Operation Michael - Knowledge

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solid were about faced and moved off to the attack with an enthusiasm that is nothing short of incredible. By rights, the Brigade should have been incapable of the action yet those quoted as being there remark that it was the most memorable event of the entire rearguard action. At 5pm, with the Fusiliers on the right, the Bedfords on the left and the Northamptons in reserve, the Brigade formed up with the Babouef to Compeigne road on their right and the southern edge of the woods above Babouef to their left. The Germans had not expected a British counter attack, thinking there was nothing but ragged French units in their area, so were surprised at the arrival of three small but determined British battalions. They put little fight up and many Germans fell in the hand to hand fighting that lasted for around

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made more progress south of Arras, his troops posed less of a threat to the stronger Third Army than the Fifth Army, because the British defences to the north were superior and because of the obstacle of the old Somme battlefield. Ludendorff expected that his troops would advance 8 km (5 mi) on the first day and capture the Allied field artillery. Ludendorff's dilemma was that the parts of the Allied line that he needed to break most were also the best defended. Much of the German advance was achieved quickly but in the wrong direction, on the southern flank where the Fifth Army defences were weakest. Operation Mars was hastily prepared, to try to widen the breach in the Third Army lines but was repulsed, achieving little but German casualties.

1701:, composed during the 1920s, describes Petain as informing Haig on 24 March, that the French army were preparing to fall back towards Beauvais to protect Paris if the German advance continued. This would create a gap between the British and French armies and force the British to retreat towards the Channel Ports. The traditional account then describes Haig as sending a telegram to the War Office to request an Allied conference. More recent historians view this view as a fabrication: the earlier manuscript version of Haig's diary, rather than the edited typeset version, is silent on the supposed telegram and Petain's willingness to abandon the British for Paris (a withdrawal which is also geographically implausible). 1473:. The 54th Brigade were holding the line directly to their south and were initially unaware of their predicament, as they were unknowingly being outflanked and surrounded. The 54th Brigade History records "the weather still favoured the Germans. Fog was thick over the rivers, canals and little valleys, so that he could bring up fresh masses of troops unseen". In the confusion, Brigade HQ tried to establish what was happening around Jussy and by late morning the British were retreating in front of German troops who had crossed the Crozat Canal at many points. All lines of defence had been overrun and there was nothing left to stop the German advance; during the day Aubigny, Brouchy, Cugny and Eaucourt fell. 1394:

often not knowing who was to either side of them. Brigade and battalion control over events was absent. It was a day of stubborn and often heroic actions by platoons, sections and even individuals isolated from their comrades by the fragmented nature of the battle and lack of visibility. The greatest danger facing the British on 22 March was that the Third and Fifth Armies might become separated. Byng did not order a retirement from the Flesquières salient, which his army had won at such cost and Haig ordered him to keep in contact with the Fifth Army, even if that required a further retreat; the day also saw the first French troops enter the battle on the southern flank.

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small redoubts for two or four platoons. Posts and redoubts were sited so that intervening ground could be swept by machine-gun and rifle-fire or from machine-guns adjacent to the redoubts. Defence of the Forward Zone depended on fire-power rather than large numbers of troops but in the Fifth Army area a lack of troops meant that the zone was too weak to be able to repulse a large attack. The Battle Zone was also usually organised in three defensive systems, front, intermediate and rear, connected by communication trenches and switch lines, with the defenders concentrated in centres of resistance rather than in continuous lines. About

1710: 347: 237: 217: 119: 1770: 160: 1622:. A series of small German attacks dislodged the exhausted British troops piecemeal and gaps in the front created by this staggered withdrawal were exploited by the Germans. The 54th Brigade was slowly outflanked by attacks from the north-east and north-west, the brigade fell back into Villeselve and were heavily bombarded by German Artillery from around 12:00. British troops, supported by French infantry attempted to hold the line here but the French received orders to retreat, leaving the British flank exposed; the British retreated with the French and fell back through 1885:

action north of Guiscard the night before and their retreat was a 50-kilometre (30 mi) continuous night march from Guiscard to Erches, along the Guerbigny–Bouchoir road. They route-marched through Bussy to Avricourt, then on to Tilloloy, Popincourt, Grivillers, Marquivillers and finally via Guerbigny to Erches, where they arrived, completely exhausted, around 11:00 on 26 March. The German troops who took Roye during the early hours of the morning, continued to advance on the Bouchoir–Guerbigny line and by mid-morning were in Andechy, 5.6 kilometres (

147: 876:). During the winter of 1917–1918, the new British line was established in an arc around St. Quentin, by many small unit actions among the ruined villages in the area. There were many isolated outposts, gaps in the line and large areas of disputed territory and waste land. These positions were slowly improved by building the new three-zone system of defence in depth but much of the work was performed by infantry working-parties. Most of the redoubts in the battle zone were complete by March 1918 but the rear zone was still under construction. 271: 249: 1191:

German preparations, new supply roads had been constructed and shell craters had been turned into concealed trench mortar batteries. Heavily laden motorised and horse-drawn transports had been seen heading into St. Quentin from the east, and in the distance German officers were observed studying British lines. The British replied with nightly bombardments of the German front line, rear areas and possible assembly areas. A few days before the attack, two German deserters slipped through No Man's Land and surrendered to the

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barely 10 m (10 yd) in places and the fog was extremely slow to dissipate throughout the morning. The fog and smoke from the bombardment made visibility poor throughout the day, allowing the German infantry to infiltrate deep behind the British front positions undetected. Much of the Forward Zone fell during the morning as communication failed; telephone wires were cut and runners struggled to find their way through the dense fog and heavy shelling. Headquarters were cut off and unable to influence the battle.

