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971:), which had been devastated by a severe earthquake and was therefore evacuated by its inhabitants. Suleyman refused various financial inducements offered by John VI to empty the castle and the city. The emperor pleaded with his son-in-law Orhan to meet personally and discuss the matter, but the request was either rejected or could not be carried out due to Orhan's age and ill-health.
500:, had made war at the head of the armed vassals and volunteers. This army rode on horseback to their prince's banner when summoned for each expedition, and were disbanded as soon as the campaign was over. Alaeddin determined to ensure any future success by forming a corps of paid infantry, which was to be kept in constant readiness for service. These troops were called
824:
700:, he became a commander of light cavalry, and he and his sons and grandsons led Ottoman troops in the Balkans. Once Bursa was captured, Orhan sent cavalry towards the Bosphorus, capturing Byzantine towns on the Marmara coast. There were even sightings of Ottoman light cavalry along the Bosphorus coast, and Ottoman forces
955:
led to defeat of
Venetians and their Byzantine allies. Orhan opposed the Venetians, whose fleets and piratical raids were disrupting his seaward provinces, and who had met his diplomatic overtures with contempt. The Venetians were allies of John VI, so Orhan sent an auxiliary force across the straits
523:
The conquered are the responsibility of the conqueror, who is the lawful ruler of them, of their lands, of their goods, of their wives, and of their children. We have a right to do, same as what we do with our own; and the treatment which I propose is not only lawful, but benevolent. By enforcing the
508:(of House of Candar), who was connected with the royal house by marriage. Çandarlı laid before his master and the vizier a project. Out of this arose the renowned corps of Janissaries, which was considered the scourge of the Balkans and Central Europe for a long time, until it was abolished by Sultan
774:
In the case of Karesi, the ruler had died and had left two sons whose claims to the post of emir were equally valid. So there was a fight between the armed supporters of the two claimant princes. Orhan's pretext for invasion was that he was acting as a bringer of peace. In the end of the invasion by
1049:
In 1357 Orhan's eldest and most experienced son and likely heir, Suleyman Pasha, died after injuries sustained from a fall from a horse near
Bolayir on the coast of the sea of Marmara. The horse that Suleyman fell from was buried alongside him and their tombs can still be seen today. Orhan was said
1039:
on the Aegean Sea, which was under
Genoese rule. Orhan was very much upset by this kidnapping and conducted talks with his brother-in-law and now sole Byzantine Emperor John V Palaeologos. As to the agreement, John V with a Byzantine naval fleet went to Phocaea, paid the ransom demanded of 100,000
899:
The greatest of the kings of the
Turcomans and the richest in wealth, lands and military forces. Of fortresses he possesses nearly a hundred, and for most of his time he is continually engaged in making a round of them, staying in each fortress for some days to put it in good order and examine its
528:
He also claimed that incorporating children of the conquered would induce other people to enlist: their friends and relations, who would come as volunteers to join the
Ottoman ranks. Acting on this advice, Orhan selected a thousand of the finest boys from conquered Christian families. The recruits
461:
ruler: they no longer stamped money with his image or used his name in public prayers. These changes are attributed by others to Osman himself, but the vast majority of the oriental writers concur in attributing to
Alaeddin the introduction of laws respecting the costume of the various subjects of
831:
A twenty-year period of peace followed the acquisition of Karesi. During this time, the
Ottoman sovereign was actively occupied in perfecting the civil and military institutions which his brother had introduced, in securing internal order, in founding and endowing mosques and schools, and in the
983:
was crowned as the co-emperor. But very soon John V returned from exile with
Venetian help and conducted a coup, taking over the government of Constantinople. Although the two men came to an agreement to share power, John VI resigned from his imperial post and became a monk. Each of these two
794:
With the conquest of Karesi, nearly the whole of northwestern
Anatolia was included in the Ottoman Beylik, and the four cities of Bursa, Nicomedia, Nicaea, and Pergamum had become strongholds of its power. At this stage of his conquests, Orhan's Ottoman Principality had four provinces:
504:, or piyade. They were divided into tens, hundreds, and thousands with their commanders. Their pay was high, and their pride soon caused their sovereign some anxiety. Orhan wished to provide a check to them, and he took counsel for this purpose with his brother Alaeddin and
839:
The general diffusion of
Turkish populations over Anatolia, before Osman's time, was in main part a push from the Mongol conquest of Central Asia, Iran and then East Anatolia. Turkish peoples had founded a number of principalities after the demise of the Anatolian
939:. The Genoese, in resisting a Venetian fleet attacking their ships in the Golden Horn, bombarded the sea walls of Constantinople and pushed the Byzantines to ally with the Venetians. The Venetians assembled a large naval force, including hired fleets from
719:(near Nicomedia, Bithynia. Present day: Maltepe, Turkey), on 10 or 15 June, Orhan's disciplined troops routed the Byzantines. Thereafter Andronikos abandoned the idea of getting Kocaeli back and never again conducted a field battle against Ottoman forces.
