224:
2598:
not differentiate between the front and back vowels with the exception of A and E. This situation required readers to infer the frontness or backness of vowels based on consonants and the vowels A and E. Another shortcoming was that it could not differentiate between O/Ö and U/Ü in the first syllable (O/Ö do not exist in the second syllable in Turkic, Arabic, or
Persian words with the exception of one suffix -iyor/ıyor). Although this issue only existed in the first syllable, the O/Ö sounds were generally more common than U/Ü in the first syllable.
60:
398:
seldom needed to be memorized. Other Oghuz Turkic languages such as
Azerbaijani and Turkmen enjoyed a high degree of written mutual intelligibility as the Ottoman Alphabet catered to anachronistic Turkic consonants and spellings that demonstrated Anatolian Turkish' shared history with Azerbaijani and Turkmen. The Ottoman Turkish alphabet however was poorly suited to Arabic and Persian loanwords which needed to be memorized by students learning Turkish as it would omit vowels making them difficult to read.
509:
5092:
5140:
4995:
433:
5128:
497:, sparking a public debate that was to continue for several years. A move away from the Arabic script was strongly opposed by conservative and religious elements. It was argued that romanization of the script would detach Turkey from the wider Islamic world, substituting a foreign (European) concept of national identity for the
3139:, which at the time was similar to Ottoman Turkish orthography, has undergone a similar process in Iran, of letters being assigned diacritics and notations to distinguish them. Those modifications have over the decades gained widespread legitimacy and acceptance. These are also shown for comparison in the table below.
3132:
who are literate in the modern Latin alphabet, to learn and be able to read and decipher older
Turkish language documents that were written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. This book as well employs specific notations and letters in order to distinguish between different phonemes, so as to match with
397:
The
Ottoman Turkish alphabet is a form of the Perso-Arabic script that, despite not being able to differentiate O and U, was otherwise generally better suited to writing Turkic words rather than Perso-Arabic words. Turkic words had all of their vowels written in and had systematic spelling rules and
3103:
Therefore, some
Ottoman Turkish dictionaries and language textbooks sought to address this issue by introducing new notations and letters. None of these proposed notations ever gained wider popularity, and none came to be adopted by the society at large. For example, in the Ottoman Turkish-Turkish
2597:
The
Persian consonant (ژ) is not native to Turkish but is still pronounced distinctively with the letter J in the modern Turkish Latin Alphabet. Turkish has 8 total vowels which are evenly split between front and back vowels. One of the shortcomings of the Ottoman Turkish alphabet is that it could
504:
Others opposed romanization on practical grounds, as there was no suitable adaptation of the Latin script that could be used for
Turkish phonemes. Some suggested that a better alternative might be to modify the Arabic script to introduce extra characters for better representing Turkish
2528:
One further sign, which is not considered an actual letter, is the so-called te merbūṭa ('connected t'), which can indicate the Arabic feminine singular ending and which is often also written in
Ottoman texts. Te merbūṭa is always at the
2469:. In general, /g/ and /ŋ/ sounds are represented by kef ك. The letter ڭ (kef with three dots above) also appears to be denoting the sound /g/ in Early Ottoman Turkish manuscripts, also known as
409:
590:
Some letters cannot be joined to the left and so do not possess separate medial and initial forms. In medial position, the final form is used. In initial position, the isolated form is used.
2709:(a, ı, o, u) contexts; and the neutral, ب پ ث ج چ د ذ ر ز ژ ش ف ل م ن, in either. In Perso-Arabic borrowings, the vowel used in Turkish depends on the softness of the consonant. Thus,
486:
representing
Turkish sounds more accurately; it was based on Arabic letter forms, but written separately, not joined cursively. It was for a time the official script of the Army.
4242:
2538:
The orthography of
Ottoman Turkish is complex, as many Turkish sounds can be written with several different letters. For example, the phoneme /s/ can be written as
335:
275:
465:
3592:, and modern pronounciation or (lengthening of the preceding vowel or a syllable break). This table excludes this specific context for the letter
473:
4127:
3486:
Due to the conservative nature of Ottoman Turkish orthography, and its inspiration from Arabic conventions, many vowels, including the vowels
3108:, these notations have been defined and have been used. The necessity arose from the fact that this was a solely Turkish dictionary, and thus
2574:
can be read as /ɟevɾec/ 'biscuit', /cyɾc/ 'fur', /cyɾec/ 'shovel', /cøryc/ 'bellows', /ɟørek/ 'view', which in modern orthography are written
4223:
573:, texts in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet are written right to left. The appearance of a letter changes depending on its position in a word:
5186:
460:
advocated a reform of the alphabet. At the start of the 20th century, similar proposals were made by several writers associated with the
5031:
3494:, and others, were not written out all the time, which made reading of words containing these vowels difficult for non-native speakers.
3124:). This book was first published in 1976, and has been continuously published over the years well into the 21st century. This book by
1254:
4246:
4517:
390:
used Persian as their official language, in the late Seljuk period, Turkish began to be written again in Anatolia in the nascent
5176:
3627:
Other scripts were sometimes used by non-Muslims to write Ottoman Turkish since the Arabic alphabet was identified with Islam.
405:
The introduction of the telegraph and the printing press in the 19th century exposed further weaknesses in the Arabic script.
4276:
4198:
4157:
4103:
3611:
did not exist in the earlier version (1976). In the earlier version, both of these letters were represented by the letter
2112:
4453:
2694:). The letters ث ح ذ ض ظ ع are found only in borrowings from Arabic; ژ is only in borrowings from Persian and French.
4469:
4365:
4177:
4068:
2735:'heart' (Arabic /qalb/) is /kalb/. Conversely, in Turkish words, the choice of consonant reflects the native vowel.