2073:. His aim was to secure that town and the surrounding high ground from which artillery bombardments could systematically destroy Amiens and render it useless to the Allies. The fighting was remarkable on two counts: the first use of tanks simultaneously by both sides in the war and a night counter-attack hastily organised by the Australian and British units (including the exhausted 54th Brigade) which re-captured Villers-Bretonneux and halted the German advance. From north to south, the line was held by the 1812: 1860:

the northern end of the village, they produced an instantaneous effect. Some three hundred of the enemy, about to enter it from the east, fled in panic. A number of others, finding their retreat cut off, surrendered to some infantry of the 51st Divn…" Despite this success German pressure on Byng's southern flank and communication misunderstandings resulted in the premature retirement of units from Bray and the abandonment of the Somme crossings westwards. To the south of the Somme the 1/1st Herts were:

1538: mi) west of Bapaume). 2nd Army will take Miraumont–Lihons (near Chaulnes) as direction of advance. 18th Army, echeloned, will take Chaulnes–Noyon as direction of advance, and will send strong forces via Ham". The 17th Army was to roll-up British forces northwards and the 2nd Army was to attack west along the Somme, towards the vital railway centre of Amiens. The 18th Army was to head south-west, destroying French reinforcements on their line of march and threatening the approaches to Paris in the 1497:

stubbornly defended. The Bn then retired with difficulty to the line protecting the PERONNE–CLERY road with the remainder of the 116th Inf. Bde. to cover the retreat of the 117th and 118th Inf. Bdes. When this had been successfully accomplished under very harassing machine gun fire from the enemy, the Bn conformed to the general retirement on CLERY village where it concentrated. The remnants of the Bn then defended a line of trenches between the village and running down to the River SOMME.

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Elsewhere the transport infrastructure had been demolished and wells poisoned during the German retreat to the Hindenburg Line in March 1917. The initial German jubilation at the successful opening of the offensive soon turned to disappointment as it became clear that the attack had not been decisive. Marix Evans wrote in 2002, that the magnitude of the Allied defeat was not decisive, because reinforcements were arriving in large numbers, that by 6 April the BEF would have received

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where the defences had been completed and had been captured. Most of the troops in the zone were taken prisoner by the Germans who moved up unseen in the fog; garrisons in the various keeps and redoubts had been surrounded. Many parties inflicted heavy losses on the Germans, despite attacks on their trenches with flame throwers. Some surrounded units surrendered once cut off, after running out of ammunition and having had many casualties; others fought to the last man.

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barrage of 6,000 guns on the Western Front, refers to the recent defeat of Russia which allowed the release of troops from the East to reinforce the Western armies, and expresses the hope of the High Command that victory in the offensive before America can effectively intervene will win the war for Germany. The second half of the movie following the intermission begins with the breakdown of the German attack and the armies being forced into retreat.

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by all the laws of strategy they ought to have done, was the heroism of the Fifth Army and its utter refusal to break. They fought a 38-mile rearguard action, contesting every village, field and, on occasion, yard ... With no reserves and no strongly defended line to its rear, and with eighty German divisions against fifteen British, the Fifth Army fought the Somme offensive to a standstill on the Ancre, not retreating beyond Villers-Bretonneux.

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themselves, started at Curlu on the Somme and ran past places well known in the battle of the Somme, the Bazentins and High Wood, and then extended due north to Arras. It was, for the most part, continuous, but broken and irregular in the centre where some parts were in advance of others; and there were actually many gaps... Further, the men of the right and centre corps ... were almost exhausted owing to hunger and prolonged lack of sleep.