445:, that they should share the emerging empire. The latter refused on the grounds that their father had designated Orhan as sole successor, and that the empire should not be divided. He only accepted as his share the revenues of a single village near
915:
During Orhan's reign as the Ottoman emir, the Byzantine Empire declined – partly due to the ambitions of Italian maritime states and to the aggression of the Turcomans and other city Turks, but also due to civil wars within the empire.
484:
Alaeddin, by his military legislation, may be truly said to have organized victory for the Ottoman dynasty. He organised for the Ottoman Beylik a standing army of regularly paid and disciplined infantry and horses, a full century before
874:, in marriage to their ruler, despite differences of creed and the disparity of age. However, in Byzantine and in Western European history, dynastic marriages were quite usual and there are many examples which were much more strange.
885:, (then Chrysopolis) the suburb of Constantinople on the Asiatic side of the Bosporus where there was a display of festive splendor. However, this close relationship soured when Byzantines suffered from marauding migrant
974:
This military situation remained unresolved, in part because of the eruption of hostilities between John VI and his co-emperor and son-in-law John V Palaeologus. John V was dismissed from his imperial post and exiled to
963:(Cinbi) in a bold move which gave the Turks a permanent foothold on the European side of the Dardanelles Straits. He also started to settle migrant Turcomans and town-dwelling Turks in the strategic city and castle of
1035:, was abducted somewhere on the Bay of Izmit. A Genoese commercial boat captain, which was conducting acts of piracy alongside commercial activity, was able to capture the young prince and take him over to
2570:
919:
During these years the Byzantine Empire became so weak that commercial supremacy in the surrounding seas around it became a bone of contention for the Italian maritime commercial city states. The
2575:
870:
recognised Orhan as the most powerful sovereign of the Turks. He aspired to attach the Ottoman forces permanently to his interests, and hoped to achieve this by giving his second daughter,
62:
1192:, her mother's brother-in-law. Subsequently, Halil married John's daughter, Irene, by he had two sons. At his father's death, he was executed by his half-brother, the new Sultan Murad I.
935:
when the Byzantines had decreased their customs tariffs in order to attract trade to the Byzantine side of the Golden Horn. In 1352 the rivalry for trade led to a war between Genoa and
889:
bands that had crossed the Marmara Sea and Dardanelles and pillaged several towns in Thrace. After a series of such raids, the Byzantines had to use superior forces to deal with them.
866:
dissipated the last resources of the Byzantine Empire, the auxiliary armies of the Emirs of Turkish principalities were frequently called over and employed in Europe. In 1346, Emperor
1020:
Orhan was the longest living and one of the longest reigning of the future Ottoman Sultans. In his last years he had left most of the powers of state in the hands of his second son
1159:
1306-1357) - with Efendize Hatun, although tradition holds that his mother was Nilüfer Hatun. Orhan's favorite son, he was at the head of the expansion campaigns in Thrace and
462:
the empire, and the creation and funding of a standing army of regular troops. It was by his advice and that of a contemporary Turkish statesman that the celebrated corps of
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who was kidnapped by the Ottomans during the attack on her father's fortress and given to Orhan as his concubine in 1299. In 1331, she was the consort of Orhan who welcomed
3188:
1209:
and cousin of Orhan. They had two sons, Hamza Bey (who had a son, Mehmed Bey) and Mustafa Bey (who had a son, Osman Bey), and two daughters, Ilaldi Hatun and Fatma Hatun.
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1991:
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Orhan died soon after, likely from natural causes. It seems rather likely that the death of his son was taxing on his health, however. Orhan died in 1362, in
441:
Osman Gazi died in either 1323 or 1324, and Orhan succeeded him. According to Ottoman tradition, when Orhan succeeded his father, he proposed to his brother,
3025:
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condition. It is said that he has never stayed for a whole month in any one town. He also fights with the infidels continually and keeps them under siege.
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524:
enrolling them in the ranks of the army, we consult both their temporal and eternal interests, as they will be educated and given better life conditions.
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1109:. Noblewoman of Byzantine-Greek origins, born Holofira, Olivera or Glafira. She was Orhan's first legal wife and mother of two sons and two daughters.
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In 1345, there was a change of strategy. Instead of aiming to gain land from non-Muslims, Orhan took over a Turkish principality, Karesi (present
2939:
832:
construction of vast public edifices, many of which still stand. Orhan did not continue with any other conquests in Anatolia except taking over
1692:
1082:
Bayalun Hatun. She is also called, among the different variants, Baylun, Bilun, Suilun, Biliven and Niliven. Maybe she was the daughter of the
984:
contestants for power was continually soliciting Orhan's aid against the other, and Orhan supported whichever side would benefit the Ottomans.
