Operations management

93: 1419: 1240:"...In large cities, on the other hand, inasmuch as many people have demands to make upon each branch of industry, one trade alone, and very often even less than a whole trade, is enough to support a man: one man, for instance, makes shoes for men, and another for women; and there are places even where one man earns a living by only stitching shoes, another by cutting them out, another by sewing the uppers together, while there is another who performs none of these operations but only assembles the parts. It follows, therefore, as a matter of course, that he who devotes himself to a very highly specialized line of work is bound to do it in the best possible manner." 3428: 2594:

Another difference is in planning capacity. Since the product cannot be stored, the service facility must be managed to peak demand which requires more flexibility than manufacturing. Location of facilities must be near the customers and scale economics can be lacking. Scheduling must consider the customer can be waiting in line. Queuing theory has been devised to assist in design of service facilities waiting lines. Revenue management is important for service operations, since empty seats on an airplane are lost revenue when the plane departs and cannot be stored for future use.

25: 3330: 1340:(PMTS). Work sampling is used to measure the random variable associated with the time of each task. PMTS allows the use of standard predetermined tables of the smallest body movements (e.g. turning the left wrist by 90°), and integrating them to predict the time needed to perform a simple task. PMTS has gained substantial importance due to the fact that it can predict work measurements without observing the actual work. The foundation of PMTS was laid out by the research and development of 2225: 2216: 1245: 5735: 2076:

cleanliness, courtesy and fast service. While modeled after manufacturing in the production of the food in the back-room, the service in the front-room was defined and oriented to the customer. It was the McDonald's operations system of both production and service that made the difference. McDonald's also pioneered the idea of franchising this operation system to rapidly spread the business around the country and later the world.

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large computer operations, but dispersed warehouses, and an efficient transportation system. Service to customers including a high merchandise assortment, return services of purchases, and fast delivery is at the forefront of this business. It is the customer being in the system during the production and delivery of the service that distinguishes all services from manufacturing.

3167: 2900: 1990:. TQM is a strategy for implementing and managing quality improvement on an organizational basis, this includes: participation, work culture, customer focus, supplier quality improvement and integration of the quality system with business goals. Schnonberger identified seven fundamentals principles essential to the Japanese approach: 3305:(PPM) applies the concepts of operations management to the execution of delivery of capital projects by viewing the sequence of activities in a project as a production system. Operations managements principles of variability reduction and management are applied by buffering through a combination of capacity, time and inventory. 2101:, a family of standards related to quality management systems. There standards apply to both manufacturing and service organizations. There has been some controversy regarding the proper procedures to follow and the amount of paperwork involved, but much of that has improved in current ISO 9000 revisions. 2730:

distributed then it makes sense to manage items differently based on their position on a revenue-inventory level matrix, 3 classes are constructed (A, B and C) from cumulative item revenues, so in a matrix each item will have a letter (A, B or C) assigned for revenue and inventory. This method posits

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One important difference is service recovery. When an error occurs in service delivery, the recovery must be delivered on the spot by the service provider. If a waiter in a restaurant spills soup on the customer's lap, then the recovery could include a free meal and a promise of free dry cleaning.

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A service is intangible making it difficult for a customer to evaluate the service in advance. In the case of a manufactured good, customers can see it and evaluate it. Assurance of quality service is often done by licensing, government regulation, and branding to assure customers they will receive a

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devised a service system of on-line retailing and distribution. With this innovative system customers were able to search for products they might like to buy, enter the order for the product, pay online, and track delivery of the product to their location, all in two days. This required not only very

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These four comparisons indicate how management of service operations are quite different from manufacturing regarding such issues as capacity requirements (highly variable), quality assurance (hard to quantify), location of facilities (dispersed), and interaction with the customer during delivery of

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At the turn of the twentieth century, the services industries were already developed, but largely fragmented. In 1900 the U.S. service industry consisted of banks, professional services, schools, general stores, railroads and telegraph. Services were largely local in nature (except for railroads and

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when he manufactured 10,000 muskets. Up to this point in the history of manufacturing, each product (e.g. each musket) was considered a special order, meaning that parts of a given musket were fitted only for that particular musket and could not be used in other muskets. Interchangeability of parts

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A more recent approach, introduced by Terry Hill, involves distinguishing competitive variables in order winner and order qualifiers when defining operations strategy. Order winners are variables which permit differentiating the company from competitors, while order qualifiers are prerequisites for

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provided the first example of very low cost retailing through design of their stores and efficient management of their entire supply chain. Starting with a single store in Roger's Arkansas in 1962, Walmart has now become the world's largest company. This was accomplished by adhering to their system

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consisted in offering two different pay rates for doing a job: a higher rate for workers with high productivity (efficiency) and who produced high quality goods (effectiveness) and a lower rate for those who fail to achieve the standard. One of the problems Taylor believed could be solved with this

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disciplines, as well as fields of operations research and management science (as multi-disciplinary fields of problem solving). While systems engineering concentrated on the broad characteristics of the relationships between inputs and outputs of generic systems, operations researchers concentrated

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High contact services (e.g. health care) must be produced in the presence of the customer, since they are consumed as produced. As a result, services cannot be produced in one location and transported to another, like goods. Service operations are therefore highly dispersed geographically close to

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Services were also performed in the Middle Ages by servants. They provided service to the nobility in the form of cooking, cleaning and providing entertainment. Court jesters were considered service providers. The medieval army could also be considered a service since they defended the nobility.

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in 1971 provided the first overnight delivery of packages in the U.S. This was based on the innovative idea of flying all packages into the single airport in Memphis Tenn by midnight each day, resorting the packages for delivery to destinations and then flying them back out the next morning for

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in Toyoda Spinning and Weaving: an automatically activated loom that was also foolproof, that is automatically detected problems. In 1983 J.N Edwards published his "MRP and Kanban-American style" in which he described JIT goals in terms of seven zeros: zero defects, zero (excess) lot size, zero

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are a major part of economic activity and employment in all industrialized countries comprising 80 percent of employment and GDP in the U.S. Operations management of these services, as distinct from manufacturing, has been developing since the 1970s through publication of unique practices and

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them. Not all management models distinguish between production and operations systems. When the two are distinguished, operations systems account for many of the tertiary factors that are abstracted away from in production system frameworks. In particular, there is an emphasis on service-based

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the customers. Furthermore, simultaneous production and consumption allows the possibility of self-service involving the customer at the point of consumption (e.g. gas stations). Only low-contact services produced in the "backroom" (e.g., check clearing) can be provided away from the customer.

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world keeping in mind that services have some fundamental differences in respect to material goods: intangibility, client always present during transformation processes, no stocks for "finished goods". Services can be classified according to a service process matrix: degree of labor intensity

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method for accurately measuring the time to perform each single task of a complicated job. He developed the scientific study of productivity and identifying how to coordinate different tasks to eliminate wasting of time and increase the quality of work. The next generation of scientific study

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the pants/jackets before being shipped to stores. The beginning can be seen as process production, the middle as part production and the end again as process production: it is unlikely that a single company will keep all the stages of production under a single roof, therefore the problem of

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of delivering the goods and the service to the customers at the lowest possible cost. The operations system included careful selection of merchandise, low cost sourcing, ownership of transportation, cross-docking, efficient location of stores and friendly home-town service to the customer.

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provided one of the first innovations in service operations. McDonald's is founded on the idea of the production-line approach to service. This requires a standard and limited menu, an assembly-line type of production process in the back-room, high customer service in the front-room with

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reduction: typically necessary to achieve mixed-model production, a key distinction can be made between internal and external setup. Internal setups (e.g. removing a die) refers to tasks when the machine is not working, while external setups can be completed while the machine is running

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is a variable which quantifies the number of parts produced in the unit of time. Although estimating throughput for a single process maybe fairly simple, doing so for an entire production system involves an additional difficulty due to the presence of queues which can come from: machine

2189:: a production system designed at the outset for rapid change in its structure, as well as its hardware and software components, in order to quickly adjust its production capacity and functionality within a part family in response to sudden market changes or intrinsic system change. 2259:) needed to produce goods and services. An individual production system is usually analyzed in the literature referring to a single business; therefore it is usually improper to include in a given production system the operations necessary to process goods that are obtained by 1279:. The guild system, operating mainly between 1100 and 1500, consisted of two types: merchant guilds, who bought and sold goods, and craft guilds, which made goods. Although guilds were regulated as to the quality of work performed, the resulting system was rather rigid, 2687:

is a standard efficiency metric for evaluation of production systems, broadly speaking a ratio between outputs and inputs, and can assume many specific forms, for example: machine productivity, workforce productivity, raw material productivity, warehouse productivity

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Since services are perishable, they cannot be stored for later use. In manufacturing companies, inventory can be used to buffer supply and demand. Since buffering is not possible in services, highly variable demand must be met by operations or demand modified to meet

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and employment from services than from manufacturing and have a great effect on society. Since all sectors are highly interconnected, this did not reflect less importance for manufacturing, agriculture, and mining but just a shift in the type of economic activity.