2127: 1989:] very few men. The retirement took place in daylight through HARBONNIERS & CAIX. At the latter place the Bn attacked the enemy successfully but thereafter had orders to retire on COYEUX where it again assembled in a counter attack in which the acting Commanding Officer was wounded. During the day rearguard actions took place along the river bed to IGNAUCOURT. In the evening the Bn went into trenches in front of AUBERCOURT. 1864:... moved forward through CHUIGNES to a line in front of the CHUIGNES-FOUCACOURT road I support to the 117th and 118th Bdes. After covering their retirement the Bn fought a series of rearguard actions on the many ridges in front of the village of CHUIGNOLLES. In the afternoon the Bn occupied the PROYART-FROISSY road. Orders were given for the Bn to withdraw behind PROYART, astride the FOUCACOURT-MANOTTE road. 1293:, at the XVIII Corps HQ he was briefed that the Battle Zone was intact and at the XIX Corps HQ found that the Forward Zone on each flank had been captured. Gough ordered that ground was to be held for as long as possible but that the left flank was to be withdrawn, to maintain touch with the VII Corps. The 50th Division was ordered forward as a reinforcement for the next day. On the VII Corps front, 956:

telephone exchanges, railways and communication centres. There were three phases to the bombardment: a brief fire on command and communications, then a destructive counter-battery bombardment and then bombardment of front-line positions. The deep bombardment aimed to knock out the opponent's ability to respond; it lasted only a few hours to retain surprise, before the infantry attacked behind a

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for a new line which would be formed between Bouchoir and Guerbigny. During the day, the Germans made a rapid advance and Allied troops and civilians with laden carts and wagons filled the roads south and west. The Germans passed through Libermont and over the Canal du Nord. Further north, the town of Nesle was captured, while south-west of Libermont German troops faced the French along the

1825:, and Generals Pétain, Foch, Haig and Wilson. The result of the meeting was that General Foch was first given command on the Western Front and then made Generalissimo of the Allied forces. It was agreed to hold the Germans east of Amiens and an increasing number of French formations would reinforce the Fifth Army, eventually taking over large parts of the front south of Amiens. 982:. This reduced the proportion of troops in the front line, which was lightly held by snipers, patrols and machine-gun posts and concentrated reserves and supply dumps to the rear, away from German artillery. British divisions arranged their nine infantry battalions in the forward and battle zones according to local conditions and the views of commanders; about 1920:

than 30 kilometres (20 mi) east of Amiens. This was a consequence of the precipitate abandonment of Bray and the winding line of the Somme river, with its important bridgeheads westwards towards Sailly-le-Sec, by the Third Army on the afternoon of 26 March. The important communications centre of Montdidier was lost by the French on 27 March.

812:. There were 110 of these divisions on the front line, and 50 of them faced the smaller British front. With 31 facing the BEF, there were 67 additional divisions in reserve. 318,000 American soldiers were expected in France by May 1918, and another million were expected by August. The Germans knew that the only chance of victory was to defeat the 865:, had agreed that the BEF would take over more of the front line, at the Boulogne Conference, against military advice, after which the British line was extended. The "line", taken over from the French, barely existed, needing much work to make it easily defensible to the positions further north, which slowed progress in the area of the 1880:

remains of the four divisions, the 20th, 36th, 30th and 61st, of the XVIII Corps. These General Maxse had instructed to assemble at and north-west of Roye, in order to keep connection between Robillot's Corps and the XIX Corps and to ensure that if the Allied Armies separated, the XVIII Corps might still remain with the Fifth Army.

1410:, to which the survivors retired. The redoubt was reinforced by two companies of the 18th King's and attacked from all sides after the units on the flanks had been pushed back. The Bedfords were ordered to retire just as their ammunition ran out and retreated through the lines of the 20th Division, having lost half their number. 1928:

forward to the left and cover their withdrawal. After having skilfully carried this out the Bn conformed to the general withdrawal to a line between MORCOURT and the FOUCACOURT–LAMOTTE road. The Bn collected and assembled, then counter attacked the enemy, driving him back to within a few hundred yards of the village of MORCOURT.

1195:. They spoke of troops, batteries of artillery and trench mortars massing on the German front. They reported massed trench mortars directly in front of 36th Division lines for wire cutting and an artillery bombardment, lasting several hours, as a preliminary to an infantry assault. During the night of 20 March, troops of the 1738:

them retreated, so another retirement was ordered. They withdrew back to Mont Du Grandu further south and away from the British Fifth Army. Midday saw them in a stronger position until French artillery and machine guns opened fire on them, mistaking them for Germans, forcing them to retire to high ground west of Grandu.

1794:, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, arrived at General Headquarters at 11:00 on 25 March, where they discussed the position of the British Armies astride the river Somme. Haig wanted at least twenty French divisions to help defend Amiens and delivered a message for the French Premier Clemenceau. The 1982:

The position gained was held stubbornly against all enemy attempts to retake it. On the morning of the 28th orders were received for a speedy evacuation of this line. The enemy at this point was well in our rear in possession of LAMOTTE so that the withdrawal had to be done quickly. The Bn showed the

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salient, created during the Battle of Cambrai. The 18th Army, transferred from the Eastern Front, planned its attack either side of St. Quentin, to divide the British and French armies. The two northern armies would then attack the British position around Arras, before advancing north-west to cut off

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bypassed heavily defended areas, which follow-up infantry units could deal with once they were isolated, and occupied territory rapidly to disrupt communication by attacking enemy headquarters, artillery units and supply depots in the rear. Each division transferred its best and fittest soldiers into

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took place against the French in the Champagne region. Although British intelligence knew that a German offensive was being prepared, this far-reaching plan was much more ambitious than Allied commanders expected. Ludendorff aimed to advance across the Somme, then wheel north-west, to cut the British

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had commanded the attack on Riga in late 1917 and because the 18th Army under his command had advanced the furthest during Operation Michael but the methods used in 1918 had been developed in the trench warfare of the Western Front 1915–1917. German artillery tactics in 1918 were also the product of

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were lost. It was of little military value with the casualties suffered by the German elite troops and the failure to capture Amiens and Arras. The captured ground was hard to move over and difficult to defend, as much of it was part of the shell-torn wilderness left by the 1916 Battle of the Somme.

