; Bhattacharjee, K. K.; Martenson, J. S. (1987).

4521: 2965:

which also means "aggressive", "king" and "strong". In parts of West and East Africa, the lion is associated with healing and provides the connection between

2474:

in Gujarat State, India. The population has risen from approximately 180 lions in 1974 to about 400 in 2010. It is geographically isolated, which can lead to

10069: 1192:

between the two lineages, indicating that they did not share the same geographic area. The Eurasian and American cave lions became extinct at the end of the

10449: 10418: 6260: 11394: 10504: 7230: 2716:

over a lion is demonstrated by the placing of the tamer's head in the lion's mouth. The now-iconic lion tamer's chair was possibly first used by American

10259: 8380: 1597:, around 8,000-6,000 years ago, the range of lions expanded into Southeastern and Eastern Europe, partially re-occupying the range of the now extinct 10219:

Bruche, S.; Gusset, M.; Lippold, S.; Barnett, R.; Eulenberger, K.; Junhold, J.; Driscoll, C. A.; Hofreiter, M. (2012). "A genetically distinct lion (

7951:

Mammals as Predators: The Proceedings of a Symposium Held by The Zoological Society of London and Mammal Society: London, 22nd and 23rd November 1991

7034:

Hanby, J. P. & Bygott, J. D. (1979). "Population changes in lions and other predators". In Sinclair, A. R. E. & Norton-Griffiths, M. (eds.).

10734: 7815: 7445:. Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki: US Agency for International Development, Conservation of Biodiverse Resource Areas Project, 623-0247-C-00-3002-00. 1877:

are the most common wild prey, while livestock contributes significantly to lion kills outside protected areas. It usually avoids fully grown adult

10387: 9739: 9525: 5383: 8331: 7756: 4520:

Burger, J.; Rosendahl, W.; Loreille, O.; Hemmer, H.; Eriksson, T.; Götherström, A.; Hiller, J.; Collins, M. J.; Wess, T. & Alt, K. W. (2004).

17229: 11527: 3425:

Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

2426:, where between approximately 14 and 21 animals persisted as of 2009. In addition, 50 to 150 lions are estimated to be present in Burkina Faso's 9993:

Venkataraman, M. (2016). "Wildlife and human impacts in the Gir landscape". In Agrawal, P.K; Verghese, A.; Krishna, S.R.; Subaharan, K. (eds.).

3375:

Nicholson, S.; Bauer, H.; Strampelli, P.; Sogbohossou, E.; Ikanda, D.; Tumenta, P. F.; Venktraman, M.; Chapron, G. & Loveridge, A. (2024) .

2985:, lions were linked both with the sun and the waters of the Nile. Several gods were conceived as being partially lion including the war deities 16410: 6547: 2312:

Lions have an array of facial expressions and body postures that serve as visual gestures. A common facial expression is the "grimace face" or

1718:

The lion is the most social of all wild felid species, living in groups of related individuals with their offspring. Such a group is called a "

1321:

Its skull is very similar to that of the tiger, although the frontal region is usually more depressed and flattened and has a slightly shorter

9802: 17307: 17281: 16481: 10134:

Meena, V. (2016). "Wildlife and human impacts in the Gir landscape". In Agrawal, P.K.; Verghese, A.; Radhakrishna, S.; Subaharan, K. (eds.).

5283: 6326: 1841:

and is considered to be both an apex and keystone predator due to its wide prey spectrum. Its prey consists mainly of medium-sized to large

504:

period, the lion ranged throughout Africa and Eurasia, from Southeast Europe to India, but it has been reduced to fragmented populations in

9492: 7916: 5771:

Chellam, R. and A. J. T. Johnsingh (1993). "Management of Asiatic lions in the Gir Forest, India". In Dunstone, N.; Gorman, M. L. (eds.).

4154:

T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; O'Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T. & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020).

4025:

T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; O’Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T. & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020).

1746:

allow nomadic males to approach them. Males spend years in a nomadic phase before gaining residence in a pride. A study undertaken in the

10150: 2957:

In sub-Saharan Africa, the lion has been a common character in stories, proverbs and dances, but rarely featured in visual arts. In the

2466:

The last refuge of the Asiatic lion population is the 1,412 km (545 sq mi) Gir National Park and surrounding areas in the

6792: 5808: 4002: 17610: 6418:

Turner, J. A.; Vasicek, C. A.; Somers, M. J. (2015). "Effects of a colour variant on hunting ability: the white lion in South Africa".

5450: 8227:

Trinkel, M.; Kastberger, G. (2005). "Competitive interactions between spotted hyenas and lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia".

17675: 17665: 17590: 9754: 4267: 3205:. In some medieval stories, lions were portrayed as allies and companions. Lions continue to appear in modern literature such as the 1678:

continue until dawn, when hunting most often takes place. They spend an average of two hours a day walking and fifty minutes eating.

9951:

Singh, H. S.; Gibson, L. (2011). "A conservation success story in the otherwise dire megafauna extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (

2419:

revealed that lion occupancy is lowest in the W National Park, and higher in areas with permanent staff and thus better protection.

17467: 17203: 3483: 3052:

symbolized the power of the king and protection of the land against enemies, but was also invoked for good luck. The constellation

2555: 9062: 8426:"To kill, stay or flee: the effects of lions and landscape factors on habitat and kill site selection of cheetahs in South Africa" 2079:

Most lionesses reproduce by the time they are four years of age. Lions do not mate at a specific time of year and the females are

1515:. It is not albino; it has normal pigmentation in the eyes and skin. White lions have occasionally been encountered in and around 122: 17255: 11157:

Watanabe, C. E. (2015). "The symbolic role of animals in Babylon: a contextual approach to the lion, the bull and the mušḫuššu".

8647:

Schramm, Ralph Dee; Briggs, Michael B.; Reeves, Jerry J. (1994). "Spontaneous and induced ovulation in the lion (Panthera leo)".

2280: 9916:

Bauer, H.; de Iongh, H.; Sogbohossou, E. (2010). "Assessment and mitigation of human-lion conflict in West and Central Africa".

7694: 6396: 5997:

Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki; Cooper, A.; Werdelin, L.; MacDonald, David W. (2004). "Evolution of the mane and group-living in the lion (

4816: 4326: 3596: 1169:

ancestors possibly continued until about 2.1 million years ago. The lion-leopard clade was distributed in the Asian and African

17680: 17670: 17625: 6044: 2678: 2665:

until a larger lion house with roomier cages was built in the 1870s. Further changes took place in the early 20th century when

6365: 5896: 4584: 1300:

to silvery grey, yellowish red, and dark brown. The colours of the underparts are generally lighter. A new-born lion has dark

17645: 17299: 11440: 11347: 11328: 11293: 11099: 11032: 10970: 10765: 10624: 10579: 10320: 9335: 8956: 8728: 8685: 8187: 7006: 6786: 6467: 6442: 6117: 5981: 5890: 5850: 5802: 5660: 5619: 5557: 5422: 5313: 5253: 5064:

Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Ho, S. Y.; Barnes, I.; Sabin, R.; Werdelin, L.; Cuisin, J. & Larson, G. (2014).

4810: 4533: 3996: 3340: 17260: 11374: 8078: 4950: 2622:

The first European "zoos" spread among noble and royal families in the 13th century, and until the 17th century were called

2531:

with the aim of identifying and breeding Barbary lions in captivity for eventual reintroduction into a national park in the

17705: 17695: 17660: 17635: 9836: 4354:(Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae, Carnivora) from Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, The Czech Republic): A Fossil Record from 1987–2007" 3903:"A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" 3225: 8132: 7499: 17715: 17655: 11580: 2828:

in the 19th century, the hunting of lions was encouraged because they were considered pests and lion skins were sold for

10099:

Saberwal, V. K.; Gibbs, J. P.; Chellam, R.; Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1994). "Lion-Human Conflict in the Gir Forest, India".

10012:): 50 Years Journey for Conservation of an Endangered Carnivore and its Habitat in Gir Protected Area, Gujarat, India". 4674:"Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple synchronous waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge" 1624:

In Asia the lion once ranged in regions where climatic conditions supported an abundance of prey. It was present in the

1184:

Estimates for the divergence time of the modern and cave lion lineages range from 529,000 to 392,000 years ago based on

549:, and depictions have occurred in virtually all ancient and medieval cultures in the lion's historic and current range. 17650: 17620: 17190: 11368: 11205: 11000: 9007:

Sachs, R. (1969). "Untersuchungen zur Artbestimmung und Differenzierung der Muskelfinnen ostafrikanischer Wildtiere ".

8158: 5941: 2087:

that point backward. During withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which may cause

1613:, the modern lion was present from about 6,400 to 2,000 years Before Present. In Greece, it was common, as reported by 952: 17403: 3518:

Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006).

17690: 17640: 12950: 11471: 11404: 9310: 8314: 7984:

Christiansen, P. & Wroe, S. (2007). "Bite forces and evolutionary adaptations to feeding ecology in carnivores".

2539: 1835: 718:

for the Asiatic lion population. In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group revised lion

10847:

Packer, C.; Ikanda, D.; Kissui, B.; Kushnir, H. (2005). "Conservation biology: lion attacks on humans in Tanzania".

4566: 3318: 2020:. Hyenas have adapted by frequently mobbing lions that enter their home ranges. When the lion population in Kenya's 2832:

each. The widely reproduced imagery of the heroic hunter chasing lions would dominate a large part of the century.

17312: 13294: 4275: 2866:

Lions do not usually hunt humans but some (usually males) seem to seek them out. One well-publicised case is the

2853: 2699:, who both toured widely and whose techniques were copied by a number of followers. Van Amburgh performed before 1030:, and was genetically isolated and highly distinct from the modern lion in Africa and Eurasia. It is depicted in 346: 10799: 10782: 10457: 10426: 6268: 17630: 10512: 7183: 6641: 5214: 3662: 3565: 3036:

times, where it was strongly associated with kingship. The big cat was a symbol and steed of fertility goddess

2099:

and courtship activities. Males will also head-rub and roll around with each other before mounting each other.

1558:, the lion has been recorded up to an elevation of 3,600 m (11,800 ft) and close to the snow line on 1520: 7997: 5677: 2547:

their conservation value. Captive breeding of lions was halted to eliminate individuals of unknown origin and

2238: 17485: 15512: 7377: 4217:"Phylogeny of the great cats (Felidae: Pantherinae), and the influence of fossil taxa and missing characters" 2204: 10832: 10815: 5473: 1909:

and hippopotamus, and even uncommon cases of prides taking down an adult hippopotamus. Unusual prey include

10282: 6833: 3056:

was first recognised by the Sumerians around 4,000 years ago and is considered to be the fifth sign of the

2917: 2520: 542: 10724: 7774: 3775: 3041: 1783: 1550:

African lions live in scattered populations across sub-Saharan Africa. The lion prefers grassy plains and

17710: 17294: 17242: 15503: 12706: 10315:(Second ed.). Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid: Cambridge University Press. pp. 430–452. 3162:. Statues of the beast have guarded the entrances to the imperial palace and many religious shrines. The 3085: 2646:

in the 13th century; this was probably stocked with animals from an earlier menagerie started in 1125 by

2507: 2385: 2021: 1418: 10395: 9510: 5515: 17500: 16968: 16624: 9620:

Henschel, P.; Petracca, L. S.; Hunter, L. T.; Kiki, M.; Sewadé, C.; Tehou, A.; Robinson, H. S. (2016).

7717: 5735:

Smuts, G. L.; Robinson, G. A.; Whyte, I. J. (1980). "Comparative growth of wild male and female lions (

3215: 3104: 2935: 1731: 887: 14990: 9203:

Bull, M. E.; Kennedy-Stoskopf, S.; Levine, J. F.; Loomis, M.; Gebhard, D. G.; Tompkins, W. A. (2003).

5342: 3880: 1967:

upon are killed by hyenas rather than lions. Carrion is thought to provide a large part of lion diet.

1523:

in eastern South Africa. They were removed from the wild in the 1970s, thus decreasing the white lion

1200:

descendants on other continents. The modern lion was probably widely distributed in Africa during the

17615: 13829: 11550: 8852:

Packer, C.; Pusey, A. E. (May 1983). "Adaptations of female lions to infanticide by incoming males".

5541: 3448: 2837: 2789: 2317: 2252: 939:. This result suggested that the taxonomic position of lions in Central Africa may require revision. 800: 370: 210: 9606: 7486: 6556: 2900:, when there was less moonlight, were a strong indicator of increased night-time attacks on people. 1994: 1128:. Results of analyses differ in the phylogenetic relationship of the lion; it was thought to form a 1050:

during the Late Pleistocene. It diverged from the cave lion around 165,000 years ago. A fossil from

17385: 16887: 16782: 15521: 13811: 13539: 13506: 13482: 13303: 12555: 10343:

Daigle, C. L.; Brown, J. L.; Carlstead, K.; Pukazhenthi, B.; Freeman, E. W.; Snider, R. J. (2015).

5552:]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 83–95. 4087:"Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion ( 3077: 2096: 1931: 1570:

in Gujarat, western India. Its habitat is a mixture of dry savannah forest and very dry, deciduous

1475: 5965: 5270: 3416: 2638:

to the rest of Europe. In England, although the seraglio tradition was less developed, lions were

994:. Bone fragments were excavated in caves in the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Czech Republic. 17600: 16549: 15530: 15261: 14954: 14889: 14271: 13847: 13320: 12842: 11573: 9582:"The status of savanna carnivores in the Odzala-Kokoua National Park, northern Republic of Congo" 7869: 3453: 3230: 2969:

and the supernatural. In other East African traditions, the lion represents laziness. In much of

2779: 2447: 2416: 1825: 1747: 967: 131: 10200:

Yamaguchi, N.; Haddane, B. (2002). "The North African Barbary Lion and the Atlas Lion Project".

7946: 7151:"Landscape heterogeneity and behavioral traits drive the evolution of lion group territoriality" 3838: 3128:, erected by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century CE, depicts four lions standing back to back. In 3089: 2161:

may also kill and eat lions, evidenced by the occasional lion claw found in crocodile stomachs.

17364: 17351: 17234: 17106: 17068: 16773: 16525: 16338: 16214: 15826: 15808: 15636: 15330: 15321: 14963: 13701: 12493: 11020: 10610: 9477: 7481: 3747: 3178: 3125: 2651: 2631: 2396: 1790: 1590:

desert. In the 1960s, it became extinct in North Africa, except in the southern part of Sudan.

1504: 1459: 1023: 982:, which was attributed to a lion. It is thought to have become extinct around 39,000 years ago. 807: 10308: 10178: 9478:"An acoustic analysis of lion roars. I: Data collection and spectrogram and waveform analyses" 9407: 8720: 8714: 5834: 5301: 4890:

Tseng, Z. J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G. J.; Takeuchi, G. T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J. & Xie, G. (2014).

3942: 3623:"Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, 2973:, the lion is portrayed as having low intelligence and is easily tricked by other animals. In 2133:

When one or more new males oust the previous males associated with a pride, the victors often

1554:, scrub bordering rivers, and open woodlands with bushes. It rarely enters closed forests. On 17359: 17346: 16950: 16205: 16187: 16178: 16169: 15654: 15645: 15017: 13787: 13778: 13769: 13718: 13656: 13638: 13629: 13566: 13515: 13353: 13344: 11781: 9733: 8175: 6776: 5790: 5607: 5341:

Zhang, Z.; Chen, J.; Li, L.; Tao, M.; Zhang, C.; Qin, Q.; Xiao, J.; Liu, Y.; Liu, S. (2014).

3980: 3899: 3468: 3254: 2951: 2655: 2543: 2439: 2412: 2381: 2134: 1922: 1719: 915:

in mtDNA-based phylogenies whereas their genomic DNA indicates a closer relationship with P.

562: 325: 20: 17338: 14972: 14868: 11430: 11283: 11085: 9622:"Determinants of distribution patterns and management needs in a critically endangered lion 5485: 3991:(Second ed.). London, Oxford, New York, New Delhi, Sydney: Bloomsbury. pp. 46−47. 3330: 1947:. It can hold the prey's throat for up to 13 minutes, until the prey stops moving. It has a 17454: 17398: 17273: 17164: 17115: 16791: 16692: 16651: 16365: 15876: 15604: 14930: 13995: 13745: 13736: 13692: 13647: 13270: 12776: 12511: 12337: 11494: 10915: 10858: 10673: 10108: 9964: 9159: 8492: 8437: 8346: 8271: 8236: 7884: 7732: 7639: 7307: 7256: 7198: 6586: 6503: 6142: 6067: 5972:. In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). 5188: 5141: 5081: 4971: 4760: 4685: 4633: 4542: 4398: 4221: 4169: 4102: 4083: 4038: 3700: 3638: 3533: 3249: 3116:

Indo-Persian chroniclers regarded the lion as keeper of order in the realm of animals. The

2696: 2639: 2017: 1935: 1723: 1516: 1471: 700: 672: 638:

The upper cladogram is based on the 2006 study, the lower one on the 2010 and 2011 studies.

9777: 6575:"Examining the Extinction of the Barbary Lion and Its Implications for Felid Conservation" 6555:. Paris, France: International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife. Archived from 4280: 4266:

Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Dissanayake, R. & Meegaskumbura, M. (2005).

3427:. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 41. 1751:

lions in an area are more closely related to each other than male lions in the same area.

1691: 931:-wide data of a wild-born historical lion sample from Sudan showed that it clustered with 449:; a short, rounded head; round ears; and a dark, hairy tuft at the tip of its tail. It is 8: 17445: 17031: 16977: 16749: 16196: 16082: 16064: 15909: 15758: 15663: 14913: 14859: 14608: 14350: 14341: 13605: 12878: 12860: 12715: 12564: 12067: 7958: 6303: 4843:"Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)" 3314: 3053: 2884: 2825: 2813: 2559: 2471: 2467: 1948: 1918: 1910: 1905:, however there have been several occasions of lions taking calves of African elephants, 1763: 1193: 1099: 923: 743: 675:

in 2005. They were distinguished mostly by the size and colour of their manes and skins.

668: 158: 14101: 10919: 10862: 10677: 10120: 10112: 9968: 9163: 8496: 8441: 8350: 8275: 8240: 7888: 7736: 7643: 7311: 7260: 7202: 6677: 6590: 6507: 6146: 6133:

Peyton, P. M.; Packer, C. (2002). "Sexual selection, temperature, and the lion's mane".

6071: 5192: 5145: 5085: 4975: 4955:

ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity"

4764: 4689: 4673: 4637: 4546: 4402: 4173: 4106: 4042: 3857: 3704: 3642: 3537: 16846: 16073: 15595: 15285: 15008: 14981: 14244: 13986: 13838: 12941: 12833: 12733: 12673: 12058: 11994: 11671: 11566: 10938: 10901: 10882: 10729: 10240: 10170: 10053: 10032: 9933: 9688: 9248:

Poli, A.; Abramo, F.; Cavicchio, P.; Bandecchi, P.; Ghelardi, E.; Pistello, M. (1995).

9180: 9143: 9070: 9047: 8869: 8460: 8425: 8403: 8287: 7908: 7807: 7748: 7686: 7406: 7381: 7331: 7280: 7222: 7114: 7083: 6998: 6992: 6988: 6742: 6609: 6574: 6166: 6083: 5752: 5591: 5574: 5477: 5375: 5277: 5206: 5157: 5104: 5065: 4995: 4918: 4892:"Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats" 4891: 4867: 4842: 4776: 4751: 4248: 4192: 4155: 4123: 4086: 4061: 4026: 3809: 3723: 3688: 3557: 2998: 2692: 2647: 2431: 2423: 2393: 2340: 1755: 1646: 1629: 1583: 1330: 1252:

are relatively small compared to their parents because of reciprocal gene effects. The

1201: 1103: 991: 758: 719: 513: 505: 450: 205: 173: 11544: 9202: 9118: 9093: 8358: 4265: 4152: 3376: 2695:. The practice began in the early 19th century by Frenchman Henri Martin and American 2167:

commonly infest the ears, neck and groin regions of the lions. Adult forms of several

403: 17700: 17605: 17333: 17138: 17120: 16725: 16642: 16422: 15918: 15885: 14809: 14316: 14038: 13820: 13674: 13548: 13432: 12785: 12615: 12573: 12520: 12300: 12282: 12040: 11467: 11436: 11400: 11364: 11343: 11324: 11289: 11201: 11095: 11089: 11028: 10996: 10966: 10943: 10874: 10761: 10725:"Killer of Cecil the lion finds out that he is a target now, of internet vigilantism" 10620: 10614: 10575: 10344: 10342: 10316: 10257: 10037:

and its survival in human-dominated landscape outside the Gir forest, Gujarat, India"

9674: 9446: 9331: 9306: 9271: 9250:"Lentivirus infection in an African lion: a clinical, pathologic and virologic study" 9230: 9185: 9123: 9016: 8989: 8952: 8834: 8724: 8681: 8675: 8560: 8539: 8508: 8465: 8310: 8248: 8183: 8176:"Interspecific competition and the population biology of extinction-prone carnivores" 8154: 8128: 8001: 7900: 7666: 7651: 7571: 7554: 7411: 7323: 7272: 7214: 7119: 7002: 6994:

The behavior guide to African mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates

6782: 6746: 6614: 6463: 6438: 6307: 6158: 6113: 5977: 5937: 5886: 5846: 5798: 5708: 5656: 5615: 5553: 5481: 5418: 5367: 5309: 5249: 5236:

Benirschke, K. (1967). "Sterility and Fertility of Interspecific Mammalian Hybrids".

5153: 5109: 4987: 4983: 4962: 4923: 4872: 4806: 4798: 4738: 4719: 4711: 4617: 4558: 4425: 4298: 4240: 4235: 4216: 4197: 4128: 4066: 3992: 3728: 3654: 3588: 3549: 3524: 3346: 3336: 3174: 3158:. Though they were never native to the country, lions have played important roles in 3045: 3009: 2548: 2524: 2479: 2352: 2173: 2013: 1567: 1544: 1451: 1301: 985: 538: 466: 10260:"Evidence for African origins of founders of the Asiatic lion Species Survival Plan" 9937: 9692: 8873: 8291: 7811: 7690: 7284: 7226: 6170: 6091: 6087: 5693:

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology

5379: 5161: 4999: 4780: 4410: 4322: 4252: 3811: 3561: 3124:

signifies a lion as king of animals in general or deer in particular. In India, the

840: 469:; although some lions scavenge when opportunities occur and have been known to hunt 17143: 17004: 16837: 16115: 15545: 14835: 14617: 14367: 13557: 13456: 13240: 13231: 12815: 12606: 12597: 12391: 12382: 11940: 11234: 11166: 11139: 10933: 10923: 10886: 10866: 10849: 10827: 10794: 10681: 10356: 10274: 10232: 10174: 10162: 10116: 10048: 9972: 9925: 9719: 9678: 9670: 9637: 9593: 9436: 9261: 9220: 9175: 9167: 9113: 9105: 9043: 8861: 8656: 8588: 8555: 8500: 8455: 8445: 8399: 8354: 8279: 8244: 8124: 7993: 7954: 7912: 7892: 7797: 7789: 7752: 7740: 7678: 7647: 7566: 7533: 7491: 7443:

Living with lions: carnivore conservation and livestock in Laikipia District, Kenya

7401: 7393: 7335: 7319: 7315: 7264: 7206: 7162: 7109: 7099: 7062: 6944: 6734: 6695: 6658: 6650: 6604: 6594: 6511: 6357: 6299: 6243: 6150: 6075: 6010: 5867: 5748: 5700: 5586: 5469: 5357: 5241: 5210: 5196: 5149: 5099: 5089: 5041: 4979: 4913: 4903: 4862: 4854: 4768: 4701: 4693: 4651: 4641: 4550: 4485: 4475: 4406: 4365: 4318: 4230: 4187: 4177: 4118: 4110: 4056: 4046: 3938: 3875: 3833: 3718: 3708: 3646: 3541: 3374: 3004: 2970: 2958: 2435: 2348: 2313: 2191: 2036: 1906: 1705: 1618: 1598: 1512: 1162: 1069: 1015: 998: 876: 792: 734: 363: 11223:"Animals with rich histories: the case of the lions of Gir Forest, Gujarat, India" 10244: 9109: 8577:"Predator–prey relationships among the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park" 7793: 7084:"Genetic insights into dispersal distance and disperser fitness of African lions ( 6715:

Schnitzler, A. & Hermann, L. (2019). "Chronological distribution of the tiger

5279:

Growth and Behaviour: Epigenetic and Genetic Factors Involved in Hybrid Dysgenesis

4385:

Stuart, A. J. & Lister, A. M. (2011). "Extinction chronology of the cave lion

2181:

meat. Lions in the Ngorongoro Crater were afflicted by an outbreak of stable fly (

17430: 17320: 17022: 17013: 16941: 16896: 16558: 16508: 16499: 16374: 16320: 16264: 16133: 16106: 15999: 15817: 15776: 15741: 15486: 14549: 14262: 14229: 14220: 13727: 13465: 12914: 12364: 12291: 12249: 11985: 11790: 11724: 11701: 11426: 11358: 10928: 10685: 9976: 9832: 8450: 6599: 5526:. Vol. Mammalia. Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis Ltd. pp. 212–222. 5245: 4772: 3713: 3182: 3159: 3129: 3081: 3049: 2867: 2643: 2532: 2516: 2430:

ecosystem. In 2015, an adult male lion and a female lion were sighted in Ghana's

2390: 2100: 1854: 1846: 1800: 1235: 1107: 1019: 751: 723: 655: 646: 619: 600: 17377: 17286: 9091: 8070: 7081: 4889: 4554: 3650: 3442: 683: 17595: 17550: 17538: 17526: 16995: 16914: 16716: 16463: 16356: 16329: 15382: 14999: 14599: 14463: 14146: 13683: 13665: 13596: 13207: 13198: 12800: 12761: 11715: 11627: 9759:

Meyer, 1826, sightings in Mole National Park, Ghana, and possible first serval

8101: 7462: 6654: 5704: 4946: 4646: 4161:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3855: 3170: 3141: 3073: 3065: 2943: 2871: 2833: 2829: 2711:("the lions of Mysore"), an idea Amburgh quickly borrowed. These acts eclipsed 2700: 2666: 2256: 2158: 2052: 1866: 1838: 1606: 1244:

to create hybrids for the curiosity of visitors or for scientific purpose. The

1076: 959: 797:. Multiple authors referred to it as 'northern lion' and 'northern subspecies'. 454: 446: 378: 17156: 10236: 10166: 9724: 9441: 9420: 9301:

Sparks, J. (1967). "Allogrooming in primates: a review". In Morris, D. (ed.).