2896:, the latter usually modeled as a function of demand variability. The economic production quantity (EPQ) differs from the EOQ model only in that it assumes a constant fill rate for the part being produced, instead of the instantaneous refilling of the EOQ model. 2758:: in job shops bottlenecks are typically dynamic and dependent on scheduling while on transfer lines it makes sense to speak of "the bottleneck" since it can be univocally associated with a specific station on the line. This leads to the problem of how to define 2123:

in 1993): a business management strategy focusing on the analysis and design of workflows and business processes within an organization. BPR seeks to help companies radically restructure their organizations by focusing on the ground-up design of their business

2036:. Independent demand is demand which originates outside of the production system, therefore not directly controllable, and dependent demand is demand for components of final products, therefore subject to being directly controllable by management through the 3320:

are systems in which single queues are connected by a routing network. In this image servers are represented by circles, queues by a series of rectangles and the routing network by arrows. In the study of queue networks one typically tries to obtain the

1149:) into outputs (in the form of goods and services for consumers). Operations management covers sectors like banking systems, hospitals, companies, working with suppliers, customers, and using technology. Operations is one of the major functions in an 2219:

In a job shop machines are grouped by technological similarities regarding transformation processes, therefore a single shop can work very different products (in this picture four colors). Also notice that in this drawing each shop contains a single

1259:, kings and queens ruled over large areas of land. Loyal noblemen maintained large sections of the monarch's territory. This hierarchical organization in which people were divided into classes based on social position and wealth became known as the 3675: 2692:). It is also useful to break up productivity in use U (productive percentage of total time) and yield η (ratio between produced volume and productive time) to better evaluate production systems performances. Cycle times can be modeled through 1616:

Although productivity benefited considerably from technological inventions and division of labor, the problem of systematic measurement of performances and the calculation of these by the use of formulas remained somewhat unexplored until

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car was introduced in 1908, however it was not until Ford implemented the assembly line concept, that his vision of making a popular car affordable by every middle-class American citizen would be realized. The first factory in which

2754:, bad coordination between resources, mix variability, plus all these inefficiencies tend to compound depending on the nature of the production system. One important example of how system throughput is tied to system design are 2589:

principles and practices have also been applied in service operations. The important difference being the customer is in the system while the service is being provided and needs to be considered when applying these practices.

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Process production means that the product undergoes physical-chemical transformations and lacks assembly operations, and therefore the original raw materials cannot easily be obtained from the final product. Examples include:

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were characterized by a greater specialization in labor, which was a characteristic of the growing cities and trade networks of Europe. An important leap in manufacturing efficiency came in the late eighteenth century as

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MRP can be briefly described as a 3s procedure: sum (different orders), split (in lots), shift (in time according to item lead time). To avoid an "explosion" of data processing in MRP (number of BOMs required in input)

1969:: workstations functioned like a supermarket shelf where the customer can get products they need, at the time they need and in the amount needed, the workstation (shelf) is then restocked. Autonomation was developed by 1389:, the growth of computing power led to further development of efficient manufacturing methods and the use of advanced mathematical and statistical tools. This was supported by the development of academic programs in 2542:

academic research. Please note that this section does not particularly include "Professional Services Firms" and the professional services practiced from this expertise (specialized training and education within).

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Capacity buffers: ideally a JIT system would work with zero breakdowns, this however is very hard to achieve in practice, nonetheless Toyota favors acquiring extra capacity over extra WIP to deal with starvation.

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Meanwhile, in the sixties, a different approach was developed by George W. Plossl and Oliver W. Wight, this approach was continued by Joseph Orlicky as a response to the TOYOTA Manufacturing Program which led to

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From this point on, a curious development took place: while in the United States the possibility of applying the computer to business operations led to the development of management software architecture such as

2772:(OEE) is defined as the product between system availability, cycle time efficiency and quality rate. OEE is typically used as key performance indicator (KPI) in conjunction with the lean manufacturing approach. 2602:

Operations strategy concerns policies and plans of use of the firm productive resources with the aim of supporting long term competitive strategy. Metrics in operations management can be broadly classified into

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Periodically a mover picks up the move kanbans in upstream stations and search for the respective parts, when found he exchanges production kanbans for move kanbans and move the parts to downstream stations

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Burnetas A.N. and M. N.Katehakis (1993).. "On Sequencing Two Types of Tasks on a Single Processor under Incomplete Information", Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences, 7 (1), 85–0119.

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allowed the mass production of parts independent of the final products in which they would be used. An entire new market to fill the need for the sale and manufacturing of muskets began at this time.

1828:, predetermined in the sense that estimates of time are not determined in loco but are derived from an industry standard. This was explained by its originators in a book they published in 1948 called 3447:

an upper control line and lower control line are fixed. When the statistic moves out of bounds, an alarm is given and possible causes are investigated. In this drawing the statistic of choice is the

2028:, latter gaining momentum in 1972 when the American Production and Inventory Control Society launched the "MRP Crusade". One of the key insights of this management system was the distinction between 1204:

priests developed the ancient system of recording inventories, loans, taxes, and business transactions. The next major historical application of operation systems occurred in 4000 B.C., when the

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delivery to numerous locations. This concept of a fast package delivery system created a whole new industry, and eventually allowed fast delivery of online orders by Amazon and other retailers.

2841:). An individual production system can be both push and pull; for example activities before the CODP may work under a pull system, while activities after the CODP may work under a push system. 3098:: important as an element of Autonomation, Toyota cross trained their employees through rotation, this served as an element of production flexibility, holistic thinking and reducing boredom. 3173:, a representation of materials and information flows inside a company, mainly used in the lean manufacturing approach. The calculation of the time-line (bottom) usually involves using 3112:

When introducing kanbans in real production systems, attaining unitary lot from the start maybe unfeasible, therefore the kanban will represent a given lot size defined by management.

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Thus it may be seen that methods-time measurement is basically a tool of method analysis that gives answers in terms of time without the necessity of making stop-watch time studies.

1192:. Each of these requires an ability to analyze the current situation and find better solutions to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of manufacturing or service operations. 3527:, even though it is not strictly speaking an operations problem, because demand is related to some production systems variables. For example, a classic approach in dimensioning 4898:

The Quintessence of Supply Chain Management: What You Really Need to Know to Manage Your Processes in Procurement, Manufacturing, Warehousing and Logistics (Quintessence Series)

4582: 3246:: describes how to organize a work space for efficiency and effectiveness by identifying and storing the items used, maintaining the area and items, and sustaining the new order 5580: 4569:, Chapter: "A classification scheme for master production schedule", in Efficiency of Manufacturing Systems, C. Berg, D. French and B. Wilson (eds) New York, Plenum Press 1983 3682: 3644: 3616: 2239:), in front of each machining center there is a buffer and in left we have a shelf for storing pallets. Usually in the back there is a similar system for managing the set of 1402:

and systems engineering allowed for the realization of solving large scale and complex problems in the modern era. Recently, the development of faster and smaller computers,

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Note: this classification is very old but it has been subject to update as production systems have evolved over the 20th century, for a complete picture consult recent texts

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that items away from the diagonal should be managed differently: items in the upper part are subject to risk of obsolescence, items in the lower part are subject to risk of

92: 4761:"New Era of Project Delivery – Project as Production System", R. G. Shenoy and T. R. Zabelle, Journal of Project Production Management, Vol 1, pp Nov 2016, pp 13–24 4169:(1911), The Principles of Scientific Management. New York, NY, US and London, UK: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 11010339. OCLC 233134. Also available from Project Gutenberg. 4616: 3420:

paradigm, where the simulation model possesses a state which can only change when a discrete event happens, which consists of a clock and list of events. The more recent

2837:. Pull means that the production system authorizes production based on inventory level; push means that production occurs based on demand (forecasted or present, that is 2175:

launched a company-wide initiative in 1995 to adopt this set of methods to all manufacturing, service and administrative processes. More recently, Six Sigma has included

2983:(such as family bills or super bills) can be useful since they allow a rationalization of input data into common codes. MRP had some notorious problems such as infinite 2903:

A typical MRPII construct: general planning (top) concerned with forecasts, capacity planning and inventory levels, programming (middle) concerned with calculation of

2885: 1808:, how the phenomenon may be expected to vary in the future. Here it is understood that prediction within limits means that we can state, at least approximately, the 3424:

paradigm consists of a set of resources and a set of transactions: transactions move through a network of resources (nodes) according to a code, called a process.

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developed from the MPS by smoothing aggregate production requirements in smaller time buckets and sequencing final assembly to achieve repetitive manufacturing.

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While there are differences there are also many similarities. For example, quality management approaches used in manufacturing such as the Baldrige Award, and

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Friedrick Klemm, A history of Western Technology, Charles Scribner's Sons 1959 in D. A. Wren and A. G. Bedeian, The Evolution of Management Thought, Wiley 2009

1621:, whose early work focused on developing what he called a "differential piece-rate system" and a series of experiments, measurements and formulas dealing with 2466:, then cutting the fabric in different shapes and assembling the parts in pants or jackets by combining the fabric with thread, zippers and buttons, finally 3044:

style). Some additional elements are also fundamental: production smoothing (Heijunka), capacity buffers, setup reduction, cross-training and plant layout.

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A series of tools have been developed mainly with the objective of replicating Toyota success: a very common implementation involves small cards known as

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produced for themselves and people of higher classes by using the ruler's land and resources. Although a large part of labor was employed in agriculture,

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A first possible distinction in production systems (technological classification) is between continuous process production and discrete part production (

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Methods-time measurement is a procedure which analyzes any manual operation or method into the basic motions required to perform it and assigns to each

1710:(rural electrification in the 1920s and implementer of Taylor's principles of scientific management in the Philadelphia's Department of Public Works), 1572:"The thing is to keep everything in motion and take the work to the man and not the man to the work. That is the real principle of our production, and 2566:

In manufacturing, ownership is transferred to the customer. Ownership is not transferred for service. As a result, services cannot be owned or resold.

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of variation. In 1931 Shewhart published his Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product, the first systematic treatment of the subject of

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is also a critical part of push systems, since order releases have to be planned ahead of actual clients’ orders. Also, any serious discussion of

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telegraph) and owned by entrepreneurs and families. The U.S. in 1900 had 31% employment in services, 31% in manufacturing and 38% in agriculture.

3603: 2938:(BOM) and gives as output a schedule for the materials (components) needed in the production process. MRP therefore is a planning tool to manage 4762: 3104:: U-shaped lines or cells are common in the lean approach since they allow for minimum walking, greater worker efficiency and flexible capacity. 2618:(actually fixed by marketing, but lower bounded by production cost): purchase price, use costs, maintenance costs, upgrade costs, disposal costs 2267:

on the sold products, the reason being simply that since businesses need to design their own production systems this then becomes the focus of

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Katehakis M.N. and C. Derman (1989). "On the maintenance of systems composed of highly reliable components", Management Science, 6 (5): 16–28.