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The offensive saw a great wrong perpetrated on a distinguished British commander that was not righted for many years. Gough's Fifth Army had been spread thin on a 42-mile front lately taken over from the exhausted and demoralized French. The reason why the Germans did not break through to Paris, as

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The town was then occupied by German troops who looted writing paper, wine and other items they found. 27 March saw a series of continuous complex actions and movements during the defensive battle of XIX Corps against incessant German attacks from the north, east and north-west around Rosières, less

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After three days the infantry was exhausted and the advance bogged down, as it became increasingly difficult to move artillery and supplies over the Somme battlefield of 1916 and the wasteland of the 1917 German retreat to the Hindenburg Line. German troops had also examined abandoned British supply

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By nightfall, the British had lost the line of the Somme, except for a stretch between the Omignon and the Tortille. The fighting and retirements in the face of unceasing pressure by the 2nd Army led the right of the Third Army to give up ground as it tried to maintain contact with the left flank of

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On the second day of the offensive, British troops continued to fall back, losing their last footholds on the original front line. Thick fog impeded operations and did not disperse until early afternoon. Isolated engagements took place as the Germans pressed forward and the British held their posts,

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had been captured and the 39th Division was being brought forward; on the rest of the front, the 21st and 9th divisions were maintaining their positions and had preserved the link with V Corps of the Third Army in the Flesquières Salient to the north. The Fifth Army "Forward Zone", was the only area

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When the infantry assault began at 09:40, the German infantry had mixed success; the German 17th and 2nd Armies were unable to penetrate the Battle Zone on the first day but the 18th Army advanced further and reached its objectives. Dawn broke to reveal a heavy morning mist. By 05:00, visibility was

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In the Weekly Intelligence Summary of 10 March 1918, British intelligence predicted a German offensive in the Arras–St. Quentin area based on air reconnaissance photographs and the testimony of deserters; the prediction was reiterated in the next summary on 17 March. Allied aircraft had photographed

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Today (March 30) saw the enemy advancing on the right flank on the other side of the river de LUCE. He very soon enfiladed our positions both with artillery and machine guns. This was followed by a strong enemy bombardment and attack on our front. After a stubborn resistance the Bn fell back to the

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The focus of the German attack changed again on 28 March. The Third Army, around Arras, that would be the target of Operation Mars. Twenty-nine divisions attacked the Third Army and were repulsed. German troops advancing against the Fifth Army, from the original front at St. Quentin, had penetrated

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The Bn who were in trenches on both sides of the road were ordered to move forward in support of the 118th Bde, being temporarily attached to the 4/5th Black Watch Regt. Soon after moving forward British troops were seen retiring to the left in large numbers. Consequently the Bn was ordered to move

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Most of the 36th Division had arrived in their new lines around 02:00 on 26 March, and were able to sleep for about six hours, the longest continuous sleep they had in six days, as German troops occupied Roye. The 9th Irish Fusiliers were a long way behind the rest of the Division, delayed by their

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More orders were received at 3pm to move to Varesnes on the south bank of the River Oise but whilst en-route they were countermanded with surprise orders to counter attack and retake a village called Babouef. Therefore, the war worn Brigade who had been fighting and marching for four punishing days

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The remaining troops of the 36th Division were ordered to withdraw and reorganise. To give support to French troops now holding the front, they set off on a 24-kilometre (15 mi) march west. Around midday, they halted for a few hours rest near Avricourt. While there they received orders to head

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The focus of fighting developed to the north of the 54th Brigade, who were now joined with the French and the survivors of the 18th Division, who could scarcely raise enough men to form a small Brigade. By 10:00 on the 25th, the left flank of 7th Bedfordshires was again exposed as the French around

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By now, the front line was badly fragmented and highly fluid, as the remnants of the divisions of the Fifth Army were fighting and moving in small bodies, often composed of men of different units. German units advanced irregularly and some British units ended up under French command to the south or

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Before dawn the Bn marched to BUSSU & dug in hastily on the east side of the village. When both flanks became exposed the Bn retired to a line of trenches covering the PERONNE–NURLU road. After covering the 4/5th Black Watch Regt on the left the Bn withdrew to the ST. DENNIS line which was very