1440:
1029:
3148:
2690:, appearing in final position of Arabic words) is also rarely used itself and is instead replaced by a plain ha (
2349:
2343:
1838:
665:
659:
621:
297:
257:
5024:
3061:
As mentioned in previous sections, in written Ottoman Turkish conventions, some letters, especially the letter
3697:
1332:
975:
413:
5091:
3271:
3207:
2862:
In Turkish words, vowels are sometimes written using the vowel letters as the second letter of a syllable:
2271:
2265:
2259:
1783:
1494:
1386:
921:
271:
267:
4510:
2422:
2337:
1083:
2565:
457:
5171:
4571:
4560:
4052:
Jan Schmidt, "How to Write Turkish? The Vagaries of the Arabo-Persian Script in Ottoman-Turkish Texts"
3332:
3303:
2416:
2410:
2355:
1609:
867:
813:
758:
490:
382:. When Turks adopted Islam, they began to use Arabic script for their languages, especially under the
5181:
5166:
5017:
4645:
3585:
3577:
3551:
3543:
3517:
3509:
3447:
3439:
3330:
3301:
3269:
3239:
3237:
3205:
3173:
2283:
1669:
1548:
1293:
1215:
1137:
4670:
4597:
3031:
2968:
2928:
2902:
549:. Its use became compulsory in all public communications in 1929. The change was formalized by the
482:
59:
5106:
4752:
4576:
4470:"Ottoman-Turkish conversation-grammar; a practical method of learning the Ottoman-Turkish language"
3684:(Orthodox Turks in Central Anatolia around Karaman region) used Greek letters for Ottoman Turkish.
3519:
3175:
3068:
could represent many phonemes: /k/, /ɡ/, /n/, /j/, or /ː/ (lengthening the preceding vowel; modern
2601:
Arabic and Persian borrowings are written in their original orthography: for example, and if using
2277:
402:
has several consonants that do not exist in Turkish, making several Arabic letters superfluous.
312:
288:
71:
512:
5111:
4618:
4613:
4587:
4095:
Ottoman-Turkish conversation-grammar: a practical method of learning the Ottoman-Turkish language
3693:
3511:
2726:
2713:
1947:
1892:
1615:
1554:
1176:
752:
536:
331:
327:
316:
4762:
2698:
4998:
4919:
4879:
4859:
4854:
4840:
4809:
4695:
4582:
4503:
3579:
3545:
253:
4905:
4172:. Jacob M. Landau (Yay. Haz.) (1999). Atatürk ve Türkiye'nin Modernleşmesi, İstanbul: Sarmal,
4924:
4874:
4732:
4565:
4550:
3441:
3128:, is an alphaber premier book and guide, and its primary purpose is to help and teach modern
2602:
2220:
2166:
94:
4794:
3002:
2915:
428:, 14 Jumādā al-Ūlā 1313, calendars; the Julian and Gregorian (in French) dates appear below.
4954:
4949:
4773:
4640:
4555:
4288:
3587:
3553:
3163:
3136:
89:
53:
4778:
8:
4965:
4308:
4296:
2477:
616:
383:
99:
4245:[Acceptance and Application of Turkish Letters LAW] (in Turkish). Archived from
4145:
5069:
4869:
4430:
4339:
4121:
3449:
1778:
114:
4655:
2525:
Persian and Ottoman use the order vāv, he, ye, though in Arabic, they are he, vāv, ye.
5064:
4915:
4864:
4845:
4716:
4685:
4449:
4371:
4361:
4272:
4194:
4173:
4153:
4109:
4099:
4064:
2653:
are generally found only in dictionaries and didactic works, therefore the same word
5054:
5040:
4975:
4945:
4895:
4835:
4799:
4757:
4747:
4721:
4705:
4690:
4675:
4592:
4053:
3129:
611:
566:
546:
425:
356:
320:
308:
124:
104:
4402:
3154:
3109:
3105:
5144:
5074:
5059:
4969:
4940:
4929:
4784:
4737:
4680:
4635:
4540:
4443:
4228:
3669:
2495:
469:
399:
364:
339:
235:
109:
3650:
5079:
4934:
4885:
4850:
4819:
4814:
4726:
4711:
4406:
3677:
3661:
2701:: soft, hard, and neutral. The soft consonant letters, ت س ك گ ه, are found in
391:
368:
209:
204:
199:
4486:
4113:
4057:
2678:) is rarely used in initial position and is replaced instead by a plain alif (
5160:
5132:
4960:
4910:
4900:
4804:
4526:
4375:
4062:
Creating Standards: Interactions with Arabic Script in 12 Manuscript Cultures
3673:
3657:
1839–61), they kept records in Ottoman Turkish but used the Armenian script.
508:
421:
408:
387:
379:
360:
190:
119:
3069:
2558:
4742:
4093:
3681:
3665:
3639:
2561:), and vowels are written ambiguously or not at all. For example, the text
2557:
may be /k/, /ɡ/, /n/, /j/, or /ː/ (lengthening the preceding vowel; modern
1724:
671:
542:
524:
417:
372:
420:. The first 3 lines in Ottoman Turkish Arabic script give the date in the
4890:
4665:
2702:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2482:
477:
241:
580:
final (in which case it is joined on the right to the preceding letter);
4650:
2706:
2683:
2668:
527:
adopted the Latin script, giving a major boost to reformers in Turkey.
461:
3565:
When adjacent to the central and back vowels /a, ɯ, o, u/, the letter
3531:
When adjacent to the central and back vowels /a, ɯ, o, u/, the letter
3497:
When adjacent to the central and back vowels /a, ɯ, o, u/, the letter
449:
4767:
4660:
4545:
4170:
Türk Cumhuriyeti'nde Bir Uygarlık Ögesi Olarak Atatürk'ün Dil Devrimi
3643:
156:
2859:(All other sounds are only written with neutral consonant letters.)
432:
5009:
4495:
453:
263:
3596:, and only covers them when adjacent to front vowels /e, i, œ, y/.
3562:, and only covers them when adjacent to front vowels /e, i, œ, y/.
3528:, and only covers them when adjacent to front vowels /e, i, œ, y/.
4607:
4022:
3993:
3964:
3935:
3906:
3877:
3848:
3819:
3790:
3761:
3732:
3569:
in modern Turkish Latin script corresponded to the Arabic letter
3535:
in modern Turkish Latin script corresponded to the Arabic letter
3501:
in modern Turkish Latin script corresponded to the Arabic letter
2660:
2616:
2489:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2238:
2229:
2202:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1311:
1302:
1272:
1263:
1233:
1224:
1194:
1185:
1155:
1146:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
957:
948:
939:
930:
903:
894:
885:
876:
849:
840:
831:
822:
795:
786:
777:
768:
734:
725:
716:
707:
681:
638:
629:
516:
172:
553:, passed on November 1, 1928, and effective on January 1, 1929.