1804:"For our present purpose a phenomenon will be said to be controlled when, through the use of past experience, we can predict, at least within 3120:; these also come in some varieties: reorder kanbans, alarm kanbans, triangular kanbans, etc. In the classic kanban procedure with one card: 2387:(MTS). According to this classification different kinds of systems will have different customer order decoupling points (CODP), meaning that 3381:. Queue theory is employed in modelling queue and processing times in production systems while mathematical optimization draws heavily from 1348:

around 1912. The Gilbreths took advantage of taking motion pictures at known time intervals while operators were performing the given task.

3820: 1302:, the extent to which the division is carried out varied considerably depending on period and location. Compared to the Middle Ages, the 4808: 3612: 3145:

If required parts are available he removes the move kanban and places them in another box, otherwise he chooses another production card

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Since real production processes are always affected by disturbances in both inputs and outputs, many companies implement some form of

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The MPS can be seen as a kind of aggregate planning for production coming in two fundamentally opposing varieties: plans which try to

3349:). This technique is mainly used in push approach but also in production system configuration. The interior and surface of the green 2141: 2696:

engineering if the individual operations are heavily automated, if the manual component is the prevalent one, methods used include:

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described the advantages of dividing the various operations necessary for the production of shoes among different individuals in

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In Toyota the TPS represented more of a philosophy of production than a set of specific lean tools, the latter would include:

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techniques were known for a very long time, from the simple methods employed by Harris to the more elaborate techniques of the

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OperationsAcademia.org: The state-of-the-art of PhD research in Operations Research/Management Science and related disciplines

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According to Fitzsimmons, Fitzsimmons and Bordoloi (2014) differences between manufactured goods and services are as follows:

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Since the number of kanbans in the production system is set by managers as a constant number, the kanban procedure works as

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Harris described his theory as "reasonably correct", although "not rigorously accurate". His paper inspired a large body of

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Roger W. Schmenner, How Can Service Businesses Survive and Prosper?, Sloan Management Review, vol. 27, no. 3, Spring 1986

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There are also fields of mathematical theory which have found applications in the field of operations management such as

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Delivery lead time is the blue bar, manufacturing time is the whole bar, the green bar is the difference between the two.

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a predetermined time standard which is determined by the nature of the motion and the conditions under which it is made.

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took materials to homes where artisans performed the necessary work, craft guilds on the other hand were associations of

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was developed by Gene Thomas at IBM, and expanded the original MRP software to include additional production functions.

5717: 4905: 4752:"Factory Physics for Managers", E. S. Pound, J. H. Bell, and M. L. Spearman, McGraw-Hill, 2014, p 47 4107: 3560: 3127:

The downstream station moves the kanban to the upstream station and starts producing the part at the downstream station

2864:, a number of techniques have been developed based on the work of Ford W. Harris (1913), which came to be known as the 2747: 2715:

An ABC cumulated curve. Typically one curve is constructed for revenue (consumption) and another for inventory (stock).

2533: 787: 1902:, the first electronic digital computer that was all programmable, and the possibility to computationally solve large 5631: 5621: 5360: 5340: 4787: 4417: 4258: 3800: 3217: 3007: 2912: 2701: 2201:

to the activities within major capital projects such as encountered in oil and gas and civil infrastructure delivery.

1825: 1337: 1169:. The operations function requires management of both the strategic and day-to-day production of goods and services. 644: 68: 46: 3516:. Keeping quality under control is relevant to both increasing customer satisfaction and reducing processing waste. 2446:: real systems may present themselves as hybrids of those categories. Consider, for example, that the production of 2407:(volume) vs degree of customization (variety). With a high degree of labor intensity there are mass services (e.g., 1172:

In managing manufacturing or service operations, several types of decisions are made including operations strategy,

39: 5801: 5271: 5204: 3703: 3413: 3000: 1935: 1524: 1076: 693: 2769: 2661: 2116: 4122:

Taylor, Frederick Winslow (1896), A Piece Rate System, read before the American Society of Mechanical Engineers

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R.W. Grubbström, Modelling production opportunities – an historical overview, Int. J. Production Economics 1995

3696: 3257: 2927: 2332: 2021: 1931: 1793: 1761:" on the job fix the minimum. Experience has shown one manager a way to determine the economical size of lots." 4463: 2195:: the application of the analytical tools and techniques developed for operations management, as described in 2131:") within a manufacturing or service process. Lean also takes into account waste created through overburden (" 1974:

setups, zero breakdowns, zero handling, zero lead time and zero surging. This period also marks the spread of

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312602707_New_Era_of_Project_Delivery_-_Project_as_Production_System

3835: 3810: 3302: 3189: 2644: 2391:(WIP) cycle stock levels are practically nonexistent regarding operations located after the CODP (except for 2228: 2192: 1699: 1418: 1064: 809: 719: 370: 2953:

plans which try to keep uniform capacity utilization. Many models have been proposed to solve MPS problems:

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The Manufacturing and Service Operations Management Society (MSOM) of INFORMS which supports the journal:

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engaging in a transaction. This view can be seen as a unifying approach between operations management and

1679: 5791: 5600: 5463: 5097: 3775: 3296: 3078:, which however may only be feasible through set-up reduction. A standard tool for achieving this is the 1797: 1445: 917: 804: 754: 4253:, Economic control of quality of manufactured product, 1931, New York: D. Van Nostrand Company. pp. 501 5751: 5590: 5345: 4354:

R. J. Schnonberger, Japanese Manufacturing Techniques: Nine Hidden Lessons in Simplicity, New York 1982

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L. V. Kantorovich, Mathematical Methods of Organizing and Planning Production, Management Science 1960

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developed the first auto assembly system where a car chassis was moved through the assembly line by a

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The beginning of the industrial revolution is usually associated with the eighteenth-century English

952: 731: 673: 375: 207: 2044:. Orlicky wrote "Materials Requirement Planning" in 1975, the first hard cover book on the subject. 5712: 5468: 4932: 4580:

http://umairbali.ekalaam.com/Business%20Process%20Workflow%20Analysis/Week6/SMR-ServiceBusiness.pdf

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J. N. Edwards, MRP and Kanban-American style, APICS 26th Conference Proceedings, pp. 586–603 1983

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sets a maximum limit to the quantity of parts which can be profitably manufactured at one time; "

1738: 1687: 1600: 1403: 1345: 957: 937: 922: 877: 703: 448: 428: 379: 365: 360: 356: 317: 111: 1133:

It is concerned with managing an entire production system that converts inputs (in the forms of

5786: 5739: 5682: 5677: 5662: 5498: 5448: 5355: 5276: 5102: 4987: 3568: 2873: 2830: 1855: 1723: 1604: 1390: 1370: 1107: 1017: 1002: 932: 794: 698: 347: 247: 227: 217: 182: 50: 3921:, F.R. Jacobs, N. Aquilano, Operations Management: For Competitive Advantage, McGraw-Hill 2007 5702: 5667: 5488: 5385: 5286: 5239: 5092: 5067: 5029: 5024: 5009: 4997: 4959: 4482: 3805: 3656:

The following high-ranked academic journals are concerned with operations management issues:

3382: 3067: 2738: 2697: 2396: 2120: 1957:

company. Toyota evolved a unique manufacturing system centered on two complementary notions:

1938:

software, in post-war Japan a series of events at Toyota Motor led to the development of the

1821: 1737:

published a paper on "How many parts to make at once", in which he presented the idea of the

1695: 1683: 1642: 1532: 1435: 1410:

has opened new opportunities for operations, manufacturing, production, and service systems.

1316: 1291: 899: 769: 661: 654: 629: 591: 566: 516: 423: 384: 132: 4815: 5697: 5672: 5657: 5564: 5443: 5375: 5365: 5195: 5087: 5057: 4329: 4180: 3896: 3427: 3249: 3195: 3170: 2984: 2476: 2467: 2256: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2052:(ERP) is the modern software architecture, which addresses, besides production operations, 1987: 1863: 1217: 962: 887: 872: 759: 749: 726: 666: 634: 536: 478: 240: 137: 4489:, Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution, Harper Business 1993 8: 5559: 5332: 5312: 5128: 4925: 3850: 3825: 3770: 3729: 3584: 3502: 3444: 3402: 3370: 3342: 3291:

production systems production planning and information gathering may be executed via the

3211: 3011: 2821: 2793: 2759: 2743: 2723: 2455: 2328: 2164: 2160: 1923: 1879: 1770: 1754: 1734: 1589: 1465: 1430:. The textile industry is the prototypical example of the English industrial revolution. 1399: 1394: 1115: 1044: 1027: 1012: 862: 839: 824: 744: 708: 683: 639: 511: 501: 483: 351: 307: 222: 202: 101: 4286:

H.B. Maynard, J.L. Schwab, G.J. Stegemerten, Methods Time Measurement, McGraw-Hill 1948

2762:

measures, that is an estimation of the maximum output of a given production system, and

1603:

was noted in 1973 by Daniel Bell. He stated that the future economy would provide more

5722: 5508: 5410: 5249: 5214: 5162: 5150: 5133: 5112: 5072: 4223: 4154: 3830: 3576: 3540: 3532: 3524: 3456: 3394: 3338: 3210:: an algorithm which groups machines and product families together, used for designing 3017: 2961: 2923: 2826: 2689: 2648: 2621: 2538: 2408: 2309: 2033: 1943: 1903: 1703: 1593: 1548: 1224:

such as the construction of the pyramids. By 1100 B.C., labor was being specialized in

1181: 1007: 882: 867: 834: 829: 819: 814: 764: 688: 596: 561: 252: 85: 4287: 1934:

and successive modifications, and ever more sophisticated optimization techniques and

5734: 5692: 5626: 5420: 5415: 5380: 5322: 5317: 5296: 5244: 5138: 5077: 4901: 4783: 4689: 4664: 4639: 4524: 4413: 4337: 4254: 4103: 4096: 4008: 3998: 3973: 3963: 3936: 3790: 3544: 3481: 3277: 3024:

between the end of World War II and the seventies. It comes mainly from the ideas of

3010:, loading (tools to use), part type selection (parts to work on) and applications of 2935: 2908: 2861: 2380: 2368: 2071:

Dramatic changes were occurring in the service industries as well. Beginning in 1955

2037: 1979: 1911: 1899: 1774: 1626: 1508: 1365: 1295: 1189: 1185: 987: 894: 850: 776: 649: 556: 526: 463: 257: 4730:

Taft, E. W. "The most economical production lot." Iron Age 101.18 (1918): 1410–1412.