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Training emphasised rapid advance, the silencing of machine-guns and maintaining communication with the artillery, to ensure that infantry and the creeping barrage moved together. Infantry were issued with light machine-guns, mortars and rifle grenades and intensively trained. Thirty divisions were

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old were transferred, a machine-gun unit, air support and a communications unit were added to each division and the supply and medical branches were re-equipped but a chronic shortage of horses and fodder could not be remedied. Around the new year the mobile divisions were withdrawn for training in

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and pioneer battalions of the Fifth Army held the Forward Zone. Artillery, trench mortars and machine-guns were also arranged in depth, in positions chosen to allow counter-battery fire, harassing fire on transport routes, fire on assembly trenches and to be able to fire barrages along the front of

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lines of communication behind the Artois front, trapping the BEF in Flanders. Allied forces would be drawn away from the Channel ports, which were essential for British supply; the Germans could then attack these ports and other lines of communication. The British would be surrounded and surrender.

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depicts Operation Michael as the big German offensive Bruno Stachel's (George Peppard) squadron is supporting with strafing attacks and aerial combat against Allied air forces. At a squadron party celebrating one pilot's award of the Blue Max medal, the General (James Mason) announces the pending

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tanks which were lighter and faster than the Mark IVs. This was their first time in action. At around 13:00, "twelve Whippets of the 3rd Tank Battalion suddenly appeared from Colincamps, which they had reached at midday, and where there were only two infantry posts of the 51st Div. Debouching from

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What remains in my memory of this day is the constant taking up of new positions, followed by constant orders to retire, terrible blocks on the roads, inability to find anyone anywhere; by exceeding good luck almost complete freedom from shelling, a complete absence of food of any kind except what

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Late that night Haig (after first dining with General Byng when he urged Third Army to "hold on ... at all costs") travelled to Dury to meet the French commander-in-chief, General Pétain, at 23:00. Pétain was concerned that the British Fifth Army was beaten and that the "main" German offensive was

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After an intense bombardment of our trenches the enemy attacked with large numbers. The Bn, after heavy fighting, retired to a crest in front of the FEVILLERS-HEM WOOD ROAD. Here the Bn lost its Commanding Officer, Lieut. Colonel E. C. M. PHILLIPS, about whom, up to the time of writing, nothing is

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The Forward Zone was organised in three lines to a depth depending on the local terrain. The first two lines were not held continuously, particularly in the Fifth Army area, where they were in isolated outpost groups in front of an irregular line of supporting posts. The third line was a series of

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Developments in artillery tactics were also influential. Ludendorff was able to dispense with slow destructive and wire-cutting bombardments by using the large number of artillery pieces and mortars to fire "hurricane" bombardments concentrated on artillery and machine-gun positions, headquarters,

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The German attack against the Third Army was less successful than that against the Fifth Army. The German 17th Army east of Arras advanced only 3 km (2 mi) during the offensive, largely due to the British bastion of Vimy Ridge, the northern anchor of the British defences. Although Below

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Of the front between the Oise and the Somme, the French held 18 miles and the British 19 miles . It was for the greater part a continuous line; but there was a three-mile space between the French left at Roye and the right of the XIX Corps at Fransart... To fill the gap there were available the

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The whole of the Third Army had swung back, pivoting on its left, so that, although the VI and XVII Corps were little behind their positions of the 21st March, the right of V Corps had retired seventeen miles . The new line, consisting partly of old trenches and partly shallow ones dug by the men

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of the 6th Northamptonshire Battalion in the 54th Brigade, despite having never been in battle before, led a small and untried platoon as part of a counter-attack made by three companies, against German troops who had captured the Montagne Bridge on the Crozat Canal. The bridge was recaptured and

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Small parties of British troops fought delaying actions, to allow those to their rear to reach new defensive positions. Some British battalions continued to resist in the Battle Zone and delay the German advance, even managing to withdraw at the last moment. At l'Épine de Dallon the 2nd Wiltshire

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were fired in five hours, hitting targets over an area of 400 km (150 sq mi) in the biggest barrage of the war, against the Fifth Army, most of the front of Third Army and some of the front of the First Army to the north. The front line was badly damaged and communications were cut

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The German breakthrough had occurred just to the north of the boundary between the French and British armies. The new focus of the German attack came close to splitting the British and French armies. As the British were forced further west, the need for French reinforcements became increasingly

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Gough ordered a fighting retreat to win time for reinforcements to reach his army. As the British fell back, troops in the redoubts fought on, in the hope that they would be relieved by counter-attacks or to impose the maximum delay on the German attackers. The right wing of the Third Army also

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After three days of battle, with each night spent on the march or occupied in the sorting out and reorganization of units, the troops – Germans as well as British – were tired almost to the limits of endurance. The physical and mental strain of the struggle against overwhelming odds, the heavy

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At the time of the attack Fifth Army defences were still incomplete. The Rear Zone existed as outline markings only, while the Battle Zone consisted of battalion "redoubts" that were not mutually supporting, and were vulnerable to German troops infiltrating between them. The British ordered an

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The RFC flew sorties at low altitude in order to machine-gun and bomb ground targets and impede the German advance. On 25 March, they were particularly active west of Bapaume. Rearguard actions by the cavalry in the Third Army slowed the German advance but by 18:00 Byng had ordered a further

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prisoners were taken with very light casualties recorded by the Brigade; an incredible feat whatever way you view it. They dug in on the German side of the village amongst the cornfields and settled in for the night. Cooking limbers were even brought up and the idea of a quiet night gave the

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on the south, and quite unending in either direction...the enormous explosions of the shells upon our trenches seemed almost to touch each other, with hardly an interval in space or time...The weight and intensity of the bombardment surpassed anything which anyone had ever known before.