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In the midst of the distress and confusion that the Byzantine Empire now suffered, Orhan's eldest son, Suleyman Pasha, captured the Castle of
681:
1103:, Osman I's brother, and so Orhan's cousin. She was the real mother of Süleyman Pasha, although tradition has it that his mother was Nilüfer.
1984:
736:
In 1338, Orhan captured Scutari; most of northwest Anatolia was in Ottoman hands. The Byzantines still controlled the coastal strip from
17:
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932:
2310:
859:, and maintained them with some of his successors. Therefore, the Ottoman power experienced a twenty-year period of general repose.
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2315:
881:) is elaborately described by Byzantine writers. In the following year, Orhan and Theodora visited his imperial father-in-law at
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According to some authorities, it was in Alaeddin's time, and by his advice, that the Ottomans ceased acting like vassals to the
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1977:
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76:
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Melek Hatun. She was the daughter of Melik Bey, son of Osman I, and thus the niece of Orhan. She was mother of Sultan Hatun.
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established his fifteen permanent companies of men-at-arms, which are generally regarded as the first modern standing army.
1498:
871:
863:
395:
375:
168:
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1188:(1347-1362) - with Theodora Kantakouzene. As a child, he was kidnapped by Genoese pirates and ransomed with the help of
1128:
and Orhan's second legal wife, she married Orhan in 1346. Remained a Christian after her marriage. Mother of Halil Bey.
733:. Orhan gave the command of Nicomedia to his eldest son, Suleyman Pasha, who had directed the operations of the siege.
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2782:
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783:) were annexed to Orhan's domains. This conquest was particularly important since it brought Orhan's territories to
615:
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587:
415:
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were trained according to their individual abilities, and employed in posts ranging from professional soldier to
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572:
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Mongols. Although they were all of Turkish stock, they were all rivals for dominant status in Anatolia.
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1503:
856:
712:
601:
348:
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771:. The Ottomans had to have special justification for conquering fellow Muslim Turkish principalities.
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H. J. Kissling; Bertold Spuler; N. Barbour; J. S. Trimingham; H. Braun; H. Hartel (1 August 1997).
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and surroundings). According to Islamic philosophy of war, the areas under Islamic rule were to be
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was formed, an institution which European writers erroneously fix at a later date, and ascribe to
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Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler
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Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler
583:
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3030:
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Ottoman troops the two brothers were pushed to the castle of their capital city of Pergamum (now
561:
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2995:
779:). One was killed and the other was captured. The territories around Pergamum and Palaeocastro (
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In the early stages of his reign, Orhan focused his energies on conquering most of northwestern
256:
1885:. Studies in Middle Eastern history. New York Oxford: Oxford university press. pp. 34–35.
744:) in Paphlagonia, but these were so scattered and isolated as to be no threat to the Ottomans.
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701:
568:
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1206:
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1507:
1307:
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486:
379:
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3020:
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corps, an army entirely composed of the children of conquered places. Çandarlı argued that:
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8:
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980:
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A series of civil wars surrounding the ascension of the nine-year-old Byzantine emperor
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1686:
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1139:'s daughter. She married Orhan around 1351, when he was seventy, while she was twelve.
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Ibrahim Bey (1310-1362, buried in Osman I's türbe) - with Asporça Hatun. Governor of
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Efendize Hatun. Also called Efendi, Eftendize or Efendire Hatun, was the daughter of
920:
685:
419:
179:
67:
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was considered a good deed. Karesi principality was a state governed by a Turkish
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501:
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212:
52:
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1182:(1326-1389) - with Nilüfer Hatun. Sultan of the Ottoman Empire after his father.
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3322:
2919:
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1057:, at the age of eighty, after a reign of thirty-six years. He is buried in the
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705:
693:
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442:
137:
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2085:
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Selçuk Hatun - with Asporça Hatun. She married Süleyman Bey, son of Mehmed of
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3173:
3136:
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Edward S. Creasy, History of the Ottoman Turks. (Beirut: Khayats, 1961), 13
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led a mercenary army to relieve Nicaea and regain Kocaeli. In the ensuing
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697:
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1118:. Christian slave of Greek descent, mother of Orhan's successor Murad I.
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61:
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2679:
2539:
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2130:
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575: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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to Orhan and employed Ottoman warriors against the rival forces of the
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The splendour of the wedding between Orhan and Theodora at Selymbria (
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The imperial harem : women and sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire
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1418:"Clothing Laws, State, and Society in the Ottoman Empire, 1720-1829"
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533:. This practice continued for centuries, until the reign of Sultan
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territories in northwest Anatolia. First, in 1321, Orhan captured
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1829:""Nilüfer Hatun" and "Süleyman Pasha" in TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi"
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History of the Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 1: Empire of Ghazis
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947:. The sea battle between the Venetian fleet under the command of
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The imperial harem: women and sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire
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to capture the southeast coast of the Sea of Marmara. Then, he
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kings and the richest in wealth, lands, and military forces".