9266: 9249: 9225: 9204: 8755: 8283: 7495: 7104: 6516: 6487: 6079: 6014: 5362: 2066: 1980: 1428: 1411: 634: 453:; adult male lions are larger than females and have a prominent mane. It is a 17584: 17562: 17268: 16959: 16855: 16828: 16454: 16152: 16097: 15619: 15563: 15304: 14945: 14400: 13962: 13127: 13094: 12896: 12887: 12824: 12724: 12682: 12534: 12127: 11317: 8593: 8576: 7382:"Selfish partners: resource partitioning in male coalitions of Asiatic lions" 6725: 4715: 3866: 3824: 3385: 3326: 3235: 3210: 3206: 3109: 3061: 2982: 2820: 2793: 2767: 2763: 2712: 2670: 2597: 2587: 2487: 2344: 2092: 2084: 2008: 1952: 1675: 1662: 1463: 1297: 1197: 1185: 1178: 1037: 858: 829: 781: 707: 692: 650: 623: 586: 546: 517: 509: 462: 342: 178: 73: 27: 17195: 13584: 13396: 10902:"Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions" 9642: 9621: 9247: 8504: 7870:"Biomechanics of predator–prey arms race in lion, zebra, cheetah and impala" 7397: 7365:. University of Edinburgh, UK: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources. 7268: 7210: 7167: 7150: 7067: 7050: 6948: 6678:

Daróczi-Szabó, M.; Kovács, Z. E.; Raczky, P. & Bartosiewicz, L. (2020).

6154: 5885:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 17–21, 37–41. 5094: 5063: 4182: 4051: 3545: 3350: 2922: 2145: 2103:

of the lion is about seven years. The average gestation period is around 110

1123: 816:

and lion populations in East and Southern African regions. Synonyms include

17574: 17533: 17247: 16986: 16932: 16633: 16401: 16347: 16124: 16023: 15578: 15554: 15373: 15364: 15184: 15151: 15074: 15035: 14445: 14427: 14289: 14161: 13620: 13021: 12984: 12869: 12851: 12264: 12210: 12136: 11814: 11558: 11390: 11127: 10947: 10878: 10278: 9450: 9234: 8660: 8512: 8469: 8178:. In Gittleman, J. L.; Funk, S. M.; Macdonald, D. W.; Wayne, R. K. (eds.). 8005: 7904: 7415: 7327: 7123: 6618: 6311: 6162: 5712: 5371: 5113: 4991: 4942: 4927: 4908: 4876: 4723: 4562: 4244: 4201: 4132: 4070: 3810:

Breitenmoser, U.; Mallon, D. P.; Ahmad Khan, J. & Driscoll, C. (2008).

3732: 3687:

Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A. C. & Goswami, A. (2011).

3658: 3553: 3099: 2966: 2931: 2892: 2888: 2861: 2801: 2775: 2735: 2729: 2717: 2616: 2528: 2404: 2260: 2200: 2177:

have been isolated from lion intestines, having been ingested as larvae in

1944: 1940: 1886: 1850: 1821: 1571: 1443: 1166: 1156: 1138: 1129: 1116: 754: 747: 534: 522: 493: 397:

Historical and present distribution of the lion in Africa, Asia and Europe

11143: 10783:"Tooth Breakage and Dental Disease as Causes of Carnivore–Human Conflicts" 9929: 9598: 9581: 9275: 9189: 9127: 9020: 8993: 8838: 7667:"Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana" 7555:"Implications of diet composition of Asiatic lions for their conservation" 7538: 7517: 7276: 7218: 7088:) from the latitudinal extremes of the Kruger National Park, South Africa" 4858: 4370: 4349: 1149: 671:

were described and proposed as subspecies, of which 11 were recognised as

17514: 17439: 17325: 17216: 17100: 16600: 15791: 15708: 15681: 15430: 15344: 15276: 15202: 15193: 15160: 15118: 15083: 14800: 14693: 14525: 14065: 13977: 13885: 13530: 13103: 12923: 12588: 12502: 12485: 12462: 12425: 12309: 12273: 12118: 11907: 11762: 11641: 10758:

The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters

7682: 7552: 6485: 4797:

Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010).

3587:

Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010).

3259: 3220: 3202: 3186: 3151: 3021: 2947: 2836:

of lions in recent years has been met with controversy, notably with the

2762:

and ease of killing. The earliest surviving record of lion hunting is an

2684: 2674: 2635: 2427: 2150: 2080: 1874: 1633: 1566:

forests in East Africa. The Asiatic lion now survives only in and around

1563: 1559: 1555: 1528: 1322: 1031: 664: 497: 292: 48: 17130: 11502: 11170: 7896: 7772: 7048: 6663: 5046: 5021: 4706: 1913:

and small reptiles. Lions kill other predators but seldom consume them.

1582:

In Africa, the range of the lion originally spanned most of the central

17472: 17208: 17091: 16809: 16055: 15986: 15973: 15940: 15726: 15464: 15224: 14772: 14749: 14635: 14626: 14575: 14540: 14516: 14280: 14179: 14128: 14074: 14056: 14029: 13936: 13886: 13285: 13258: 13186: 13169: 12932: 12905: 12751: 12655: 12639: 12475: 12355: 12195: 12031: 11898: 11690: 11658: 11642: 11514: 11239: 11222: 7775:"Lion hunting behaviour and vegetation structure in an African savanna" 7744: 4656: 4490: 3163: 2879: 2744: 2662: 2580: 2483: 2475: 2304: 2224: 2208: 2183: 1882: 1759: 1727: 1498: 1479: 1275:

A tuft at the end of the tail is a distinct characteristic of the lion.

1219: 1170: 975: 906:. It has been referred to as 'southern subspecies' and 'southern lion'. 696: 489: 272: 93: 58: 11524:"Rare desert lion killed in Angola after supplying unprecedented data" 10899: 10780: 10360: 10218: 9706:

Bauer, H.; Van Der Merwe, S. (2004). "Inventory of free-ranging lions

9683: 7802: 6738: 6573:

Black, S. A.; Fellous, A.; Yamaguchi, N. & Roberts, D. L. (2013).

4697: 4114: 4023: 1318:

months of age. It is readily identifiable at the age of seven months.

17221: 17177: 16740: 16675: 16288: 16228: 16014: 15835: 15450: 15442: 15391: 15241: 15127: 15109: 14823: 14657: 14490: 14332: 14298: 14110: 13802: 13076: 12546: 12022: 11590: 10136:

Human Animal Conflict in Agro-Pastoral Context: Issues & Policies

9995:

Human Animal Conflict in Agro-Pastoral Context: Issues & Policies

9511:"An acoustic analysis of lion roars. II: Vocal tract characteristics" 9171: 6935:

Milius, S. (2002). "Biology: Maneless lions live one guy per pride".

5448: 5201: 3950: 3155: 3133: 3033: 2905: 2897: 2809: 2704: 2627: 2196: 2088: 1614: 1524: 1189: 1047: 979: 813: 757:, and lion populations in West and northern parts of Central Africa. 727: 530: 501: 492:

than other wild cats, but when persecuted, it adapts to being active

485: 477: 262: 222: 98: 17062: 11543: 10870: 9997:. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research. p. 32−40. 9915: 7082:

van Hooft, P.; Keet, D.F.; Brebner, D.K. & Bastos, A.D. (2018).

6834:"The past and present distribution of the lion in southeastern Asia" 6700: 6679: 5176: 5126: 3622: 3520:"The late miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment" 3519: 389: 17545: 17424: 17182: 17085: 16437: 15900: 15717: 15693: 15054: 14904: 14850: 14786: 14781: 14734: 14666: 14584: 14454: 14203: 14194: 14092: 14047: 13927: 13760: 13497: 13406: 13375: 13335: 13222: 13154: 13062: 13053: 12373: 12169: 11922: 11805: 11772: 11621: 11609: 11091:

Shamanism: An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture

10906: 8865: 7184:"Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial African lions" 4796: 3856:

Henschel, P.; Bauer, H.; Sogbohoussou, E. & Nowell, K. (2015).

3586: 3194: 3190: 3117: 2978: 2848: 2797: 2623: 2328: 2324: 2178: 2168: 1878: 1842: 1766:

do not appear to exist among individuals of either sex in a pride.

1625: 1594: 1551: 1223: 1209: 1174: 1051: 1011: 481: 458: 433: 302: 242: 149: 140: 88: 83: 68: 63: 53: 11396:

The Lion: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation of an Iconic Species

9561:

Bauer, H.; Van Der Merwe, S. (2002). "The African lion database".

8261: 6244:

Schoe, M.; Sogbohossou, E. A.; Kaandorp, J.; De Iongh, H. (2010).

5770: 5676:

Kohn, T. A.; Burroughs, R.; Hartman, M. J.; Noakes, T. D. (2011).

4480: 3517: 3229:. The lion's role as king of the beasts has been used in the 1994 3166:

has been performed in China and beyond for over a thousand years.

1734:, and members will split into subgroups that keep in contact with 1539: 1063: 17480: 16819: 16666: 16540: 16255: 15767: 15097: 14563: 14119: 14083: 13950: 13918: 13902: 13415: 13118: 12697: 12178: 12085: 12003: 11931: 11873: 11850: 11743: 10574:. Vol. 2: G–P. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 733–739. 9508: 9475: 8716:

Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity

7247:

Morell, V. (1995). "Cowardly lions confound cooperation theory".

5070:

using ancient DNA and a spatially explicit genealogical analysis"

3947:

The Illustrated Natural History <volume=((Mammalia, Volume 1))

3686: 3332:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

3095: 3029: 3013: 2986: 2927: 2805: 2771: 2748: 2604: 2028: 1963: 1890: 1862: 1858: 1814: 1641:, although the corpse of a lioness was found on the banks of the 1610: 1602: 1508: 1214: 1188:

per generation time of the modern lion. There is no evidence for

1144: 1111: 1007: 947: 428: 282: 103: 78: 17459: 10394:. WAZA (World Association of Zoos and Aquariums). Archived from 9509:

Ananthakrishnan, G.; Eklund, R.; Peters, G.; Mabiza, E. (2011).

9476:

Eklund, R.; Peters, G.; Ananthakrishnan, G.; Mabiza, E. (2011).

8424:

Rostro-García, S.; Kamler, J. F. & Hunter, L. T. B. (2015).

8153:(2nd ed.). Echo Point Books & Media. pp. 128–138. 6246:

Progress Report—collaring operation Pendjari Lion Project, Benin

5996: 5734: 4268:"A second extinct big cat from the late Quaternary of Sri Lanka" 2502: 17169: 16923: 16870: 16615: 16303: 16037: 14757: 14418: 14253: 14010: 13447: 12219: 12145: 12094: 12076: 12049: 11970: 11832: 11615: 11603: 11489: 11130:(1981). "Le roi et le lion" [The king & the lion]. 9803:"Hidden population of up to 200 lions found in remote Ethiopia" 9092:

Myers, D. L.; Zurbriggen, A.; Lutz, H.; Pospischil, A. (1997).

6045:"Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion 5845:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 832–834. 3198: 3137: 3057: 3037: 2994: 2990: 2870:; in 1898, 28 officially recorded railway workers building the 2688: 1902: 1870: 1743: 1658: 1654: 1638: 1605:, the modern lion was present from about 4,500 to 3,200 years 1587: 1384:

118.37–143.52 kg (261.0–316.4 lb) in Southern Africa,

1253: 1181:

in Tanzania and are estimated to be up to 2 million years old.

1133: 972: 928: 525:

and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes for concern.

473:, lions typically do not actively seek out and prey on humans. 438: 252: 232: 10995:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 254–560. 10963:

The Man-Eaters of Eden: Life and Death in Kruger National Park

10505:"Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London "Zoo"" 9518:

Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report

9485:

Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report

8182:(First ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–60. 5340: 4841:

Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016).

4515: 4513: 2230:

Head rubbing among pride members is a common social behaviour.

2000:

Lioness stealing a kill from a leopard in Kruger National Park

1955:

at the canine tip and 2023.7 Newton at the carnassial notch.

1482:

lions often have little to no mane because the removal of the

667:

in 1816. Between the mid-18th and mid-20th centuries, 26 lion

17372: 16905: 16764: 16707: 16580: 16383: 16240: 15867: 15849: 15472: 15142: 14391: 14376: 13037: 12328: 11823: 10148: 10098: 9140: 8983: 8949:

Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation

7553:

Meena, V.; Jhala, Y.V.; Chellam, R. & Pathak, B. (2011).

7038:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 249–262. 6634: 6327:"Five wild lionesses grow a mane and start acting like males" 4519: 3335:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 546. 3146: 3069: 3025: 2974: 2408: 2400: 2320:

and scrape plots of ground and objects within the territory.

1894: 1642: 1483: 1467: 1269: 1249: 1245: 1241: 703: 594: 589: 571: 470: 442: 195: 189: 10663: 10149:

Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Nijman, V. (2007).

8151:

The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour

7049:

Borrego, N.; Ozgul, A.; Slotow, R. & Packer, C. (2018).

6572: 6389:"No, those aren't male lions mating. One is likely a female" 6248:. The Dutch Zoo Conservation Fund (for funding the project). 6042: 1391:

186.55–225 kg (411.3–496.0 lb) in Southern Africa,

722:, and recognises two subspecies based on results of several 17390: 16279: 15175: 14500: 14436: 12109: 11699: 10993:

The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in World Art

10800:

10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0190:TBADDA>2.0.CO;2

9034:

Fosbrooke, H. (1963). "The stomoxys plague in Ngorongoro".

7375: 6043:

Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Barnes, I.; Cooper, A. (2006).

4510: 4311:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen

3490:(Revised and augmented ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2458: 2164: 1898: 1735: 1650: 1177:. The earliest fossils recognisable as lions were found at 10781:

Patterson, B. D.; Neiburger, E. J.; Kasiki, S. M. (2003).

9861:

Conservation Strategy for the Lion West and Central Africa

9699: 9619: 9418: 7773:

Loarie, S. R.; Tambling, C. J. & Asner, G. P. (2013).

7718:"Cooperative hunting in lions: the role of the individual" 6261:"Are Maneless Tsavo Lions Prone to Male Pattern Baldness?" 5675: 4358:

Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B, Historia Naturalis

3689:"Oldest known pantherine skull and evolution of the tiger" 2770:

killing 102 lions in ten years "with his own arrows". The

2024:

declined, the spotted hyena population increased rapidly.

17521: 14409: 14018: 12346: 11500: 10900:

Packer, C.; Swanson, A.; Ikanda, D.; Kushnir, H. (2011).

10846: 9884: 9857: 9825: 9656: 8423: 7998:

10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[347:bfaeat]2.0.co;2

7033: 3776:"Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen ( 2091:. A lioness may mate with more than one male when she is 1730:

pride that always has just one adult male. Prides act as

17509: 11196:

Borowski, O. (2008). "Lion". In Sakenfeld, K. D. (ed.).

9833:"Lions rediscovered in Ethiopia's Alatash National Park" 9763:

Schreber, 1776 record after 39 years (Mammalia Felidae)"

5930:

Ecology of wildlife with special reference to the lion (

5775:. London: Zoological Society of London. pp. 409–23. 5546:

Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola

2942:

Several leaders have had "lion" in their name including

2703:

in 1838 when he toured Great Britain. Martin composed a

2244:

A male lion raises his tail while marking his territory.

935:

in mtDNA-based phylogenies, but with a high affinity to

10833:

10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[1:TSOMAL]2.0.CO;2

9205:"Evaluation of T lymphocytes in captive African lions ( 6038: 6036: 5474:

10.1644/1545-1410(2005)762[0001:PL]2.0.CO;2

5019: 4896:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4805:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. 4622:) in South America: Palaeobiogeographical implications" 4208: 3481: 1986:

Lioness chasing a spotted hyena in Kruger National Park

687:

Range map showing distribution of subspecies and clades

11432:

The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator–Prey Relations

11319:

The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century

8482: 7867: 7516:

Mukherjee, S.; Goyal, S. P. & Chellam, R. (1994).

5524:

The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma

4940: 4453: 4156:"The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions" 4027:"The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions" 2766:

inscription dated circa 1380 BC that mentions Pharaoh

2681:

placed the den on ground level, higher than visitors.

2083:. Like those of other cats, the male lion's penis has 17498: 10306: 10138:. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research. 9579: 7518:"Refined techniques for the analysis of Asiatic lion 7515: 6997:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 5990: 5883:

Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

5575:"Allometric relationships in Lions vs. Domestic Cats" 5308:. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 120. 4801:. In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). 4582: 2852:

The Tsavo maneaters of East Africa on display in the

2661:

Lions were kept in cramped and squalid conditions at

537:

and have been a key species sought for exhibition in

15240: 12636: 10199: 9988: 9986: 9305:(2011 ed.). Chicago: Aldine. pp. 148–175. 8329: 8304: 7051:"Lion population dynamics: do nomadic males matter?" 6033: 5417:. New York: Taplinger Publishing. pp. 138–179. 4840: 4670: 2778:

had one of his lion hunts depicted on a sequence of

10723:Capecchi, Christina; Rogers, Katie (30 July 2015). 9330:(in German) (Second ed.). Berlin: Paul Parey. 8984:Yeoman, Guy Henry; Walker, Jane Brotherton (1967). 8646: 7148: 6417: 5976:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 150–159. 5678:"Fiber type and metabolic characteristics of lion ( 5343:"Research advances in animal distant hybridization" 5240:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 218––234. 3805: 3803: 3801: 1789:Male lion and cub feeding on an African buffalo in 11316: 11094:. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 3–6. 10570:Grisham, J. (2001). "Lion". In Bell, C. E. (ed.). 10193: 9705: 9560: 9094:"Distemper: not a new disease in lions and tigers" 8951:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 195. 7953:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–13. 7363:The Asiatic lion: a study of ecology and behaviour 6460:Mystery of the White Lions—Children of the Sun God 5906: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5449:Haas, S. K.; Hayssen, V.; Krausman, P. R. (2005). 4460:(Goldfuss, 1810), resolve its position within the 4296: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 3788:Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung 3441: 3144:. In Buddhist art, lions are associated with both 3008:Roaring and striding lion from the Throne Room of 2482:. Since 2008, the Asiatic lion has been listed as 1806:Four lionesses catching a buffalo in the Serengeti 565: 11521: 11200:. Vol. 3. Abingdon Press. pp. 669–670. 10070:"Lion population roars to 650 in Gujarat forests" 9983: 9795: 9580:Henschel, P.; Malanda, G.-A.; Hunter, L. (2014). 9375: 9373: 9371: 9144:"A canine distemper epidemic in Serengeti lions ( 8601: 8537: 8226: 7622:Joubert, D. (2006). "Hunting behaviour of lions ( 7181: 6714: 6541: 6539: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5059: 5057: 3881:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T68933833A54067639.en 3621:Davis, B. W.; Li, G. & Murphy, W. J. (2010). 2981:was associated with the flooding of the Nile. In 2554:About 77% of the captive lions registered in the 2125:Video of a lioness and her cubs in Phinda Reserve 1046:, ranged in the Americas from Canada to possibly 990:was larger than the modern lion and lived in the 962:to the modern lion existed in prehistoric times: 17582: 13036: 11285:Zoo: A History of Zoological Gardens in the West 9992: 8988:. London: Commonwealth Institute of Entomology. 8017: 8015: 7983: 7369: 6630: 6628: 6481: 6479: 6126: 5934:) in Gir Wildlife Sanctuary, Saurashtra, Gujurat 3798: 1617:in 480 BC; it was considered rare by 300 BC and 1248:is bigger than a lion and a tiger, whereas most 10813: 9009:Zeitschrift für Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 8940: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8630: 8628: 8544:. I. Diagnosing and treating causes of decline" 8330:O'Brien, S. J.; Wildt, D. E.; Bush, M. (1986). 8173: 8106:) and degree of dietary overlap with the lion ( 7456: 7454: 7452: 5719: 5539: 5066:"Revealing the maternal demographic history of 4792: 4790: 4615: 4139: 4031:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3901:Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). 3851: 3849: 3758:. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052. 2634:. They spread from France and Italy during the 2607:of a lion tamer in a cage with lions and tigers 2523:. WildLink International in collaboration with 2095:. Lions of both sexes may be involved in group 1034:cave paintings, ivory carvings, and clay busts. 11282:Baratay, E. & Hardouin-Fugier, E. (2002). 11220: 10722: 10593: 10591: 10307:Frankham, R.; Ballou, J.; Briscoe, D. (2009). 10212: 9944: 9457: 9368: 9209:) infected with feline immunodeficiency virus" 7944: 7461:Hayward, M. W. & Kerley, G. I. H. (2005). 6831: 6536: 6386: 6290:Munson, L. (2006). "Contraception in felids". 5788: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5550:Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2 5393: 5235: 5054: 4522:"Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion 4449: 4447: 3440: 3280:Populations of India are listed in Appendix I. 2042: 1462:are either maneless or have very short manes. 541:across the world since the late 18th century. 17686:National symbols of the Republic of the Congo 13900: 11741: 11574: 11268:, pp. 7, 96, 99, 103–105, 128, 135, 150, 197. 11083: 10986: 10984: 10982: 9752: 9661:) in Waza National Park, Northern Cameroon". 9356: 8928: 8916: 8309:. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 198. 8167: 8012: 7849: 7665:Power, R. J. & Compion, R. X. S. (2009). 7460: 7149:Mosser, A. A.; Kosmala, M; Packer, C (2015). 6879: 6877: 6875: 6838:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 6625: 6476: 6237: 5865: 5513: 5174: 4616:Chimento, N. R. & Agnolin, F. L. (2017). 4290: 3978: 3974: 3972: 3620: 3513: 3511: 3509: 1758:they can defend; "hotspots" being near river 691:In the 19th and 20th centuries, several lion 11588: 11195: 9738:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 9421:"Urinary volatile constituents of the lion, 9397: 9344: 8965: 8904: 8793: 8781: 8694: 8625: 8568: 8538:Woodroffe, R. & Ginsberg, J. R. (1999). 8519: 8208: 8196: 8051: 8027: 7926: 7664: 7603: 7449: 6759: 6566: 6132: 5927: 5912: 5649:"Evolution of Protein Metabolism in Mammals" 4836: 4834: 4787: 4609: 4384: 4307:Goldfuss, 1810 from the Bisnik Cave, Poland" 4299:"Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene 4214: 3846: 3682: 3680: 2259:, which have been compared with the role of 1711:A lioness (left) and two males in Masai Mara 951:Skull of an American lion on display at the 653:in 1758, who described the lion in his work 609: 604: 411:Lion distribution as of IUCN Red List, 2023 10814:Peterhans, J. C. K.; Gnoske, T. P. (2001). 10633: 10588: 10309:"Genetic management of Captive Populations" 10251: 10067: 10030: 10007: 9950: 9282: 8880: 8851: 8831:The management of wild animals in captivity 8771: 8769: 8767: 8613: 7354: 6906: 6904: 6860: 6848: 6825: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5784: 5782: 5759: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5238:Comparative Aspects of Reproductive Failure 5120: 4799:"Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)" 4736: 4444: 4077: 3839:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15952A5327221.en 3616: 3614: 3589:"Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)" 3580: 3042:Processional Way leading to the Ishtar Gate 3020:The lion was a prominent symbol in ancient 2565: 1534: 1442:growing when lions enter adolescence, when 1395:160–190 kg (350–420 lb) in India 1393:174.9 kg (386 lb) in East Africa, 1388:110–120 kg (240–260 lb) in India 1386:119.5 kg (263 lb) in East Africa, 710:assessors used only two subspecific names: 580: 574: 11761: 11581: 11567: 10979: 10749: 10385: 10127: 9542:Myers, N. (1975). "The silent savannahs". 9419:Andersen, K. F. & Vulpius, T. (1999). 8946: 8845: 8372: 7509: 7434: 7360: 7298:Jahn, G. C. (1996). "Lioness Leadership". 6889: 6872: 6816: 6545: 5963: 5797:. London: Voyageur Press. pp. 50–67. 5507: 5495: 5408: 5293: 4423: 4417: 4378: 4297:Marciszak, A. & Stefaniak, K. (2010). 3989:The Field Guide to Carnivores of the World 3969: 3773: 3506: 3410: 3408: 3313: 2442:, Ethiopia, close to the Sudanese border. 1921:, large prides have been observed hunting 1450:This feature likely evolved to signal the 402: 388: 167: 139: 121: 15984: 12473: 11656: 11238: 11198:New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible 11014: 11012: 10937: 10927: 10893: 10840: 10831: 10798: 10755: 10539: 10133: 10052: 9723: 9682: 9641: 9597: 9440: 9325: 9265: 9224: 9179: 9117: 9098:Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 9054: 9033: 8719:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 8592: 8559: 8459: 8449: 8385:) and its consequences for maternal care" 8378: 8102:"Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena ( 7949:. In Dunstone, N.; Gorman, M. L. (eds.). 7801: 7630:) in the Chobe National Park, Botswana". 7570: 7537: 7485: 7405: 7166: 7113: 7103: 7066: 6986: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6699: 6688:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 6680:"Pending danger: Recent copper age lion ( 6662: 6608: 6598: 6524: 6515: 5921: 5590: 5540:Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (1992) . 5361: 5200: 5103: 5093: 5045: 4917: 4907: 4883: 4866: 4831: 4737:King, L. M. & Wallace, S. C. (2014). 4705: 4655: 4645: 4489: 4479: 4369: 4341: 4234: 4191: 4181: 4122: 4060: 4050: 3879: 3837: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3722: 3712: 3677: 1869:despite it being much smaller. In India, 14330: 11435:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 11156: 11077: 10527: 8833:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 8828: 8764: 8712: 8174:Creel, S.; Spong, G.; Creel, N. (2001). 6901: 6812: 6810: 6768: 6488:"The size of savannah Africa: a lion's ( 6358:"The rare case of a lioness with a mane" 5950: 5917:. Johannesburg, South Africa: MacMillan. 5828: 5826: 5779: 5653:Mammalian Protein Metabolism: Volume III 5431: 5299: 4730: 4576: 4456:"Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion, 4279:(Supplement 12): 423–434. Archived from 3931: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3611: 3414: 3094: 3068:. Lions are frequently mentioned in the 3003: 2921: 2911: 2847: 2739: 2556:International Species Information System 2501: 2457: 2362: 2144: 2114: 1970: 1934:, whereas plains zebras, wildebeest and 1668: 1538: 1256:is a hybrid between a lion and leopard. 1062: 946: 682: 633: 13404: 12167: 11688: 10990: 10820:Journal of East African Natural History 10609: 10569: 10419:"Honolulu zoo's old lion roars no more" 10008:Singh, A.P. (2017). "The Asiatic Lion ( 9874:from the original on 19 September 2015. 9213:American Journal of Veterinary Research 8574: 8305:Denis-Hoot, C.; Denis-Hoot, M. (2003). 8099: 7715: 7621: 6432: 6258: 6112:. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley India. 5614:. Courier Corporation. pp. 17–21. 5535: 5533: 5020:Argant, A. & Brugal, J.-P. (2017). 4934: 4803:Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids 3593:Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids 3482:Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1940). 3405: 2934:, dated 1403–1365 BC, exhibited in the 2926:Granite statue of the Egyptian goddess 2626:. At that time, they came to be called 2570: 2140: 1820:A skeletal mount of a lion attacking a 1466:have also been reported in Senegal, in 17583: 16497: 14733: 11126: 11009: 10760:. New York: McGraw Hill Professional. 10416: 9300: 9060: 8673: 8413:from the original on 20 November 2017. 8381:"High juvenile mortality in cheetahs ( 8142: 7246: 6967: 6934: 6774: 6457: 6356:Young, Lauren J. (23 September 2016). 6324: 6289: 5936:(PhD). Rajkot: Saurashtra University. 5605: 4819:from the original on 25 September 2018 4605:from the original on 29 December 2015. 4329:from the original on 25 September 2018 4303:Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene 3780:) Teil 3. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen 3762: 3599:from the original on 25 September 2018 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 2190:Captive lions have been infected with 1376:82.5–93.5 cm (32.5–36.8 in) 614:may also be related. The generic name 585:), which in turn was a borrowing from 17067: 17066: 15971: 15428: 14732: 13884: 13019: 12460: 11640: 11562: 11342:. Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin Books. 11018: 10960: 10551: 10379: 10367: 10313:Introduction to Conservation Genetics 10225:European Journal of Wildlife Research 9573: 9541: 9006: 8148: 8093: 8077:. African Wildlife Foundation. 1996. 7709: 7440: 7182:Heinsohn, R. & C. Packer (1995). 6807: 6368:from the original on 19 November 2023 6355: 6107: 6101: 5832: 5823: 5646: 5572: 5389:from the original on 30 October 2018. 4583:Packer, C. & Clottes, J. (2000). 4534:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4347: 3979:Hunter, L. & Barrett, P. (2018). 3888: 3665:from the original on 21 November 2021 3631:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3173:, the lion is featured in several of 2950:, who was called "Lion of Mali", and 2347:. The Indian population is listed on 2012:without the presence of food. In the 1681: 17486:DB265300-FB04-4DBA-B843-8DD236484EE4 10502: 10450:"Zoo puts end to 2 lions' suffering" 9839:from the original on 1 February 2016 9813:from the original on 1 February 2016 9531:from the original on 1 October 2011. 9498:from the original on 1 October 2011. 8680:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 8063: 7821:from the original on 16 August 2017. 7297: 7236:from the original on 10 August 2017. 6937:Society for Science & the Public 6304:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.016 5530: 3937: 3919:from the original on 17 January 2020 3756:Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung 3745: 3469:participating institution membership 3226:The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe 2792:. Lions were also hunted during the 2723: 2527:launched an ambitious International 2519:are descendants of animals owned by 1917:buffalo and giraffe are riskier. In 1628:until the 10th century. It lived in 1434:Young male in Pendjari National Park 1373:72–89.5 cm (28.3–35.2 in) 922:Lion samples from some parts of the 16:Large cat native to Africa and India 12951:South African small-spotted genet ( 11413:from the original on 28 August 2023 11027:. Infobase Publishing. p. 63. 10447: 10121:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x 9888:Conservation Strategy for the Lion 9753:Angelici, F. M.; Rossi, L. (2017). 8138:from the original on 30 April 2011. 8075:African Wildlife Foundation website 7725:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 7697:from the original on 31 August 2018 7036:Serengeti: dynamics of an ecosystem 5859: 5409:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1975). "Lion 5268: 5262: 5009:from the original on 8 August 2017. 4747:, based on craniodental characters" 4498:from the original on 3 October 2020 3867:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3825:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3568:from the original on 4 October 2020 3386:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3357: 3298: 3140:, battles and slays the evil ruler 3088:where he is miraculously unharmed ( 2800:is said to have excelled at it. In 2497: 1773: 1577: 1492: 1486:inhibits testosterone production. 1240:In zoos, lions have been bred with 706:until 2017. Between 2008 and 2016, 699:, with about a dozen recognised as 605: 445:. It has a muscular, broad-chested 13: 10080:from the original on 8 August 2017 9905:from the original on 19 June 2015. 9885:IUCN Cat Specialist Group (2006). 9858:IUCN Cat Specialist Group (2006). 9630:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9061:Nkwame, V. M. (9 September 2006). 9048:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1963.tb00190.x 8677:Patterns of mammalian reproduction 8404:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb04855.x 7959:10.1093/oso/9780198540670.003.0001 7947:"Legs and locomotion of carnivora" 7922:from the original on 5 March 2020. 7505:from the original on 27 June 2015. 6337:from the original on 11 April 2024 5811:from the original on 14 April 2021 5753:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x 5592:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1962.tb03240.x 5217:from the original on 26 March 2022 3494:from the original on 11 April 2008 3201:were also heroes slaying lions in 2804:, lions were kept by emperors for 2687:has been part of both established 2506:Two captive male Asiatic lions in 2422:A population occurs in Cameroon's 2399:protected area complex, shared by 2269: 1697:Lion pride in Etosha National Park 953:National Museum of Natural History 714:for African lion populations, and 14: 17727: 17611:Extant Pliocene first appearances 13295:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( 11482: 11377:from the original on 5 March 2024 11132:Revue de l'Histoire des Religions 10737:from the original on 29 July 2015 10616:How Does Aspirin Find a Headache? 8540:"Conserving the African wild dog 8368:from the original on 13 May 2011. 8359:10.1038/scientificamerican0586-84 8081:from the original on 19 July 2019 7762:from the original on 18 May 2015. 5902:from the original on 29 May 2005. 5628:from the original on 5 March 2024 5289:from the original on 18 May 2019. 4005:from the original on 5 March 2024 2540:Association of Zoos and Aquariums 942: 17676:National symbols of South Africa 17666:National symbols of Sierra Leone 17591:IUCN Red List vulnerable species 17568: 17556: 17544: 17532: 17520: 17508: 13020: 11488: 11259: 11247: 11214: 11189: 11177: 11150: 11120: 11108: 11084:Hogarth, C.; Butler, N. (2004). 11065: 11053: 11041: 10954: 10807: 10774: 10716: 10704: 10692: 10657: 10645: 10603: 10572:Encyclopedia of the World's Zoos 10563: 10496: 10484: 10472: 10441: 10410: 10336: 10300: 10142: 10092: 10061: 10033:"Dispersion of the Asiatic lion 10024: 10001: 9909: 9898:. Pretoria, South Africa: IUCN. 9878: 9851: 9746: 9675:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01181.x 9650: 9613: 9605: 9554: 9535: 9502: 9469: 9412: 9385: 9319: 9294: 9241: 9196: 9134: 9085: 9063:"King of the jungle in jeopardy" 9027: 9000: 8977: 8892: 8822: 8810: 8749: 8737: 8706: 8667: 8640: 8561:10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00052.x 8531: 8476: 8417: 8323: 8298: 8255: 8249:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00574.x 8220: 8129:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00183.x 8039: 7977: 7965: 7938: 7861: 7837: 7825: 7766: 7658: 7652:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00626.x 7615: 7591: 7579: 7572:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00780.x 7546: 7422: 7342: 7291: 7240: 7175: 7142: 7130: 7075: 7042: 7027: 7015: 6723:in their common range in Asia". 6325:Gruber, Karl (24 October 2022). 5964:West, P. M.; Packer, C. (2013). 5872:(Linnaeus, 1758); Asiatic lion, 5866:Nowell, K.; Jackson, P. (1996). 5612:Size, Function, and Life History 5154:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02500.x 4984:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x 4236:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00226.x 2619:lived to the age of 22 in 2007. 2596: 2579: 2303:Problems playing this file? See 2285: 2237: 2223: 2214: 2065: 2051: 1993: 1979: 1813: 1799: 1782: 1704: 1690: 1507:with a genetic condition called 1427: 1410: 1365:184–208 cm (72–82 in) 1362:160–184 cm (63–72 in) 1282: 1268: 1087:Maximal range of the modern lion 209: 46: 15429: 12461: 11501:IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. 11449:from the original on 5 May 2024 11302:from the original on 5 May 2024 7463:"Prey preferences of the lion ( 6955: 6928: 6916: 6795:from the original on 5 May 2024 6781:. I. B. Tauris. pp. 5–67. 6753: 6708: 6671: 6451: 6426: 6420:Open Science Repository Biology 6411: 6380: 6349: 6318: 6283: 6252: 6225: 6213: 6201: 6189: 6177: 6110:A Field Guide to Indian Mammals 6021: 5669: 5640: 5599: 5566: 5334: 5322:from the original on 5 May 2024 5306:Carnivores: Meat-eating Mammals 5229: 5168: 5132:) in West and Central Africa". 5013: 4664: 4411:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023 4276:The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 4259: 4017: 3957:from the original on 5 May 2024 3739: 2854:Field Museum of Natural History 2826:European colonisation of Africa 2411:. This population is listed as 2334: 1676:Intermittent bursts of activity 1054:dates to 11,355 ± 55 years ago. 695:were described and proposed as 15972: 11399:. Princeton University Press. 9892:in Eastern and Southern Africa 8332:"The Cheetah in Genetic Peril" 7320:10.1126/science.271.5253.1215a 6642:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 5128:for conservation of the lion ( 4426:"The story of the cave lion – 3475: 3434: 3274: 3044:in Babylon which was built by 2462:A lioness in Gir National Park 2351:and the African population on 1521:Timbavati Private Game Reserve 1511:, which is caused by a double 1259: 1: 17681:National symbols of Sri Lanka 17671:National symbols of Singapore 17626:Mammals of Sub-Saharan Africa 12707:Malabar large-spotted civet ( 11462:Scott, J.; Scott, A. (2002). 11425: 10711:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier 10598:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier 10491:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier 10479:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier 10223:) population from Ethiopia". 9463: 9403: 9391: 9379: 9362: 9350: 9288: 9110:10.1128/CDLI.4.2.180-184.1997 9036:East African Wildlife Journal 8971: 8947:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1972). 8934: 8922: 8910: 8886: 8804: 8787: 8743: 8700: 8634: 8619: 8607: 8525: 8264:Biodiversity and Conservation 8214: 8202: 8057: 8045: 8033: 8021: 7971: 7932: 7855: 7843: 7794:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.01.018 7609: 7597: 7585: 7428: 7021: 6922: 6895: 6883: 6866: 6854: 6817:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1961). 6684:L., 1758) finds from Hungary" 6530: 6462:. Mapumulanga: Npenvu Press. 6207: 5843:Walker's Mammals of the World 5501: 3287: 2843: 2782: 2752: 2679:Oklahoma City Zoological Park 2642:in a seraglio established by 2205:Feline immunodeficiency virus 1649:in 1944. It once ranged from 1089:and its prehistoric relatives 746:lion subspecies includes the 678: 17646:National symbols of Eswatini 16969:Indonesian mountain weasel ( 16625:North American river otter ( 15513:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ( 12567:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii 11466:. New York: Harper Collins. 11356: 11281: 11265: 11253: 11183: 11114: 11071: 11059: 11047: 10929:10.1371/journal.pone.0022285 10710: 10698: 10686:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.006 10651: 10639: 10597: 10509:National Geographic Magazine 10490: 10478: 10388:"Lion: In the Zoo (subpage)" 10054:10.18520/cs/v112/i05/933-940 9977:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.009 9776:(2): 749–752. Archived from 9254:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 8986:The ixodid ticks of Tanzania 8451:10.1371/journal.pone.0117743 6821:. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. 6600:10.1371/journal.pone.0060174 6549:Conservation of African lion 6437:. Johannesburg: E. Stanton. 6435:The White Lions of Timbavati 5686:) and human skeletal muscle" 5246:10.1007/978-3-642-48949-5_12 4945:; Barnes, I.; Ho, S. Y. W.; 4773:10.1080/08912963.2013.861462 4430:(Goldfuss, 1810) – A review" 3714:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 3292: 3048:in the 6th century BCE. The 2918:Cultural depictions of lions 2691:and individual acts such as 2358: 2135:kill any existing young cubs 1058: 595: 552: 543:Cultural depictions of lions 7: 17706:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 17696:National symbols of Tunisia 17661:National symbols of Morocco 17636:National symbols of Burundi 13830:Somalian slender mongoose ( 11389: 11337: 11323:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 11086:"Animal Symbolism (Africa)" 10816:"The Science of Man-eating" 10619:. New York: HarperCollins. 