1294:

was facilitated by two elements: interchangeability of parts and division of labor.

5473: 5231: 5221: 5143: 5004: 4865: 4468: 4215: 3432: 3362: 3358: 3261: 3243: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2388: 2251:

A production system comprises both technological elements (machines and tools) and

2172: 2029: 1875: 1766: 1500: 1484: 1360: 1307: 1111: 1039: 857: 799: 624: 619: 581: 418: 413: 172: 4598: 5585: 5526: 5483: 5478: 5390: 5370: 5187: 5107: 4859: 4854: 4586: 4498: 4486: 4406: 3903: 3845: 3815: 3750: 3580: 3536: 3497: 3460: 3406: 3354: 3269: 3252:: a product costing approach in which costing is delayed until goods are finished 3198:: a graphical method for analyzing the current state and designing a future state 3174: 3160: 3156: 2939: 2838: 2423:), while with a low degree of labor intensity there are service factories (e.g., 2392: 2276: 2197: 2061: 1983: 1781: 1581: 1464:

which passed work from one shop to another, for example: leather was tanned by a

1449: 1356: 1166: 992: 844: 737: 601: 531: 521: 438: 335: 302: 267: 187: 167: 97: 4782:

Zipkin Paul H., Foundations of Inventory Management, Boston: McGraw Hill, 2000,

3621:

Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) which supports the journal:

3256:

Seen more broadly, JIT can include methods such as: product standardization and

2647:

between quantities produced in the system), volume (capacity to increase system

5687: 4842: 4137:, On the Art of Cutting Metals, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1906) 3487: 3386: 3346: 3334: 3292: 3273: 3101: 3064: 3029: 2853: 2813: 2789: 2674: 2436: 2403: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2041: 1970: 1919: 1915: 1805: 1634:: faster workers reducing their production rate to that of the slowest worker. 1496: 1488: 1407: 1233: 1177: 1173: 1022: 551: 546: 473: 468: 458: 312: 287: 262: 3977: 3329: 3232:: any mechanism in lean manufacturing that helps an equipment operator avoid ( 3226:: when one operator is responsible for operating several machines or processes 1965:(automation with a human touch). Regarding JIT, Ohno was inspired by American 5775: 5707: 5652: 5554: 5503: 4683: 4566: 4341: 4146: 4134: 4051: 3528: 3281: 3130:

The upstream operator takes the most urgent kanban from his list (compare to

2893: 2785: 2751: 2705: 2693: 2608: 2586: 2412: 2384: 2376: 2320: 2316: 2288: 2146: 2072: 1785: 1561: 1536: 1382: 1333: 1200:

The history of production and operation systems begins around 5000 B.C. when

1154: 1138: 997: 433: 280: 4721:

Grando A., Organizzazione e Gestione della Produzione Industriale, Egea 1993

4012: 2224: 2009:

Correcting one's own errors: worker fixed a defective part if he produced it

4307: 3957: 3765: 3476: 3398: 3390: 3378: 3079: 3037: 3025: 2889: 2849: 2719: 2684: 2655: 2486: 2215: 1966: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1891: 1851: 1707: 1542: 1512: 1453: 1386: 1299: 1244: 1213: 1150: 1134: 576: 453: 443: 155: 4546:

A. Portioli, A.Pozzetti, Progettazione dei sistemi produttivi, Hoepli 2003

4219: 4098:

The coming of the post-industrial society: a venture in social forecasting

88:

assembly line: the classical example of a manufacturing production system.

5531: 3992: 3918: 3471: 2797: 2635: 2480: 2471: 2443: 2159:

between 1985 and 1987): Six Sigma refers to control limits placed at six

2065: 1907: 1887: 1809: 1719: 1715: 1671: 1504: 1385:

while workers added components to it until the car was completed. During

1374: 1312: 1303: 1256: 1032: 571: 212: 197: 192: 5536: 4948: 4081: 4047: 3599:

The following organizations support and promote operations management:

3556: 3088: 2988: 2801: 2604: 2416: 2260: 2168: 2105: 2057: 1758: 1711: 1631: 1557: 1516: 1473: 1378: 1280: 1123: 125: 4227: 2012:

The 100% check: automated inspection techniques and foolproof machines

1978:(TQM) in Japan, ideas initially developed by American authors such as 1377:

was the first to manufacture cars using the assembly line system, but

16:

In business operations, controlling the process of production of goods

5438: 5281: 4900:. First Edition. Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London 2016. 4385:

Levitt, Theodore (1972). "The Production-Line Approach to Services".

4035: 3930: 3520: 3513: 3492: 3440: 3288: 3229: 3178: 3071: 2971: 2904: 2844: 2727: 2670: 2631: 2582: 2432: 2364: 2324: 2244: 2152: 1998: 1871: 1824:, J.L. Schwab and G.J. Stegemerten. MTM was the first of a series of 1789: 1646: 1622: 1573: 1457: 1328: 1260: 1248: 1205: 1158: 506: 408: 401: 3884: 3412:

When analytical models are not enough, managers may resort to using

2926:

approach to inventory control and production planning, now known as

4501:, Jones, Roos, The Machine that Changed the World, Free Press, 1990 4124:

http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/107/109902/ch17_a3_d2.pdf

3722: 3350: 3313: 3134:

from queue theory) and produces it and attach its respective kanban

3048: 2732: 2424: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2156: 2098: 1867: 1746: 1469: 1461: 1272: 1229: 1221: 1209: 1142: 1127: 1119: 342: 297: 2792:

variables. Choices in production technology involve: dimensioning

4686:

Service Operations:Management: Improving Service Service Delivery

3142:

The downstream operator takes the production kanban from his list

3117: 2463: 2451: 2420: 2232: 2127:

Lean systems is a systemic method for the elimination of waste ("

2097:(ISO), recognizing the growing importance of quality, issued the 2086: 1654: 1552: 1427: 1359:

has been used multiple times in history prior to Henry Ford: the

1268: 1162: 177: 3357:, while the red line indicates the optimally chosen sequence of 3284:(JIT production is very sensitive to replenishment conditions). 3148:

He produces the part and attach its respective production kanban

1812:

that the observed phenomenon will fall within the given limits."

81: 5760: 3744: 3683:

International Journal of Operations & Production Management

3617:

International Journal of Operations & Production Management

3021: 2992: 2809: 2808:). Choices in the organizational area involve: defining worker 2726:, it posits that since revenue from items on inventory will be 2516:

Operations systems can be broadly divided into two categories:

2459: 2428: 2301: 2045: 1840: 1661: 1527:

was used to describe the new approach that was evolving in the

1477: 1276: 1264: 1146: 1059: 5581:

Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering

4633: 3645:

Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering

2848:

Classic EOQ model: trade-off between ordering cost (blue) and

2651:), gamma (capacity to expand the product family in the system) 2503:

of goods and services, an operations system is concerned with

1706:

in 1921. Other contemporaries of Taylor worth remembering are

4917: 3630:

Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences

3295:, attention should be paid however to avoid problems such as 3108: 2816:, team coordination, worker incentives and information flow. 2615: 2447: 2355: 2305: 2297: 2240: 2176: 2079: 1922:. These methods are known today as belonging to the field of 1859: 1750: 1225: 1201: 980: 142: 3994:

Integrated operations management: a supply chain perspective

3405:

and MRP and some inventory problems can be formulated using

3051:: production smoothing presupposes a level strategy for the 2911:, traditional MRP planning, control (bottom) concerned with 2833:

approach, with the later including the singular approach of

2711: 2231:: in the middle there are two rails for the shuttle to move 2112:

Recent trends in the field revolve around concepts such as:

3448: 3041: 2627: 2180: 1997:

Easy able-to-see quality: boards, gauges, meters, etc. and

1994:

Process control: SPC and worker responsibility over quality

1698:, which is centered on the concepts of standard method and 1423: 4684:

Johnston, Robert; Clark, Graham; Shulver, Michael (2012).

4663:(10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 4375:

Orlickly, Materials Requirement Planning, McGraw-Hill 1975

3166: 3124:

Parts are kept in containers with their respective kanbans

3040:(jidoka), all aimed at reducing waste (usually applied in 1551:

in 1903, with $ 28,000 capital from twelve investors. The

4261:(edition 1st). LCCN 132090. OCLC 1045408. LCC TS155 .S47. 2804:

of operations, trade-off between volume and variety (see

2402:

The concept of production systems can be expanded to the

2025: 1702:. Frank Gilbreth is also responsible for introducing the 1398:

on solving specific and focused problems. The synergy of

586: 4658: 3931:

Krajewski, L.J.; Ritzman, L. P.; Malhorta, M.J. (2013).

3547:

involves adjusting company outputs with market demands.

3159:

controlling device, which for a given arrival rate, per

2597: 2235:

between machining centers (there are also FMS which use

2135:") and waste created through unevenness in work loads (" 1836:

The methods-time measurement may be defined as follows:

1543:

Second Industrial Revolution and post-industrial society

4636:

Service Management: Operations, Strategy and Technology

4634:

Fitzsimmons, J.; Fitzsimmons, M.; Bordoloi, S. (2014).