359:
have been written in a number of different alphabets, including
4980:
3647:
562:
494:
551:
Law on the Adoption and Implementation of the Turkish Alphabet
3631:
3576:
whose pronounciation original pronounciation would either be
3542:
whose pronounciation original pronounciation would either be
498:
448:
Some Turkish reformers promoted the Latin script well before
326:
Though Ottoman Turkish was primarily written in this script,
302:
32:
4191:
The politics and poetics of translation in Turkey, 1923–1960
4789:
3646:
Duzian family managed the Ottoman mint during the reign of
3558:. This table excludes this specific context for the letter
3524:. This table excludes this specific context for the letter
3072:). Same applied to vowels, if they were even written using
2697:
Consonant letters are classified in three series, based on
570:
489:
The romanization issue was raised again in 1923 during the
3672:
were used by Greeks, Orthodox Turks and Jews for Ottoman.
2667:(with no indication of the short /i/). As in Persian, the
2449:
are written the same way although one Ottoman variant of
3116:
The other book with such notations is a book called the
2705:(e, i, ö, ü) contexts; the hard, ح خ ص ض ط ظ ع غ ق, in
4415:(in Ottoman Turkish). درسعادت (Der Saʿadet). Sami1899.
515:
introducing the new Turkish alphabet to the people of
2649:
representing /t/. However, as in Arabic and Persian,
2550:. Conversely, some letters have more than one value:
2058:
2005:
2001:
586:
initial (joined on the left to the following letter).
4431:
https://archive.org/details/Osmanlcarehberi/mode/2up
3638:(1851), which was written in the Armenian script by
3112:
avoided using any Latin or other foreign notations.
262:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4472:. Heidelberg, J. Groos; New York, Brentano's 1907.
4243:"Tūrk Harflerinin Kabul ve Tatbiki Hakkında Kanun"
4214:, 2002 (the writing guide of the Turkish language)
3700:with the spelling in the modern Turkish alphabet:
4355:
412:A calendar page for November 1, 1895 (October 20
5158:
276:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
244:, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols.
2637:representing the long vowel /aː/ as in Arabic,
330:sometimes wrote it in other scripts, including
4358:The Routledge introduction to literary Ottoman
2533:
5025:
4511:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4030:
4001:
3972:
3943:
3914:
3885:
3856:
3827:
3798:
3769:
3740:
438:
2937:are also used for the corresponding vowels.
2514:is used adverbially, it should be romanised
2464:
2458:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4318:
3104:compiled by Ottoman Albanian lexicographer
3100:for /a/, /e/. In many cases they were not.
2933:) for /o/, /œ/, /u/, /y/. The names of the
541:Ottoman Turkish script was replaced by the
5032:
5018:
4518:
4504:
4134:
4126:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
378:The earliest known Turkic alphabet is the
58:
3601:Ottoman Turkish Guide by A. K. Belviranlı
4401:
4315:
4235:
4091:
3634:to be written in the Ottoman Empire was
3160:Ottoman Turkish Guide (A. K. Belviranlı)
507:
431:
407:
4338:, London and Heidelberg, 1907, p. 1-25
3056:
2722:'dog' (Arabic /kalb/) is /kelb/, while
2463:as well as the doubled upper stroke of
234:, written from right to left with some
16:Arabic-based script for Ottoman Turkish
5159:
4441:
4261:
2657:will generally be found written thus:
2645:representing the short vowel /i/, and
238:letters and additional symbols joined.
5013:
4499:
4351:
4349:
4347:
3696:. The following is the list of basic
3508:whose pronounciation would either be
523:In 1926, the Turkic republics of the
5039:
4525:
4336:Ottoman-Turkish Conversation-Grammar
4023:
3994:
3965:
3936:
3907:
3878:
3849:
3820:
3791:
3762:
3733:
2661:
2617:
2490:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2239:
2230:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1312:
1303:
1273:
1264:
1234:
1225:
1195:
1186:
1156:
1147:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
958:
949:
940:
931:
904:
895:
886:
877:
850:
841:
832:
823:
796:
787:
778:
769:
735:
726:
717:
708:
682:
639:
630:
292:
266:. For the distinction between ,
3603:the disniction between the letters
2465:
2459:
480:introduced a revised alphabet, the
13:
5187:Alphabets used by Turkic languages
4344:
3680:using the Ottoman Turkish script.
2633:representing /s/ (in Arabic /θ/),
583:medial (joined on both sides); and
14:
5198:
4479:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2219:
2165:
2111:
2049:nef, ñef, sağır kef , kāf-ı nūnī
1946:
1891:
1837:
1782:
1723:
1668:
1614:
1608:
1553:
1547:
1493:
1439:
1385:
1331:
1292:
1253:
1214:
1175:
1136:
1082:
1028:
974:
920:
866:
812:
757:
751:
670:
664:
658:
5139:
5138:
5126:
5090:
4994:
4993:
3622:
2890:for /a/, /e/. The corresponding
577:isolated (in a one-letter word);
222:
4462:
4435:
4419:
4395:
4392:, Constantinople/استانبول, 1911
4382:
4281:
3654:
3137:Azerbaijani Turkish orthography
258:International Phonetic Alphabet
4217:
4204:
4183:
4162:
4152:, p. 188. I. B. Tauris, 2004.
4085:
4073:Studies in Manuscript Cultures
4046:
530:
424:, 20 Teşrin-i Evvel 1311, and
1:
5177:Culture of the Ottoman Empire
4312:. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
4040:
3133:the Modern Turkish alphabet.