10557: 10373: 9867:. Yaounde, Cameroon: IUCN. 9328:Verhaltensstudien an Katzen 8674:Asdell, Sydney A. (1993) . 7831: 7348: 7136: 6961: 6910: 6819:Simba: the life of the lion 6231: 6219: 6195: 6183: 6027: 5350:Science China Life Sciences 5271:"Hybrid dysgenesis effects" 5034:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 5028:Panthera spelaea intermedia 4618:"The fossil American lion ( 4555:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.020 4323:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117 3912:. Special Issue 11: 71–73. 3651:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036 3242: 3102:meets the Cowardly Lion in 2640:kept at the Tower of London 2508:Sanjay Gandhi National Park 2386:Odzala-Kokoua National Park 2211:also affect captive lions. 2043:Reproduction and life cycle 2022:Masai Mara National Reserve 1865:. It also frequently takes 1419:Phinda Private Game Reserve 1018:. It became extinct due to 629: 610: 10: 17732: 17716:Vulnerable biota of Africa 17656:National symbols of Malawi 16783:Asian small-clawed otter ( 15522:American hog-nosed skunk ( 15504:Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( 13812:Angolan slender mongoose ( 13507:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( 12556:Small-toothed palm civet ( 11551:Collier's New Encyclopedia 11522:The Portugal News (2014). 11461: 11363:. London: Reaktion Books. 11314: 11288:. London: Reaktion Books. 11088:. In Walter, M. N. (ed.). 10545: 10533: 10349:International Zoo Yearbook 9663:African Journal of Ecology 8898: 8816: 8775: 8575:Pienaar, U. de V. (1969). 8229:African Journal of Ecology 7632:African Journal of Ecology 6778:The complete fauna of Iran 6655:10.1007/s10914-022-09635-3 6259:Trivedi, Bijal P. (2005). 5795:Big Cats: Kingdom of Might 5705:10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.02.006 4951:"Phylogeography of lions ( 4647:10.1016/j.crpv.2017.06.009 4391:Quaternary Science Reviews 3943:"Felidæ; or the Cat Tribe" 3862:West Africa subpopulation" 3216:The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 3105:The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 3084:and is forced to sleep in 2936:National Museum of Denmark 2915: 2859: 2747:of a wounded lioness from 2733: 2727: 2453: 2058:Lions mating at Masai Mara 1496: 1233: 1229: 590: 25: 18: 17651:National symbols of Kenya 17621:Mammals described in 1758 17414: 17075: 16868: 16817: 16808: 16762: 16738: 16705: 16688: 16664: 16613: 16596: 16579: 16550:Saharan striped polecat ( 16538: 16521: 16480: 16435: 16418: 16409: 16400: 16301: 16277: 16253: 16236: 16227: 16150: 16095: 16053: 16036: 16012: 15995: 15980: 15967: 15939: 15898: 15865: 15848: 15789: 15739: 15706: 15689: 15680: 15617: 15576: 15543: 15531:Striped hog-nosed skunk ( 15484: 15463: 15441: 15437: 15424: 15360: 15343: 15302: 15274: 15262:Mediterranean monk seal ( 15257: 15223: 15173: 15140: 15105: 15096: 15070: 15053: 15034: 14991:Juan Fernández fur seal ( 14955:South American fur seal ( 14943: 14926: 14902: 14890:South American sea lion ( 14885: 14848: 14831: 14822: 14798: 14770: 14748: 14744: 14728: 14692: 14665: 14656: 14597: 14571: 14562: 14538: 14514: 14499: 14488: 14389: 14363: 14315: 14272:South American gray fox ( 14242: 14216: 14192: 14175: 14160: 14145: 14008: 13975: 13958: 13949: 13916: 13896: 13880: 13848:Common slender mongoose ( 13800: 13758: 13714: 13618: 13592: 13583: 13528: 13495: 13478: 13445: 13428: 13395: 13374: 13333: 13321:Narrow-striped mongoose ( 13316: 13283: 13266: 13257: 13220: 13194: 13185: 13168: 13152: 13116: 13090: 13075: 13051: 13032: 13028: 13015: 12983: 12979: 12843:Crested servaline genet ( 12798: 12759: 12750: 12695: 12669: 12654: 12632: 12586: 12542: 12533: 12484: 12469: 12456: 12424: 12326: 12262: 12245: 12236: 12208: 12191: 12158: 12107: 12020: 11983: 11966: 11957: 11920: 11896: 11887: 11871: 11803: 11770: 11757: 11737: 11684: 11667: 11652: 11636: 11598: 10991:Werness, Hope B. (2007). 10756:Patterson, B. D. (2004). 10386:Dollinger, P.; Geser, S. 10237:10.1007/s10344-012-0668-5 10167:10.1163/18759866-07602002 9757:Panthera leo senegalensis 9725:10.1017/S0030605304000055 9267:10.7589/0090-3558-31.1.70 9226:10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1293 8485:Journal of Animal Ecology 8379:Laurenson, M. K. (1994). 8284:10.1007/s10531-017-1469-7 7496:10.1017/S0952836905007508 7105:10.1186/s12863-018-0607-x 6517:10.1007/s10531-012-0381-4 6496:Biodiversity Conservation 6234:, pp. 133, 137, 145, 148. 6080:10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0 6015:10.1017/S0952836904005242 5363:10.1007/s11427-014-4707-1 4585:"When Lions Ruled France" 4301:Panthera spelaea fossilis 4215:Christiansen, P. (2008). 3449:Oxford English Dictionary 3154:and may be ridden by the 3136:, an avatar of the deity 2997:the goddess of moisture. 2838:killing of Cecil the lion 2790:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal 2035:Lions similarly dominate 1503:The white lion is a rare 1458:Almost all male lions in 1173:since at least the early 958:Other lion subspecies or 410: 401: 396: 387: 359: 354: 331: 324: 206:Scientific classification 204: 187: 165: 156: 147: 138: 129: 120: 37: 17691:National symbols of Togo 17641:National symbols of Chad 16906:Stoat/Beringian ermine ( 16774:African clawless otter ( 16526:African striped weasel ( 16339:Yellow-throated marten ( 16215:Formosan ferret-badger ( 15919:Western mountain coati ( 15910:Eastern mountain coati ( 15827:Western lowland olingo ( 15809:Eastern lowland olingo ( 15637:Southern spotted skunk ( 15331:Southern elephant seal ( 15322:Northern elephant seal ( 15112:Pagophilus groenlandicus 13889:("dog-like" carnivorans) 13702:Stripe-necked mongoose ( 13323:Mungotictis decemlineata 12198:Herpailurus yagouaroundi 11645:("cat-like" carnivorans) 11515:"Lion Conservation Fund" 11274: 11256:, pp. 113, 119–122, 124. 11025:African Mythology A to Z 10155:Contributions to Zoology 9728:(inactive 31 July 2024). 8829:Crandall, L. S. (1964). 8713:Bagemihl, Bruce (1999). 8594:10.4102/koedoe.v12i1.753 5300:Rafferty, J. P. (2011). 5074:BMC Evolutionary Biology 4305:Panthera spelaea spelaea 3329:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). 3267: 2658:lions had been stocked. 2650:at his hunting lodge in 2566:Interactions with humans 2072:A lion cub in Masai Mara 1732:fission–fusion societies 1535:Distribution and habitat 1476:Tsavo East National Park 622:word 'panthēra' and the 512:. It has been listed as 26:Not to be confused with 16951:Yellow-bellied weasel ( 16206:Burmese ferret-badger ( 16188:Chinese ferret-badger ( 16179:Bornean ferret badger ( 16170:Vietnam ferret-badger ( 15655:Eastern spotted skunk ( 15646:Western spotted skunk ( 15376:Leptonychotes weddellii 15018:Subantarctic fur seal ( 14964:Australasian fur seal ( 13788:Black-footed mongoose ( 13770:Bushy-tailed mongoose ( 13719:White-tailed mongoose ( 13657:Indian brown mongoose ( 13639:Short-tailed mongoose ( 13630:Small Indian mongoose ( 13567:Flat-headed kusimanse ( 13540:Alexander's kusimanse ( 13516:Common dwarf mongoose ( 13483:Pousargues's mongoose ( 13345:Brown-tailed mongoose ( 13304:Grandidier's mongoose ( 12558:Arctogalidia trivirgata 11782:Sunda clouded leopard ( 11221:Rangarajan, M. (2013). 10666:Biological Conservation 9957:Biological Conservation 9643:10.3389/fevo.2016.00110 9442:10.1093/chemse/24.2.179 8505:10.1111/1365-2656.12883 8307:The Art of Being a Lion 8100:Hayward, M. W. (2006). 7945:McNeill, R. A. (1993). 7834:, p. 150, 153, 164–165. 7716:Stander, P. E. (1992). 7269:10.1126/science.7652566 7211:10.1126/science.7652573 6949:10.1002/scin.5591611614 6832:Kinnear, N. B. (1920). 6546:Chardonnet, P. (2002). 6387:Dell'Amore, C. (2016). 6155:10.1126/science.1073257 6049:: Implications for its 5789:Brakefield, T. (1993). 5134:Journal of Biogeography 5095:10.1186/1471-2148-14-70 4183:10.1073/pnas.1919423117 4052:10.1073/pnas.1919423117 3782:Panthera (Panthera) leo 3546:10.1126/science.1122277 3488:A Greek-English Lexicon 3454:Oxford University Press 3231:Disney animated feature 3012:, 6th century BC, from 2961:, the lion is known as 2780:Assyrian palace reliefs 2415:. Field surveys in the 2372:Video of a wild lioness 2027:Lions tend to dominate 1826:The Museum of Osteology 1748:Serengeti National Park 1417:A six-year-old male in 1401: 1336: 1124:11.75 to 0.97 1091:in the late Pleistocene 812:− includes the extinct 626:word πάνθηρ 'panther'. 566: 132:Serengeti National Park 16792:Congo clawless otter ( 16695:Hydrictis maculicollis 16693:Spotted-necked otter ( 16652:Southern river otter ( 16603:Pteronura brasiliensis 16366:European pine marten ( 15877:South American coati ( 15605:Palawan stink badger ( 14931:New Zealand sea lion ( 13996:Japanese raccoon dog ( 13693:Crab-eating mongoose ( 13648:Indian grey mongoose ( 13271:Ring-tailed vontsira ( 13082:(bone-crushing hyenas) 12777:Central African oyan ( 12338:Chinese mountain cat ( 11338:de Courcy, C. (1995). 10279:10.1002/zoo.1430060202 10202:International Zoo News 9544:International Wildlife 9326:Leyhausen, P. (1960). 8661:10.1002/zoo.1430130403 8180:Carnivore Conservation 7376:Chakrabarti, S. & 5791:"Lion: Sociable Simba" 5606:Calder, W. A. (1996). 5514:Pocock, R. I. (1939). 5415:Wild Cats of the World 5175:Pocock, R. I. (1898). 5024:Panthera (Leo) spelaea 4909:10.1098/rspb.2013.2686 4626:Comptes Rendus Palevol 3179:The Lion and the Mouse 3126:Lion Capital of Ashoka 3113: 3017: 3010:Nebuchadnezzar II 2938: 2878:Lions' proclivity for 2862:Man-eater § Lions 2857: 2758: 2652:Woodstock, Oxfordshire 2632:cabinet of curiosities 2630:, an extension of the 2521:Emperor Haile Selassie 2511: 2463: 2373: 2339:The lion is listed as 2295:A captive lion roaring 2274: 2153: 2126: 1923:African bush elephants 1791:Sabi Sand Game Reserve 1547: 1460:Pendjari National Park 1157:4.32 to 0.02 1139:3.46 to 1.22 1117:9.32 to 4.47 1092: 955: 688: 639: 581: 575: 533:since the time of the 508:and one population in 17631:Mammals of South Asia 17360:Paleobiology Database 17347:Paleobiology Database 17032:Back-striped weasel ( 16978:Black-footed ferret ( 16750:Smooth-coated otter ( 16528:Poecilogale albinucha 16197:Javan ferret-badger ( 16083:Sumatran hog badger ( 16065:Northern hog badger ( 15759:Crab-eating raccoon ( 15664:Pygmy spotted skunk ( 15385:Lobodon carcinophagus 15121:Histriophoca fasciata 14914:Australian sea lion ( 14860:California sea lion ( 14609:American black bear ( 14351:Black-backed jackal ( 14342:Side-striped jackal ( 14182:Chrysocyon brachyurus 13606:Long-nosed mongoose ( 12879:Rusty-spotted genet ( 12716:Large-spotted civet ( 12565:Sulawesi palm civet ( 12494:Owston's palm civet ( 12068:Andean mountain cat ( 11144:10.3406/rhr.1981.4828 11019:Lynch, P. A. (2004). 10961:Frump, R. R. (2006). 9930:10.1515/MAMM.2010.048 9599:10.1644/13-mamm-a-306 7539:10.4098/AT.arch.94-50 7441:Frank, L. G. (1998). 7398:10.1093/beheco/arx118 7168:10.1093/beheco/arv046 7068:10.1093/beheco/ary018 6760:Üstay, A. H. (1990). 6719:and the Asiatic lion 6060:Conservation Genetics 5928:Sinha, S. P. (1987). 5913:Smuts, G. L. (1982). 5833:Nowak, R. M. (1999). 5647:Munro, H. N. (1969). 5573:Davis, D. D. (1962). 4859:10.1101/gr.186668.114 4572:on 25 September 2007. 4371:10.14446/AMNP.2014.59 3627:(Carnivora: Felidae)" 3415:Linnaeus, C. (1758). 3255:Mapogo lion coalition 3189:is slain by the hero 3098: 3060:. In ancient Israel, 3040:. Lions decorate the 3007: 2952:Richard the Lionheart 2925: 2912:Cultural significance 2860:Further information: 2851: 2743: 2656:William of Malmesbury 2654:, where according to 2544:Species Survival Plan 2505: 2461: 2440:Alatash National Park 2413:Critically Endangered 2382:Republic of the Congo 2371: 2273: 2171:species of the genus 2149:Lions in a tree near 2148: 2124: 1971:Predatory competition 1939:clamping bite to the 1764:Dominance hierarchies 1669:Behaviour and ecology 1542: 1497:Further information: 1359:Head-and-body length 1234:Further information: 1150:3.1 to 1.95 1102:is estimated to have 1066: 950: 686: 637: 488:. It is usually more 21:Lion (disambiguation) 16847:Long-tailed weasel ( 16425:Lyncodon patagonicus 16074:Greater hog badger ( 15596:Sunda stink badger ( 15286:Hawaiian monk seal ( 15009:Guadalupe fur seal ( 14982:Antarctic fur seal ( 14973:Galápagos fur seal ( 14869:Galápagos sea lion ( 13987:Common raccoon dog ( 13839:Cape gray mongoose ( 13779:Jackson's mongoose ( 13739:Paracynictis selousi 13730:Cynictis penicillata 13354:Durrell's vontsira ( 12942:Giant forest genet ( 12734:Large Indian civet ( 12674:Small Indian civet ( 12283:Sunda leopard cat ( 12059:Southern tiger cat ( 11995:African golden cat ( 11672:African palm civet ( 11497:at Wikimedia Commons 11357:Jackson, D. (2010). 10787:Journal of Mammalogy 10398:on 29 September 2011 10101:Conservation Biology 10068:Kaushik, H. (2017). 10035:Panthera leo persica 10031:Singh, H.S. (2017). 10010:Panthera leo persica 9953:Panthera leo persica 9770:Biodiversity Journal 9586:Journal of Mammalogy 9073:on 29 September 2007 7683:10.3377/004.044.0104 7520:Panthera leo persica 6721:Panthera leo persica 6562:on 10 November 2013. 6433:McBride, C. (1977). 5932:Panthera leo persica 5874:Panthera leo persica 4524:Panthera leo spelaea 4428:Panthera Leo Spelaea 3832:: e.T15952A5327221. 3393:: e.T15951A259030422 3250:List of largest cats 3193:who wears its skin. 2571:In zoos and circuses 2529:Barbary Lion Project 2468:region of Saurashtra 2141:Health and mortality 2018:Etosha National Park 1889:and small prey like 1517:Kruger National Park 1472:Dinder National Park 1143:, but also with the 1104:genetically diverged 618:is traceable to the 19:For other uses, see 16890:M. aistoodonnivalis 16726:Hairy-nosed otter ( 16643:Neotropical otter ( 16423:Patagonian weasel ( 15886:White-nosed coati ( 15086:Cystophora cristata 15077:Erignathus barbatus 14810:Northern fur seal ( 14587:Helarctos malayanus 14223:Atelocynus microtis 13930:U. cinereoargenteus 13821:Egyptian mongoose ( 13748:Rhynchogale melleri 13746:Meller's mongoose ( 13737:Selous's mongoose ( 13721:Ichneumia albicauda 13675:Collared mongoose ( 13549:Angolan kusimanse ( 13433:Liberian mongoose ( 12786:West African oyan ( 12685:Civettictis civetta 12616:Golden palm civet ( 12574:Masked palm civet ( 12549:Arctictis binturong 12523:Hemigalus derbyanus 12521:Banded palm civet ( 12512:Hose's palm civet ( 12301:Rusty-spotted cat ( 11464:Big Cat Diary: Lion 11171:10.1017/irq.2015.17 11117:, pp. 107–108, 111. 10965:. The Lyons Press. 10920:2011PLoSO...622285P 10863:2005Natur.436..927P 10678:2009BCons.142.2428H 10454:Honolulu Advertiser 10429:on 25 December 2018 10423:Honolulu Advertiser 10417:Aguiar, E. (2007). 10288:on 25 February 2014 10113:1994ConBi...8..501S 9969:2011BCons.144.1753S 9164:1996Natur.379..441R 8854:American Naturalist 8758:Nature Conservation 8497:2018JAnEc..87.1709M 8442:2015PLoSO..1017743R 8351:1986SciAm.254e..84O 8339:Scientific American 8276:2018BiCon..27..871G 8241:2005AfJEc..43..220T 8071:"Behavior and Diet" 7897:10.1038/nature25479 7889:2018Natur.554..183W 7737:1992BEcoS..29..445S 7644:2006AfJEc..44..279J 7361:Joslin, P. (1973). 7312:1996Sci...271.1215J 7261:1995Sci...269.1216M 7255:(5228): 1216–1217. 7203:1995Sci...269.1260H 7197:(5228): 1260–1262. 7139:, pp. 195–196, 222. 6775:Firouz, E. (2005). 6591:2013PLoSO...860174B 6508:2013BiCon..22...17R 6458:Tucker, L. (2003). 6399:on 28 February 2021 6393:National Geographic 6265:National Geographic 6147:2002Sci...297.1339W 6141:(5585): 1339–1343. 6072:2006ConG....7..507B 5413:(Linnaeus, 1758)". 5193:1898Natur..58Q.200P 5177:"Lion-Tiger Hybrid" 5146:2011JBiog..38.1356B 5086:2014BMCEE..14...70B 5047:10.3409/azc.60_2.59 5026:and its evolution: 4976:2009MolEc..18.1668B 4765:2014HBio...26..827K 4690:2022MolEc..31.6407S 4638:2017CRPal..16..850C 4547:2004MolPE..30..841B 4424:Hemmer, H. (2011). 4403:2011QSRv...30.2329S 4174:2020PNAS..11710927D 4168:(20): 10927–10934. 4107:2016NatSR...630807B 4043:2020PNAS..11710927D 4037:(20): 10927–10934. 3953:. p. 129−148. 3774:Hemmer, H. (1974). 3705:2011PLoSO...625483M 3643:2010MolPE..56...64D 3538:2006Sci...311...73J 3452:(Online ed.). 3080:refuses to worship 2885:Selous Game Reserve 2709:Les Lions de Mysore 2693:Siegfried & Roy 2560:genetic variability 2472:Kathiawar Peninsula 2448:human–lion conflict 2184:Stomoxys calcitrans 1919:Chobe National Park 1194:last glacial period 924:Ethiopian Highlands 159:Conservation status 44:Pleistocene–Present 17711:Vulnerable animals 17005:European polecat ( 16838:Colombian weasel ( 16488:(African polecats) 16116:Caucasian badger ( 16044:(Eurasian badgers) 15494:(hog-nosed skunks) 15231:("southern seals") 15130:Halichoerus grypus 15061:("northern seals") 14933:Phocarctos hookeri 14838:Eumetopias jubatus 14836:Steller sea lion ( 14618:Asian black bear ( 14368:African wild dog ( 14322:(wolf-like canids) 13599:Atilax paludinosus 13558:Common kusimanse ( 13485:Dologale dybowskii 13457:Gambian mongoose ( 13241:Western falanouc ( 13232:Eastern falanouc ( 13201:Cryptoprocta ferox 13106:Parahyaena brunnea 12861:Johnston's genet ( 12816:Abyssinian genet ( 12768:(African linsangs) 12676:Viverricula indica 12607:Brown palm civet ( 12598:Asian palm civet ( 12505:Cynogale bennettii 12496:Chrotogale owstoni 12392:European wildcat ( 12383:Black-footed cat ( 11973:Leptailurus serval 11941:Asian golden cat ( 11707:(Asiatic linsangs) 11315:Blunt, W. (1975). 11240:10.1111/hith.10690 11227:History and Theory 11138:(198–4): 355–401. 10730:The New York Times 10515:on 5 November 2005 10460:on 6 November 2020 10074:The Times of India 9955:) of Gir forest". 9835:. BBC News. 2016. 9761:Leptailurus serval 8392:Journal of Zoology 8149:Kruuk, H. (2014). 8117:Journal of Zoology 7974:, p. 244, 263–267. 7858:, pp. 233, 247–248 7745:10.1007/BF00170175 7628:Loxodonta africana 7559:Journal of Zoology 7474:Journal of Zoology 7386:Behavioral Ecology 7155:Behavioral Ecology 7055:Behavioral Ecology 6987:Estes, R. (1991). 6108:Menon, V. (2003). 6097:on 24 August 2006. 6003:Journal of Zoology 5741:Journal of Zoology 4902:(1774): 20132686. 4752:Historical Biology 4739:"Phylogenetics of 4348:Sabol, M. (2014). 4095:Scientific Reports 3114: 3018: 2939: 2858: 2768:Amenhotep III 2759: 2512: 2464: 2438:was filmed in the 2432:Mole National Park 2424:Waza National Park 2374: 2275: 2154: 2127: 1962:Lions scavenge on 1682:Group organisation 1665:in central India. 1647:Khuzestan province 1584:African rainforest 1548: 1331:fast-twitch muscle 1202:Middle Pleistocene 1093: 992:Middle Pleistocene 956: 937:P. l. melanochaita 847:P. l. bleyenberghi 802:P. l. melanochaita 770:P. l. senegalensis 752:regionally extinct 689: 640: 545:were prominent in 539:zoological gardens 506:sub-Saharan Africa 476:The lion inhabits 451:sexually dimorphic 371:P. l. melanochaita 17496: 17495: 17334:Open Tree of Life 17069:Taxon identifiers 17060: 17059: 17056: 17055: 17052: 17051: 17048: 17047: 17044: 17043: 17023:Siberian weasel ( 17014:American ermine ( 16942:Japanese weasel ( 16897:Mountain weasel ( 16881: 16804: 16803: 16590: 16575: 16574: 16571: 16570: 16559:Striped polecat ( 16509:Marbled polecat ( 16491: 16476: 16475: 16448: 16396: 16395: 16375:Japanese marten ( 16321:American marten ( 16314: 16172:M. cucphuongensis 16163: 16146: 16145: 16134:European badger ( 16107:Japanese badger ( 16047: 16000:American badger ( 15963: 15962: 15959: 15958: 15935: 15934: 15931: 15930: 15859: 15818:Northern olingo ( 15802: 15777:Cozumel raccoon ( 15752: 15676: 15675: 15630: 15589: 15497: 15478: 15420: 15419: 15416: 15415: 15412: 15411: 15408: 15407: 15404: 15403: 15394:Ommatophoca rossi 15367:Hydrurga leptonyx 15354: 15351:(Antarctic seals) 15324:M. angustirostris 15315: 15298: 15297: 15264:Monachus monachus 15251: 15234: 15219: 15218: 15215: 15214: 15064: 15047: 15030: 15029: 14892:Otaria flavescens 14881: 14880: 14792: 14760:Odobenus rosmarus 14724: 14723: 14720: 14719: 14716: 14715: 14712: 14711: 14675: 14652: 14651: 14648: 14647: 14550:Spectacled bear ( 14508: 14484: 14483: 14480: 14479: 14476: 14475: 14324: 14311: 14310: 14230:Crab-eating fox ( 14221:Short-eared dog ( 14169: 14154: 14141: 14140: 14023: 13965:Otocyon megalotis 13909: 13876: 13875: 13872: 13871: 13868: 13867: 13864: 13863: 13860: 13859: 13728:Yellow mongoose ( 13579: 13578: 13466:Banded mongoose ( 13435:Liberiictus kuhni 13389: 13370: 13369: 13366: 13365: 13253: 13252: 13179: 13148: 13147: 13144: 13143: 13140: 13139: 13084: 13045: 13011: 13010: 13007: 13006: 13003: 13002: 12975: 12974: 12971: 12970: 12967: 12966: 12963: 12962: 12915:Servaline genet ( 12834:Bourlon's genet ( 12809: 12770: 12746: 12745: 12628: 12627: 12600:P. hermaphroditus 12452: 12451: 12448: 12447: 12444: 12443: 12420: 12419: 12416: 12415: 12412: 12411: 12408: 12407: 12404: 12403: 12365:African wildcat ( 12322: 12321: 12292:Flat-headed cat ( 12232: 12231: 12016: 12015: 11953: 11952: 11867: 11866: 11863: 11862: 11791:Clouded leopard ( 11750: 11725:Spotted linsang ( 11709: 11674:Nandinia binotata 11493:Media related to 11442:978-0-226-73639-6 11349:978-0-14-023919-5 11330:978-0-241-89331-9 11295:978-1-86189-111-2 11101:978-1-57607-645-3 11034:978-0-8160-4892-2 10972:978-1-59228-892-2 10826:(1&2): 1–40. 10767:978-0-07-136333-4 10672:(11): 2428–2437. 10626:978-0-06-016923-7 10581:978-1-57958-174-9 10503:Owen, J. (2005). 10361:10.1111/izy.12073 10322:978-0-521-70271-3 9337:978-3-489-71836-9 9219:(10): 1293–1300. 9158:(6564): 441–445. 8958:978-0-7153-5272-4 8730:978-0-312-19239-6 8687:978-0-8014-1753-5 8189:978-0-521-66232-1 7883:(7691): 183–188. 7526:Acta Theriologica 7008:978-0-520-08085-0 6788:978-1-85043-946-2 6762:Hunting in Turkey 6739:10.1111/mam.12166 6469:978-0-620-31409-1 6444:978-0-949997-32-6 6119:978-0-14-302998-4 5983:978-1-4081-8996-2 5974:Mammals of Africa 5892:978-2-8317-0045-8 5852:978-0-8018-5789-8 5804:978-0-89658-329-0 5662:978-1-4832-7290-0 5621:978-0-486-69191-6 5608:"Skeletal muscle" 5559:978-90-04-08876-4 5462:Mammalian Species 5424:978-0-8008-8324-9 5315:978-1-61530-340-3 5255:978-3-642-48949-5 4963:Molecular Ecology 4812:978-0-19-923445-5 4698:10.1111/mec.16267 4684:(24): 6407–6421. 4678:Molecular Ecology 4352:Panthera fossilis 4286:on 7 August 2007. 4115:10.1038/srep30807 3998:978-1-4729-5080-2 3784:(Linnaeus, 1758)" 3746:Oken, L. (1816). 