3467:

designation provides a summary of commonly used tools:

2899: 2139:"). The term lean manufacturing was coined in the book 1898:

went through a major boost with the development of the

1667:

The scientific education and development of the worker;

100:. Operations management studies both manufacturing and 4178:

Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1921)

5749: 3416:. Simulation has been traditionally done through the 2315:

Part production (e.g. cars and ovens) comprises both

4155:

https://archive.org/details/shopmanagement00taylgoog

3990: 3740: 2006:

Line stop: stop the line to correct quality problems

1886:(1876) moving to the electromechanical computers of 1792:, central to his method was the distinction between 4288:

http://www.library.wisc.edu/selectedtocs/ca1794.pdf

3955: 3032:which are centered on the complementary notions of 1283:, for example, were prohibited from tanning hides. 4891:Statistical Quality Control: A Modern Introduction 4405: 4310:, Toyota Production System, Productivity Pres 1988 4275:Statistical Quality Control: A Modern Introduction 4095: 3933:Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains 2888:. These models usually involve the calculation of 4054:, The Evolution of Management Thought, Wiley 2009 3997:(2nd ed.). Ohio, OH: Thomson/South-Western. 3669:Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 3637:Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 2585:have been widely applied to services. Likewise, 2367:(manufacturing lead time vs delivery lead time): 2279:(also called "configuring" a production system). 1678:Taylor is also credited for developing stopwatch 1580:This became one of the central ideas that led to 5773: 4877:Modeling & Analysis Of Manufacturing Systems 3074:. Besides volume, heijunka also means attaining 2363:Another possible classification is one based on 1788:through a technical memorandum while working at 1568:(1913), he characterized the system as follows: 1547:Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the 1440:Productivity improving technologies (historical) 1106:is concerned with designing and controlling the 4870:Operations Management for Competitive Advantage 4509: 4507: 4464:"14 Quirky Things You Didn't Know About Amazon" 3897:Great Operations: What is Operations Management 3550: 3220:, the opposite of the traditional push approach 2868:(EOQ) model. This model marks the beginning of 2775: 2746:, processing time variability, scraps, setups, 2491:, both process production and part production. 1188:, facilities planning, production planning and 4617:"The Services Sector: How Best to Measure it?" 4194: 4192: 4190: 2183:(for designing new products and new processes) 2095:International Organization for Standardization 4933: 4688:(Fourth ed.). London, England: Pearson. 4269: 4267: 3959:Operations management: an integrated approach 3723:International Journal of Production Economics 3138:The two-card kanban procedure differs a bit: 2722:is a method for analyzing inventory based on 2499:If a production system is concerned with the 1714:(speed-and-feed-calculating slide rules) and 1084: 4504: 3821:National Institute of Industrial Engineering 3730:International Journal of Production Research 3299:, as these can lead to productivity losses. 3020:is an approach to production which arose in 2960:Exact optimization algorithmic models (e.g. 2957:Analytical models (e.g. Magee Boodman model) 2415:) and professional services (e.g., personal 2015:Continual improvement: ideally zero defects. 1741:model. He described the problem as follows: 1448:, work was mainly done through two systems: 4542: 4540: 4513: 4246: 4244: 4187: 4184:. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 3608:Production and Inventory Management Journal 3163:, works as a lead time controlling device. 2825:, there is a basic distinction between the 2796:, fractioning capacity, capacity location, 4940: 4926: 4884:Stochastic models of manufacturing systems 4328: 4264: 3613:European Operations Management Association 3401:are usually based on modeling demand as a 3177:to derive lead time from stock levels and 2942:and production orders (also called jobs). 2578:the service (product and process design). 1363:(1104); Smith's pin manufacturing, in the 1275:contributed to economic output and formed 1091: 1077: 2750:time, lack of orders, lack of materials, 2611:metrics. Effectiveness metrics involve: 2104:With the coming of the Internet, in 1994 2003:Insistence on compliance: "quality first" 1531:which was based on two central features: 1298:has been a feature from the beginning of 69:Learn how and when to remove this message 4537: 4362: 4360: 4241: 3962:(Seventh ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 3711:European Journal of Operational Research 3426: 3328: 3312: 3308: 3192:: a method for reducing changeover times 3165: 3107: 2898: 2843: 2710: 2550:Simultaneous production and consumption. 2354: 2223: 2214: 1611: 1417: 1413: 1243: 91: 80: 32:This article includes a list of general 4447: 3760:Association for Supply Chain Management 3641:Institute of Operations Management (UK) 2351:(both manual and automated operations). 1728:Factory Organization and Administration 1674:between the management and the workers. 1639:The Principles of Scientific Management 5774: 4384: 4198: 3956:Reid, R. Dan; Nada R. Sanders (2019). 3451:and red points represent alarm points. 1874:were slowly being developed, first as 1576:are only one of many means to an end" 4921: 4879:, John Wiley and Sons, New York 1993. 4710:Manufacturing Strategy-Text and Cases 4432: 4357: 3991:Hanna, Mark; W. Rocky Newman (2007). 3604:Association for Operations Management 3008:scheduling (sequencing of production) 2930:(MRP), which takes as input both the 2660:Ecological Soundness: biological and 2598:Metrics: efficiency and effectiveness 2527: 2494: 2210: 2155:(an approach to quality developed at 4882:J. A. Buzacott, J. G. Shanthikumar, 4523:. New Age International Publishers. 4403: 4093: 4084:, Today and Tomorrow, New York, 1926 4066:"American Labor in the 20th Century" 4063: 3914: 3912: 3690:Production and Operations Management 3624:Production and Operations Management 2907:, rough-cut capacity planning, MPS, 18: 5617:Bachelor of Business Administration 4849:, 3rd edition, New York Wiley 1987. 4847:The Evolution of Management Thought 4659:Heizer, Jay; Render, Barry (2011). 4514:Kumar, S. Anil; Suresh, N. (2009). 4280: 2852:(red). Total cost (green) admits a 2782:configuration of production systems 2511: 2323:systems. In the first category are 2187:Reconfigurable manufacturing system 1625:and manual labor. The differential 13: 5718:Organizational behavior management 4872:, 11th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2007. 4835: 3508:These are used in approaches like 3337:, a classical approach to solving 2534:Operations management for services 2142:The Machine that Changed the World 1961:(produce only what is needed) and 1584:, one of the main elements of the 38:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 5813: 5632:Doctor of Business Administration 5622:Master of Business Administration 4913: 3909: 3801:Failure mode and effects analysis 3070:can be equaled to the inverse of 3014:have a significant role to play. 2860:The traditional pull approach to 2702:predetermined motion time systems 2339:. In the assembly category there 2282: 2263:or the operations carried by the 1826:predetermined motion time systems 1338:predetermined motion time systems 1332:occurred with the development of 1065:Business and economics portal 5759: 5733: 4201:"How Many Parts to Make at Once" 3743: 3704:Journal of Operations Management 3697:Transportation Research – Part E 3594: 3435:output variable is modeled by a 3001:advanced planning and scheduling 2442:The systems described above are 2167:, this became very famous after 1660:The scientific selection of the 1525:American system of manufacturing 1058: 23: 4875:Askin, R. G., C.R. Standridge, 4868:, F. R. Jacobs, N. J.Aquilano, 4858:, 3rd ed. Waveland Press, 2011 4801: 4792: 4776: 4767: 4755: 4746: 4733: 4724: 4715: 4702: 4677: 4652: 4627: 4609: 4591: 4572: 4560: 4549: 4492: 4476: 4456: 4441: 4426: 4397: 4378: 4369: 4348: 4322: 4313: 4301: 4292: 4172: 4160: 4140: 4128: 4116: 4087: 4075: 4057: 3341:optimization problems and also 2800:processes, process technology, 2770:Overall equipment effectiveness 2483:arises. Most products require, 2117:Business process re-engineering 5596:Chartered Management Institute 4947: 4743:, 3rd ed. Waveland Press, 2011 4064:Fisk, Donald M. (2003-01-30). 4041: 4028: 4019: 3984: 3949: 3924: 3890: 3878: 2928:material requirements planning 2922:and others at IBM developed a 2909:capacity requirements planning 2643:: mix (capacity to change the 2624:: specification and compliance 2333:flexible manufacturing systems 2179:(for improving processes) and 2022:material requirements planning 1794:common cause and special cause 1637:In 1911 Taylor published his " 1588:, along with emergence of the 1: 4408:McDonald's: Behind the Arches 3887:Retrieved on October 22, 2016 3872: 3836:Project production management 3811:Inventory management software 3717:Annals of Operations Research 3303:Project production management 2229:Flexible Manufacturing System 2193:Project production management 1850:Up to this point in history, 1641:", in which he characterized 720:management information system 371:Chief human resources officer 4965:Index of management articles 4038:, Book VIII, Delphi Classics 3615:(EurOMA) which supports the 3551:Safety, risk and maintenance 3465:Seven Basic Tools of Quality 3437:probability density function 3389:. Queue theory is based on 3353:geometrically represent the 3266:total productive maintenance 3204:elimination of time batching 3006:In this context problems of 2997:enterprise resource planning 2776:Configuration and management 2050:Enterprise resource planning 1894:however, the development of 1718:(Gantt chart). Also in 1910 1586:Second Industrial Revolution 1487:, with the invention of the 714:Enterprise resource planning 542:Financial statement analysis 7: 5601:Critical management studies 5464:Full range leadership model 4712:, 3rd ed. Mc-Graw Hill 2000 3776:Business process management 3736: 3651: 3606:(APICS) which supports the 3061:If these conditions are met 2974:models (e.g. Aucamp model). 