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A listing of descendants of Ertuğrul, alongside other royalty
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former principality of Karesi around Balıkesir and Bergama.
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1163:. He died of wounds sustained after a fall from his horse.
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on the Black Sea to Scutari and the city of Amastris (now
1950:
1337:
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
48:
1392:
Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of Their Impact
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Incorporates text from "History of Ottoman Turks" (1878)
1170:, was executed by the order of his half-brother Murad I.
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from the commercial-religious fraternity guild of Ahis.
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to have been greatly affected by the death of his son.
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towards the west Black Sea coast; another column under
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gave the following account of Orhan during his reign:
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to Galata, which there co-operated with the Genoese.
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by persuading its Byzantine commander to defect. As
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2nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1323/4 to 1362
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767:and its main inhabitants were Turkish so it was an
1389:DeVries, Kelly; Smith, Robert D. (20 April 2007).
402:, granting them the use of a European fortress at
1343:
656:Ottoman Beylik around 1355, during Orhan's reign.
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1775:(in Turkish). Oğlak Yayıncılık. pp. 39–40.
1717:(in Turkish). Oğlak Yayıncılık. pp. 42–62.
799:Original land grant area of Söğüt and Eskişehir;
289:, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols.
3376:Infectious disease deaths in the Ottoman Empire
1205:Hatice Hatun. She married Süleyman Bey, son of
1046:, and brought Halil back to Ottoman territory.
805:(Domain of the Sultan) area of Bursa and İznik;
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1999:
1985:
1611:Alderson, A. D. (1982). "Orhan I, Tav.XXII".
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3371:Ottoman people of the Byzantine–Ottoman wars
1422:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1388:
1225:Sultan Hatun (1324-1347) - with Melek Hatun.
931:from Constantinople itself. The Genoese had
414:) two years later, after which Orhan's son,
398:, Kantakouzenos used Ottoman forces against
1573:( ed.). Ankara: Ötüken. pp. 4–5.
1304:The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe.
406:around 1352. A major earthquake devastated
3361:14th-century sultans of the Ottoman Empire
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1992:
1978:
1860:(in Turkish). Babıali Kültür Yayıncılığı.
1691:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1061:(tomb) with his wife and children, called
855:, Orhan developed friendly relations with
60:
635:Learn how and when to remove this message
515:Çandarlı proposed to Orhan to create the
336:. The majority of these areas were under
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1854:Pazan, İbrahim (2007). "Nilüfer Hatun".
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1610:
1496:Ebru Boyar; Kate Fleet (15 April 2010).
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1473:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–16
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351:. Orhan also occupied the lands of the
279:, written from right to left with some
14:
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1567:Uluçay, M. Çağatay (2011). "Orhan I".
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283:letters and additional symbols joined.
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933:fought the Byzantines earlier in 1348
927:, a separate Genoese city across the
2292:First Ottoman caliph • Caliph only
1617:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
1614:The structure of the Ottoman dynasty
1499:A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul
1395:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 206.
1201:Orhan had at least four daughters:
1173:Şerefullah Bey - with Asporça Hatun.
1078:Orhan had at least seven consorts:
1024:and lived a secluded life in Bursa.
647:
573:adding citations to reliable sources
544:
340:rule and he won his first battle at
321:from 1323/4 to 1362. He was born in
302:
1131:Theodora Uroš (died in 1352/1354).
676:coast. He then sent a column under
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24:
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1789:
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1306:Cambridge University Press, 2002.
851:After the Byzantine defeat of the
25:
3392:
1903:
1570:Padişahların kadınları ve kızları
1219:Fatma Hatun - with Asporça Hatun.
943:and from the Byzantine Empire of
429:, Orhan was "the greatest of the
2388:
2357:
2297:
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1287:Ottoman Fortifications 1300–1710
864:Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347
549:
396:Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357
376:Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347
374:greatly benefited Orhan. In the
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255:
1874:
1847:
1762:
1546:
1537:
1532:Byzantium: the Decline and Fall
1524:
1489:
1484:Byzantium: the Decline and Fall
1476:
1463:
1285:Nicolle, David and Hook, Adam.
668:, the port linking the city of
560:needs additional citations for
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1382:
1373:
1328:
1313:
1296:
1253:
1148:Orhan had at least six sons:
729:that concluded in 1331. Orhan
473:
13:
1:
2311:Heads of the Osmanoğlu family
1356:The Last Great Muslim Empires
1322:Turkish Traditional Art Today
1275:, Centre for Islamic Studies.