3467:(Subscription or 3342:978-0-8018-8221-0 3315:Wozencraft, W. C. 3072:, notably in the 3046:Nebuchadnezzar II 2756: 645–635 BC 2724:Hunting and games 2697:Isaac Van Amburgh 2525:Oxford University 2480:genetic diversity 2369: 2353:CITES Appendix II 2290: 2122: 2101:Generation length 2037:African wild dogs 2014:Ngorongoro crater 1936:Thomson's gazelle 1568:Gir National Park 1545:Gir National Park 1519:and the adjacent 1399: 1398: 1222:during the early 1165:between lion and 1159:million years ago 1152:million years ago 1141:million years ago 1126:million years ago 1119:million years ago 836:P. l. sabakiensis 818:P. l. somaliensis 659:. The genus name 557:The English word 467:keystone predator 461:. The lion is an 415: 414: 199: 182: 17723: 17616:Felids of Africa 17573: 17572: 17571: 17561: 17560: 17559: 17549: 17548: 17537: 17536: 17525: 17524: 17513: 17512: 17504: 17489: 17488: 17476: 17475: 17463: 17462: 17450: 17449: 17448: 17435: 17434: 17433: 17407: 17406: 17394: 17393: 17381: 17380: 17368: 17367: 17355: 17354: 17342: 17341: 17329: 17328: 17316: 17315: 17303: 17302: 17290: 17289: 17277: 17276: 17264: 17263: 17251: 17250: 17238: 17237: 17225: 17224: 17212: 17211: 17199: 17198: 17186: 17185: 17173: 17172: 17160: 17159: 17147: 17146: 17134: 17133: 17124: 17123: 17111: 17110: 17109: 17096: 17095: 17094: 17064: 17063: 16996:Malayan weasel ( 16915:Steppe polecat ( 16888:Sichuan weasel ( 16880: 16879: 16875: 16815: 16814: 16752:L. perspicillata 16717:Eurasian otter ( 16594: 16593: 16589: 16588: 16584: 16495: 16494: 16490: 16489: 16485: 16464:Greater grison ( 16447: 16446: 16442: 16416: 16415: 16407: 16406: 16357:Nilgiri marten ( 16330:Pacific marten ( 16313: 16312: 16308: 16234: 16233: 16217:M. subaurantiaca 16162: 16161: 16160:(ferret-badgers) 16157: 16051: 16050: 16046: 16045: 16041: 15993: 15992: 15982: 15981: 15969: 15968: 15863: 15862: 15858: 15857: 15853: 15801: 15800: 15796: 15751: 15750: 15746: 15687: 15686: 15629: 15628: 15627:(spotted skunks) 15624: 15588: 15587: 15583: 15496: 15495: 15491: 15482: 15481: 15477: 15476: 15468: 15439: 15438: 15426: 15425: 15383:Crabeater seal ( 15358: 15357: 15353: 15352: 15348: 15314: 15313: 15312:(elephant seals) 15309: 15288:N. schauinslandi 15255: 15254: 15250: 15249: 15245: 15238: 15237: 15233: 15232: 15228: 15103: 15102: 15068: 15067: 15063: 15062: 15058: 15051: 15050: 15046: 15045: 15039: 15000:Brown fur seal ( 14975:A. galapagoensis 14862:Z. californianus 14829: 14828: 14796: 14795: 14791: 14790: 14776: 14746: 14745: 14738: 14730: 14729: 14674: 14673: 14669: 14663: 14662: 14578:Melursus ursinus 14569: 14568: 14512: 14511: 14507: 14504: 14497: 14496: 14464:Ethiopian wolf ( 14328: 14327: 14323: 14320: 14173: 14172: 14168: 14165: 14158: 14157: 14153: 14150: 14039:Blanford's fox ( 14022: 14015: 13956: 13955: 13914: 13913: 13908: 13905: 13898: 13897: 13890: 13882: 13881: 13684:Ruddy mongoose ( 13666:Javan mongoose ( 13597:Marsh mongoose ( 13590: 13589: 13569:C. platycephalus 13402: 13401: 13393: 13392: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13264: 13263: 13208:Malagasy civet ( 13192: 13191: 13183: 13182: 13178: 13173: 13166: 13165: 13161: 13088: 13087: 13083: 13080: 13049: 13048: 13044: 13041: 13034: 13033: 13030: 13029: 13017: 13016: 12981: 12980: 12808: 12805: 12769: 12766: 12757: 12756: 12667: 12666: 12663: 12652: 12651: 12647: 12634: 12633: 12540: 12539: 12482: 12481: 12471: 12470: 12458: 12457: 12252:Otocolobus manul 12243: 12242: 12165: 12164: 12041:Geoffroy's cat ( 11964: 11963: 11894: 11893: 11885: 11884: 11880: 11768: 11767: 11759: 11758: 11755: 11754: 11749: 11746: 11739: 11738: 11716:Banded linsang ( 11708: 11705: 11697: 11696: 11686: 11685: 11665: 11664: 11654: 11653: 11646: 11638: 11637: 11583: 11576: 11569: 11560: 11559: 11555: 11547: 11539: 11537: 11535: 11530:on 2 August 2018 11526:. Archived from 11518: 11510: 11492: 11477: 11458: 11456: 11454: 11422: 11420: 11418: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11353: 11334: 11322: 11311: 11309: 11307: 11269: 11263: 11257: 11251: 11245: 11244: 11242: 11218: 11212: 11211: 11193: 11187: 11181: 11175: 11174: 11154: 11148: 11147: 11124: 11118: 11112: 11106: 11105: 11081: 11075: 11069: 11063: 11057: 11051: 11045: 11039: 11038: 11016: 11007: 11006: 10988: 10977: 10976: 10958: 10952: 10951: 10941: 10931: 10897: 10891: 10890: 10857:(7053): 927–28. 10844: 10838: 10837: 10835: 10811: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10778: 10772: 10771: 10753: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10720: 10714: 10708: 10702: 10696: 10690: 10689: 10661: 10655: 10649: 10643: 10637: 10631: 10630: 10607: 10601: 10595: 10586: 10585: 10567: 10561: 10555: 10549: 10543: 10537: 10531: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10511:. Archived from 10500: 10494: 10488: 10482: 10481:, pp. 19–21, 42. 10476: 10470: 10469: 10467: 10465: 10456:. Archived from 10448:Lum, C. (2007). 10445: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10425:. Archived from 10414: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10383: 10377: 10371: 10365: 10364: 10340: 10334: 10333: 10331: 10329: 10304: 10298: 10297: 10295: 10293: 10287: 10281:. Archived from 10264: 10255: 10249: 10248: 10216: 10210: 10209: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10186: 10177:. Archived from 10146: 10140: 10139: 10131: 10125: 10124: 10096: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10085: 10065: 10059: 10058: 10056: 10028: 10022: 10021: 10005: 9999: 9998: 9990: 9981: 9980: 9963:(5): 1753–1757. 9948: 9942: 9941: 9913: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9897: 9882: 9876: 9875: 9873: 9866: 9855: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9844: 9829: 9823: 9822: 9820: 9818: 9799: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9788: 9783:on 10 March 2018 9782: 9767: 9750: 9744: 9743: 9737: 9729: 9727: 9703: 9697: 9696: 9686: 9659:Panthera leo leo 9654: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9617: 9611: 9610: 9609: 9603: 9601: 9577: 9571: 9570: 9558: 9552: 9551: 9539: 9533: 9532: 9530: 9515: 9506: 9500: 9499: 9497: 9482: 9473: 9467: 9461: 9455: 9454: 9444: 9416: 9410: 9401: 9395: 9389: 9383: 9377: 9366: 9360: 9354: 9348: 9342: 9341: 9323: 9317: 9316: 9303:Primate Ethology 9298: 9292: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9269: 9245: 9239: 9238: 9228: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9183: 9172:10.1038/379441a0 9138: 9132: 9131: 9121: 9089: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9069:. Archived from 9067:The Arusha Times 9058: 9052: 9051: 9031: 9025: 9024: 9004: 8998: 8997: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8963: 8962: 8944: 8938: 8932: 8926: 8920: 8914: 8908: 8902: 8896: 8890: 8884: 8878: 8877: 8849: 8843: 8842: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8791: 8785: 8779: 8773: 8762: 8761: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8734: 8710: 8704: 8698: 8692: 8691: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8644: 8638: 8632: 8623: 8617: 8611: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8572: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8535: 8529: 8523: 8517: 8516: 8491:(6): 1709–1726. 8480: 8474: 8473: 8463: 8453: 8421: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8389: 8383:Acinonyx jubatus 8376: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8336: 8327: 8321: 8320: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8114: 8097: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8067: 8061: 8055: 8049: 8043: 8037: 8031: 8025: 8019: 8010: 8009: 7981: 7975: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7874: 7865: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7805: 7782:Animal Behaviour 7779: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7722: 7713: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7626:) on elephants ( 7619: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7550: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7489: 7471: 7458: 7447: 7446: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7409: 7392:(6): 1532–1539. 7373: 7367: 7366: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7188: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7161:(4): 1051–1059. 7146: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7117: 7107: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7012: 6984: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6914: 6908: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6814: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6764:. Istanbul: BBA. 6757: 6751: 6750: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6637:Panthera spelaea 6632: 6623: 6622: 6612: 6602: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6554: 6543: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6483: 6474: 6473: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6395:. Archived from 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6267:. Archived from 6256: 6250: 6249: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6090:. Archived from 6057: 6040: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6018: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5961: 5948: 5947: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5880: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5830: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5786: 5777: 5776: 5768: 5757: 5756: 5732: 5717: 5716: 5690: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5537: 5528: 5527: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5491:on 28 July 2017. 5490: 5484:. Archived from 5459: 5446: 5429: 5428: 5406: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5365: 5347: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5275: 5269:Shi, W. (2005). 5266: 5260: 5259: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5204: 5202:10.1038/058200b0 5172: 5166: 5165: 5140:(7): 1356–1367. 5124: 5118: 5117: 5107: 5097: 5061: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5030:nov. subspecies" 5017: 5011: 5010: 5008: 4970:(8): 1668–1677. 4959: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4921: 4911: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4870: 4838: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4794: 4785: 4784: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4709: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4649: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4589: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4565:. Archived from 4530: 4517: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4493: 4483: 4458:Panthera spelaea 4451: 4442: 4441: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4387:Panthera spelaea 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4272: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4238: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4195: 4185: 4150: 4137: 4136: 4126: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4064: 4054: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3976: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3918: 3907: 3897: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3853: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3807: 3796: 3795: 3771: 3760: 3759: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3726: 3716: 3684: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3618: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3515: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3445: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3412: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3372: 3355: 3354: 3311: 3281: 3278: 3132:, the half-lion 3064:represented the 2971:African folklore 2959:Swahili language 2810:gladiator fights 2796:, where Emperor 2787: 2784: 2764:ancient Egyptian 2757: 2754: 2600: 2583: 2498:Captive breeding 2370: 2349:CITES Appendix I 2314:flehmen response 2292: 2291: 2272: 2241: 2227: 2192:canine distemper 2123: 2106: 2069: 2055: 1997: 1983: 1907:white rhinoceros 1824:, on display at 1817: 1803: 1786: 1774:Hunting and diet 1708: 1694: 1578:Historical range 1513:recessive allele 1493:Colour variation 1431: 1414: 1345: 1344: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1286: 1272: 1160: 1153: 1142: 1127: 1120: 1070:Panthera spelaea 1016:Late Pleistocene 968:P. l. sinhaleyus 917:leo melanochaita 905: 904:(Zukowsky, 1964) 901:P. l. webbiensis 898: 891: 880: 872:P. l. hollisteri 869: 862: 854:P. l. roosevelti 851: 850:(Lönnberg, 1914) 844: 833: 822: 811: 796: 785: 774: 767: 741: 740:(Linnaeus, 1758) 726:studies on lion 613: 608: 607: 598: 593: 592: 584: 578: 569: 406: 392: 379:P. l. sinhaleyus 337: 214: 213: 193: 176: 171: 170: 143: 125: 115: 45: 41:Temporal range: 35: 34: 17731: 17730: 17726: 17725: 17724: 17722: 17721: 17720: 17581: 17580: 17579: 17569: 17567: 17557: 17555: 17543: 17531: 17519: 17507: 17499: 17497: 17492: 17484: 17479: 17471: 17466: 17458: 17453: 17444: 17443: 17438: 17429: 17428: 17423: 17410: 17402: 17397: 17389: 17384: 17376: 17371: 17363: 17358: 17350: 17345: 17337: 17332: 17324: 17321:Observation.org 17319: 17311: 17306: 17298: 17293: 17285: 17280: 17272: 17267: 17259: 17254: 17246: 17241: 17233: 17228: 17220: 17215: 17207: 17202: 17194: 17189: 17181: 17176: 17168: 17163: 17155: 17150: 17142: 17137: 17129: 17127: 17119: 17114: 17105: 17104: 17099: 17090: 17089: 17084: 17071: 17061: 17040: 17016:M. richardsonii 16960:European mink ( 16877: 16876: 16874: 16864: 16856:American mink ( 16829:Amazon weasel ( 16800: 16758: 16734: 16701: 16684: 16660: 16609: 16586: 16585: 16583: 16567: 16534: 16517: 16487: 16486: 16484: 16472: 16455:Lesser grison ( 16444: 16443: 16441: 16431: 16392: 16310: 16309: 16307: 16297: 16273: 16249: 16223: 16159: 16158: 16156: 16142: 16091: 16043: 16042: 16040: 16032: 16008: 15989: 15976: 15955: 15927: 15894: 15855: 15854: 15852: 15844: 15798: 15797: 15795: 15785: 15748: 15747: 15745: 15735: 15702: 15672: 15639:S. angustifrons 15626: 15625: 15623: 15613: 15586:(stink badgers) 15585: 15584: 15582: 15572: 15564:Striped skunk ( 15539: 15533:C. semistriatus 15493: 15492: 15490: 15470: 15469: 15467: 15459: 15453:Ailurus fulgens 15433: 15400: 15350: 15349: 15347: 15339: 15311: 15310: 15308: 15294: 15270: 15247: 15246: 15244: 15230: 15229: 15227: 15211: 15169: 15136: 15092: 15060: 15059: 15057: 15043: 15041: 15040: 15038: 15026: 14939: 14922: 14898: 14877: 14844: 14818: 14785: 14780: 14778: 14777: 14775: 14771: 14766: 14740: 14736: 14708: 14688: 14671: 14670: 14644: 14593: 14558: 14534: 14505: 14503: 14493: 14472: 14401:Golden jackal ( 14385: 14359: 14321: 14319: 14307: 14238: 14232:Cerdocyon thous 14212: 14188: 14166: 14164: 14151: 14149: 14137: 14102:Rüppell's fox ( 14016: 14014: 14004: 13989:N. procyonoides 13971: 13963:Bat-eared fox ( 13945: 13910: 13906: 13892: 13888: 13856: 13841:H. pulverulenta 13796: 13754: 13710: 13677:U. semitorquata 13632:U. auropunctata 13614: 13575: 13524: 13491: 13474: 13441: 13424: 13386: 13384: 13379: 13378: 13362: 13329: 13312: 13279: 13273:Galidia elegans 13249: 13216: 13176: 13174: 13172: 13162: 13157: 13136: 13128:Spotted hyena ( 13112: 13095:Striped hyena ( 13081: 13079: 13071: 13042: 13040: 13024: 12999: 12959: 12897:Aquatic genet ( 12888:Pardine genet ( 12825:Angolan genet ( 12806: 12804: 12794: 12779:P. richardsonii 12767: 12765: 12742: 12725:Malayan civet ( 12691: 12683:African civet ( 12659: 12658: 12648: 12643: 12642: 12638: 12624: 12582: 12529: 12514:Diplogale hosei 12478: 12465: 12440: 12400: 12318: 12258: 12238: 12228: 12204: 12187: 12160: 12154: 12128:Eurasian lynx ( 12103: 12012: 11979: 11959: 11949: 11916: 11889: 11881: 11876: 11859: 11799: 11751: 11747: 11733: 11706: 11693: 11680: 11661: 11648: 11644: 11632: 11594: 11587: 11542: 11533: 11531: 11513: 11485: 11480: 11474: 11452: 11450: 11443: 11427:Schaller, G. B. 11416: 11414: 11407: 11380: 11378: 11371: 11350: 11331: 11305: 11303: 11296: 11277: 11272: 11264: 11260: 11252: 11248: 11219: 11215: 11208: 11194: 11190: 11186:, pp. 109, 115. 11182: 11178: 11155: 11151: 11125: 11121: 11113: 11109: 11102: 11082: 11078: 11070: 11066: 11058: 11054: 11046: 11042: 11035: 11017: 11010: 11003: 10989: 10980: 10973: 10959: 10955: 10898: 10894: 10871:10.1038/436927a 10845: 10841: 10812: 10808: 10779: 10775: 10768: 10754: 10750: 10740: 10738: 10721: 10717: 10709: 10705: 10697: 10693: 10662: 10658: 10650: 10646: 10638: 10634: 10627: 10608: 10604: 10596: 10589: 10582: 10568: 10564: 10556: 10552: 10544: 10540: 10532: 10528: 10518: 10516: 10501: 10497: 10489: 10485: 10477: 10473: 10463: 10461: 10446: 10442: 10432: 10430: 10415: 10411: 10401: 10399: 10384: 10380: 10372: 10368: 10341: 10337: 10327: 10325: 10323: 10305: 10301: 10291: 10289: 10285: 10262: 10256: 10252: 10217: 10213: 10198: 10194: 10184: 10182: 10147: 10143: 10132: 10128: 10097: 10093: 10083: 10081: 10066: 10062: 10041:Current Science 10029: 10025: 10020:(10): 993–1003. 10014:Indian Forester 10006: 10002: 9991: 9984: 9949: 9945: 9914: 9910: 9902: 9895: 9883: 9879: 9871: 9864: 9856: 9852: 9842: 9840: 9831: 9830: 9826: 9816: 9814: 9801: 9800: 9796: 9786: 9784: 9780: 9765: 9755:"Further lion, 9751: 9747: 9731: 9730: 9704: 9700: 9655: 9651: 9618: 9614: 9604: 9578: 9574: 9559: 9555: 9540: 9536: 9528: 9513: 9507: 9503: 9495: 9480: 9474: 9470: 9462: 9458: 9429:Chemical Senses 9417: 9413: 9402: 9398: 9390: 9386: 9378: 9369: 9361: 9357: 9349: 9345: 9338: 9324: 9320: 9313: 9299: 9295: 9287: 9283: 9246: 9242: 9201: 9197: 9139: 9135: 9090: 9086: 9076: 9074: 9059: 9055: 9032: 9028: 9005: 9001: 8982: 8978: 8970: 8966: 8959: 8945: 8941: 8933: 8929: 8921: 8917: 8909: 8905: 8897: 8893: 8885: 8881: 8850: 8846: 8827: 8823: 8815: 8811: 8803: 8794: 8786: 8782: 8774: 8765: 8754: 8750: 8742: 8738: 8731: 8711: 8707: 8699: 8695: 8688: 8672: 8668: 8645: 8641: 8633: 8626: 8618: 8614: 8606: 8602: 8573: 8569: 8536: 8532: 8524: 8520: 8481: 8477: 8436:(2): e0117743. 8422: 8418: 8410: 8387: 8377: 8373: 8365: 8334: 8328: 8324: 8317: 8303: 8299: 8260: 8256: 8225: 8221: 8213: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8190: 8172: 8168: 8161: 8147: 8143: 8135: 8112: 8104:Crocuta crocuta 8098: 8094: 8084: 8082: 8069: 8068: 8064: 8056: 8052: 8044: 8040: 8032: 8028: 8020: 8013: 7982: 7978: 7970: 7966: 7943: 7939: 7931: 7927: 7919: 7872: 7866: 7862: 7854: 7850: 7842: 7838: 7830: 7826: 7818: 7777: 7771: 7767: 7759: 7720: 7714: 7710: 7700: 7698: 7671:African Zoology 7663: 7659: 7620: 7616: 7608: 7604: 7596: 7592: 7584: 7580: 7551: 7547: 7514: 7510: 7502: 7487:10.1.1.611.8271 7469: 7459: 7450: 7439: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7374: 7370: 7359: 7355: 7347: 7343: 7296: 7292: 7245: 7241: 7233: 7186: 7180: 7176: 7147: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7080: 7076: 7047: 7043: 7032: 7028: 7020: 7016: 7009: 6985: 6968: 6960: 6956: 6933: 6929: 6921: 6917: 6909: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6882: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6830: 6826: 6815: 6808: 6798: 6796: 6789: 6773: 6769: 6758: 6754: 6717:Panthera tigris 6713: 6709: 6701:10.1002/oa.2875 6676: 6672: 6633: 6626: 6571: 6567: 6559: 6552: 6544: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6484: 6477: 6470: 6456: 6452: 6445: 6431: 6427: 6416: 6412: 6402: 6400: 6385: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6362:Popular Science 6354: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6323: 6319: 6288: 6284: 6274: 6272: 6257: 6253: 6242: 6238: 6230: 6226: 6218: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6186:, pp. 137, 145. 6182: 6178: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6106: 6102: 6094: 6055: 6041: 6034: 6026: 6022: 5995: 5991: 5984: 5962: 5951: 5944: 5926: 5922: 5911: 5907: 5899: 5893: 5878: 5868:"African lion, 5864: 5860: 5853: 5831: 5824: 5814: 5812: 5805: 5787: 5780: 5769: 5760: 5733: 5720: 5688: 5684:Caracal caracal 5674: 5670: 5663: 5645: 5641: 5631: 5629: 5622: 5604: 5600: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5538: 5531: 5512: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5488: 5457: 5447: 5432: 5425: 5407: 5394: 5386: 5345: 5339: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5316: 5298: 5294: 5286: 5273: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5234: 5230: 5220: 5218: 5173: 5169: 5125: 5121: 5062: 5055: 5022:"The cave lion 5018: 5014: 5006: 4957: 4939: 4935: 4888: 4884: 4847:Genome Research 4839: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4813: 4795: 4788: 4735: 4731: 4669: 4665: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4592:Natural History 4587: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4528: 4518: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4468:Open Quaternary 4452: 4445: 4422: 4418: 4397:(17): 2329–40. 4383: 4379: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4270: 4264: 4260: 4213: 4209: 4151: 4140: 4082: 4078: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4006: 3999: 3977: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3905: 3898: 3889: 3854: 3847: 3808: 3799: 3772: 3763: 3744: 3740: 3685: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3619: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3585: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3532:(5757): 73–77. 3516: 3507: 3497: 3495: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3458: 3456: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3413: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3373: 3358: 3343: 3312: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3245: 3203:medieval Europe 3183:Greek mythology 3160:Chinese culture 3130:Hindu mythology 3076:, in which the 3050:Lion of Babylon 2977:, The lion-god 2920: 2914: 2868:Tsavo maneaters 2864: 2846: 2788:, known as the 2785: 2755: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2601: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2584: 2573: 2568: 2533:Atlas Mountains 2517:Addis Ababa Zoo 2500: 2456: 2363: 2361: 2337: 2310: 2309: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2286: 2283: 2276: 2270: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2228: 2217: 2159:Nile crocodiles 2143: 2115: 2104: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2045: 2005: 2004: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1973: 1855:African buffalo 1847:blue wildebeest 1845:, particularly 1832: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1818: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1787: 1776: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1684: 1671: 1657:in Pakistan to 1593:During the mid- 1580: 1537: 1501: 1495: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1415: 1404: 1394: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1339: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1262: 1238: 1236:Panthera hybrid 1232: 1155: 1148: 1137: 1122: 1115: 1108:common ancestor 1090: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1073: 1061: 1024:human expansion 1020:climate warming 945: 903: 897:(Roberts, 1948) 896: 885: 874: 867: 856: 849: 838: 827: 820: 805: 790: 779: 772: 765: 739: 724:phylogeographic 681: 656:Systema Naturae 647:scientific name 632: 620:classical Latin 561:is derived via 555: 350: 339: 333: 320: 208: 200: 183: 172: 168: 161: 116: 114: 113: 112: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 43: 42: 39: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17729: 17719: 17718: 17713: 17708: 17703: 17698: 17693: 17688: 17683: 17678: 17673: 17668: 17663: 17658: 17653: 17648: 17643: 17638: 17633: 17628: 17623: 17618: 17613: 17608: 17603: 17601:Apex predators 17598: 17593: 17578: 17577: 17565: 17553: 17541: 17529: 17517: 17494: 17493: 17491: 17490: 17477: 17464: 17451: 17436: 17420: 17418: 17412: 17411: 17409: 17408: 17395: 17382: 17369: 17356: 17343: 17330: 17317: 17304: 17291: 17278: 17265: 17252: 17239: 17226: 17213: 17200: 17187: 17174: 17161: 17148: 17135: 17125: 17112: 17097: 17081: 17079: 17073: 17072: 17058: 17057: 17054: 17053: 17050: 17049: 17046: 17045: 17042: 17041: 17039: 17038: 17034:M. strigidorsa 17029: 17020: 17011: 17002: 16993: 16987:Least weasel ( 16984: 16975: 16966: 16957: 16948: 16939: 16933:Haida ermine ( 16930: 16921: 16917:M. eversmannii 16912: 16903: 16894: 16884: 16882: 16866: 16865: 16863: 16862: 16853: 16844: 16835: 16825: 16823: 16812: 16806: 16805: 16802: 16801: 16799: 16798: 16789: 16780: 16770: 16768: 16760: 16759: 16757: 16756: 16746: 16744: 16736: 16735: 16733: 16732: 16723: 16713: 16711: 16703: 16702: 16700: 16699: 16689: 16686: 16685: 16683: 16682: 16672: 16670: 16662: 16661: 16659: 16658: 16649: 16645:L. longicaudis 16640: 16634:Marine otter ( 16631: 16621: 16619: 16611: 16610: 16608: 16607: 16597: 16591: 16577: 16576: 16573: 16572: 16569: 16568: 16566: 16565: 16556: 16546: 16544: 16536: 16535: 16533: 16532: 16522: 16519: 16518: 16516: 16515: 16505: 16503: 16492: 16478: 16477: 16474: 16473: 16471: 16470: 16461: 16451: 16449: 16433: 16432: 16430: 16429: 