2431:) and service shops (e.g., 1914:and later in 1947 with the 1800:(SPC). He defined control: 1798:statistical process control 1769:focusing on the problem of 1446:First Industrial Revolution 1317:interchangeability of parts 1315:popularized the concept of 1126:in using resources to meet 10: 5818: 5591:Certified Business Manager 4452:. New York: Penguin Books. 3935:(10th ed.). Pearson. 3484:(Cause-and-effect diagram) 3422:transaction-level modeling 2932:master production schedule 2664:of the system under study. 2531: 1653:The development of a true 1630:system was the problem of 1433: 1195: 5731: 5640: 5609: 5573: 5545: 5517: 5459:Evidence-based management 5429: 5403: 5331: 5305: 5262: 5230: 5186: 5175: 5121: 5056: 5049: 5038: 4973: 4955: 4638:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 4448:Fishman, Charles (2006). 4199:Harris, Ford W. (1990) . 4167:Taylor, Frederick Winslow 4102:. New York: Basic Books. 3906:Retrieved on July 3, 2013 3786:Cause-and-effect analysis 3573:safety management systems 3531:requires calculating the 3418:discrete event simulation 3375:mathematical optimization 2634:, information lead time, 2205: 1896:mathematical optimization 1521:Crystal Palace Exhibition 1472:, and finally arrived at 1456:. In the domestic system 376:Chief information officer 208:Limited liability company 5713:Organization development 5469:Management by objectives 4332:, Armand Vallin (1961). 3866:Work breakdown structure 3841:Requirements engineering 3796:Customer benefit package 3781:Business process mapping 3510:total quality management 3323:equilibrium distribution 2806:Hayes-Wheelwright matrix 2149:has been widely applied. 1976:total quality management 1940:Toyota Production System 1936:manufacturing simulation 1910:in 1939 working for the 1890:(1939 and 1941). During 1830:Methods-Time Measurement 1818:methods-time measurement 1560:used the concept of the 1529:United States of America 1519:in 1765. In 1851 at the 1325:Frederick Winslow Taylor 1263:. In the feudal system, 389:Chief technology officer 323:Mergers and acquisitions 293:Constitutional documents 118:Management of a business 5802:Supply chain management 5494:Social entrepreneurship 5454:Earned value management 4387:Harvard Business Review 4251:Shewhart, Walter Andrew 4214:(6). INFORMS: 947–950. 3861:Supply chain operations 3565:reliability engineering 3092:(ex:transporting dies). 3057:final assembly schedule 2886:fixed time period model 2874:Wagner-Within procedure 2866:economic order quantity 2255:(division of labor and 2253:organizational behavior 2243:required for different 1820:(MTM) was developed by 1767:mathematical literature 1739:economic order quantity 1601:post-industrial economy 449:Environmental economics 429:International economics 380:Chief marketing officer 366:Chief financial officer 361:Chief operating officer 357:Chief executive officer 318:International trade law 112:Business administration 53:more precise citations. 5766:Business and economics 5740:Systems science portal 5683:Management development 5678:Management cybernetics 5663:Executive compensation 5499:Sustainable management 5361:Information technology 5341:Environmental resource 4886:, Prentice Hall, 1993. 4852:W. Hopp, M. Spearman, 4739:W. Hopp, M. Spearman, 4404:Love, John F. (1986). 3569:maintenance philosophy 3519:Operations management 3452: 3366: 3326: 3224:multi-process handling 3182: 3113: 3076:mixed-model production 2916: 2857: 2716: 2360: 2248: 2221: 1856:calculus of variations 1848: 1814: 1763: 1749:on capital tied up in 1724:industrial engineering 1682:. This, combined with 1578: 1431: 1371:Portsmouth Block Mills 1252: 1242: 1018:International business 1003:Business judgment rule 348:Chief business officer 248:Annual general meeting 228:State-owned enterprise 218:Privately held company 105: 89: 5703:Managerial psychology 5668:Management consulting 5489:Scientific management 5272:Customer relationship 4960:Outline of management 4661:Operations Management 4517:Operations Management 4433:Birla, Madan (2007). 4334:Total Quality Control 4220:10.1287/opre.38.6.947 4094:Bell, Daniel (1973). 3856:Silver–Meal heuristic 3806:Industrial technology 3430: 3383:multivariate calculus 3332: 3316: 3309:Optimization modeling 3208:Rank order clustering 3169: 3111: 2902: 2872:, which includes the 2847: 2714: 2698:time and motion study 2662:environmental impacts 2395:due to queues). (See 2358: 2227: 2218: 1834: 1802: 1743: 1696:time and motion study 1643:scientific management 1612:Operations management 1570: 1535:and extensive use of 1533:interchangeable parts 1436:Industrial Revolution 1421: 1414:Industrial Revolution 1292:Industrial Revolution 1247: 1238: 1228:; by about 370 B.C., 1104:Operations management 694:Customer relationship 630:Business intelligence 592:Financial institution 567:International finance 517:Cash conversion cycle 424:Development economics 385:Chief product officer 133:Management accounting 95: 84: 5797:Production economics 5698:Managerial economics 5658:Corporate governance 5565:Oliver E. Williamson 5444:Collaborative method 4893:, 7th edition, 2012. 4412:. New York: Bantam. 3395:stochastic processes 3333:Illustration of the 3250:backflush accounting 3196:Value stream mapping 3171:Value stream mapping 2764:capacity utilization 2477:vertical integration 1988:Armand V. Feigenbaum 1722:published the first 635:Business development 479:Economic development 241:Corporate governance 138:Financial accounting 5560:Eliyahu M. Goldratt 4208:Operations Research 3851:Root cause analysis 3826:Performance metrics 3771:Business management 3676:Operations Research 3585:facility management 3563:policies (see also 3403:normal distribution 3371:operations research 3343:integer programming 3212:manufacturing cells 3012:operations research 2822:production planning 2724:Pareto distribution 2450:involves initially 2329:manufacturing cells 2165:normal distribution 2163:from the mean of a 2161:standard deviations 1949:In 1943, in Japan, 1924:operations research 1906:problems, first by 1880:Sir William Thomson 1771:production planning 1735:Ford Whitman Harris 1590:electrical industry 1404:intelligent systems 1400:operations research 1395:systems engineering 1369:(1776) or Brunel's 1346:Lillian M. Gilbreth 1045:Business statistics 1028:International trade 1013:Business operations 709:Electronic business 614:Types of management 502:Financial statement 484:Economic statistics 352:Chief brand officer 308:Corporate liability 223:Sole proprietorship 203:Joint-stock company 5792:Management by type 5723:Pointy-haired Boss 5673:Management control 5509:Virtual management 4889:D. C. Montgomery, 4585:2013-11-13 at the 4437:. New York: Wiley. 4277:, 7th edition 2012 3902:2016-10-07 at the 3831:Project management 3662:Management Science 3577:safety engineering 3541:Demand forecasting 3533:standard deviation 3525:demand forecasting 3457:quality management 3453: 3397:. Computations of 3367: 3361:used to reach the 3327: 3201:lot-size reduction 3183: 3114: 3018:Lean manufacturing 2917: 2858: 2717: 2690:inventory turnover 2539:Service industries 2528:Service operations 2495:Operations systems 2411:bill payments and 2409:commercial banking 2361: 2310:petroleum products 2249: 2222: 2211:Production systems 2034:independent demand 1944:lean manufacturing 1904:linear programming 1704:flow process chart 1670:Intimate friendly 1594:petroleum industry 1549:Ford Motor Company 1432: 1253: 1182:quality management 1008:Consumer behaviour 810:Product life-cycle 597:Capital management 562:Managerial finance 253:Board of directors 106: 90: 86:Ford Motor Company 5747: 5746: 5693:Management system 5627:PhD in management 5399: 5398: 5258: 5257: 5171: 5170: 5139:Product lifecycle 4695:978-0-273-74048-3 4670:978-0-13-611941-8 4645:978-0-07-802407-8 4530:978-81-224-2883-4 4273:D.C. Montgomery, 4004:978-0-324-37787-3 3969:978-1-119-49733-2 3942:978-0-13-280739-5 3791:Change management 3559:problems involve 3545:capacity planning 3482:Ishikawa diagrams 3431:A control chart: 3278:flat organization 2936:bill of materials 2862:inventory control 2829:approach and the 2397:Order fulfillment 2381:assemble to order 2373:purchase to order 2369:engineer to order 2145:. Subsequently, 2038:bill of materials 1912:Soviet government 1900:Colossus computer 1775:inventory control 1627:piece-rate system 1539:to produce them. 1509:Richard Arkwright 1366:Wealth of Nations 1296:Division of labor 1190:inventory control 1101: 1100: 988:Business analysis 557:Corporate finance 527:Capital budgeting 464:Knowledge economy 258:Supervisory board 79: 78: 71: 5809: 5764: 5763: 5755: 5737: 5474:Management style 5184: 5183: 5054: 5053: 5047: 5046: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4919: 4918: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4820: 4814:. Archived from 4813: 4805: 4799: 4796: 4790: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4750: 4744: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4713: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4619:. Archived from 4613: 4607: 4606: 4595: 4589: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4535: 4534: 4522: 4511: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4469:Business Insider 4460: 4454: 4453: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4411: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4355: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4271: 4262: 4248: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4205: 4196: 4185: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4101: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4061: 4055: 4045: 4039: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4017: 4016: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3907: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3753: 3748: 3747: 3555:Other important 3363:optimal solution 3359:pivot operations 3262:group technology 3132:queue discipline 2882:base stock model 2878:newsvendor model 2870:inventory theory 2814:responsibilities 2573:quality service. 