4008:
3979:
3950:
3921:
3892:
3863:
3834:
3805:
3776:
3747:
3718:
3153:Ottoman Turkish Dictionary (
2517:
2509:
2501:
2483:
2362:
2289:
2226:
2172:
2118:
2064:
2011:
1953:
1899:
1844:
1790:
1730:
1675:
1621:
1561:
1500:
1446:
1392:
1338:
1299:
1260:
1221:
1182:
1143:
1089:
1035:
981:
927:
873:
819:
765:
704:
678:
626:
452:'s reforms. In 1862, during
303:
7:
4193:, pp. 53–54. Rodopi, 2008.
4180:(s. 251-272) içinde. s.253.
3687:
2534:Sound–letter correspondence
556:
454:an earlier period of reform
375:and other writing systems.
328:non-Muslim Ottoman subjects
10:
5203:
4425:Belviranlı, A. K. (1976).
4390:Dictionnaire Turc-Français
4356:Buğday, Korkut M. (2009).
2725:
2712:
2564:
2506:and when a word ending in
534:
350:
345:
319:by the Latin-based modern
5120:
5099:
5088:
5047:
4989:
4828:
4628:
4533:
4267:Erik Jan Zürcher (2004),
4189:Gürçağlar, Şehnaz Tahir.
4058:10.1515/9783110639063-006
4011:
3982:
3953:
3924:
3895:
3866:
3837:
3808:
3779:
3750:
3721:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3428:
3420:
3414:
3400:
3392:
3386:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3348:
3339:
3319:
3310:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3164:Modern Azerbaijani (Iran)
2245:
1318:
1279:
1240:
1201:
1162:
688:
645:
620:
615:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
188:
178:
171:
155:
150:
82:
77:
67:
49:
39:
27:
21:
4403:Frashëri, Şemseddin Sami
4269:Turkey: a Modern History
4150:Turkey: a modern history
4092:Hagopian, V. H. (2015).
3093:for /o/, /œ/, /u/, /y/;
2883:for /o/, /œ/, /u/, /y/;
2431:
315:until 1928, when it was
285:Ottoman Turkish alphabet
129:Ottoman Turkish alphabet
22:Ottoman Turkish alphabet
5112:Turkish language reform
4442:Mansel, Philip (2011).
3694:Eastern Arabic numerals
3468:
3462:
3456:
3427:
3419:
3413:
3399:
3391:
3385:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3347:
3344:
3338:
3318:
3315:
3309:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3130:native Turkish speakers
537:Turkish alphabet reform
491:İzmir Economic Congress
254:phonetic transcriptions
4031:
4002:
3973:
3944:
3915:
3886:
3857:
3828:
3799:
3770:
3741:
3674:Greek-speaking Muslims
3642:. Similarly, when the
520:
499:confessional community
445:
439:
429:
307:) is a version of the
251:This article contains
230:This article contains
4427:Osmanlıca. 1: Rehberi
3692:Ottoman Turkish used
3340:◌َ / ◌ٰ / ـا / هٰ ـهٰ
3122:Osmanlıca. 1: Rehberi
3118:Ottoman Turkish Guide
2613:'firm' is written as
2603:Arabic vowel points (
511:
435:
411:
167:, Arabic
4706:Marwari (Rajasthani)
4168:G. L. Lewis (1999).
3126:Ali Kemal Belviranlı
3057:Dictionary notations
519:, September 20, 1928
464:movement, including
232:Ottoman Turkish text
90:Egyptian hieroglyphs
54:Right-to-left script
4309:Library of Congress
4297:Library of Congress
2494:) in a word in the
2478:Library of Congress
309:Perso-Arabic script
5100:History and reform
2925:⟨ُ○⟩
2912:⟨ِ○⟩
2899:⟨َ○⟩
2643:⟨ـِ⟩
2641:representing /b/,
1991:gef , kāf-ı fārsī
521:
446:
430:
416:) in cosmopolitan
5172:Persian alphabets
5154:
5153:
5133:Turkey portal
5007:
5006:
4277:978-1-85043-399-6
4224:Nationalist Notes
4199:978-90-420-2329-1
4158:978-1-85043-399-6
4146:Zürcher, Erik Jan
4105:978-1-333-90479-1
4038:
4037:
3698:cardinal numerals
3616:⟨گ⟩
3574:⟨غ⟩
3540:⟨غ⟩
3506:⟨ق⟩
3476:
3475:
3425:
3397:
3098:⟨ه⟩
3091:⟨و⟩
3084:⟨ی⟩
3077:⟨ا⟩
3063:⟨ك⟩
3054:
3053:
2888:⟨ه⟩
2881:⟨و⟩
2874:⟨ی⟩
2867:⟨ا⟩
2857:
2856:
2692:⟨ه⟩
2688:⟨ة⟩
2680:⟨ا⟩
2673:⟨أ⟩
2647:⟨ت⟩
2639:⟨ب⟩
2635:⟨ا⟩
2628:⟨ث⟩
2552:⟨ك⟩
2548:⟨ص⟩
2544:⟨س⟩
2540:⟨ث⟩
2429:
2428:
2255:v, ū, aw, avv, ūv
483:hurûf-ı munfasıla
440:hurûf-ı munfasıla
301:
242:rendering support
218:
217:
5194:
5182:Turkish language
5167:Arabic alphabets
5142:
5141:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5094:
5041:Turkish language
5034:
5027:
5020:
5011:
5010:
4997:
4996:
4527:Arabic alphabets
4520:
4513:
4506:
4497:
4496:
4487:Turkish alphabet
4474:
4473:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4439:
4433:
4429:. Konya, Turkey
4423:
4417:
4416:
4399:
4393:
4388:Diran Kélékian,
4386:
4380:
4379:
4353:
4342:
4334:V. H. Hagopian,
4332:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4293:
4289:"Ottoman script"
4285:
4279:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4249:on June 10, 2015
4239:
4233:
4221:
4215:
4208:
4202:
4187:
4181:
4166:
4160:
4143:
4132:
4131:
4125:
4117:
4089:
4083:
4050:
4034:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4015:
4013:
4005:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3986:
3984:
3976:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3957:
3955:
3947:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3928:
3926:
3918:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3899:
3897:
3889:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3870:
3868:
3860:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3831:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3812:
3810:
3802:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3773:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3744:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3703:
3702:
3656:
3617:
3591:
3583:
3575:
3557:
3549:
3541:
3523:
3515:
3507:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3445:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3350:
3341:
3336:
3321:
3312:
3307:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3275:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3243:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3211:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3179:
3142:
3141:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3064:
2940:
2939:
2926:
2920:) for /ɯ/, /i/;
2913:
2907:) for /a/, /e/;
2900:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2738:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2718:
2716:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2570:
2568:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2498:to be romanised
2493:
2492:
2486:
2473:("Persian kef").