16419: 16413: 16404: 16398: 16397: 16394: 16393: 16391: 16390: 16381: 16372: 16363: 16354: 16348:Beech marten ( 16345: 16336: 16327: 16317: 16315: 16299: 16298: 16296: 16295: 16285: 16283: 16275: 16274: 16272: 16271: 16261: 16259: 16251: 16250: 16248: 16247: 16237: 16231: 16225: 16224: 16222: 16221: 16212: 16203: 16194: 16185: 16176: 16166: 16164: 16148: 16147: 16144: 16143: 16141: 16140: 16131: 16125:Asian badger ( 16122: 16113: 16103: 16101: 16093: 16092: 16090: 16089: 16080: 16071: 16067:A. albogularis 16061: 16059: 16048: 16034: 16033: 16031: 16030: 16024:Honey badger ( 16020: 16018: 16010: 16009: 16007: 16006: 15996: 15990: 15985: 15978: 15977: 15965: 15964: 15961: 15960: 15957: 15956: 15954: 15953: 15952: 15951: 15945: 15943: 15937: 15936: 15933: 15932: 15929: 15928: 15926: 15925: 15916: 15906: 15904: 15896: 15895: 15893: 15892: 15883: 15873: 15871: 15860: 15846: 15845: 15843: 15842: 15833: 15824: 15815: 15805: 15803: 15787: 15786: 15784: 15783: 15774: 15765: 15761:P. cancrivorus 15755: 15753: 15737: 15736: 15734: 15733: 15729:B. sumichrasti 15724: 15714: 15712: 15704: 15703: 15701: 15700: 15690: 15684: 15678: 15677: 15674: 15673: 15671: 15670: 15661: 15652: 15643: 15633: 15631: 15615: 15614: 15612: 15611: 15602: 15592: 15590: 15574: 15573: 15571: 15570: 15561: 15555:Hooded skunk ( 15551: 15549: 15541: 15540: 15538: 15537: 15528: 15519: 15510: 15500: 15498: 15479: 15461: 15460: 15458: 15457: 15447: 15445: 15435: 15434: 15422: 15421: 15418: 15417: 15414: 15413: 15410: 15409: 15406: 15405: 15402: 15401: 15399: 15398: 15389: 15380: 15374:Weddell seal ( 15371: 15365:Leopard seal ( 15361: 15355: 15341: 15340: 15338: 15337: 15328: 15318: 15316: 15300: 15299: 15296: 15295: 15293: 15292: 15282: 15280: 15272: 15271: 15269: 15268: 15258: 15252: 15235: 15221: 15220: 15217: 15216: 15213: 15212: 15210: 15209: 15200: 15191: 15185:Caspian seal ( 15181: 15179: 15171: 15170: 15168: 15167: 15158: 15152:Spotted seal ( 15148: 15146: 15138: 15137: 15135: 15134: 15125: 15116: 15106: 15100: 15094: 15093: 15091: 15090: 15081: 15075:Bearded seal ( 15071: 15065: 15048: 15044:or true seals) 15042:(earless seals 15032: 15031: 15028: 15027: 15025: 15024: 15015: 15006: 14997: 14988: 14979: 14970: 14961: 14951: 14949: 14941: 14940: 14938: 14937: 14927: 14924: 14923: 14921: 14920: 14910: 14908: 14900: 14899: 14897: 14896: 14886: 14883: 14882: 14879: 14878: 14876: 14875: 14866: 14856: 14854: 14846: 14845: 14843: 14842: 14832: 14826: 14820: 14819: 14817: 14816: 14806: 14804: 14793: 14768: 14767: 14765: 14764: 14754: 14752: 14742: 14741: 14726: 14725: 14722: 14721: 14718: 14717: 14714: 14713: 14710: 14709: 14707: 14706: 14705: 14704: 14698: 14696: 14690: 14689: 14687: 14686: 14685: 14684: 14678: 14676: 14660: 14654: 14653: 14650: 14649: 14646: 14645: 14643: 14642: 14633: 14624: 14615: 14605: 14603: 14595: 14594: 14592: 14591: 14582: 14572: 14566: 14560: 14559: 14557: 14556: 14546: 14544: 14536: 14535: 14533: 14532: 14528:A. melanoleuca 14522: 14520: 14509: 14494: 14489: 14486: 14485: 14482: 14481: 14478: 14477: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14470: 14461: 14452: 14446:Eastern wolf ( 14443: 14434: 14428:African wolf ( 14425: 14416: 14410:Domestic dog ( 14407: 14397: 14395: 14387: 14386: 14384: 14383: 14374: 14364: 14361: 14360: 14358: 14357: 14348: 14338: 14336: 14325: 14313: 14312: 14309: 14308: 14306: 14305: 14296: 14290:Sechuran fox ( 14287: 14283:L. gymnocercus 14278: 14269: 14263:Darwin's fox ( 14260: 14250: 14248: 14240: 14239: 14237: 14236: 14227: 14217: 14214: 14213: 14211: 14210: 14200: 14198: 14190: 14189: 14187: 14186: 14176: 14170: 14155: 14143: 14142: 14139: 14138: 14136: 14135: 14126: 14117: 14108: 14099: 14090: 14081: 14072: 14063: 14054: 14045: 14036: 14032:V. bengalensis 14026: 14024: 14006: 14005: 14003: 14002: 13993: 13983: 13981: 13973: 13972: 13970: 13969: 13959: 13953: 13947: 13946: 13944: 13943: 13934: 13924: 13922: 13911: 13901: 13894: 13893: 13878: 13877: 13874: 13873: 13870: 13869: 13866: 13865: 13862: 13861: 13858: 13857: 13855: 13854: 13845: 13836: 13827: 13818: 13808: 13806: 13798: 13797: 13795: 13794: 13785: 13776: 13772:B. crassicauda 13766: 13764: 13756: 13755: 13753: 13752: 13743: 13734: 13725: 13715: 13712: 13711: 13709: 13708: 13699: 13690: 13681: 13672: 13663: 13654: 13645: 13636: 13626: 13624: 13616: 13615: 13613: 13612: 13603: 13593: 13587: 13581: 13580: 13577: 13576: 13574: 13573: 13564: 13555: 13546: 13536: 13534: 13526: 13525: 13523: 13522: 13513: 13503: 13501: 13493: 13492: 13490: 13489: 13479: 13476: 13475: 13473: 13472: 13463: 13453: 13451: 13443: 13442: 13440: 13439: 13429: 13426: 13425: 13423: 13422: 13412: 13410: 13399: 13390: 13372: 13371: 13368: 13367: 13364: 13363: 13361: 13360: 13351: 13341: 13339: 13331: 13330: 13328: 13327: 13317: 13314: 13313: 13311: 13310: 13306:G. grandidieri 13301: 13291: 13289: 13281: 13280: 13278: 13277: 13267: 13261: 13255: 13254: 13251: 13250: 13248: 13247: 13238: 13228: 13226: 13218: 13217: 13215: 13214: 13205: 13195: 13189: 13180: 13163: 13153: 13150: 13149: 13146: 13145: 13142: 13141: 13138: 13137: 13135: 13134: 13124: 13122: 13114: 13113: 13111: 13110: 13101: 13091: 13085: 13073: 13072: 13070: 13069: 13059: 13057: 13046: 13026: 13025: 13013: 13012: 13009: 13008: 13005: 13004: 13001: 13000: 12998: 12997: 12996: 12995: 12989: 12987: 12977: 12976: 12973: 12972: 12969: 12968: 12965: 12964: 12961: 12960: 12958: 12957: 12948: 12939: 12930: 12921: 12912: 12903: 12894: 12885: 12876: 12870:Letaba genet ( 12867: 12858: 12852:Common genet ( 12849: 12840: 12831: 12822: 12812: 12810: 12796: 12795: 12793: 12792: 12783: 12773: 12771: 12754: 12748: 12747: 12744: 12743: 12741: 12740: 12731: 12722: 12713: 12703: 12701: 12693: 12692: 12690: 12689: 12680: 12670: 12664: 12649: 12637: 12630: 12629: 12626: 12625: 12623: 12622: 12618:P. zeylonensis 12613: 12604: 12594: 12592: 12584: 12583: 12581: 12580: 12576:Paguma larvata 12571: 12562: 12553: 12543: 12537: 12531: 12530: 12528: 12527: 12518: 12509: 12500: 12490: 12488: 12479: 12474: 12467: 12466: 12454: 12453: 12450: 12449: 12446: 12445: 12442: 12441: 12439: 12438: 12437: 12436: 12430: 12428: 12422: 12421: 12418: 12417: 12414: 12413: 12410: 12409: 12406: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12399: 12398: 12389: 12380: 12371: 12362: 12353: 12347:Domestic cat ( 12344: 12334: 12332: 12324: 12323: 12320: 12319: 12317: 12316: 12307: 12303:P. rubiginosus 12298: 12289: 12280: 12276:P. bengalensis 12270: 12268: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12256: 12250:Pallas's cat ( 12246: 12240: 12234: 12233: 12230: 12229: 12227: 12226: 12216: 12214: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12202: 12192: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12185: 12175: 12173: 12162: 12156: 12155: 12153: 12152: 12143: 12137:Iberian lynx ( 12134: 12125: 12115: 12113: 12105: 12104: 12102: 12101: 12092: 12083: 12074: 12065: 12056: 12047: 12038: 12028: 12026: 12018: 12017: 12014: 12013: 12011: 12010: 12001: 11991: 11989: 11981: 11980: 11978: 11977: 11967: 11961: 11955: 11954: 11951: 11950: 11948: 11947: 11938: 11928: 11926: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11914: 11904: 11902: 11891: 11882: 11872: 11869: 11868: 11865: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11858: 11857: 11848: 11839: 11830: 11821: 11815:Snow leopard ( 11811: 11809: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11797: 11788: 11778: 11776: 11765: 11752: 11742: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11731: 11722: 11712: 11710: 11694: 11689: 11682: 11681: 11679: 11678: 11668: 11662: 11657: 11650: 11649: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11630: 11628:Laurasiatheria 11624: 11618: 11612: 11606: 11599: 11596: 11595: 11586: 11585: 11578: 11571: 11563: 11557: 11556: 11540: 11519: 11511: 11498: 11484: 11483:External links 11481: 11479: 11478: 11472: 11459: 11441: 11423: 11405: 11387: 11370:978-1861896551 11369: 11354: 11348: 11335: 11329: 11312: 11294: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11270: 11258: 11246: 11233:(4): 109–127. 11213: 11207:978-0687333653 11206: 11188: 11176: 11149: 11119: 11107: 11100: 11076: 11064: 11052: 11040: 11033: 11008: 11002:978-0826419132 11001: 10978: 10971: 10953: 10892: 10839: 10806: 10793:(1): 190–196. 10773: 10766: 10748: 10715: 10703: 10691: 10656: 10644: 10632: 10625: 10602: 10587: 10580: 10562: 10550: 10538: 10526: 10495: 10483: 10471: 10440: 10409: 10378: 10366: 10355:(1): 198–213. 10335: 10321: 10299: 10250: 10231:(2): 215–225. 10211: 10192: 10181:on 22 May 2011 10141: 10126: 10107:(2): 501–507. 10091: 10060: 10047:(5): 933–940. 10023: 10000: 9982: 9943: 9924:(4): 363–367. 9908: 9877: 9850: 9824: 9794: 9745: 9698: 9649: 9612: 9592:(4): 882−892. 9572: 9553: 9534: 9501: 9468: 9466:, pp. 103–113. 9456: 9435:(2): 179–189. 9411: 9396: 9384: 9382:, pp. 103–117. 9367: 9355: 9343: 9336: 9318: 9311: 9293: 9281: 9240: 9195: 9133: 9104:(2): 180–184. 9084: 9053: 9042:(6): 124–126. 9026: 8999: 8976: 8964: 8957: 8939: 8927: 8915: 8903: 8891: 8879: 8866:10.1086/284097 8844: 8821: 8809: 8792: 8780: 8763: 8748: 8736: 8729: 8705: 8693: 8686: 8666: 8655:(4): 301–307. 8639: 8624: 8612: 8600: 8587:(1): 108–176. 8567: 8554:(2): 132–142. 8530: 8518: 8475: 8416: 8398:(3): 387–408. 8371: 8322: 8315: 8297: 8270:(4): 871–889. 8254: 8235:(3): 220–224. 8219: 8207: 8195: 8188: 8166: 8160:978-1626549050 8159: 8141: 8123:(4): 606–614. 8092: 8062: 8050: 8038: 8026: 8011: 7992:(2): 347–358. 7976: 7964: 7937: 7925: 7860: 7848: 7836: 7824: 7788:(5): 899–906. 7765: 7731:(6): 445–454. 7708: 7657: 7638:(2): 279–281. 7614: 7602: 7600:, pp. 220–221. 7590: 7578: 7545: 7532:(4): 425–430. 7508: 7480:(3): 309–322. 7448: 7433: 7421: 7368: 7353: 7341: 7306:(5253): 1215. 7290: 7239: 7174: 7141: 7129: 7074: 7061:(3): 660–666. 7041: 7026: 7014: 7007: 6966: 6954: 6927: 6915: 6900: 6888: 6871: 6859: 6847: 6824: 6806: 6787: 6767: 6752: 6733:(4): 340–353. 6707: 6694:(4): 469–481. 6670: 6649:(1): 109–135. 6624: 6565: 6535: 6523: 6475: 6468: 6450: 6443: 6425: 6410: 6379: 6348: 6317: 6298:(1): 126–134. 6292:Theriogenology 6282: 6271:on 5 June 2002 6251: 6236: 6224: 6212: 6200: 6188: 6176: 6125: 6118: 6100: 6066:(4): 507–514. 6032: 6020: 6009:(4): 329–342. 6001:): a review". 5989: 5982: 5949: 5943:978-3844305456 5942: 5920: 5905: 5891: 5876:(Meyer, 1826)" 5858: 5851: 5822: 5803: 5778: 5758: 5747:(3): 365–373. 5718: 5699:(2): 125–133. 5668: 5661: 5639: 5620: 5598: 5585:(4): 505–514. 5565: 5558: 5529: 5506: 5494: 5430: 5423: 5392: 5356:(9): 889–902. 5333: 5314: 5292: 5261: 5254: 5228: 5167: 5119: 5053: 5012: 4933: 4882: 4830: 4811: 4786: 4759:(6): 827–833. 4745:Panthera atrox 4729: 4663: 4632:(8): 850–864. 4620:Panthera atrox 4608: 4575: 4541:(3): 841–849. 4509: 4443: 4416: 4377: 4364:(1–2): 59–70. 4340: 4317:(3): 339–351. 4289: 4258: 4229:(6): 977–992. 4207: 4138: 4076: 4016: 3997: 3968: 3930: 3887: 3845: 3797: 3761: 3738: 3699:(10): e25483. 3676: 3610: 3579: 3505: 3474: 3433: 3404: 3356: 3341: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3175:Aesop's fables 3171:ancient Greece 3142:Hiranyakashipu 3086:the lions' den 3078:eponymous hero 3074:Book of Daniel 3066:tribe of Judah 2944:Sundiata Keita 2916:Main article: 2913: 2910: 2872:Uganda Railway 2845: 2842: 2834:Trophy hunting 2728:Main article: 2725: 2722: 2701:Queen Victoria 2667:Carl Hagenbeck 2602: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2585: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2499: 2496: 2455: 2452: 2360: 2357: 2336: 2333: 2300: 2294: 2284: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2257:social licking 2243: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2142: 2139: 2071: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2009:spotted hyenas 1999: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1867:common warthog 1839:hypercarnivore 1834:The lion is a 1819: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1788: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1710: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1670: 1667: 1607:Before Present 1579: 1576: 1536: 1533: 1494: 1491: 1464:Maneless lions 1433: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1416: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1389: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1338: 1335: 1288: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1231: 1228: 1147:that diverged 1136:that diverged 1077:Panthera atrox 1060: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1035: 995: 983: 960:sister species 944: 943:Fossil records 941: 908: 907: 868:(Heller, 1914) 825:P. l. massaica 798: 788:P. l. azandica 693:type specimens 680: 677: 663:was coined by 631: 628: 554: 551: 455:social species 413: 412: 408: 407: 399: 398: 394: 393: 385: 384: 383: 382: 374: 367: 357: 356: 352: 351: 340: 329: 328: 322: 321: 314: 312: 308: 307: 300: 296: 295: 290: 286: 285: 280: 276: 275: 270: 266: 265: 260: 256: 255: 250: 246: 245: 240: 236: 235: 230: 226: 225: 220: 216: 215: 202: 201: 188: 185: 184: 166: 163: 162: 157: 154: 153: 145: 144: 136: 135: 127: 126: 118: 117: 109: 108: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 40: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17728: 17717: 17714: 17712: 17709: 17707: 17704: 17702: 17699: 17697: 17694: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17677: 17674: 17672: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17662: 17659: 17657: 17654: 17652: 17649: 17647: 17644: 17642: 17639: 17637: 17634: 17632: 17629: 17627: 17624: 17622: 17619: 17617: 17614: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17588: 17586: 17576: 17566: 17564: 17554: 17552: 17547: 17542: 17540: 17535: 17530: 17528: 17523: 17518: 17516: 17511: 17506: 17505: 17502: 17487: 17482: 17478: 17474: 17469: 17465: 17461: 17456: 17452: 17447: 17441: 17437: 17432: 17426: 17422: 17421: 17419: 17417: 17413: 17405: 17400: 17396: 17392: 17387: 17383: 17379: 17374: 17370: 17366: 17361: 17357: 17353: 17348: 17344: 17340: 17335: 17331: 17327: 17322: 17318: 17314: 17309: 17305: 17301: 17296: 17292: 17288: 17283: 17279: 17275: 17270: 17266: 17262: 17257: 17253: 17249: 17244: 17240: 17236: 17231: 17227: 17223: 17218: 17214: 17210: 17205: 17201: 17197: 17192: 17188: 17184: 17179: 17175: 17171: 17166: 17162: 17158: 17153: 17149: 17145: 17140: 17136: 17132: 17126: 17122: 17117: 17113: 17108: 17102: 17098: 17093: 17087: 17083: 17082: 17080: 17078: 17074: 17070: 17065: 17037: 17035: 17030: 17028: 17026: 17021: 17019: 17017: 17012: 17010: 17008: 17003: 17001: 16999: 16994: 16992: 16990: 16985: 16983: 16981: 16976: 16974: 16972: 16971:M. lutreolina 16967: 16965: 16963: 16958: 16956: 16954: 16949: 16947: 16945: 16940: 16938: 16936: 16931: 16929: 16927: 16922: 16920: 16918: 16913: 16911: 16909: 16904: 16902: 16900: 16895: 16893: 16891: 16886: 16885: 16883: 16873: 16872: 16867: 16861: 16859: 16854: 16852: 16850: 16845: 16843: 16841: 16836: 16834: 16832: 16827: 16826: 16824: 16822: 16821: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16807: 16797: 16795: 16790: 16788: 16786: 16781: 16779: 16777: 16772: 16771: 16769: 16767: 16766: 16761: 16755: 16753: 16748: 16747: 16745: 16743: 16742: 16737: 16731: 16729: 16724: 16722: 16720: 16715: 16714: 16712: 16710: 16709: 16704: 16698: 16696: 16691: 16690: 16687: 16681: 16679: 16674: 16673: 16671: 16669: 16668: 16663: 16657: 16655: 16650: 16648: 16646: 16641: 16639: 16637: 16632: 16630: 16628: 16627:L. canadensis 16623: 16622: 16620: 16618: 16617: 16612: 16606: 16604: 16601:Giant otter ( 16599: 16598: 16595: 16592: 16582: 16578: 16564: 16562: 16557: 16555: 16553: 16548: 16547: 16545: 16543: 16542: 16537: 16531: 16529: 16524: 16523: 16520: 16514: 16512: 16507: 16506: 16504: 16502: 16501: 16496: 16493: 16483: 16479: 16469: 16467: 16462: 16460: 16458: 16453: 16452: 16450: 16440: 16439: 16434: 16428: 16426: 16421: 16420: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16399: 16389: 16387: 16382: 16380: 16378: 16373: 16371: 16369: 16364: 16362: 16360: 16359:M. gwatkinsii 16355: 16353: 16351: 16346: 16344: 16342: 16337: 16335: 16333: 16328: 16326: 16324: 16319: 16318: 16316: 16306: 16305: 16300: 16294: 16292: 16287: 16286: 16284: 16282: 16281: 16276: 16270: 16268: 16263: 16262: 16260: 16258: 16257: 16252: 16246: 16244: 16239: 16238: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16226: 16220: 16218: 16213: 16211: 16209: 16204: 16202: 16200: 16199:M. orientalis 16195: 16193: 16191: 16186: 16184: 16182: 16177: 16175: 16173: 16168: 16167: 16165: 16155: 16154: 16149: 16139: 16137: 16132: 16130: 16128: 16123: 16121: 16119: 16114: 16112: 16110: 16105: 16104: 16102: 16100: 16099: 16094: 16088: 16086: 16081: 16079: 16077: 16072: 16070: 16068: 16063: 16062: 16060: 16058: 16057: 16052: 16049: 16039: 16035: 16029: 16027: 16022: 16021: 16019: 16017: 16016: 16011: 16005: 16003: 16002:Taxidea taxus 15998: 15997: 15994: 15991: 15988: 15983: 15979: 15975: 15970: 15966: 15949: 15948: 15947: 15946: 15944: 15942: 15938: 15924: 15922: 15917: 15915: 15913: 15912:N. meridensis 15908: 15907: 15905: 15903: 15902: 15897: 15891: 15889: 15884: 15882: 15880: 15875: 15874: 15872: 15870: 15869: 15864: 15861: 15851: 15847: 15841: 15839: 15834: 15832: 15830: 15825: 15823: 15821: 15816: 15814: 15812: 15807: 15806: 15804: 15794: 15793: 15788: 15782: 15780: 15775: 15773: 15771: 15766: 15764: 15762: 15757: 15756: 15754: 15744: 15743: 15738: 15732: 15730: 15725: 15723: 15721: 15716: 15715: 15713: 15711: 15710: 15705: 15699: 15697: 15692: 15691: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15679: 15669: 15667: 15662: 15660: 15658: 15653: 15651: 15649: 15644: 15642: 15640: 15635: 15634: 15632: 15622: 15621: 15616: 15610: 15608: 15603: 15601: 15599: 15598:M. javanensis 15594: 15593: 15591: 15581: 15580: 15575: 15569: 15567: 15562: 15560: 15558: 15553: 15552: 15550: 15548: 15547: 15542: 15536: 15534: 15529: 15527: 15525: 15524:C. leuconotus 15520: 15518: 15516: 15515:C. humboldtii 15511: 15509: 15507: 15502: 15501: 15499: 15489: 15488: 15483: 15480: 15474: 15466: 15462: 15456: 15454: 15449: 15448: 15446: 15444: 15440: 15436: 15432: 15427: 15423: 15397: 15395: 15390: 15388: 15386: 15381: 15379: 15377: 15372: 15370: 15368: 15363: 15362: 15359: 15356: 15346: 15342: 15336: 15334: 15329: 15327: 15325: 15320: 15319: 15317: 15307: 15306: 15301: 15291: 15289: 15284: 15283: 15281: 15279: 15278: 15273: 15267: 15265: 15260: 15259: 15256: 15253: 15243: 15239: 15236: 15226: 15222: 15208: 15206: 15203:Baikal seal ( 15201: 15199: 15197: 15194:Ringed seal ( 15192: 15190: 15188: 15183: 15182: 15180: 15178: 15177: 15172: 15166: 15164: 15161:Harbor seal ( 15159: 15157: 15155: 15150: 15149: 15147: 15145: 15144: 15139: 15133: 15131: 15126: 15124: 15122: 15119:Ribbon seal ( 15117: 15115: 15113: 15108: 15107: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15095: 15089: 15087: 15084:Hooded seal ( 15082: 15080: 15078: 15073: 15072: 15069: 15066: 15056: 15052: 15049: 15037: 15033: 15023: 15021: 15020:A. tropicalis 15016: 15014: 15012: 15007: 15005: 15003: 14998: 14996: 14994: 14989: 14987: 14985: 14980: 14978: 14976: 14971: 14969: 14967: 14962: 14960: 14958: 14953: 14952: 14950: 14948: 14947: 14946:Arctocephalus 14942: 14936: 14934: 14929: 14928: 14925: 14919: 14917: 14912: 14911: 14909: 14907: 14906: 14901: 14895: 14893: 14888: 14887: 14884: 14874: 14872: 14871:Z. wollebaeki 14867: 14865: 14863: 14858: 14857: 14855: 14853: 14852: 14847: 14841: 14839: 14834: 14833: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14821: 14815: 14813: 14808: 14807: 14805: 14803: 14802: 14797: 14794: 14788: 14783: 14779:(eared seals: 14774: 14769: 14763: 14761: 14756: 14755: 14753: 14751: 14747: 14743: 14739: 14731: 14727: 14702: 14701: 14700: 14699: 14697: 14695: 14691: 14682: 14681: 14680: 14679: 14677: 14668: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14655: 14641: 14639: 14634: 14632: 14630: 14625: 14623: 14621: 14620:U. thibetanus 14616: 14614: 14612: 14611:U. americanus 14607: 14606: 14604: 14602: 14601: 14596: 14590: 14588: 14583: 14581: 14579: 14574: 14573: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14561: 14555: 14553: 14548: 14547: 14545: 14543: 14542: 14537: 14531: 14529: 14526:Giant panda ( 14524: 14523: 14521: 14519: 14518: 14513: 14510: 14502: 14498: 14495: 14492: 14487: 14469: 14467: 14462: 14460: 14458: 14453: 14451: 14449: 14444: 14442: 14440: 14435: 14433: 14431: 14426: 14424: 14422: 14417: 14415: 14413: 14412:C. familiaris 14408: 14406: 14404: 14399: 14398: 14396: 14394: 14393: 14388: 14382: 14380: 14375: 14373: 14371: 14370:Lycaon pictus 14366: 14365: 14362: 14356: 14354: 14349: 14347: 14345: 14340: 14339: 14337: 14335: 14334: 14329: 14326: 14318: 14314: 14304: 14302: 14297: 14295: 14293: 14288: 14286: 14284: 14279: 14277: 14275: 14270: 14268: 14266: 14261: 14259: 14257: 14252: 14251: 14249: 14247: 14246: 14241: 14235: 14233: 14228: 14226: 14224: 14219: 14218: 14215: 14209: 14207: 14202: 14201: 14199: 14197: 14196: 14191: 14185: 14183: 14178: 14177: 14174: 14171: 14163: 14159: 14156: 14148: 14144: 14134: 14132: 14127: 14125: 14123: 14118: 14116: 14114: 14109: 14107: 14105: 14100: 14098: 14096: 14091: 14089: 14087: 14082: 14080: 14078: 14073: 14071: 14069: 14066:Tibetan fox ( 14064: 14062: 14060: 14055: 14053: 14051: 14046: 14044: 14042: 14037: 14035: 14033: 14028: 14027: 14025: 14020: 14013: 14012: 14007: 14001: 13999: 13998:N. viverrinus 13994: 13992: 13990: 13985: 13984: 13982: 13980: 13979: 13974: 13968: 13966: 13961: 13960: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13948: 13942: 13940: 13939:U. littoralis 13935: 13933: 13931: 13926: 13925: 13923: 13921: 13920: 13915: 13912: 13904: 13899: 13895: 13891: 13883: 13879: 13853: 13851: 13846: 13844: 13842: 13837: 13835: 13833: 13828: 13826: 13824: 13819: 13817: 13815: 13814:H. flavescens 13810: 13809: 13807: 13805: 13804: 13799: 13793: 13791: 13786: 13784: 13782: 13777: 13775: 13773: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13763: 13762: 13757: 13751: 13749: 13744: 13742: 13740: 13735: 13733: 13731: 13726: 13724: 13722: 13717: 13716: 13713: 13707: 13705: 13704:U. vitticolla 13700: 13698: 13696: 13691: 13689: 13687: 13682: 13680: 13678: 13673: 13671: 13669: 13664: 13662: 13660: 13655: 13653: 13651: 13646: 13644: 13642: 13637: 13635: 13633: 13628: 13627: 13625: 13623: 13622: 13617: 13611: 13609: 13608:Xenogale naso 13604: 13602: 13600: 13595: 13594: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13582: 13572: 13570: 13565: 13563: 13561: 13556: 13554: 13552: 13547: 13545: 13543: 13538: 13537: 13535: 13533: 13532: 13527: 13521: 13519: 13514: 13512: 13510: 13505: 13504: 13502: 13500: 13499: 13494: 13488: 13486: 13481: 13480: 13477: 13471: 13469: 13464: 13462: 13460: 13455: 13454: 13452: 13450: 13449: 13444: 13438: 13436: 13431: 13430: 13427: 13421: 13419: 13414: 13413: 13411: 13409: 13408: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13394: 13391: 13382: 13381:sensu stricto 13377: 13373: 13359: 13357: 13352: 13350: 13348: 13343: 13342: 13340: 13338: 13337: 13332: 13326: 13324: 13319: 13318: 13315: 13309: 13307: 13302: 13300: 13298: 13293: 13292: 13290: 13288: 13287: 13282: 13276: 13274: 13269: 13268: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13256: 13246: 13244: 13239: 13237: 13235: 13230: 13229: 13227: 13225: 13224: 13219: 13213: 13211: 13210:Fossa fossana 13206: 13204: 13202: 13197: 13196: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13184: 13181: 13171: 13167: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13151: 13133: 13131: 13126: 13125: 13123: 13121: 13120: 13115: 13109: 13107: 13104:Brown hyena ( 13102: 13100: 13098: 