2389:work in progress 2257:information flow 2173:General Electric 2030:dependent demand 1876:analog computers 1619:Frederick Taylor 1511:in 1769 and the 1501:James Hargreaves 1485:textile industry 1361:Venetian Arsenal 1355:The idea of the 1308:Age of Discovery 1130:requirements. 1118:, ensuring that 1093: 1086: 1079: 1063: 1062: 1040:Business process 582:Financial market 419:Labour economics 414:Public economics 173:Corporation sole 108: 107: 74: 67: 63: 60: 54: 49:this article by 40:inline citations 27: 26: 19: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5758: 5750: 5748: 5743: 5727: 5636: 5605: 5586:Business school 5569: 5547: 5541: 5527:Decision-making 5519: 5513: 5484:Micromanagement 5479:Macromanagement 5431: 5425: 5395: 5351:Human resources 5346:Field inventory 5327: 5301: 5264: 5254: 5226: 5179: 5177: 5167: 5117: 5060: 5042: 5040: 5034: 4976:of organization 4975: 4969: 4951: 4946: 4916: 4911: 4855:Factory Physics 4838: 4836:Further reading 4833: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4741:Factory Physics 4738: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4632: 4628: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4587:Wayback Machine 4577: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4520: 4512: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4481: 4477: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4450:Wal-Mart Effect 4446: 4442: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4402: 4398: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4336:. McGraw-Hill. 4327: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4272: 4265: 4249: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4203: 4197: 4188: 4177: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4151:Shop Management 4145: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4046: 4042: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4005: 3989: 3985: 3970: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3910: 3904:Wayback Machine 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3846:Risk management 3816:Line management 3751:Business portal 3749: 3742: 3739: 3654: 3597: 3581:risk management 3553: 3537:forecast errors 3498:scatter diagram 3461:quality control 3407:optimal control 3355:feasible region 3325:of the network. 3311: 3270:job enlargement 2940:purchase orders 2920:Joseph Orlickly 2839:purchase orders 2778: 2600: 2536: 2530: 2514: 2497: 2285: 2277:decision making 2213: 2208: 2198:Factory Physics 2062:human resources 1862:in 1733 or the 1784:introduced the 1782:Walter Shewhart 1753:, material and 1645:(also known as 1614: 1582:mass production 1545: 1450:domestic system 1442: 1416: 1357:production line 1327:introduced the 1198: 1167:human resources 1097: 1057: 1050: 1049: 993:Business ethics 983: 973: 972: 913: 905: 904: 615: 607: 606: 602:Venture capital 532:Commercial bank 522:Insider dealing 497: 489: 488: 439:Planned economy 404: 394: 393: 338: 336:Corporate title 328: 327: 303:Corporate crime 283: 273: 272: 268:Audit committee 243: 233: 232: 188:Holding company 168:Corporate group 163: 156:Business entity 148: 147: 128: 75: 64: 58: 55: 45:Please help to 44: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5815: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5782:Business terms 5769: 5768: 5745: 5744: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5688:Management fad 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5648:Administration 5644: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5551: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5523: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5337: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5268: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5236: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5198: 5192: 5190: 5181: 5176:On activity or 5173: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5131: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5064: 5062: 5051: 5044: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4990: 4985: 4979: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4945: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4922: 4915: 4914:External links 4912: 4910: 4909: 4906:978-3662485132 4896:R. G. Poluha: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4873: 4863: 4850: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4800: 4791: 4775: 4766: 4754: 4745: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4701: 4694: 4676: 4669: 4651: 4644: 4626: 4623:on 2010-12-03. 4608: 4590: 4571: 4559: 4548: 4536: 4529: 4503: 4491: 4475: 4455: 4440: 4435:FedEx Delivers 4425: 4418: 4396: 4377: 4368: 4356: 4347: 4321: 4312: 4300: 4291: 4279: 4263: 4240: 4186: 4181:Process Charts 4171: 4159: 4139: 4127: 4115: 4109:978-0465012817 4108: 4086: 4074: 4056: 4040: 4027: 4018: 4003: 3983: 3968: 3948: 3941: 3923: 3908: 3889: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3733: 3726: 3719: 3714: 3707: 3700: 3693: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3665: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3619: 3610: 3596: 3593: 3552: 3549: 3523:usually cover 3506: 3505: 3503:stratification 3500: 3495: 3490: 3488:control charts 3485: 3479: 3474: 3387:linear algebra 3347:branch and cut 3335:Simplex method 3318:Queue networks 3310: 3307: 3293:control system 3274:job enrichment 3254: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3227: 3221: 3214: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3193: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3136: 3135: 3128: 3125: 3106: 3105: 3099: 3096:Cross training 3093: 3086: 3083: 3030:Toyoda Sakichi 2981:planning bills 2976: 2975: 2969: 2958: 2934:(MPS) and the 2854:global optimum 2790:organizational 2784:involves both 2780:Designing the 2777: 2774: 2666: 2665: 2658: 2652: 2638: 2625: 2619: 2599: 2596: 2575: 2574: 2567: 2561: 2554: 2532:Main article: 2529: 2526: 2513: 2512:Classification 2510: 2496: 2493: 2437:auto mechanics 2404:service sector 2353: 2352: 2349:assembly shops 2345:assembly lines 2341:fixed position 2337:transfer lines 2313: 2284: 2283:Classification 2281: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2190: 2184: 2150: 2125: 2121:Michael Hammer 2042:product design 2017: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1995: 1971:Toyoda Sakichi 1916:simplex method 1694:, gave way to 1676: 1675: 1668: 1665: 1658: 1623:cutting metals 1613: 1610: 1544: 1541: 1497:spinning jenny 1489:flying shuttle 1415: 1412: 1408:World Wide Web 1234:ancient Greece 1208:started using 1197: 1194: 1178:process design 1174:product design 1099: 1098: 1096: 1095: 1088: 1081: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1025: 1023:Business model 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 984: 979: 978: 975: 974: 971: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 903: 902: 897: 892: 891: 890: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 854: 853: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 791: 790: 779: 774: 773: 772: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 741: 740: 732:Human resource 729: 724: 723: 722: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 674:Communications 671: 670: 669: 659: 658: 657: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 616: 613: 612: 609: 608: 605: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 552:Public finance 549: 547:Financial risk 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 498: 495: 494: 491: 490: 487: 486: 481: 476: 474:Macroeconomics 471: 469:Microeconomics 466: 461: 459:Market economy 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 405: 400: 399: 396: 395: 392: 391: 382: 373: 368: 363: 354: 345: 339: 334: 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 320: 315: 313:Insolvency law 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 288:Commercial law 284: 279: 278: 275: 274: 271: 270: 265: 263:Advisory board 260: 255: 250: 244: 239: 238: 235: 234: 231: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 164: 154: 153: 150: 149: 146: 145: 140: 135: 129: 124: 123: 120: 119: 115: 114: 77: 76: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5814: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5787:Manufacturing 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5756: 5753: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5708:Managerialism 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5653:Collaboration 5651: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5555:Peter Drucker 5553: 5552: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5504:Team building 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5261: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5174: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5149: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5083:Communication 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5037: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4938: 4936: 4931: 4929: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4885: 4881: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4821:on 2013-05-27 4817: 4810: 4804: 4795: 4789: 4788:0-256-11379-3 4785: 4779: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4749: 4742: 4736: 4727: 4718: 4711: 4705: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4672: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4647: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4575: 4568: 4567:J.C. Wortmann 4563: 4557: 4552: 4543: 4541: 4532: 4526: 4519: 4518: 4510: 4508: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4459: 4451: 4444: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4419:0-553-34759-4 4415: 4410: 4409: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4372: 4363: 4361: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4276: 4270: 4268: 4260: 4259:0-87389-076-0 4256: 4252: 4247: 4245: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4183: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4163: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4147:Taylor, F. W. 4143: 4136: 4135:Taylor, F. W. 4131: 4125: 4119: 4111: 4105: 4100: 4099: 4090: 4083: 4078: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4052:A. G. Bedeian 4049: 4044: 4037: 4031: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3952: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3920: 3915: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3893: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3746: 3741: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3595:Organizations 3592: 3591:integration. 