2468:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2223:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2115:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2018:
2017:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1950:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1841:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1727:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1672:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1618:
1612:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1551:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1497:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1443:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1389:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1335:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1296:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1257:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1218:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1179:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1086:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1032:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1006:
1005:
998:
997:
996:
989:
988:
987:
978:
962:
961:
960:
953:
952:
951:
944:
943:
942:
935:
934:
933:
924:
908:
907:
906:
899:
898:
897:
890:
889:
888:
881:
880:
879:
870:
854:
853:
852:
845:
844:
843:
836:
835:
834:
827:
826:
825:
816:
800:
799:
798:
791:
790:
789:
782:
781:
780:
773:
772:
771:
761:
755:
739:
738:
737:
730:
729:
728:
721:
720:
719:
712:
711:
710:
686:
685:
684:
674:
668:
662:
643:
642:
641:
634:
633:
632:
593:
592:
547:Turkish alphabet
495:Turkish Republic
456:, the statesman
442:
357:Turkic languages
340:Hebrew alphabets
321:Turkish alphabet
306:
296:
294:
273:
269:
226:
225:
210:U+FE70 .. U+FEFF
205:U+FB50 .. U+FDFF
200:U+0600 .. U+06FF
166:
163:
63:
62:
19:
18:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5127:
5125:
5116:
5107:Ottoman Turkish
5095:
5086:
5043:
5038:
5008:
5003:
4985:
4930:Koyraboro Senni
4824:
4701:Ottoman Turkish
4624:
4603:Ottoman Turkish
4529:
4524:
4482:
4477:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4448:. Hachette UK.
4440:
4436:
4424:
4420:
4400:
4396:
4387:
4383:
4368:
4354:
4345:
4333:
4316:
4303:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4271:, pages 188–9.
4266:
4262:
4252:
4250:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4232:, July 23, 1928
4222:
4218:
4209:
4205:
4188:
4184:
4167:
4163:
4144:
4135:
4119:
4118:
4106:
4090:
4086:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4021:
4010:
3992:
3981:
3963:
3952:
3934:
3923:
3905:
3894:
3876:
3865:
3847:
3836:
3818:
3807:
3789:
3778:
3760:
3749:
3731:
3720:
3715:Modern Turkish
3712:Ottoman Turkish
3690:
3625:
3615:
3573:
3539:
3505:
3115:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3062:
3059:
2982:
2924:
2911:
2898:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2723:
2710:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2672:
2658:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2614:
2562:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2496:construct state
2480:recommends for
2437:In most texts,
2434:
2406:y, ī, ay, á, īy
2391:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2237:
2228:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2013:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1310:
1301:
1271:
1262:
1232:
1223:
1193:
1184:
1154:
1145:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
956:
947:
938:
929:
902:
893:
884:
875:
848:
839:
830:
821:
794:
785:
776:
767:
733:
724:
715:
706:
680:
637:
628:
559:
539:
533:
470:Abdullah Cevdet
353:
348:
313:Ottoman Turkish
289:Ottoman Turkish
281:
280:
279:
247:
246:
245:
240:Without proper
227:
223:
214:
193:
181:
164:
161:
146:
85:
78:Related scripts
72:Ottoman Turkish
57:
42:
35:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5200:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5136:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5037:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5014:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4963:
4958:
4952:
4943:
4938:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4608:Serbo-Croatian
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4588:Dobrujan Tatar
4585:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4481:
4480:External links
4478:
4476:
4475:
4461:
4455:978-1848546479
4454:
4445:Constantinople
4434:
4418:
4394:
4381:
4366:
4343:
4314:
4280:
4260:
4234:
4216:
4212:Yazım Kılavuzu
4203:
4182:
4161:
4133:
4104:
4084:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4028:
4019:
4016:
4007:
4006:
3999:
3990:
3987:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3961:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3941:
3932:
3929:
3920:
3919:
3912:
3903:
3900:
3891:
3890:
3883:
3874:
3871:
3862:
3861:
3854:
3845:
3842:
3833:
3832:
3825:
3816:
3813:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3787:
3784:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3758:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3738:
3729:
3726:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3689:
3686:
3662:Greek alphabet
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3597:
3563:
3529:
3495:
3483:
3482:
3474:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3398:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3337:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3110:Şemseddin Sâmi
3106:Şemseddin Sâmi
3086:for /i/, /ɯ/;
3058:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2976:
2973:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2876:for /i/, /ɯ/;
2855:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2474:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2361:
2360:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2316:
2307:
2298:
2288:
2287:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2235:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2010:
2009:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1789:
1788:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1308:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1269:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1230:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1191:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1152:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1008:
999:
990:
980:
979:
972:
969:
966:
963:
954:
945:
936:
926:
925:
918:
915:
912:
909:
900:
891:
882:
872:
871:
864:
861:
858:
855:
846:
837:
828:
818:
817:
810:
807:
804:
801:
792:
783:
774:
764:
763:
749:
746:
743:
740:
731:
722:
713:
703:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
677:
676:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
635:
625:
624:
619:
614:
612:Modern Turkish
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
588:
587:
584:
581:
578:
558:
555:
535:Main article:
532:
529:
436:Enver Pasha's
352:
349:
347:
344:
311:used to write
274:⟩, see
250:
249:
248:
228:
221:
220:
219:
216:
215:
213:
212:
207:
202:
196:
194:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
169:
168:
159:
153:
152:
148:
147:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
95:Proto-Sinaitic
88:
86:
84:Parent systems
83:
80:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
51:
47:
46:
43:
40:
37:
36:
31:
29:
25:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5199:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5147:
5146:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5030:
5028:
5023:
5021:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5000:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4961:Swahili Ajami
4959:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4583:Crimean Tatar
4581:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4516:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4471:
4465:
4457:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4438:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4414:
4413:
4410:Kâmûs-i Türki
4409:
4404:
4398:
4391:
4385:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4367:9780415493383
4363:
4360:. Routledge.