13097:Hyaena hyaena 13093: 13092: 13089: 13086: 13078: 13074: 13068: 13066: 13061: 13060: 13058: 13056: 13055: 13050: 13047: 13039: 13035: 13031: 13027: 13023: 13018: 13014: 12993: 12992: 12991: 12990: 12988: 12986: 12982: 12978: 12956: 12954: 12949: 12947: 12945: 12940: 12938: 12936: 12931: 12929: 12927: 12924:Hausa genet ( 12922: 12920: 12918: 12913: 12911: 12909: 12904: 12902: 12900: 12895: 12893: 12891: 12886: 12884: 12882: 12877: 12875: 12873: 12868: 12866: 12864: 12859: 12857: 12855: 12850: 12848: 12846: 12841: 12839: 12837: 12832: 12830: 12828: 12827:G. angolensis 12823: 12821: 12819: 12818:G. abyssinica 12814: 12813: 12811: 12803: 12802: 12797: 12791: 12789: 12784: 12782: 12780: 12775: 12774: 12772: 12764: 12763: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12749: 12739: 12737: 12732: 12730: 12728: 12727:V. tangalunga 12723: 12721: 12719: 12714: 12712: 12710: 12705: 12704: 12702: 12700: 12699: 12694: 12688: 12686: 12681: 12679: 12677: 12672: 12671: 12668: 12665: 12662: 12661:sensu stricto 12657: 12653: 12650: 12646: 12641: 12635: 12631: 12621: 12619: 12614: 12612: 12610: 12605: 12603: 12601: 12596: 12595: 12593: 12591: 12590: 12585: 12579: 12577: 12572: 12570: 12568: 12563: 12561: 12559: 12554: 12552: 12550: 12545: 12544: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12535:Paradoxurinae 12532: 12526: 12524: 12519: 12517: 12515: 12510: 12508: 12506: 12503:Otter civet ( 12501: 12499: 12497: 12492: 12491: 12489: 12487: 12483: 12480: 12477: 12472: 12468: 12464: 12459: 12455: 12434: 12433: 12432: 12431: 12429: 12427: 12423: 12397: 12395: 12394:F. silvestris 12390: 12388: 12386: 12381: 12379: 12377: 12372: 12370: 12368: 12363: 12361: 12359: 12354: 12352: 12350: 12345: 12343: 12341: 12336: 12335: 12333: 12331: 12330: 12325: 12315: 12313: 12312:P. viverrinus 12310:Fishing cat ( 12308: 12306: 12304: 12299: 12297: 12295: 12290: 12288: 12286: 12285:P. javanensis 12281: 12279: 12277: 12274:Leopard cat ( 12272: 12271: 12269: 12267: 12266: 12261: 12255: 12253: 12248: 12247: 12244: 12241: 12235: 12225: 12223: 12218: 12217: 12215: 12213: 12212: 12207: 12201: 12199: 12194: 12193: 12190: 12184: 12182: 12177: 12176: 12174: 12172: 12171: 12166: 12163: 12157: 12151: 12149: 12144: 12142: 12140: 12135: 12133: 12131: 12126: 12124: 12122: 12121:L. canadensis 12119:Canada lynx ( 12117: 12116: 12114: 12112: 12111: 12106: 12100: 12098: 12093: 12091: 12089: 12084: 12082: 12080: 12075: 12073: 12071: 12066: 12064: 12062: 12057: 12055: 12053: 12048: 12046: 12044: 12039: 12037: 12035: 12030: 12029: 12027: 12025: 12024: 12019: 12009: 12007: 12002: 12000: 11998: 11993: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11987: 11982: 11976: 11974: 11969: 11968: 11965: 11962: 11956: 11946: 11944: 11943:C. temminckii 11939: 11937: 11935: 11930: 11929: 11927: 11925: 11924: 11919: 11913: 11911: 11908:Marbled cat ( 11906: 11905: 11903: 11901: 11900: 11895: 11892: 11886: 11883: 11879: 11878:sensu stricto 11875: 11870: 11856: 11854: 11849: 11847: 11845: 11840: 11838: 11836: 11831: 11829: 11827: 11822: 11820: 11818: 11813: 11812: 11810: 11808: 11807: 11802: 11796: 11794: 11789: 11787: 11785: 11780: 11779: 11777: 11775: 11774: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11753: 11745: 11740: 11736: 11730: 11728: 11727:P. pardicolor 11723: 11721: 11719: 11714: 11713: 11711: 11704: 11703: 11698: 11695: 11692: 11687: 11683: 11677: 11675: 11670: 11669: 11666: 11663: 11660: 11655: 11651: 11647: 11639: 11635: 11629: 11625: 11623: 11619: 11617: 11613: 11611: 11607: 11605: 11601: 11600: 11597: 11592: 11584: 11579: 11577: 11572: 11570: 11565: 11564: 11561: 11553: 11552: 11546: 11541: 11529: 11525: 11520: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11506: 11499: 11496: 11491: 11487: 11486: 11475: 11473:9780007146666 11469: 11465: 11460: 11448: 11444: 11438: 11434: 11433: 11428: 11424: 11412: 11408: 11406:9780691215297 11402: 11398: 11397: 11392: 11388: 11376: 11372: 11366: 11362: 11361: 11355: 11351: 11345: 11341: 11340:The Zoo Story 11336: 11332: 11326: 11321: 11320: 11313: 11301: 11297: 11291: 11287: 11286: 11280: 11279: 11267: 11262: 11255: 11250: 11241: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11217: 11209: 11203: 11199: 11192: 11185: 11180: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11160: 11153: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11134:(in French). 11133: 11129: 11128:Cassin, Elena 11123: 11116: 11111: 11103: 11097: 11093: 11092: 11087: 11080: 11073: 11068: 11061: 11056: 11049: 11044: 11036: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11015: 11013: 11004: 10998: 10994: 10987: 10985: 10983: 10974: 10968: 10964: 10957: 10949: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10914:(7): e22285. 10913: 10909: 10908: 10903: 10896: 10888: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10851: 10843: 10834: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10810: 10801: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10777: 10769: 10763: 10759: 10752: 10736: 10732: 10731: 10726: 10719: 10712: 10707: 10700: 10695: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10660: 10653: 10648: 10642:, p. 156–159. 10641: 10636: 10628: 10622: 10618: 10617: 10612: 10606: 10599: 10594: 10592: 10583: 10577: 10573: 10566: 10559: 10554: 10547: 10542: 10535: 10530: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10499: 10492: 10487: 10480: 10475: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10444: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10413: 10397: 10393: 10392:Visit the Zoo 10389: 10382: 10375: 10370: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10339: 10324: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10303: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10273:(2): 99–116. 10272: 10268: 10261: 10254: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10215: 10207: 10203: 10196: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10145: 10137: 10130: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10095: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10064: 10055: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10036: 10027: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10004: 9996: 9989: 9987: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9947: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9912: 9901: 9894: 9893: 9889: 9881: 9870: 9863: 9862: 9854: 9838: 9834: 9828: 9812: 9808: 9807:New Scientist 9804: 9798: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9764: 9762: 9758: 9749: 9741: 9735: 9726: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9702: 9694: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9653: 9644: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9625: 9616: 9608: 9600: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9576: 9568: 9564: 9557: 9549: 9545: 9538: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9512: 9505: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9479: 9472: 9465: 9460: 9452: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9424: 9415: 9409: 9405: 9400: 9393: 9388: 9381: 9376: 9374: 9372: 9364: 9359: 9352: 9347: 9339: 9333: 9329: 9322: 9314: 9312:9780202368160 9308: 9304: 9297: 9290: 9285: 9277: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9244: 9236: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9208: 9199: 9191: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9147: 9137: 9129: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9088: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9057: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9030: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9011:(in German). 9010: 9003: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8980: 8973: 8968: 8960: 8954: 8950: 8943: 8937:, pp. 189–90. 8936: 8931: 8925:, pp. 188–89. 8924: 8919: 8912: 8907: 8900: 8895: 8888: 8883: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8860:(5): 716–28. 8859: 8855: 8848: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8825: 8818: 8813: 8806: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8789: 8784: 8777: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8759: 8752: 8745: 8740: 8732: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8717: 8709: 8702: 8697: 8689: 8683: 8679: 8678: 8670: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8643: 8636: 8631: 8629: 8621: 8616: 8609: 8604: 8595: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8571: 8562: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8543: 8542:Lycaon pictus 8534: 8527: 8522: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8479: 8471: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8420: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8386: 8384: 8375: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8333: 8326: 8318: 8316:9780760747674 8312: 8308: 8301: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8258: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8223: 8217:, pp. 273–74. 8216: 8211: 8204: 8199: 8191: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8170: 8162: 8156: 8152: 8145: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8096: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8066: 8060:, p. 213–216. 8059: 8054: 8047: 8042: 8035: 8030: 8024:, pp. 270–76. 8023: 8018: 8016: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7980: 7973: 7968: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7941: 7934: 7929: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7852: 7845: 7840: 7833: 7828: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7661: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7606: 7599: 7594: 7587: 7582: 7573: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7549: 7540: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7521: 7512: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7468: 7466: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7372: 7364: 7357: 7351:, pp. 42, 57. 7350: 7345: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7294: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7169: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7145: 7138: 7133: 7125: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7087: 7078: 7069: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7045: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7018: 7010: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6964:, pp. 25, 31. 6963: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6931: 6924: 6919: 6912: 6907: 6905: 6897: 6892: 6885: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6869:, pp. 120–21. 6868: 6863: 6856: 6851: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6828: 6820: 6813: 6811: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6780: 6779: 6771: 6763: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6727: 6726:Mammal Review 6722: 6718: 6711: 6702: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6683: 6674: 6665: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6631: 6629: 6620: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6585:(4): e60174. 6584: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6558: 6551: 6550: 6542: 6540: 6532: 6527: 6518: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6491: 6482: 6480: 6471: 6465: 6461: 6454: 6446: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6421: 6414: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6383: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6352: 6336: 6332: 6331:New Scientist 6328: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6228: 6221: 6216: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6129: 6121: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6053:conservation" 6052: 6048: 6039: 6037: 6029: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5993: 5985: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5969: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5924: 5916: 5909: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5862: 5854: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5838: 5829: 5827: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5783: 5774: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5672: 5664: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5602: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5561: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5534: 5525: 5521: 5519: 5510: 5503: 5498: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5454: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5296: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5272: 5265: 5257: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5187:(1496): 200. 5186: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5069: 5060: 5058: 5048: 5043: 5040:(2): 58–103. 5039: 5035: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5016: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4956: 4954: 4948: 4944: 4941:Barnett, R.; 4937: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4835: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4791: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4667: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4621: 4612: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4527: 4525: 4516: 4514: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4481:10.5334/oq.24 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4450: 4448: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4429: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4353: 4344: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4293: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4269: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4090: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3984: 3975: 3973: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3861: 3852: 3850: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3757: 3753: 3751: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3681: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3626: 3617: 3615: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3470: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3444: 3437: 3426: 3422: 3420: 3411: 3409: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3380: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3327:Wilson, D. E. 3324: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3297: 3277: 3273: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3236:The Lion King 3232: 3228: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3211:L. Frank Baum 3208: 3207:Cowardly Lion 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3110:W. W. Denslow 3107: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983:Ancient Egypt 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2901: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2855: 2850: 2841: 2840:in mid-2015. 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2821:Maasai people 2817: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2794:Mughal Empire 2791: 2786: 640 BC 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2731: 2721: 2720:(1903–1965). 2719: 2714: 2713:equestrianism 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2673:and Sydney's 2672: 2671:Melbourne Zoo 2668: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2606: 2603:19th-century 2599: 2589: 2588:Melbourne Zoo 2582: 2563: 2562:of the lion. 2561: 2557: 2552: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2538:In 1982, the 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2509: 2504: 2495: 2491: 2489: 2488:IUCN Red List 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2460: 2451: 2449: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2417:WAP ecosystem 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2345:IUCN Red List 2342: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2306: 2282: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2240: 2226: 2215:Communication 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2152: 2147: 2138: 2136: 2131: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2068: 2054: 2040: 2038: 2033: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 1996: 1982: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1827: 1823: 1816: 1802: 1792: 1785: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1707: 1693: 1679: 1677: 1666: 1664: 1663:Narmada River 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1586:zone and the 1585: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1546: 1541: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1500: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1453: 1448: 1445: 1430: 1420: 1413: 1390: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1334: 1332: 1327: 1324: 1319: 1303: 1299: 1285: 1271: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1198:mitochondrial 1195: 1191: 1187: 1186:mutation rate 1182: 1180: 1179:Olduvai Gorge 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163:Hybridisation 1158: 1151: 1146: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1125: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1084: 1079: 1078: 1072: 1071: 1065: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044:American lion 1041: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 1000: 996: 993: 989: 988: 984: 981: 978:excavated in 977: 974: 970: 969: 965: 964: 963: 961: 954: 949: 940: 938: 934: 930: 925: 920: 918: 914: 902: 895: 894:P. l. vernayi 889: 884: 883:P. l. krugeri 878: 873: 866: 865:P. l. nyanzae 860: 855: 848: 842: 837: 831: 826: 819: 815: 809: 804: 803: 799: 794: 789: 783: 778: 777:P. l. kamptzi 773:(Meyer, 1826) 771: 766:(Meyer, 1826) 764: 763:P. l. persica 760: 756: 753: 749: 745: 738: 737: 733: 732: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 716:P. l. persica 713: 709: 708:IUCN Red List 705: 702: 698: 694: 685: 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 657: 652: 651:Carl Linnaeus 648: 644: 636: 627: 625: 624:ancient Greek 621: 617: 612: 602: 597: 588: 587:Ancient Greek 583: 579:(nominative: 577: 573: 568: 564: 560: 550: 548: 547:Ancient Egypt 544: 540: 536: 532: 526: 524: 519: 518:IUCN Red List 515: 511: 510:western India 507: 503: 500:. During the 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 435: 431:of the genus 430: 427:) is a large 426: 425: 420: 409: 405: 400: 395: 391: 386: 381: 380: 375: 373: 372: 368: 366: 365: 361: 360: 358: 353: 348: 344: 338: 336: 330: 327: 326:Binomial name 323: 319: 318: 313: 310: 309: 306: 305: 301: 298: 297: 294: 291: 288: 287: 284: 281: 278: 277: 274: 271: 268: 267: 264: 261: 258: 257: 254: 251: 248: 247: 244: 241: 238: 237: 234: 231: 228: 227: 224: 221: 218: 217: 212: 207: 203: 197: 191: 186: 180: 175: 164: 160: 155: 151: 146: 142: 137: 133: 128: 124: 119: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 36: 33: 29: 28:Mountain lion 22: 17415: 17386:Tree of Life 17157:panthera-leo 17121:Panthera_leo 17107:Panthera leo 17077:Panthera leo 17076: 17033: 17024: 17015: 17006: 16997: 16988: 16979: 16970: 16961: 16952: 16943: 16934: 16925: 16916: 16907: 16898: 16889: 16869: 16857: 16848: 16839: 16830: 16818: 16793: 16784: 16775: 16763: 16751: 16739: 16728:L. sumatrana 16727: 16718: 16706: 16694: 16677: 16665: 16653: 16644: 16635: 16626: 16614: 16602: 16560: 16551: 16539: 16527: 16511:V. peregusna 16510: 16498: 16465: 16456: 16436: 16424: 16411:Lyncodontini 16402:Ictonychinae 16386:M. zibellina 16385: 16376: 16367: 16358: 16349: 16341:M. flavigula 16340: 16331: 16323:M. americana 16322: 16302: 16290: 16278: 16266: 16254: 16243:Eira barbara 16242: 16216: 16208:M. personata 16207: 16198: 16189: 16180: 16171: 16151: 16135: 16126: 16118:M. canescens 16117: 16108: 16096: 16084: 16075: 16066: 16054: 16025: 16013: 16001: 15920: 15911: 15899: 15887: 15878: 15866: 15837: 15828: 15819: 15810: 15790: 15778: 15769: 15760: 15740: 15728: 15727:Cacomistle ( 15719: 15707: 15696:Potos flavus 15695: 15665: 15656: 15647: 15638: 15618: 15606: 15597: 15577: 15565: 15556: 15544: 15532: 15523: 15514: 15505: 15485: 15452: 15393: 15384: 15375: 15366: 15332: 15323: 15303: 15287: 15275: 15263: 15248:(monk seals) 15204: 15195: 15186: 15174: 15162: 15153: 15141: 15129: 15120: 15111: 15085: 15076: 15019: 15011:A. townsendi 15010: 15001: 14993:A. philippii 14992: 14983: 14974: 14965: 14957:A. australis 14956: 14944: 14932: 14915: 14903: 14891: 14870: 14861: 14849: 14837: 14811: 14799: 14759: 14638:U. maritimus 14637: 14636:Polar bear ( 14628: 14627:Brown bear ( 14619: 14610: 14598: 14586: 14577: 14576:Sloth bear ( 14551: 14539: 14527: 14515: 14465: 14456: 14447: 14438: 14429: 14420: 14411: 14402: 14390: 14379:Cuon alpinus 14378: 14369: 14353:L. mesomelas 14352: 14343: 14331: 14300: 14291: 14282: 14281:Pampas fox ( 14273: 14264: 14255: 14243: 14231: 14222: 14206:S. venaticus 14205: 14193: 14181: 14180:Maned wolf ( 14162:Cerdocyonina 14130: 14129:Fennec fox ( 14121: 14112: 14104:V. rueppelli 14103: 14094: 14085: 14076: 14075:Arctic fox ( 14068:V. ferrilata 14067: 14058: 14057:Corsac fox ( 14049: 14040: 14031: 14030:Bengal fox ( 14009: 13997: 13988: 13976: 13964: 13938: 13937:Island fox ( 13929: 13917: 13850:H. sanguinea 13849: 13840: 13831: 13823:H. ichneumon 13822: 13813: 13801: 13789: 13780: 13771: 13759: 13747: 13738: 13729: 13720: 13703: 13694: 13685: 13676: 13667: 13658: 13650:U. edwardsii 13649: 13641:U. brachyura 13640: 13631: 13619: 13607: 13598: 13568: 13559: 13550: 13542:C. alexandri 13541: 13529: 13517: 13508: 13496: 13484: 13467: 13459:M. gambianus 13458: 13446: 13434: 13418:S. suricatta 13417: 13405: 13380: 13355: 13346: 13334: 13322: 13305: 13296: 13284: 13272: 13242: 13233: 13221: 13209: 13200: 13177:carnivorans) 13158: 13129: 13117: 13105: 13096: 13064: 13052: 13022:Herpestoidea 12985:Herpestoidea 12952: 12944:G. victoriae 12943: 12934: 12933:Cape genet ( 12925: 12917:G. servalina 12916: 12907: 12906:King genet ( 12899:G. piscivora 12898: 12889: 12880: 12871: 12863:G. johnstoni 12862: 12853: 12844: 12835: 12826: 12817: 12799: 12788:P. leightoni 12787: 12778: 12760: 12735: 12726: 12718:V. megaspila 12717: 12709:V. civettina 12708: 12696: 12684: 12675: 12660: 12644: 12617: 12608: 12599: 12587: 12575: 12566: 12557: 12548: 12522: 12513: 12504: 12495: 12393: 12384: 12376:F. margarita 12375: 12366: 12357: 12356:Jungle cat ( 12348: 12339: 12327: 12311: 12302: 12294:P. planiceps 12293: 12284: 12275: 12265:Prionailurus 12263: 12251: 12221: 12209: 12197: 12196:Jaguarundi ( 12180: 12168: 12147: 12138: 12129: 12120: 12108: 12096: 12087: 12078: 12069: 12060: 12051: 12043:L. geoffroyi 12042: 12033: 12032:Pampas cat ( 12021: 12005: 11996: 11984: 11972: 11942: 11933: 11921: 11910:P. marmorata 11909: 11897: 11877: 11852: 11843: 11841: 11834: 11825: 11816: 11804: 11792: 11783: 11771: 11726: 11717: 11700: 11673: 11626:Superorder: 11620:Infraclass: 11549: 11545:"Lion" 11532:. Retrieved 11528:the original 11505:Panthera leo 11504: 11463: 11451:. Retrieved 11431: 11415:. Retrieved 11395: 11379:. Retrieved 11359: 11339: 11318: 11304:. Retrieved 11284: 11261: 11249: 11230: 11226: 11216: 11197: 11191: 11179: 11162: 11158: 11152: 11135: 11131: 11122: 11110: 11090: 11079: 11067: 11055: 11043: 11024: 10992: 10962: 10956: 10911: 10905: 10895: 10854: 10848: 10842: 10823: 10819: 10809: 10790: 10786: 10776: 10757: 10751: 10739:. Retrieved 10728: 10718: 10706: 10694: 10669: 10665: 10659: 10647: 10635: 10615: 10605: 10571: 10565: 10553: 10541: 10529: 10517:. Retrieved 10513:the original 10508: 10498: 10486: 10474: 10464:29 September 10462:. Retrieved 10458:the original 10453: 10443: 10431:. Retrieved 10427:the original 10422: 10412: 10400:. Retrieved 10396:the original 10391: 10381: 10369: 10352: 10348: 10338: 10326:. Retrieved 10312: 10302: 10290:. Retrieved 10283:the original 10270: 10266: 10253: 10228: 10224: 10221:Panthera leo 10220: 10214: 10205: 10201: 10195: 10183:. Retrieved 10179:the original 10161:(2): 87–94. 