1241:
1156:
987:
811:peninsular area around İzmit;
725:surrendered to Orhan after a
688:, and finally a column under
452:
172:
1881:Peirce, Leslie Penn (1993).
1663:. New York. pp. 34–35.
1260:Feridun Emecen (1988–2016).
1196:
951:and the Genoese fleet under
787:, the Anatolian side of the
425:According to Muslim scholar
319:sultan of the Ottoman Empire
317:; died 1362) was the second
77:Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
7:
1310:Retrieved 3 September 2011.
1289:. Osprey Publishing, 2010.
1229:
1073:
911:Decline of Byzantine Empire
711:In 1329, Byzantine Emperor
540:
18:Orhan of the Ottoman Empire
10:
3397:
3313:Division of the Kayı tribe
3026:Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin
2935:Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin
2386:
1657:Peirce, Leslie P. (1993).
1504:Cambridge University Press
1273:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
857:Andronicus III Palaeologus
844:, after its defeat by the
731:captured Nicomedia in 1337
708:in the Byzantine Empire).
477:
349:Andronikos III Palaiologos
29:
3300:
3269:
3215:
3145:
3117:Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim
3099:
3086:Şehzade Mehmed Nizameddin
3071:Şehzade Mehmed Şerafeddin
3046:Şehzade Mehmed Abdülhalim
3036:Şehzade Mehmed Cemaleddin
3011:Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir
2991:Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin
2983:
2960:Şehzade Mahmud Celaleddin
2907:
2881:
2850:
2817:
2796:
2765:
2719:
2693:
2672:
2656:
2615:
2589:
2548:
2527:
2506:
2485:
2449:
2423:
2397:
2367:
2290:
2042:
2014:
1958:
1944:
1936:
1931:
1917:
1769:Sakaoğlu, Necdet (2008).
1711:Sakaoğlu, Necdet (2008).
1534:. Penguin, London. Chp.19
1469:Shaw, Stanford J. (1976)
1434:10.1017/S0020743800064837
1416:Quataert, Donald (1997).
1267:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam
1068:
1008:The exterior view of his
249:
239:
228:
218:
206:
185:
178:
156:
143:
127:
119:
115:
105:
95:
87:
75:
59:
46:
41:
3041:Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri
3016:Şehzade Mahmud Necmeddin
3001:Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin
2975:Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin
2930:Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin
2029:Family tree (simplified)
1486:, Penguin, London Chp.18
1271:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
390:, allowing them to loot
3091:Şehzade Mehmed Ertuğrul
1833:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi
1804:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi
1748:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi
1335:Kafadar, Cemal (1995).
1143:
3056:Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin
3006:Şehzade Ibrahim Tevfik
2950:Şehzade Selim Süleyman
2945:Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin
2940:Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin
2024:Family tree (detailed)
1530:Norwich, J. J. (1996)
1320:Henry Glassie (1991).
1017:
1001:
1000:of Orhan Gazi in Bursa
908:
828:
759:. Conducting a war in
657:
526:
492:Orhan's predecessors,
310:
275:This article contains
3066:Şehzade Mahmud Şevket
2970:Şehzade Mehmed Şevket
1293:Retrieved 3 Sep 2011.
1126:John VI Kantakouzenos
1122:Theodora Kantakouzene
1007:
995:
897:
827:Silver coins of Orhan
826:
655:
521:
487:Charles VII of France
382:married his daughter
380:John VI Kantakouzenos
3132:Şehzade Mahmud Namık
3076:Şehzade Ahmed Tevhid
2996:Şehzade Mehmed Selim
1552:Norwich, pp. 321–322
1359:. BRILL. p. 6.
979:; Cantacuzene's son
819:Consolidation period
755:and the other areas
702:laid siege to Nicaea
569:improve this article
506:Kara Khalil Çandarlı
277:Ottoman Turkish text
3107:Şehzade Ahmed Nihad
3081:Şehzade Mehmed Abid
2309:Related templates:
1482:J.J.Norwich (1996)
1207:Saru Batu Savci Bey
1176:Kasım Bey (?-1346).
945:John VI Cantacuzene
868:John VI Cantacuzene
853:Battle of Pelekanon
789:Dardanelles Straits
717:battle of Pelekanon
3112:Şehzade Osman Fuad
3051:Şehzade Ömer Faruk
3031:Şehzade Ömer Hilmi
3021:Şehzade Ahmed Nuri
2034:Line of succession
1190:John V Palaeologus
1137:Helena of Bulgaria
1101:Akbaşlı Günduz Bey
1027:In 1356 Orhan and
1018:
1002:
941:Peter IV of Aragon
829:
658:
372:John V Palaiologos
30:For the name, see
3366:Burials in Turkey
3343:
3342:
3318:Anatolian beyliks
3171:
3170:
3153:Şehzade Ali Vasib
2324:
2323:
1968:
1967:
1959:Succeeded by
1892:978-0-19-508677-5
1867:978-9944-118-31-6
1782:978-975-329-623-6
1724:978-975-329-623-6
1580:978-975-437-840-5
1402:978-1-85109-526-1
1366:978-90-04-02104-4
1302:Goffman, Daniel.