4359:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4311:
4310:
4299:
4298:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4213:
4210:Dil Derneği,
4207:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4179:
4178:975-8304-18-6
4175:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4129:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4088:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4069:9783110634983
4066:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4045:
4033:
4029:
4020:
4017:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3991:
3988:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3962:
3959:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3933:
3930:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3904:
3901:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3875:
3872:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3846:
3843:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3817:
3814:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3788:
3785:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3759:
3756:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3730:
3727:
3719:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3623:Other scripts
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3589:
3581:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3555:
3547:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3513:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3451:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3311:◌ٖ / یٖـ / یٖ
3305:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3273:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3209:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2958:Back reading
2957:
2955:Front reading
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2721:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:vowel harmony
2695:
2685:
2677:
2670:
2656:
2652:
2632:
2625:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2560:
2556:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:v, o, ö, u, ü
2251:
2248:
2236:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1309:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1270:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1231:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1192:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1153:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1009:
1000:
991:
982:
977:
973:
970:
967:
964:
955:
946:
937:
928:
923:
919:
916:
913:
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
869:
865:
862:
859:
856:
847:
838:
829:
820:
815:
811:
808:
805:
802:
793:
784:
775:
766:
760:
754:
750:
747:
744:
741:
732:
723:
714:
705:
700:
697:
694:
691:
679:
673:
667:
661:
657:
654:
651:
648:
636:
627:
623:
618:
613:
594:
591:
585:
582:
579:
576:
575:
574:
572:
568:
564:
554:
552:
548:
544:
538:
528:
526:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
484:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:Hüseyin Cahit
463:
459:
455:
451:
443:
441:
434:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
406:
403:
401:
395:
393:
392:Ottoman state
389:
386:. Though the
385:
381:
380:Orkhon script
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
299:
290:
286:
277:
265:
261:
259:
255:
243:
239:
237:
233:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
195:
192:
191:Unicode range
187:
183:
180:Unicode alias
177:
174:
170:
160:
158:
154:
149:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
87:
81:
76:
73:
70:
66:
61:
55:
52:
48:
44:
38:
34:
30:
26:
20:
5143:
5124:
4925:Koyra Chiini
4700:
4602:
4570:Circassian (
4490:
4485:Simon Ager,
4464:
4444:
4437:
4426:
4421:
4411:
4408:قاموس تركی (
4407:
4397:
4389:
4384:
4357:
4335:
4307:
4295:
4283:
4268:
4263:
4251:. Retrieved
4247:the original
4237:
4227:
4219:
4211:
4206:
4190:
4185:
4169:
4164:
4149:
4094:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4061:
4048:
3691:
3682:Karamanlides
3676:would write
3666:Rashi script
3659:
3651:Abdülmecid I
3640:Vartan Pasha
3635:
3629:
3626:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3135:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3102:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3065:
3060:
3042:
3032:
3026:
3013:
3003:
2997:
2984:
2979:
2969:
2963:
2934:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2908:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2827:
2801:
2773:Soft (front)
2772:
2741:
2732:
2719:
2696:
2675:
2654:
2650:
2630:
2623:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2554:
2537:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2481:
2471:kef-i Farisi
2470:
2454:
2453:has a "mini-
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
589:
560:
550:
540:
525:Soviet Union
522:
503:
488:
481:
447:
437:
418:Thessaloniki
404:
396:
384:Kara-Khanids
377:
355:The various
354:
338:, Latin and
325:
284:
282:
270:and ⟨
252:
231:
229:
4955:Tawellemmet
4950:Air Tamajeq
4906:Serer Ajami
4891:Hausa Ajami
4875:Fuuta Tooro
4870:Fuuta Jalon
4820:Xiao'erjing
4641:Azerbaijani
4556:Azerbaijani
4253:January 14,
3706:Arabic form
2946:Arabic name
2894:are there:
2828:Hard (back)
2703:front vowel
545:-based new
531:Replacement
493:of the new
478:Enver Pasha
476:. In 1917,
458:Münif Pasha
41:Time period
28:Script type
5161:Categories
5070:Vocabulary
4851:Fula Ajami
4656:Burushaski
4651:Buri Wolio
4561:Belarusian
4114:1028995484
4098:. London.
4041:References
3630:The first
3411: , , ()
2707:back vowel
2684:ta marbuta
2669:alif hamza
474:Celâl Nuri
462:Young Turk
100:Phoenician
5065:Phonology
4836:Afrikaans
4785:Sulat Sug
4779:Kohistani
4768:Shahmukhi
4696:Malayalam
4661:Cham Jawi
4619:Yaña imlâ
4614:İske imlâ
4577:Kabardian
4546:Aljamiado
4376:281098978
4340:full text
4122:cite book
3079:for /a/;
3050:/o/, /u/
2869:for /a/;
2447:sağır kef
1994:g, ğ, (v)
1771:g, ğ, (v)
596:Isolated
298:romanized
157:ISO 15924
151:ISO 15924
115:Nabataean
68:Languages
50:Direction
45:1299–1928
5145:Category
5055:Alphabet
5048:Overview
4999:Category
4966:Wadaad's
4911:Shimaore
4846:Comorain
4753:Rohingya
4717:Sarikoli
4671:Kashmiri
4541:Albanian
4491:Omniglot
4405:(1899).