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3529:safety stocks 3526: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3477:Pareto charts 3475: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3439:and for each 3438: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3399:safety stocks 3396: 3392: 3391:Markov chains 3388: 3384: 3380: 3377:problems and 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3283: 3282:vendor rating 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216:single-point 3215: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3139: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3110: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2973: 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1857: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1816:In the 1940s 1813: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786:control chart 1783: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1700:standard time 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1577: 1575: 1569: 1567: 1566:Highland Park 1563: 1562:assembly line 1559: 1554: 1550: 1540: 1538: 1537:mechanization 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1503:in 1765, the 1502: 1498: 1495:in 1733, the 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1437: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383:conveyor belt 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1334:work sampling 1330: 1326: 1321: 1318: 1314: 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Maynard 1815: 1803: 1779: 1764: 1744: 1732: 1727: 1708:Morris Cooke 1692:motion study 1677: 1636: 1615: 1598: 1579: 1571: 1546: 1513:steam engine 1482: 1468:, passed to 1454:craft guilds 1443: 1387:World War II 1364: 1354: 1350: 1322: 1300:civilization 1289: 1285: 1254: 1239: 1214:organization 1199: 1171: 1151:organization 1132: 1103: 1102: 918:Architecture 912:Organization 878:Supply chain 781: 704:Earned value 577:Stock market 454:Open economy 444:Econometrics 183:Conglomerate 96:Post office 65: 56: 37: 5532:Forecasting 5449:Distributed 5356:Information 5333:On resource 5277:Engineering 5103:Performance 5061:(top-level) 4988:Association 4866:R. B. Chase 4843:Daniel Wren 4603:madehow.com 4393:(4): 41–52. 3919:R. B. Chase 3561:maintenance 3287:In heavily 2949:demand and 2798:outsourcing 2756:bottlenecks 2748:maintenance 2679:positioning 2645:proportions 2641:Flexibility 2636:punctuality 2557:Perishable. 2489:perspective 2481:outsourcing 2472:distressing 2444:ideal types 2317:fabrication 2247:operations. 2066:procurement 1953:arrived at 1908:Kantorovich 1888:Konrad Zuse 1882:(1872) and 1864:multipliers 1810:probability 1759:setup costs 1720:Hugo Diemer 1716:Henry Gantt 1672:cooperation 1505:water frame 1444:Before the 1422:Marshall's 1375:Ransom Olds 1313:Eli Whitney 1304:Renaissance 1257:Middle Ages 1153:along with 1033:Trade route 948:Engineering 943:Development 795:Performance 738:development 699:Distributed 572:Liquidation 213:Partnership 198:Corporation 193:Cooperative 51:introducing 5776:Categories 5537:Leadership 5520:activities 5432:approaches 5386:Technology 5306:On problem 5287:Perception 5240:Accounting 5205:production 5201:Operations 5178:department 5093:Innovation 5068:Capability 5030:Reputation 5010:Healthcare 4998:Restaurant 4949:Management 4825:2012-07-17 4809:"Rankings" 4330:Feigenbaum 4082:Henry Ford 4048:D. A. Wren 4034:Xenophon, 3978:1119125081 3873:References 3575:(see also 3557:management 3414:simulation 3258:modularity 3218:scheduling 3068:throughput 2999:(ERP) and 2989:lead times 2987:and fixed 2913:scheduling 2802:automation 2744:breakdowns 2739:Throughput 2605:efficiency 2564:Ownership. 2501:production 2417:physicians 2383:(ATO) and 2261:purchasing 2169:Jack Welch 2124:processes. 2073:McDonald's 2058:accounting 1942:(TPS) and 1712:Carl Barth 1680:time study 1632:soldiering 1558:Henry Ford 1517:James Watt 1474:shoemakers 1434:See also: 1406:, and the 1391:industrial 1379:Henry Ford 1281:shoemakers 1249:Shoemakers 1120:businesses 1108:production 900:Technology 782:Operations 662:Commercial 655:innovation 645:Capability 537:Derivative 126:Accounting 34:references 5574:Education 5546:Pioneers, 5439:Adhocracy 5404:Positions 5376:Materials 5366:Knowledge 5282:Logistics 5196:Marketing 5088:Financial 5058:Strategic 5041:within an 5039:By focus, 4708:T. Hill, 4342:250573852 4036:Cyropedia 3632:(INFORMS) 3521:textbooks 3514:Six Sigma 3493:histogram 3441:statistic 3373:: mainly 3297:deadlocks 3289:automated 3230:poka-yoke 3179:takt time 3072:takt time 2972:Heuristic 2905:workloads 2728:power law 2671:marketing 2632:lead time 2583:Six Sigma 2508:factors. 2468:finishing 2433:hospitals 2365:lead time 2343:systems, 2325:job shops 2245:machining 2153:Six Sigma 2024:(MRP) at 1999:poka-yoke 1872:computers 1790:Bell Labs 1690:Gilbreth 1647:Taylorism 1574:conveyors 1523:the term 1458:merchants 1329:stopwatch 1323:In 1883, 1220:in large 1206:Egyptians 1159:marketing 1143:consumers 1124:efficient 968:Structure 953:Hierarchy 873:Strategic 760:Materials 750:Knowledge 727:Financial 667:Marketing 512:Factoring 507:Insurance 409:Commodity 402:Economics 59:July 2024 5548:scholars 5430:Methods, 5313:Conflict 5129:Facility 5050:On scope 5020:Military 4993:Business 4983:Academic 4583:Archived 4487:J.Champy 4483:M.Hammer 4013:73996956 3900:Archived 3737:See also 3652:Journals 3351:polytope 3065:expected 3049:Heijunka 2985:capacity 2884:and the 2794:capacity 2760:capacity 2733:stockout 2456:spinning 2425:airlines 2321:assembly 2273:modeling 2269:analysis 2265:customer 2220:machine. 2157:Motorola 2099:ISO 9000 1868:Lagrange 1780:In 1924 1755:overhead 1747:Interest 1733:In 1913 1493:John Kay 1478:saddlers 1470:curriers 1462:artisans 1426:mill in 1373:(1802). 1342:Frank B. 1306:and the 1273:artisans 1230:Xenophon 1222:projects 1210:planning 1202:Sumerian 1186:capacity 1128:customer 1116:services 958:Patterns 938:Conflict 923:Behavior 863:Security 840:Resource 825:Property 788:services 745:Incident 684:Conflict 640:Capacity 343:Chairman 298:Contract 102:services 5610:Degrees 5518:Skills, 5411:Interim 5250:Records 5215:Quality 5210:Process 5180:managed 5163:Program 5151:Project 5134:Product 5113:Systems 5073:Capital 4974:By type 4233:Nov 21, 3762:(APICS) 3647:(ATMAE) 3443:of the 3433:process 3118:kanbans 3003:(APS). 2752:strikes 2622:Quality 2560:supply. 2518:service 2485:from a 2464:weaving 2452:carding 2421:lawyers 2379:(MTO), 2375:(PTO), 2371:(ETO), 2233:pallets 2087:Walmart 1920:Dantzig 1688:Lillian 1655:science 1553:model T 1428:Holbeck 1265:vassals 1255:In the 1218:control 1196:History 1163:finance 933:Culture 883:Systems 868:Service 847: 835:Records 830:Quality 820:Project 815:Product 805:Process 784: 765:Network 734: 716: 689:Content 496:Finance 178:Company 47:improve 5752:Portal 5421:Senior 5416:Middle 5381:Skills 5323:Stress 5318:Crisis 5297:Talent 5245:Office 5078:Change 5025:Public 4904: 4860:online 4786: 4692: 4667: 4642: 4527: 4499:Womack 4416: 4340: 4257: 4228:170962 4226: 4106: 4011: 4001: 3976: 3966: 3939: 3463:. The 3445:sample 3234:yokeru 3102:Layout 3089:Set-up 3055:and a 3022:Toyota 2993:MRP II 2876:, the 2810:skills 2654:Stock 2649:output 2460:dyeing 2429:hotels 2302:cement 2206:Topics 2106:Amazon 2046:MRP II 2040:, via 1980:Deming 1841:motion 1806:limits 1726:book: 1662:worker 1649:) as: 1466:tanner 1277:guilds 1251:, 1568 1216:, and 1147:energy 1145:, and 895:Talent 851:crisis 777:Office 650:Change 36:, but 5641:Other 5232:Staff 5222:Sales 5144:Brand 5098:Legal 5005:Court 4819:(PDF) 4812:(PDF) 4521:(PDF) 4224:JSTOR 4204:(PDF) 4069:(PDF) 3345:(ex: 2951:level 2947:chase 2673:(see 2616:Price 2448:jeans 2306:nylon 2298:paper 2241:tools 2177:DMAIC 2080:FedEx 1984:Juran 1860:Euler 1751:wages 1684:Frank 1269:serfs 1226:China 1139:labor 1112:goods 981:Trade 963:Space 858:Sales 800:Power 755:Legal 625:Brand 620:Asset 143:Audit 98:queue 5391:Time 5371:Land 5188:Line 5108:Risk 4902:ISBN 4784:ISBN 4690:ISBN 4665:ISBN 4640:ISBN 4525:ISBN 4414:ISBN 4338:OCLC 4255:ISBN 4235:2012 4104:ISBN 4050:and 4009:OCLC 3999:ISBN 3974:OCLC 3964:ISBN 3937:ISBN 3587:and 3579:and 3567:and 3512:and 3449:mean 3393:and 3385:and 3280:and 3238:poka 3190:SMED 3042:PDCA 3036:and 3028:and 2964:and 2924:push 2892:and 2831:pull 2827:push 2812:and 2788:and 2704:and 2677:and 2628:Time 2520:and 2479:and 2470:and 2462:and 2435:and 2427:and 2419:and 2347:and 2335:and 2308:and 2291:). 2275:and 2237:AGVs 2181:DFSS 2137:Mura 2133:Muri 2129:Muda 2064:and 2032:and 1986:and 1773:and 1686:and 1599:The 1592:and 1564:was 1476:and 1452:and 1438:and 1424:flax 1393:and 1344:and 1336:and 1290:The 1267:and 1165:and 1122:are 1114:and 845:Risk 160:list 4216:doi 3583:), 3571:), 3535:of 3459:or 3157:WIP 3053:MPS 2966:ILP 2819:In 2681:). 2439:). 2399:.) 2393:WIP 2171:of 2026:IBM 1932:MRP 1918:of 1878:by 1605:GDP 1515:by 1507:by 1499:by 1491:by 1110:of 587:Tax 5778:: 4845:, 4601:. 4539:^ 4506:^ 4485:, 4466:. 4391:50 4389:. 4359:^ 4266:^ 4243:^ 4222:. 4212:38 4210:. 4206:. 4189:^ 4149:, 4007:. 3972:. 3911:^ 3539:. 3409:. 3339:LP 3276:, 3272:, 3268:, 3264:, 3260:, 3244:5S 3063:, 2995:, 2962:LP 2880:, 2766:. 2735:. 2708:. 2700:, 2688:(= 2524:. 2458:, 2454:, 2331:, 2327:, 2304:, 2300:, 2271:, 2068:. 2060:, 2056:, 1982:, 1946:. 1926:. 1832:. 1777:. 1730:. 1596:. 1480:. 1236:: 1212:, 1184:, 1180:, 1176:, 1161:, 1157:, 1141:, 1137:, 5754:: 5203:/ 4941:e 4934:t 4927:v 4908:. 4828:. 4698:. 4673:. 4648:. 4605:. 4533:. 4472:. 4422:. 4344:. 4237:. 4218:: 4157:) 4112:. 4071:. 4015:. 3980:. 3945:. 3365:. 3240:) 3181:. 3082:. 2968:) 2915:. 2856:. 2312:. 1745:" 1664:; 1657:; 1092:e 1085:t 1078:v 387:/ 378:/ 359:/ 350:/ 162:) 158:( 104:. 72:) 66:( 61:) 57:( 43:.

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