1236:Orhan Gazi Mosque
921:Republic of Genoa
690:Abdurrahman Ghazi
648:Initial expansion
645:
644:
637:
619:
420:occupied the town
346:Byzantine Emperor
287:rendering support
263:
262:
68:Ottoman miniature
16:(Redirected from
3388:
3301:Related articles
3198:
3191:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3158:Dündar Ali Osman
3061:Mehmed Abdulaziz
2747:Şehzade Süleyman
2648:Şehzade Cihangir
2633:Şehzade Abdullah
2571:Şehzade Abdullah
2392:
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1971:
1970:
1937:Preceded by
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1857:Padişah anneleri
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906:
862:However, as the
842:Sultanate of Rum
727:three-year siege
704:(second only to
640:
633:
629:
626:
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618:
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553:
545:
437:Passage of power
325:, as the son of
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64:
39:
38:
21:
3396:
3395:
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3389:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3381:Sons of sultans
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3296:
3265:
3261:Sungurtekin Bey
3211:
3202:
3172:
3167:
3146:23rd generation
3141:
3100:22nd generation
3095:
2984:21st generation
2979:
2908:20th generation
2903:
2882:19th generation
2877:
2851:18th generation
2846:
2818:17th generation
2813:
2797:16th generation
2792:
2766:15th generation
2761:
2742:Şehzade Bayezid
2720:14th generation
2715:
2694:13th generation
2689:
2673:12th generation
2668:
2657:11th generation
2652:
2643:Şehzade Bayezid
2623:Şehzade Mustafa
2616:10th generation
2611:
2585:
2544:
2523:
2502:
2481:
2457:Süleyman Çelebi
2445:
2419:
2393:
2384:
2363:
2362:Ottoman princes
2355:
2325:
2320:
2286:
2080:Süleyman Çelebi
2038:
2010:
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1199:
1146:
1133:Stefan IV Dušan
1076:
1071:
990:
913:
907:
904:
821:
753:abodes of peace
650:
641:
630:
624:
621:
578:
576:
566:
554:
543:
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476:
455:
439:
388:empress dowager
313:, also spelled
299:Ottoman Turkish
292:
291:
290:
285:Without proper
272:
268:
199:
195:
183:
182:
171:
167:
163:
152:
151:, Bursa, Turkey
132:
71:
51:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3394:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3341:
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3338:
3337:
3335:Ottoman Empire
3332:
3331:
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3325:
3323:Candar dynasty
3315:
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3304:
3302:
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3140:
3139:
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3129:
3127:Ertuğrul Osman
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
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2920:Abdul Hamid II
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2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2732:Şehzade Mehmed
2729:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2701:Şehzade Mahmud
2697:
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2640:
2635:
2630:
2628:Şehzade Mehmed
2625:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2590:9th generation
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2576:Şehzade Mahmud
2573:
2568:
2563:
2561:Şehzade Korkut
2558:
2552:
2550:
2549:8th generation
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2528:7th generation
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2507:6th generation
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2486:5th generation
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2477:Mustafa Çelebi
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2450:4th generation
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2424:3rd generation
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:Süleyman Pasha
2401:
2399:
2398:2nd generation
2395:
2394:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2375:Alaeddin Pasha
2371:
2369:
2368:1st generation
2365:
2364:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2316:Valide sultans
2313:
2306:
2305:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:Abdul Hamid II
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
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2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2099:Mustafa Çelebi
2095:
2090:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
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2040:
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2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2011:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1956:1323/4 – 1362
1947:Ottoman Sultan
1943:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1932:Regnal titles
1929:
1928:
1924:House of Osman
1921:
1918:
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1912:
1905:
1904:External links
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1543:Norwich, p.320
1536:
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1488:
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1428:(3): 403–425.
1408:
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1324:. p. 370.
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1153:Süleyman Pasha
1145:
1142:
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1140:
1129:
1124:. Daughter of
1119:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1097:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1063:Gümüşlü Kumbet
989:
986:
953:Paganino Doria
949:Niccolo Pisani
912:
909:
902:
820:
817:
816:
815:
812:
806:
800:
769:abode of peace
713:Andronikos III
706:Constantinople
694:captured Bursa
674:Sea of Marmara
660:Orhan invaded
649:
646:
643:
642:
557:
555:
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478:Main article:
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416:Süleyman Pasha
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3137:Bayezid Osman
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2965:Abdulmejid II
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2873:Şehzade Selim
2871:
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2842:Abdul Hamid I
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2752:Şehzade Kasım
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2498:Küçük Mustafa
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2282:Abdulmejid II
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2232:Abdul Hamid I
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1744:"Orhan Ghazi"
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1339:. p. 16.