10158: 10154: 10144: 10135: 10129: 10104: 10100: 10094: 10082:. Retrieved 10073: 10063: 10044: 10040: 10034: 10026: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10003: 9994: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9946: 9921: 9917: 9911: 9891: 9890:Panthera leo 9887: 9880: 9860: 9853: 9841:. Retrieved 9827: 9815:. Retrieved 9806: 9797: 9785:. Retrieved 9778:the original 9773: 9769: 9760: 9756: 9748: 9734:cite journal 9718:(1): 26–31. 9715: 9711: 9710:in Africa". 9708:Panthera leo 9707: 9701: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9652: 9633: 9629: 9624:Panthera leo 9623: 9615: 9589: 9585: 9575: 9566: 9562: 9556: 9547: 9543: 9537: 9521: 9517: 9504: 9488: 9484: 9471: 9459: 9432: 9428: 9423:Panthera leo 9422: 9414: 9399: 9387: 9365:, pp. 88–91. 9358: 9353:, pp. 85–88. 9346: 9327: 9321: 9302: 9296: 9284: 9260:(1): 70–74. 9257: 9253: 9243: 9216: 9212: 9207:Panthera leo 9206: 9198: 9155: 9151: 9146:Panthera leo 9145: 9136: 9101: 9097: 9087: 9075:. Retrieved 9071:the original 9066: 9056: 9039: 9035: 9029: 9015:(1): 39–50. 9012: 9008: 9002: 8985: 8979: 8967: 8948: 8942: 8930: 8918: 8906: 8894: 8882: 8857: 8853: 8847: 8830: 8824: 8812: 8807:, p. 147-49. 8783: 8757: 8751: 8739: 8715: 8708: 8696: 8676: 8669: 8652: 8648: 8642: 8615: 8603: 8584: 8580: 8570: 8551: 8547: 8541: 8533: 8521: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8433: 8429: 8419: 8395: 8391: 8382: 8374: 8345:(5): 68–76. 8342: 8338: 8325: 8306: 8300: 8267: 8263: 8257: 8232: 8228: 8222: 8210: 8198: 8179: 8169: 8150: 8144: 8120: 8116: 8108:Panthera leo 8107: 8103: 8095: 8083:. Retrieved 8074: 8065: 8053: 8041: 8029: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7967: 7950: 7940: 7928: 7880: 7876: 7863: 7851: 7839: 7827: 7785: 7781: 7768: 7728: 7724: 7711: 7699:. Retrieved 7677:(1): 36–44. 7674: 7670: 7660: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7624:Panthera leo 7623: 7617: 7605: 7593: 7581: 7565:(1): 60–67. 7562: 7558: 7548: 7529: 7525: 7519: 7511: 7477: 7473: 7465:Panthera leo 7464: 7442: 7436: 7424: 7389: 7385: 7378:Jhala, Y. V. 7371: 7362: 7356: 7344: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7252: 7248: 7242: 7194: 7190: 7177: 7158: 7154: 7144: 7132: 7095: 7092:BMC Genetics 7091: 7086:Panthera leo 7085: 7077: 7058: 7054: 7044: 7035: 7029: 7024:, pp. 52–54. 7017: 6993: 6957: 6940: 6936: 6930: 6918: 6891: 6862: 6850: 6841: 6837: 6827: 6818: 6799:25 September 6797:. Retrieved 6777: 6770: 6761: 6755: 6730: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6691: 6687: 6682:Panthera leo 6681: 6673: 6664:11585/903022 6646: 6640: 6636: 6582: 6578: 6568: 6557:the original 6548: 6526: 6502:(1): 17–35. 6499: 6495: 6490:Panthera leo 6489: 6459: 6453: 6434: 6428: 6422:: e45011830. 6419: 6413: 6401:. Retrieved 6397:the original 6392: 6382: 6370:. Retrieved 6361: 6351: 6339:. Retrieved 6330: 6320: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6273:. Retrieved 6269:the original 6264: 6254: 6245: 6239: 6227: 6215: 6203: 6191: 6179: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6109: 6103: 6092:the original 6063: 6059: 6050: 6047:Panthera leo 6046: 6023: 6006: 6002: 5999:Panthera leo 5998: 5992: 5973: 5968:Panthera leo 5967: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5914: 5908: 5882: 5873: 5870:Panthera leo 5869: 5861: 5842: 5837:Panthera leo 5836: 5813:. Retrieved 5794: 5772: 5744: 5740: 5737:Panthera leo 5736: 5696: 5692: 5683: 5682:), Caracal ( 5680:Panthera leo 5679: 5671: 5655:. Elsevier. 5652: 5642: 5630:. Retrieved 5611: 5601: 5582: 5578: 5568: 5549: 5545: 5523: 5518:Panthera leo 5517: 5509: 5504:, pp. 28–30. 5497: 5486:the original 5465: 5461: 5453:Panthera leo 5452: 5414: 5411:Panthera leo 5410: 5353: 5349: 5336: 5324:. Retrieved 5305: 5295: 5278: 5264: 5237: 5231: 5219:. Retrieved 5184: 5180: 5170: 5137: 5133: 5130:Panthera leo 5129: 5122: 5077: 5073: 5068:Panthera leo 5067: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5023: 5015: 4967: 4961: 4953:Panthera leo 4952: 4936: 4899: 4895: 4885: 4850: 4846: 4821:. Retrieved 4802: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4743:, including 4740: 4732: 4707:11343/299180 4681: 4677: 4666: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4611: 4598:(9): 52–57. 4595: 4591: 4578: 4567:the original 4538: 4532: 4523: 4500:. Retrieved 4471: 4467: 4461: 4457: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4419: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4343: 4331:. Retrieved 4314: 4310: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4281:the original 4274: 4261: 4226: 4220: 4210: 4165: 4159: 4098: 4094: 4089:Panthera leo 4088: 4079: 4034: 4030: 4019: 4007:. Retrieved 3988: 3983:Panthera leo 3982: 3959:. Retrieved 3946: 3933: 3921:. Retrieved 3909: 3871: 3865: 3860:Panthera leo 3859: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3814:Panthera leo 3813: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3777: 3755: 3749: 3741: 3696: 3692: 3667:. Retrieved 3637:(1): 64–76. 3634: 3630: 3624: 3601:. Retrieved 3592: 3582: 3570:. Retrieved 3529: 3523: 3496:. Retrieved 3487: 3477: 3457:. Retrieved 3447: 3436: 3424: 3418: 3395:. Retrieved 3390: 3384: 3379:Panthera leo 3378: 3331: 3321:Panthera leo 3320: 3276: 3234: 3224: 3214: 3168: 3152:bodhisattvas 3145: 3121: 3115: 3103: 3100:Dorothy Gale 3054:Leo the lion 3019: 2962: 2956: 2940: 2932:Luxor Temple 2902: 2893:Lindi Region 2889:Rufiji River 2877: 2865: 2818: 2802:Ancient Rome 2776:Ashurbanipal 2760: 2736:Lion baiting 2730:Lion hunting 2718:Clyde Beatty 2708: 2683: 2660: 2621: 2617:Honolulu Zoo 2613: 2553: 2537: 2513: 2492: 2478:and reduced 2465: 2444: 2421: 2405:Burkina Faso 2379: 2375: 2338: 2335:Conservation 2322: 2311: 2302: 2261:allogrooming 2253:head rubbing 2250: 2201:encephalitis 2189: 2182: 2172: 2163: 2155: 2132: 2128: 2110: 2078: 2034: 2026: 2006: 1961: 1957: 1928: 1915: 1887:hippopotamus 1851:plains zebra 1833: 1822:common eland 1768: 1753: 1740: 1717: 1672: 1623: 1592: 1581: 1572:scrub forest 1549: 1529:canned hunts 1502: 1488: 1457: 1449: 1444:testosterone 1440: 1370:Tail length 1351:Female lions 1340: 1328: 1320: 1295: 1239: 1207: 1183: 1167:snow leopard 1130:sister group 1096: 1094: 1083:Panthera leo 1082: 1075: 1068: 1043: 1038: 1027: 1003: 997: 986: 966: 957: 936: 932: 921: 916: 912: 909: 900: 893: 882: 871: 864: 853: 846: 835: 824: 821:(Noack 1891) 817: 801: 787: 776: 769: 762: 755:Barbary lion 748:Asiatic lion 735: 715: 711: 690: 660: 654: 642: 641: 615: 563:Anglo-Norman 558: 556: 535:Roman Empire 527: 523:habitat loss 475: 437:, native to 432: 424:Panthera leo 423: 422: 418: 416: 377: 369: 362: 335:Panthera leo 334: 332: 316: 315: 303: 32: 17440:Wikispecies 17217:iNaturalist 17101:Wikispecies 17025:M. sibirica 17007:M. putorius 16980:M. nigripes 16962:M. lutreola 16935:M. haidarum 16831:N. africana 16794:A. congicus 16785:A. cinereus 16776:A. capensis 16676:Sea otter ( 16654:L. provocax 16561:I. striatus 16482:Ictonychini 16377:M. melampus 16289:Wolverine ( 16267:P. pennanti 16190:M. moschata 16181:M. everetti 16127:M. leucurus 16085:A. hoevenii 16076:A. collaris 16026:M. capensis 15921:N. olivacea 15836:Olinguito ( 15792:Bassaricyon 15779:P. pygmaeus 15709:Bassariscus 15682:Procyonidae 15657:S. putorius 15648:S. gracilis 15566:M. mephitis 15557:M. macroura 15451:Red panda ( 15431:Musteloidea 15392:Ross seal ( 15345:Lobodontini 15277:Neomonachus 15205:P. sibirica 15163:P. vitulina 15128:Grey seal ( 15110:Harp seal ( 15002:A. pusillus 14966:A. forsteri 14801:Callorhinus 14735:Pinnipedia 14694:Musteloidea 14466:C. simensis 14430:C. lupaster 14299:Hoary fox ( 14292:L. sechurae 14265:L. fulvipes 14256:L. culpaeus 14152:(true dogs) 14111:Swift fox ( 14086:V. macrotis 13978:Nyctereutes 13887:Caniformia 13832:H. ochracea 13790:B. nigripes 13781:B. jacksoni 13668:U. javanica 13585:Herpestinae 13560:C. obscurus 13551:C. ansorgei 13531:Crossarchus 13387:(mongooses) 13376:Herpestidae 13356:S. durrelli 13347:S. concolor 13297:G. fasciata 13234:E. goudotii 13155:Herpestidae 13065:P. cristata 12926:G. thierryi 12881:G. maculata 12845:G. cristata 12836:G. bourloni 12589:Paradoxurus 12547:Binturong ( 12486:Hemigalinae 12463:Viverroidea 12426:Viverroidea 12385:F. nigripes 12237:Leopard cat 12222:P. concolor 12139:L. pardinus 12088:L. tigrinus 12079:L. pardalis 12070:L. jacobita 12061:L. guttulus 12034:L. colocola 11793:N. nebulosa 11763:Pantherinae 11643:Feliformia 11165:: 215–224. 10611:Feldman, D. 10519:5 September 10433:4 September 10376:, p. 81-82. 10267:Zoo Biology 9626:population" 9077:4 September 8760:(5): 87–94. 8649:Zoo Biology 6943:(16): 253. 6925:, p. 34–35. 6372:19 November 6341:19 November 5302:"The Liger" 4943:Shapiro, B. 4853:(1): 1–11. 4823:10 February 4657:11336/65990 4491:10576/22920 4434:Quaternaire 3961:23 December 3939:Wood, J. G. 3778:Pantherinae 3603:10 February 3498:20 February 3260:Roar (film) 3221:C. S. Lewis 3187:Nemean lion 3082:King Darius 3022:Mesopotamia 2948:Mali Empire 2685:Lion taming 2675:Taronga Zoo 2636:Renaissance 2428:Arly-Singou 2318:spray urine 2151:Lake Nakuru 2081:polyestrous 1875:sambar deer 1760:confluences 1634:Middle Ages 1621:by AD 100. 1560:Mount Kenya 1556:Mount Elgon 1354:Male lions 1323:postorbital 1260:Description 1032:Paleolithic 1028:P. fossilis 1014:during the 1006:, lived in 987:P. fossilis 665:Lorenz Oken 498:at twilight 355:Subspecies 317:P. leo 293:Pantherinae 289:Subfamily: 192:Appendix II 134:, Tanzania 17585:Categories 16998:M. nudipes 16989:M. nivalis 16953:M. kathiah 16908:M. erminea 16899:M. altaica 16849:N. frenata 16840:N. felipei 16810:Mustelinae 16552:I. libycus 16466:G. vittata 16332:M. caurina 16109:M. anakuma 15987:Mustelidae 15974:Mustelidae 15950:see below↓ 15941:Mustelidae 15838:B. neblina 15749:(raccoons) 15720:B. astutus 15718:Ringtail ( 15694:Kinkajou ( 15666:S. pygmaea 15607:M. marchei 15465:Mephitidae 15333:M. leonina 15225:Monachinae 15196:P. hispida 15187:P. caspica 14984:A. gazella 14916:N. cinerea 14812:C. ursinus 14750:Odobenidae 14703:see below↓ 14683:see below↓ 14667:Pinnipedia 14585:Sun bear ( 14552:T. ornatus 14541:Tremarctos 14517:Ailuropoda 14455:Red wolf ( 14421:C. latrans 14344:L. adustus 14301:L. vetulus 14274:L. griseus 14204:Bush dog ( 14095:V. pallida 14093:Pale fox ( 14077:V. lagopus 14048:Cape fox ( 13928:Gray fox ( 13686:U. smithii 13518:H. parvula 13509:H. hirtula 13397:Mungotinae 13286:Galidictis 13259:Galidiinae 13187:Euplerinae 13170:Eupleridae 13159:sensu lato 13130:C. crocuta 13063:Aardwolf ( 12994:see below↓ 12935:G. tigrina 12908:G. poensis 12890:G. pardina 12872:G. letabae 12854:G. genetta 12752:Genettinae 12736:V. zibetha 12656:Viverrinae 12645:sensu lato 12640:Viverrinae 12609:P. jerdoni 12476:Viverridae 12435:see below↓ 12374:Sand cat ( 12181:A. jubatus 12006:C. caracal 11899:Pardofelis 11718:P. linsang 11659:Feliformia 11453:1 November 11391:Packer, C. 11306:1 November 10208:: 465–481. 9843:1 February 9817:2 February 9684:1887/14372 9669:(4): 1–7. 9636:(4): 110. 9550:(5): 5–10. 7803:2263/41825 7431:, pp. 208. 6222:, pp. 133. 6210:, pp. 360. 6198:, pp. 145. 5815:1 November 5221:7 December 4947:Burger, J. 4440:: 201–208. 4222:Cladistics 4009:1 December 3949:. London: 3794:: 167–280. 3471:required.) 3430:(in Latin) 3288:References 3177:, notably 3164:lion dance 3034:Babylonian 2880:man-eating 2856:in Chicago 2844:Man-eating 2814:executions 2745:Bas-relief 2734:See also: 2663:London Zoo 2628:menageries 2542:started a 2484:Endangered 2476:inbreeding 2436:extirpated 2341:Vulnerable 2305:media help 2209:lentivirus 2097:homosexual 2007:Lions and 1951:of 1314.7 1949:bite force 1911:porcupines 1883:rhinoceros 1836:generalist 1728:Tsavo lion 1632:until the 1619:extirpated 1499:White lion 1220:Nile Basin 1171:Palearctic 999:P. spelaea 976:carnassial 913:P. leo leo 730:, namely: 697:subspecies 679:Subspecies 531:menageries 514:Vulnerable 486:shrublands 478:grasslands 273:Feliformia 269:Suborder: 174:Vulnerable 152:, Namibia 148:Female in 17446:Felis leo 17431:Q15294488 17416:Felis leo 16944:M. itatsi 16878:(weasels) 16741:Lutrogale 16678:E. lutris 16636:L. felina 16445:(grisons) 16368:M. martes 16311:(martens) 16229:Guloninae 16015:Mellivora 15888:N. narica 15829:B. medius 15820:B. gabbii 15811:B. alleni 15799:(olingos) 15768:Raccoon ( 15620:Spilogale 15506:C. chinga 15487:Conepatus 15443:Ailuridae 15242:Monachini 15154:P. largha 14824:Otariinae 14787:sea lions 14782:fur seals 14773:Otariidae 14658:Mustelida 14629:U. arctos 14491:Arctoidea 14448:C. lycaon 14403:C. aureus 14333:Lupulella 14245:Lycalopex 14122:V. vulpes 14120:Red fox ( 14084:Kit fox ( 14059:V. corsac 13803:Herpestes 13416:Meerkat ( 13175:(Malagasy 13077:Hyaeninae 13038:Hyaenidae 12953:G. felina 12367:F. lybica 12179:Cheetah ( 12097:L. wiedii 12086:Oncilla ( 12052:L. guigna 12023:Leopardus 12004:Caracal ( 11997:C. aurata 11932:Bay cat ( 11853:P. pardus 11851:Leopard ( 11826:P. tigris 11784:N. diardi 11702:Prionodon 11602:Kingdom: 11591:Carnivora 11074:, p. 119. 11062:, p. 100. 11050:, p. 133. 10713:, p. 113. 10701:, p. 166. 10654:, p. 142. 10600:, p. 187. 10558:de Courcy 10548:, p. 208. 10374:de Courcy 8974:, p. 184. 8913:, p. 183. 8790:, p. 143. 8746:, p. 137. 8703:, p. 142. 8637:, p. 174. 8610:, p. 188. 8528:, p. 293. 8205:, p. 272. 8048:, p. 276. 8036:, p. 133. 7935:, p. 237. 7846:, p. 248. 7612:, p. 153. 7588:, p. 195. 7482:CiteSeerX 7098:(1): 21. 6857:, p. 122. 6747:202040786 6030:, p. 148. 5579:Evolution 5482:198968757 5080:(1): 70. 4716:0962-1083 4101:: 30807. 3951:Routledge 3748:"1. Art, 3669:25 August 3595:: 59–82. 3572:22 August 3419:Felis leo 3319:"Species 3293:Citations 3262:from 1981 3219:, and in 3156:Manjushri 3134:Narasimha 3122:mrigendra 3108:. Art by 2930:from the 2906:apartheid 2898:full moon 2705:pantomime 2644:King John 2624:seraglios 2359:In Africa 2281:Lion roar 2197:pneumonia 2089:ovulation 1879:elephants 1843:ungulates 1756:territory 1645:river in 1630:Palestine 1615:Herodotus 1599:cave lion 1552:savannahs 1525:gene pool 1480:Castrated 1478:, Kenya. 1210:mutations 1190:gene flow 1132:with the 1106:from the 1059:Evolution 1048:Patagonia 1042:, or the 1004:cave lion 1002:, or the 980:Sri Lanka 933:P. l. leo 814:Cape lion 736:P. l. leo 728:evolution 712:P. l. leo 669:specimens 643:Felis leo 553:Etymology 502:Neolithic 482:savannahs 459:ungulates 364:P. l. leo 311:Species: 263:Carnivora 229:Kingdom: 223:Eukaryota 17701:Panthera 17606:Big cats 17425:Wikidata 17373:Species+ 17300:14000228 17235:10196306 17128:BioLib: 17086:Wikidata 16924:Ferret ( 16858:N. vison 16719:L. lutra 16587:(otters) 16581:Lutrinae 16438:Galictis 16350:M. foina 16265:Fisher ( 16153:Melogale 16136:M. meles 16056:Arctonyx 15901:Nasuella 15879:N. nasua 15856:(coatis) 15770:P. lotor 15546:Mephitis 15305:Mirounga 15055:Phocinae 15036:Phocidae 14905:Neophoca 14851:Zalophus 14758:Walrus ( 14457:C. rufus 14439:C. lupus 14419:Coyote ( 14254:Culpeo ( 14195:Speothos 14131:V. zerda 14113:V. velox 14050:V. chama 13761:Bdeogale 13659:U. fusca 13498:Helogale 13468:M. mungo 13407:Suricata 13336:Salanoia 13243:E. major 13223:Eupleres 13054:Proteles 13043:(hyenas) 12807:(genets) 12358:F. chaus 12349:F. catus 12340:F. bieti 12220:Cougar ( 12170:Acinonyx 12148:L. rufus 12146:Bobcat ( 12095:Margay ( 12077:Ocelot ( 12050:Kodkod ( 11971:Serval ( 11934:C. badia 11923:Catopuma 11833:Jaguar ( 11817:P. uncia 11806:Panthera 11773:Neofelis 11691:Feloidea 11622:Eutheria 11616:Mammalia 11610:Chordata 11608:Phylum: 11604:Animalia 11447:Archived 11429:(1972). 11411:Archived 11393:(2023). 11375:Archived 11300:Archived 10948:21799812 10907:PLOS One 10879:16107828 10735:Archived 10613:(1993). 10560:, p. 69. 10536:, p. 15. 10493:, p. 20. 10084:9 August 10078:Archived 9938:86228533 9918:Mammalia 9900:Archived 9869:Archived 9837:Archived 9811:Archived 9809:. 2016. 9693:56451273 9569:: 41–53. 9563:Cat News 9526:Archived 9493:Archived 9464:Schaller 9451:10321819 9404:Schaller 9394:, p. 95. 9392:Schaller 9380:Schaller 9363:Schaller 9351:Schaller 9291:, p. 85. 9289:Schaller 9235:14596469 8972:Schaller 8935:Schaller 8923:Schaller 8911:Schaller 8901:, p. 68. 8889:, p. 44. 8887:Schaller 8874:84927815 8819:, p. 46. 8805:Schaller 8788:Schaller 8778:, p. 45. 8744:Schaller 8701:Schaller 8635:Schaller 8622:, p. 29. 8620:Schaller 8608:Schaller 8526:Schaller 8513:30010193 8470:25693067 8430:PLOS ONE 8408:Archived 8363:Archived 8292:44240882 8215:Schaller 8203:Schaller 8133:Archived 8079:Archived 8058:Schaller 8046:Schaller 8034:Schaller 8022:Schaller 8006:17479753 7972:Schaller 7933:Schaller 7917:Archived 7905:29364874 7856:Schaller 7844:Schaller 7816:Archived 7812:53185309 7757:Archived 7701:20 April 7695:Archived 7691:86371484 7610:Schaller 7598:Schaller 7586:Schaller 7500:Archived 7429:Schaller 7416:29622932 7380:(2017). 7328:17820922 7285:44676637 7231:Archived 7227:35849910 7124:29614950 7022:Schaller 6923:Schaller 6913:, p. 33. 6898:, p. 37. 6896:Schaller 6886:, p. 33. 6884:Schaller 6867:Schaller 6855:Schaller 6844:: 34–39. 6793:Archived 6619:23573239 6579:PLOS ONE 6531:Schaller 6403:18 April 6366:Archived 6335:Archived 6312:16626799 6208:Schaller 6171:15893512 6163:12193785 6088:24190889 5897:Archived 5809:Archived 5713:21320626 5626:Archived 5502:Schaller 5468:: 1–11. 5384:Archived 5380:18179301 5372:25091377 5320:Archived 5284:Archived 5215:Archived 5162:82728679 5114:24690312 5004:Archived 5000:46716748 4992:19302360 4928:24225466 4877:26518481 4817:Archived 4781:84229141 4741:Panthera 4724:34748674 4600:Archived 4563:15012963 4496:Archived 4462:Panthera 4333:14 March 4327:Archived 4253:84497516 4245:34892880 4202:32366643 4133:27488946 4071:32366643 4003:Archived 3955:Archived 3941:(1865). 3923:6 August 3914:Archived 3910:Cat News 3750:Panthera 3733:22016768 3693:PLOS ONE 3663:Archived 3659:20138224 3625:Panthera 3597:Archived 3566:Archived 3562:41672825 3554:16400146 3492:Archived 3484:"πάνθηρ" 3459:20 March 3351:62265494 3317:(2005). 3243:See also 3213:'s 1900 3195:Lancelot 3191:Heracles 3118:Sanskrit 3030:Assyrian 2979:Apedemak 2798:Jahangir 2774:emperor 2772:Assyrian 2689:circuses 2586:Lion at 2549:pedigree 2329:snarling 2325:growling 2179:antelope 2169:tapeworm 2029:cheetahs 1724:disperse 1661:and the 1626:Caucasus 1595:Holocene 1543:Lion in 1333:fibers. 1289:Skeleton 1224:Holocene 1196:without 1175:Pliocene 1097:Panthera 1052:Edmonton 1039:P. atrox 1012:Beringia 841:Lönnberg 782:Matschie 761:include 759:Synonyms 744:nominate 720:taxonomy 661:Panthera 649:used by 645:was the 630:Taxonomy 616:Panthera 494:at night 434:Panthera 343:Linnaeus 304:Panthera 279:Family: 253:Mammalia 243:Chordata 239:Phylum: 233:Animalia 219:Domain: 179:IUCN 3.1 150:Okonjima 130:Male in 17551:Biology 17539:Animals 17527:Mammals 17501:Portals 17481:ZooBank 17473:7630906 17460:4443790 17287:1006020 17209:5219404 16926:M. furo 16871:Mustela 16820:Neogale 16667:Enhydra 16541:Ictonyx 16500:Vormela 16457:G. cuja 16384:Sable ( 16291:G. gulo 16256:Pekania 16241:Tayra ( 16038:Melinae 15850:Nasuina 15742:Procyon 15098:Phocini 14737:(seals) 14672:(seals) 14564:Ursinae 14506:(bears) 14501:Ursidae 14377:Dhole ( 14167:(zorro) 14041:V. cana 13951:Vulpini 13919:Urocyon 13903:Canidae 13695:U. urva 13199:Fossa ( 13119:Crocuta 12801:Genetta 12698:Viverra 12239:lineage 12161:lineage 12130:L. lynx 11986:Caracal 11960:lineage 11958:Caracal 11890:lineage 11888:Bay cat 11874:Felinae 11835:P. onca 11824:Tiger ( 11744:Felidae 11614:Class: 11593:species 11589:Extant 11554:. 1921. 11417:10 July 11266:Jackson 11254:Jackson 11184:Jackson 11115:Jackson 11072:Jackson 11060:Jackson 11048:Jackson 10939:3140494 10916:Bibcode 10887:3190757 10859:Bibcode 10741:30 July 10699:Jackson 10674:Bibcode 10652:Jackson 10640:Jackson 10402:5 April 10185:27 July 10175:2131247 10109:Bibcode 9965:Bibcode 9787:9 March 9408:p. 116. 9276:7563428 9190:8559247 9181:7095363 9160:Bibcode 9128:9067652 9021:5393325 8493:Bibcode 8461:4333767 8438:Bibcode 8347:Bibcode 8272:Bibcode 8237:Bibcode 7986:Ecology 7913:4405091 7885:Bibcode 7753:2588727 7733:Bibcode 7640:Bibcode 7407:5873260 7336:5058849 7308:Bibcode 7300:Science 7277:7652566 7257:Bibcode 7249:Science 7219:7652573 7199:Bibcode 7191:Science 7115:5883395 6999:369–376 6610:3616087 6587:Bibcode 6533:, p. 5. 6504:Bibcode 6492:) view" 6143:Bibcode 6135:Science 6068:Bibcode 6051:ex situ 5632:21 July 5211:4056029 5189:Bibcode 5142:Bibcode 5105:3997813 5082:Bibcode 4972:Bibcode 4919:3843846 4868:4691742 4761:Bibcode 4686:Bibcode 4634:Bibcode 4543:Bibcode 4399:Bibcode 4193:7245068 4170:Bibcode 4124:4973251 4103:Bibcode 4062:7245068 4039:Bibcode 3818:persica 3724:3189913 3701:Bibcode 3639:Bibcode 3534:Bibcode 3525:Science 3397:30 June 3112:, 1900. 3014:Babylon 2987:Sekhmet 2946:of the 2928:Sekhmet 2891:and in 2749:Nineveh 2707:titled 2648:Henry I 2605:etching 2510:, India 2486:on the 2454:In Asia 2380:In the 2343:on the 2093:in heat 1964:carrion 1903:monkeys 1895:hyraxes 1891:dik-dik 1863:giraffe 1859:gemsbok 1611:Ukraine 1603:Hungary 1564:montane 1509:leucism 1474:and in 1452:fitness 1381:Weight 1348:Average 1313:⁄ 1230:Hybrids 1215:alleles 1145:leopard 1114:around 1112:Felidae 1110:of the 1100:lineage 1008:Eurasia 890:, 1929) 888:Roberts 879:, 1924) 861:, 1914) 843:, 1910) 832:, 1900) 830:Neumann 810:, 1842) 795:, 1924) 784:, 1900) 516:on the 490:diurnal 299:Genus: 283:Felidae 259:Order: 249:Class: 194: ( 177: ( 110:↓ 17563:Africa 17391:123566 17339:563151 17261:183803 17183:PNTHLE 17170:328672 16616:Lontra 16304:Martes 15579:Mydaus 15473:skunks 14437:Wolf ( 14317:Canina 14147:Canini 14011:Vulpes 13907:(dogs) 13448:Mungos 12762:Poiana 11844:P. leo 11842:Lion ( 11748:(cats) 11534:24 May 11503:"Lion 11470: 11439: 11403: 11381:18 May 11367: 11346: 11327: 11292: 11204: 11098: 11031: 11021:"Lion" 10999: 10969: 10946: 10936: 10885: 10877: 10850:Nature 10764: 10623: 10578: 10328:25 May 10319: 10292:25 May 10245:508478 10243: 10173: 9936: 9691: 9449: 9334: 9309: 9274: 9233: 9188: 9178: 9152:Nature 9126: 9119:170498 9116: 9019: 8994:955970 8992: 8955: 8872: 8839:557916 8837: 8727: 8721:302–05 8684: 8581:Koedoe 8511: 8468: 8458: 8313: 8290: 8186: 8157: 8085:6 June 8004: 7911: 7903: 7877:Nature 7832:Packer 7810: 7751: 7689: 7522:scats" 7484: 7414: 7404: 7349:Packer 7334: 7326: 7283: 7275: 7225: 7217: 7137:Packer 7122: 7112: 7005: 6989:"Lion" 6962:Packer 6911:Packer 6785: 6745: 6617: 6607: 6466: 6441: 6310: 6275:7 July 6232:Packer 6220:Packer 6196:Packer 6184:Packer 6169: 6161: 6116: 6086: 6028:Packer 5980: 5940: 5889: 5849: 5801: 5711: 5659: 5618: 5556: 5542:"Lion" 5480: 5421: 5378: 5370: 5326:4 July 5312: 5252: 5209: 5181:Nature 5160: 5112: 5102: 4998: 4990: 4926: 4916: 4875: 4865: 4809: 4779: 4722: 4714: 4561: 4502:18 May 4251: 4243: 4200: 4190: 4131: 4121: 4069: 4059: 3995: 3981:"Lion 3731: 3721: 3657: 3560: 3552: 3443:"lion" 3349: 3339: 3199:Gawain 3185:, the 3147:arhats 3138:Vishnu 3062:a lion 3058:zodiac 3038:Inanna 3028:up to 3016:, Iraq 2995:Tefnut 2993:, and 2991:Maahes 2174:Taenia 2105: 2085:spines 1953:Newton 1945:muzzle 1941:throat 1871:chital 1744:estrus 1659:Bengal 1655:Punjab 1639:Dezful 1588:Sahara 1484:gonads 1254:leopon 1250:tigons 1242:tigers 1134:jaguar 1081:green 973:fossil 971:was a 929:Genome 899:, and 859:Heller 786:, and 750:, the 742:− the 606:לָבִיא 601:Hebrew 599:. 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