4304:(166 KB)
3688:Numerals
3664:and the
3644:Armenian
3472:
3466:
3460:
3436:N n (ñ)
3431:
3417:
3403:
3389:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3351:
3342:
3322:
3320:یٛـ / یٛ
3313:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3047:/œ/, /y/
2927:(Arabic
2914:(Arabic
2901:(Arabic
2730:⟩
2724:⟨
2717:⟩
2711:⟨
2665:⟩
2659:⟨
2621:⟩
2615:⟨
2569:⟩
2563:⟨
605:Initial
561:As with
557:Alphabet
365:Cyrillic
332:Armenian
317:replaced
268:/ /
264:Help:IPA
5075:Grammar
5060:Braille
4920:Humburi
4916:Songhay
4896:Kanembu
4886:Kibushi
4880:Maasina
4865:Nigeria
4860:Bagirmi
4855:Adamawa
4800:Turkmen
4795:Torwali
4774:Gilgiti
4772:Shina (
4758:Saraiki
4748:Persian
4733:Parkari
4722:Shughni
4712:Munjani
4710:Pamir (
4686:Kurdish
4646:Balochi
4612:Tatar (
4566:Chechen
4014:
3985:
3956:
3927:
3898:
3869:
3840:
3811:
3782:
3753:
3724:
3599:In the
3423:
3395:
3155:Ş. Sâmi
2935:harakat
2892:harakat
2802:Neutral
2742:Phoneme
2682:); the
2651:harakat
2626:, with
2605:harakat
2403:y, ı, i
2330:h, e, a
655:—, ā, '
602:Medial
567:Persian
517:Kayseri
513:Atatürk
505:vowels.
450:Atatürk
444:of 1917
426:Islamic
388:Seljuks
351:Origins
346:History
300::
256:in the
173:Unicode
125:Persian
105:Aramaic
5080:Copula
4981:Yoruba
4970:Somali
4946:Tuareg
4941:Sorabe
4841:Berber
4829:Africa
4810:Uyghur
4763:Sindhi
4738:Pashto
4691:Kyrgyz
4681:Khowar
4676:Kazakh
4636:Arabic
4593:Kazakh
4572:Adyghe
4534:Europe
4452:
4374:
4364:
4302:
4275:
4197:
4176:
4156:
4112:
4102:
4082:(2019)
4067:
3709:Number
3670:Hebrew
3648:Sultan
3145:Letter
3033:ḍammah
3004:kasrah
2970:fatḥah
2952:Letter
2930:ḍammah
2917:kasrah
2904:fatḥah
2624:s̱âbit
2618:ثَابِت
2576:gevrek
2445:, and
669:, —, (
617:ALA-LC
599:Final
563:Arabic
400:Arabic
361:Arabic
304:elifbâ
272:
236:Arabic
184:Arabic
120:Arabic
110:Syriac
56:
4976:Wolof
4935:Zarma
4815:Uzbek
4790:Tamil
4743:Pegon
4727:Wakhi
4292:(PDF)
4071:, in
4003:dokuz
3995:طوقوز
3974:sekiz
3742:sıfır
3678:Greek
3636:Akabi
3632:novel
3590:]
3586:[
3582:]
3578:[
3556:]
3552:[
3548:]
3544:[
3522:]
3518:[
3514:]
3510:[
3480:Notes
3452:]
3448:[
3444:]
3440:[
3408:Ğ ğ
3381:G g
3356:K k
3335:]
3331:[
3327:A a
3306:]
3302:[
3298:I ı
3274:]
3270:[
3242:]
3238:[
3210:]
3206:[
3178:]
3174:[
2964:üstün
2949:Point
2896:üstün
2655:sabit
2611:sabit
2592:görek
2588:körük
2584:kürek
2546:, or
2457:" of
2432:Notes
745:b (p)
692:hemze
608:Name
543:Latin
373:Latin
369:Greek
336:Greek
293:الفبا
260:(IPA)
165:(160)
33:Abjad
4901:Maba
4805:Urdu
4666:Jawi
4629:Asia
4551:Avar
4450:ISBN
4372:OCLC
4362:ISBN
4273:ISBN
4255:2012
4229:Time
4195:ISBN
4174:ISBN
4154:ISBN
4128:link
4110:OCLC
4100:ISBN
4078::131
4065:ISBN
3966:سكیز
3945:yedi
3916:altı
3908:آلتی
3858:dört
3850:دورت
3792:ایكی
3660:The
3607:and
3571:ğayn
3537:ğayn
3266:Ö ö
3234:Ü ü
3202:O o
3170:U u
3074:elif
3027:ötre
3021:/ɯ/
2998:esre
2992:/a/
2980:elif
2943:Name
2922:ötre
2909:esre
2864:elif
2853:ح خ
2767:/h/
2662:ثابت
2580:kürk
2572:kwrk
2566:كورك
2476:The
1768:gayn
1716:', —
1541:d, z
701:—,
698:—, '
695:—, '
652:a, e
649:elif
571:Urdu
569:and
472:and
422:Rumi
283:The
162:Arab
4598:Lak
4054:doi
4024:اون
3937:یدی
3887:beş
3821:اوچ
3800:iki
3771:bir
3734:صفر
3668:of
3613:gâf
3609:Ğ ğ
3605:G g
3594:Ğ ğ
3584:or
3567:Ğ ğ
3560:G g
3550:or
3533:G g
3526:K k
3516:or
3503:qaf
3499:K k
3492:A a
3488:I ı
3149:IPA
3088:vav
3043:vav
3018:/i/
2989:/e/
2878:vav
2841:ظ ض
2835:ط ض
2814:ز ذ
2764:/∅/
2761:/ɡ/
2758:/k/
2755:/z/
2752:/s/
2749:/d/
2746:/t/
2733:ḳlb
2727:قلب
2720:klb
2714:كلب
2529:end
2518:tan
2455:kaf
2451:gef
2443:gef
2439:kef
2385:ـیـ
2353:, (
2327:he
2312:ـهـ
2249:vav
2210:nun
2195:ـنـ
2156:mim
2141:ـمـ
2102:lam
2087:ـلـ
2061:,
2034:ـڭـ
2004:, (
1976:ـڬـ
1937:kef
1922:ـكـ
1896:,
1882:qaf
1867:ـقـ
1813:ـفـ
1787:),
1781:, (
1753:ـغـ
1722:—,
1713:ayn
1698:ـعـ
1644:ـظـ
1584:ـطـ
1538:dad
1523:ـضـ
1484:sad
1469:ـصـ
1430:şın
1415:ـشـ
1376:sin
1361:ـسـ
1205:zel
1166:dal
1112:ـخـ
1058:ـحـ
1030:t͡ʃ
1019:çim
1004:ـچـ
976:d͡ʒ
965:cim
950:ـجـ
896:ـثـ
842:ـتـ
788:ـپـ
727:ـبـ
622:IPA
5163::
4489:,
4370:.