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1116:Nilüfer Hatun
1114:
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1107:Asporça Hatun
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772:
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761:abodes of war
758:
757:abodes of war
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639:
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625:February 2024
617:
614:
610:
607:
603:
600:
596:
593:
589:
586: –
585:
581:
580:Find sources:
574:
570:
564:
563:
558:This section
556:
552:
547:
546:
538:
536:
532:
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518:
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389:
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381:
378:, the regent
377:
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211:
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202:
198:
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191:
188:
187:
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
165:Nilüfer Hatun
162:
161:Asporça Hatun
159:
155:
150:
146:
142:
139:
135:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:of Orhan Gazi
69:
66:16th century
63:
58:
55:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3308:Oghuz Khagan
3292:Central Asia
3257:
3255:Gündoğdu Bey
3249:
3122:Mehmed Orhan
2889:Abdulmejid I
2773:Şehzade Ömer
2685:Sultan Yahya
2519:Orhan Çelebi
2436:Yakub Çelebi
2379:
2295:
2252:Abdulmejid I
2129:
2097:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2051:
1945:
1922:
1882:
1876:
1856:
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1835:(in Turkish)
1832:
1808:. Retrieved
1806:(in Turkish)
1803:
1771:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1750:(in Turkish)
1747:
1713:
1659:
1613:
1569:
1548:
1539:
1531:
1526:
1497:
1491:
1483:
1478:
1470:
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1425:
1421:
1411:
1391:
1384:
1375:
1355:
1336:
1330:
1321:
1315:
1303:
1298:
1286:
1281:
1269:(44+2 vols.)
1265:
1255:
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1052:
1048:
1041:
1026:
1019:
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891:
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861:
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808:
803:Hüdavendigar
802:
793:
773:
768:
760:
756:
752:
746:
735:
721:
710:
659:
631:
622:
612:
605:
598:
591:
579:
567:Please help
562:verification
559:
531:Grand Vizier
527:
522:
514:
491:
483:
456:
440:
424:
369:
344:against the
331:
314:
294:
293:
274:
233:Malhun Hatun
186:Among others
184:
47:
36:
32:Orhan (name)
3356:1362 deaths
3270:Settlements
3209:Oghuz Turks
3163:Harun Osman
2837:Mustafa III
2783:Suleiman II
2607:Üveys Pasha
2472:Musa Çelebi
2227:Mustafa III
2197:Suleiman II
2086:Musa Çelebi
2068:Interregnum
1800:"MAL HATUN"
1455:29 February
1262:"Mal Hatun"
1094:Ibn Battuta
929:Golden Horn
905:Ibn Battuta
893:Ibn Battuta
698:Evrenos Bey
684:to capture
474:Janissaries
464:Janissaries
427:Ibn Battuta
303:اورخان غازی
295:Orhan Ghazi
96:Predecessor
91:1323/4–1362
3350:Categories
3282:Karaca Dağ
3235:Gündüz Alp
3207:branch of
2863:Mustafa IV
2804:Mustafa II
2680:Mehmed III
2597:Suleiman I
2540:Cem Sultan
2535:Bayezid II
2462:İsa Çelebi
2242:Mustafa IV
2207:Mustafa II
2157:Mehmed III
2142:Suleiman I
2131:Cem Sultan
2125:Bayezid II
2074:İsa Çelebi
1506:. p.
1242:References
1065:in Bursa.
988:Last years
923:possessed
595:newspapers
453:Government
311:Orhan Gazi
235:(possibly)
131:March 1362
3328:Chobanids
2955:Mehmed VI
2894:Abdulaziz
2868:Mahmud II
2858:Selim III
2830:Osman III
2809:Ahmed III
2778:Mehmed IV
2711:Mustafa I
2664:Murad III
2514:Mehmed II
2441:Bayezid I
2431:Savcı Bey
2277:Mehmed VI
2257:Abdulaziz
2247:Mahmud II
2237:Selim III
2222:Osman III
2212:Ahmed III
2192:Mehmed IV
2177:Mustafa I
2167:Mustafa I
2152:Murad III
2120:Mehmed II
2110:Mehmed II
2062:Bayezid I
1687:cite book
1589:854893416
1442:0020-7438
1197:Daughters
1186:Halil Bey
1168:Eskişehir
1096:to Bursa.
1043:hyperpyra
969:Gallipoli
846:Ilkhanate
785:Çanakkale
781:Balıkesir
749:Balıkesir
682:Akça Koca
678:Konur Alp
662:Byzantine
535:Mehmed IV
517:Janissary
512:in 1826.