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An attempt by the Germans to renew the offensive on 5 April failed and by early morning, the British had forced the enemy out of all but the south-eastern corner of the town. German progress towards Amiens had reached its furthest westward point and Ludendorff terminated the offensive.

1139:), defended the area from Arras south to the Flesquières Salient. To the south, the Fifth Army (General Hubert Gough) held the line down to the junction with the French at Barisis. The Fifth Army held the longest front of the BEF, with twelve divisions and three cavalry divisions, 1223:

And then, exactly as a pianist runs his hands across the keyboard from treble to bass, there rose in less than one minute the most tremendous cannonade I shall ever hear...It swept round us in a wide curve of red leaping flame stretching to the north far along the front of the

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On 26 March, the general direction of the two northern German Armies of attack, the 2nd and 17th, was still due west; the 18th Army opened fanwise, its northern boundary some six miles , south of the Somme at Peronne, running west, but its southern one near Chauny, pointing

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slightly more than they inflicted on the BEF. The attack in the north had failed to isolate the Flesquières Salient, which had been held by the 63rd Division and the weight of the German offensive was increased in the south, where the 18th Army received six fresh divisions.

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road. The 1/1st Herts having spent the night in Maricourt, "marched from MARICOURT to INSAUNE. The march was continued after breakfast across the River SOMME at CAPPY to CHUIGNOLLES, where the Bn reorganised and spent the night." (1/1 Herts war diary, 25 March 1918).

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The artillery bombardment began at 04:35 with an intensive German barrage opened on British positions south west of St. Quentin for a depth of 4–6 km (2.5–3.7 mi). At 04:40 a heavy German barrage began along a 60 km (40 mi) front. Trench mortars,

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wrote: "The year 1917 ... closed in an atmosphere of depression. Most divisions on the Western front had been engaged continuously in offensive operations ... all were exhausted ... and weakened." The last German offensive on the Western Front, before the Cambrai

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trained in the new tactics but had a lower scale of equipment than the elite divisions and the remainder were stripped of material to supply them, giving up most of their remaining draught animals. In the north, two German armies would attack either side of the

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17th Army ... met with very determined resistance, but it was hoped, with the aid of the 2nd Army on the south, which had not encountered so much opposition, and of new attacks – "Mars" and "Valkyrie" ... on the north that the 17th would be able to get going

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battalions. Second-line territorial and New Army divisions were badly disrupted, having in some cases to disband half of their battalions, to make way for units transferred from regular or first-line territorial divisions. Battalions had an establishment of

2031:). Some British ground was lost but the German attack was rapidly losing strength. The Germans had suffered massive casualties during the battle, many to their best units and in some areas the advance slowed, when German troops looted Allied supply depots. 1456:

French troops on the British right flank moved quickly to reinforce, with French commander-in-chief Petain dispatching three divisions before British General Headquarters requested assistance at 2 am and alerting 12 divisions to move forward the next day.

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With the choice of holding the old position on the heights east of Albert, on the left bank of the Ancre, or the high ground west of the devastated town, it had been decided to adopt the latter course. The ruins of Albert were therefore abandoned to the

952:

storm units, from which several new divisions were formed. This process gave the German army an initial advantage in the attack but meant that the best troops would suffer disproportionate casualties, while the men in reserve were of lower quality.

1335:. South-west of St. Quentin in the 36th Division area, the 9th Irish Fusiliers war diary record noted that there had been many casualties, three battalions of the Forward Zone had been lost and three battalions in the Battle Zone were reduced to 1727:

The movements of 25 March were extremely confused and reports from different battalions and divisions are often contradictory. An unidentified officer's account of his demoralising experiences that day is quoted in the British official history:

2463:

The Official Names of the Battles and Other Engagements Fought by the Military Forces of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1919 and the Third Afghan War, 1919: Report of the Battles Nomenclature Committee as approved by the Army

1828:

Ludendorff issued new orders on 26 March. All three of his armies were given ambitious targets, including the capture of Amiens and an advance towards Compiègne and Montdidier, which fell on 27 March. Edmonds, the official historian, noted:

1203:

intermittent bombardment of German lines and likely assembly areas at 03:30 and a gas discharge on the 61st Division front. At 04:40 a huge German barrage began along all the Fifth Army front and most of the front of the Third Army.