4346:^
4317:^
4306:,
4294:.
4226:,
4148:.
4136:^
4124:}}
4120:{{
4108:.
4080:ff
4076:16
4060:,
4032:on
4018:10
4012:١٠
3879:بش
3829:üç
3763:بر
3655:r.
3490:,
3454:)
3349:ـا
3345:-
3316:-
3259:وٚ
3227:وْ
3221:وۤ
3215:وۤ
3195:وُ
3095:he
3081:ye
3041:و
3038:ُ○
3014:ye
3012:ی
3009:ِ○
2985:he
2983:ه
2978:ا
2975:َ○
2885:he
2871:ye
2796:ه
2631:s̱
2609:,
2594:.
2590:,
2586:,
2582:,
2578:,
2542:,
2510:he
2491:هـ
2484:he
2441:,
2420:,
2414:,
2400:ye
2394:یـ
2376:ـی
2359:)
2347:,
2341:,
2333:h
2321:هـ
2303:ـه
2281:,
2275:,
2269:,
2263:,
2246:—
2240:ـو
2204:نـ
2186:ـن
2150:مـ
2132:ـم
2096:لـ
2078:ـل
2043:ڭـ
2025:ـڭ
2008:)
2000:,
1985:ڬـ
1967:ـڬ
1931:كـ
1913:ـك
1876:قـ
1858:ـق
1828:fe
1822:فـ
1804:ـف
1779:◌ː
1777:,
1762:غـ
1744:ـغ
1707:عـ
1689:ـع
1659:zı
1653:ظـ
1635:ـظ
1613:,
1599:tı
1593:طـ
1575:ـط
1558:)
1532:ضـ
1514:ـض
1478:صـ
1460:ـص
1424:شـ
1406:ـش
1370:سـ
1352:ـس
1322:je
1319:—
1313:ـژ
1283:ze
1280:—
1274:ـز
1244:re
1241:—
1235:ـر
1211:z̠
1202:—
1196:ـذ
1163:—
1157:ـد
1127:hı
1121:خـ
1103:ـخ
1073:ha
1067:حـ
1049:ـح
1013:چـ
995:ـچ
959:جـ
941:ـج
917:s̠
911:se
905:ثـ
887:ـث
857:te
851:تـ
833:ـت
803:pe
797:پـ
779:ـپ
762:)
742:be
736:بـ
718:ـب
689:—
675:)
663:,
646:—
640:ـا
565:,
501:.
468:,
414:OS
394:.
371:,
367:,
363:,
342:.
334:,
323:.
295:,
291::
5033:e
5026:t
5019:v
4972:)
4968:(
4957:)
4948:(
4937:)
4918:(
4882:)
4853:(
4781:)
4729:)
4621:)
4579:)
4519:e
4512:t
4505:v
4458:.
4412:)
4378:.
4300:.
4257:.
4201:.
4130:)
4116:.
4056::
3989:9
3983:٩
3960:8
3954:٨
3931:7
3925:٧
3902:6
3896:٦
3873:5
3867:٥
3844:4
3838:٤
3815:3
3809:٣
3786:2
3780:٢
3757:1
3751:١
3728:0
3722:٠
3653:(
3618:.
3588:g
3580:ɣ
3554:g
3546:ɣ
3520:q
3512:k
3470:ن
3464:ڭ
3458:ڭ
3450:ŋ
3446:(
3442:n
3429:گ
3421:ࢰ
3415:ࢰ
3401:گ
3393:گ
3387:گ
3374:ک
3368:ك
3362:ك
3333:a
3304:ɯ
3291:ؤ
3285:ۆ
3279:ۊ
3272:œ
3253:ۉ
3247:ۏ
3240:y
3208:o
3189:و
3183:و
3176:u
3157:)
3120:(
3070:ğ
3066:k
2850:ع
2847:غ
2844:ق
2838:ص
2832:ط
2811:ث
2808:د
2793:ء
2790:گ
2787:ك
2782:س
2777:ت
2686:(
2676:’
2671:(
2607:)
2559:ğ
2555:k
2522:.
2502:t
2488:(
2466:گ
2460:ﻙ
2423:i
2417:ɯ
2411:j
2367:ی
2356:t
2350:e
2344:æ
2338:h
2294:ه
2284:y
2278:u
2272:œ
2266:o
2260:v
2231:و
2221:n
2216:n
2213:n
2177:ن
2167:m
2162:m
2159:m
2123:م
2113:l
2108:l
2105:l
2069:ل
2059:n
2055:ñ
2052:n
2016:ڭ
2006:v
2002:j
1997:g
1958:ڬ
1948:k
1943:k
1940:k
1904:ك
1893:k
1888:q
1885:k
1849:ق
1839:f
1834:f
1831:f
1795:ف
1784:v
1774:ġ
1735:غ
1725:ʔ
1719:‘
1680:ع
1670:z
1665:ẓ
1662:z
1626:ظ
1616:d
1610:t
1605:ṭ
1602:t
1566:ط
1555:d
1552:(
1549:z
1544:ż
1505:ض
1495:s
1490:ṣ
1487:s
1451:ص
1441:ʃ
1436:ș
1433:ş
1397:ش
1387:s
1382:s
1379:s
1343:س
1333:ʒ
1328:j
1325:j
1304:ژ
1294:z
1289:z
1286:z
1265:ز
1255:ɾ
1250:r
1247:r
1226:ر
1216:z
1208:z
1187:ذ
1177:d
1172:d
1169:d
1148:د
1138:x
1133:ḫ
1130:h
1094:خ
1084:h
1079:ḥ
1076:h
1040:ح
1025:ç
1022:ç
986:چ
971:c
968:c
932:ج
922:s
914:s
878:ث
868:t
863:t
860:t
824:ت
814:p
809:p
806:p
770:پ
759:p
756:(
753:b
748:b
709:ب
683:ء
672:ʔ
666:e
660:æ
631:ا
287:(
278:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