510:Mahmud II
480:Janissary
408:Gallipoli
394:. In the
357:Balıkesir
342:Pelekanon
338:Byzantine
201:Halil Bey
149:Osmangazi
106:Successor
3240:Ertuğrul
3225:Kaya Alp
2925:Mehmed V
2825:Mahmud I
2788:Ahmed II
2737:Murad IV
2727:Osman II
2638:Selim II
2493:Murad II
2467:Mehmed I
2302:Category
2272:Mehmed V
2217:Mahmud I
2202:Ahmed II
2182:Murad IV
2172:Osman II
2147:Selim II
2115:Murad II
2105:Murad II
2093:Mehmed I
1839:19 April
1810:23 April
1754:23 April
1679:27811454
1230:See also
1074:Consorts
1031:'s son,
1029:Theodora
965:Gelibolu
903:—
887:Turcoman
872:Theodora
809:Koca Eli
541:Politics
494:Ertuğrul
443:Alaeddin
431:Turcoman
412:Gelibolu
410:(modern
384:Theodora
359:and the
353:Karasids
334:Anatolia
240:Religion
157:Consorts
81:Padishah
3287:Domaniç
3245:Osman I
2915:Murad V
2757:Ibrahim
2706:Ahmed I
2566:Selim I
2410:Murad I
2262:Murad V
2187:Ibrahim
2162:Ahmed I
2137:Selim I
2057:Murad I
2047:Osman I
2019:Dynasty
2008:caliphs
2004:sultans
2001:Ottoman
1962:Murad I
1940:Osman I
1633:8115229
1308:page 42
1180:Murad I
1161:Rumelia
1090:Bilecik
1037:Phocaea
981:Matthew
977:Tenedos
883:Üsküdar
879:Silivri
777:Bergama
686:Kocaeli
672:to the
666:Mudanya
609:scholar
584:"Orhan"
498:Osman I
468:Murad I
327:Osman I
307:Turkish
223:Osman I
213:Ottoman
208:Dynasty
197:Murad I
123:Unknown
110:Murad I
100:Osman I
1919:Orhan
1889:
1864:
1779:
1721:
1677:
1667:
1631:
1621:
1587:
1577:
1514:
1450:164587
1448:
1440:
1399:
1363:
1291:page 8
1223:Fülane
1085:tekfur
1069:Family
961:Tzympe
937:Venice
925:Galata
834:Ankara
742:Amasra
723:Nicaea
611:
604:
597:
590:
582:
459:Seljuk
400:John V
392:Thrace
365:Ankara
315:Orkhan
281:Arabic
251:Tughra
229:Mother
219:Father
173:Others
144:Burial
3277:Söğüt
3250:Orhan
2380:Orhan
2052:Orhan
1446:JSTOR
1214:Aydin
1059:türbe
1055:Bursa
1033:Halil
1022:Murad
1014:Bursa
1010:türbe
998:türbe
670:Bursa
616:JSTOR
602:books
447:Bursa
404:Çimpe
323:Söğüt
244:Islam
180:Issue
134:Bursa
88:Reign
42:Orhan
3217:Beys
3205:Kayı
1887:ISBN
1862:ISBN
1841:2024
1812:2024
1777:ISBN
1756:2024
1719:ISBN
1693:link
1675:OCLC
1665:ISBN
1629:OCLC
1619:ISBN
1585:OCLC
1575:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1457:2024
1438:ISSN
1397:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1144:Sons
1135:and
996:The
765:emir
738:Şile
588:news
502:Yaya
496:and
361:Ahis
128:Died
120:Born
53:Gazi
1951:Bey
1430:doi
1088:of
1012:in
571:by
363:of
355:of
49:Bey
3352::
3258:or
2083:,
2077:,
2006:/
1953:)
1831:.
1820:^
1802:.
1791:^
1746:.
1733:^
1701:^
1689:}}
1685:{{
1673:.
1641:^
1627:.
1597:^
1583:.
1557:^
1510:.
1508:21
1502:.
1444:.
1436:.
1426:29
1424:.
1420:.
1345:^
1264:.
1157:c.
791:.
537:.
470:.
449:.
418:,
367:.
329:.
309::
305:;
301::
136:,
3197:e
3190:t
3183:v
2350:e
2343:t
2336:v
2089:)
2071:(
1993:e
1986:t
1979:v
1949:(
1895:.
1870:.
1843:.
1814:.
1785:.
1758:.
1727:.
1695:)
1681:.
1635:.
1591:.
1520:.
1459:.
1432::
1405:.
1369:.
1216:.
1155:(
1016:.
967:(
638:)
632:(
627:)
623:(
613:·
606:·
599:·
592:·
565:.
297:(
83:)
79:(
34:.
20:)
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