2388:

from 18 to 21 March, before Operation Michael. There are frequent references to the anticipated "big German attack" and the play concludes with the launch of the German bombardment, in which one of the central characters is killed.

1523:

Ludendorff issued a directive for the "continuation of the operations as soon as the line Bapaume–Peronne–Ham had been reached: 17th Army will vigorously attack in the direction Arras–St Pol, left wing on Miraumont (7 km

1323:. By the close of the day, the Germans had broken through the British Forward Zone and entered the Battle Zone on most of the attack front and had advanced through the Battle Zone, on the right flank of the Fifth Army, from 3955:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents, by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 1127:

the BEF in Flanders. In the south, it was intended to reach the Somme and then hold the line of the river against any French counter-attacks; the southern advance was extended to include an advance across the Somme.

1790:

retirement beyond the Ancre. Through the night of 25 March, the men of the Third Army attained their positions but in the process gaps appeared, the largest of over 6 km (4 mi) between V and VI Corps. Sir

1605:

and the south of Golancourt. An example of the condition of many British units, was the 54th Brigade of the 18th Division where by nightfall on 23 March, the 7th Bedfordshire and 6th Northamptonshire battalions had

1959:

some 60 km (40 mi) by this time, reaching Montdidier. Rawlinson replaced Gough, who was "Stellenbosched" (sacked) despite having organised a long and reasonably successful retreat given the conditions.

3999:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents, by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. 3933:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents, by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. 4390:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. IV (Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 1874:

French forces on the extreme right (south) of the line under the command of General Fayolle were defeated and fell back in the face of protracted fighting; serious gaps appeared between the retreating groups.

1689:

By night the Enemy had reached Le Transloy and Combles. North of Le Transloy our troops had hard fighting; the 31st, Guards, 3rd, 40th and 17th Divisions have all repulsed heavy attacks and held their ground.

978:, giving the British commanders little experience in defence. The development of a deep defence system of zones and trench lines by the Germans during 1917, had led the British to adopt a similar system of 1659:

In the late evening of 24 March, after enduring unceasing shelling, Bapaume was evacuated and then occupied by German forces on the following day. The British official historian, Brigadier-General Sir

2077:, 35th Australian Battalion and 18th Division. By 4 April the 14th Division fell back under attack from the German 228th Division. The Australians repulsed the 9th Bavarian Reserve Division and the 792:

on 21 January 1918. At the start of 1918, the German people were close to starvation and growing tired of the war. By mid-February 1918, while Germany was negotiating the Russian surrender and the

1548:). The advance had been costly and the German infantry were beginning to show signs of exhaustion; transport difficulties had emerged, supplies and much heavy artillery lagged behind the advance. 1821:

The Allied conference took place on 26 March at Doullens. Ten senior Allied politicians and generals were present, including the French President, British Prime Minister, Minister of Munitions

1437:. The daylight withdrawal to the Green Line, over almost 14 km (9 mi), was completed gradually, assisted by the defence of the Ricardo Redoubt whose garrison did not surrender until 1319:

In the Third Army area, German troops broke through during the morning, along the Cambrai–Bapaume road in the Boursies–Louverval area and through the weak defences of the 59th Division near

380: 2065:

The final German attack was launched towards Amiens. It came on 4 April, when fifteen divisions attacked seven Allied divisions on a line east of Amiens and north of Albert (towards the

2023:

The last general German attack came on 30 March. Von Hutier renewed his assault on the French, south of the new Somme salient, while von der Marwitz launched an attack towards Amiens (

1421:

appeared to have misinterpreted an order from Gough for a fighting retreat if necessary, to mean that the corps should fall back to the Somme. The Germans brought heavy artillery into

1005:

the British positions at the first sign of attack. Artillery positions were also chosen to offer cover and concealment, with alternative positions on the flanks and to the rear. About

2134:

The Germans had captured 3,100 km (1,200 sq mi) of France and advanced up to 65 km (40 mi) but they had not achieved any of their strategic objectives. Over

719:

was unable to recover from its losses before these reinforcements took the field. Operation Michael failed to achieve its objectives and the German advance was reversed during the

6043: 1618:

at 10:00. The battle continued throughout the morning along the entire front and at 11:00, the remnants of the 14th Division were ordered to withdraw further south to the town of

1289:. Gough kept in contact with the corps commanders by telephone until 15:00 then visited them in turn. At the III Corps Headquarters ("HQ"), he authorised a withdrawal behind the 960:. Such artillery tactics had been made possible by the vast numbers of accurate heavy guns and large stocks of ammunition that Germany had deployed on the Western Front by 1918. 6058: 6242: 6742: 1429:. The result of the misunderstanding between Gough and Maxse and different interpretations placed on boom messages and written orders, was that the 36th Division retired to 6717: 6712: 2418:

the first character introduced to the reader is Paul Jonas, who is fighting for the Allies on the Western Front somewhere near Ypres and Saint-Quentin on 24 March 1918.

879:

The BEF had been reorganised due to a lack of infantry replacements; divisions were reduced from twelve to nine battalions, on the model established by the German and

6140: 1015:

of the artillery was in the Battle Zone, with a few guns further forward and some batteries were concealed and forbidden to fire before the German offensive began.

5777: 5601: 4941: 373: 6219: 1103:

Forty-four divisions were allocated to Operation Michael and called mobile divisions, which were brought up to full strength in manpower and equipment. Men over

686:, where the Allies managed to halt the German advance; the German Army had suffered many casualties and was unable to maintain supplies to the advancing troops. 487: 6247: 4754: 6732: 6435: 6162: 5854: 4812: 1273:

and smoke canisters were concentrated on the forward trenches, while heavy artillery bombarded rear areas to destroy Allied artillery and supply lines. Over

2039:

BOIS DE HANGARD, making two counter attacks en route. (Comment: Lt John William CHURCH died from his wounds and Lt Angier Percy HURD was killed on 30-3-18).

6542: 6727: 6707: 6450: 6205: 366: 1425:

under the cover of the morning mist, which forced the remaining battalions of the 109th Brigade (36th Division) to retreat to join the 108th Brigade at

6445: 6135: 6086: 6001: 1285:

Around midday German troops broke through south-west of St. Quentin, reached the Battle Zone and by 14:30 were nearly 3 km (1.9 mi) south of

6289: 1488:

were retreating across the southernmost edges of the 1916 Somme battlefield and by the morning of 24 March there were only eight officers and around

1038:

The Germans chose to attack the sector around St. Quentin taken over by the British from February–April 1917, following the German withdrawal to the

1765:

exhausted men a welcomed break from the extreme stress they had all been through in the past five days. Unfortunately, their rest did not last long.

6737: 6722: 1685:

urgent. In his diary entry for 24 March, Haig acknowledged important losses but derived comfort from the resilience of British rearguard actions,

6130: 5488: 17: 4414:

1918 Defining Victory: Proceedings of the Chief of Army's History Conference Held at the National Convention Centre, Canberra, 29 September 1998

4919: 4981: 6747: 6190: 6120: 5759: 4971: 4882: 6214: 5105: 4559: 1630:

and at 03:00 on 25 March they slipped away under cover of darkness to Beaurains. Further north, the 1/1st Hertfordshires war diary read,

480: 270: 248: 194: 2167: 1681:

falling into their hands. Fresh British troops had been hurried into the region and were moved towards the vital rail centre of Amiens.

1199:

conducted a raid on German positions and took more prisoners, who told them that the offensive would be launched the following morning.

4782: 5112: 2159:

month. The appointment of Foch as Generalissimo at the Doullens Conference had created formal unity of command in the Allied forces.

1351:

retreated, to avoid being outflanked. The morning fog had delayed the use of aircraft but by the end of the day, 36 squadrons of the

762: 655: 1453:

suffered only minor damage. The Germans were soon over the river and advanced up to 15 kilometres (10 mi) to the Crozat canal.

849:. Michael took place on the Somme and then Georgette was conducted on the Lys and at Ypres, which was planned to confuse the enemy. 6658: 4764: 454: 6440: 6372: 6210: 6197: 6154: 6063: 5789: 5591: 5498: 5400: 5158: 4805: 1433:

on the south bank of the Canal de Saint-Quentin, to form a new line of defence. This required the Division to cross the Canal at

1407: 6564: 6554: 6422: 2225:

All three formations were destroyed and had to be taken out of the order of battle to be rebuilt. Six divisions lost more than

1136: 473: 3199:

Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2004). "Myth and Memory: Sir Douglas Haig and the Imposition of Allied Unified Command in March 1918".

102:

Germans penetrate British lines up to 40 mi (64 km) while seizing 1,200 sq mi (3,100 km) of territory

6336: 6270: 6107: 5986: 5659: 4678: 4534: 4440: 4227: 4042: 6511: 5931: 4716: 858: 2488:, who had planned the artillery bombardment for the attack on Riga, due to his "talent as a self-publicist" after the war. 1561: 6282: 5606: 5234: 4739: 4331: 2510:

An example of the rearguard action fought by the Fifth Army is given on a website dedicated to the Bedfordshire regiment.

2442: 583: 6496: 1635:

known. In the evening the Bn got orders to withdraw through the 35th Division to MARICOURT where the Bn spent the night.

6481: 5771: 5173: 4931: 2437: 2024: 1301: 559: 6356: 6050: 5866: 5138: 4609: 4464: 4421: 4395: 4306: 4208: 4163: 4140: 4121: 4099: 4061: 4023: 4004: 3982: 3960: 3938: 3916: 1406:, fought until he was killed at 16:30. Directly to their rear was the "Stevens Redoubt", of the 2nd Battalion of the 1196: 720: 5536: 4574: 2414: 1465:

Early on the morning of Saturday 23 March, German troops broke through the line in the 14th Division sector on the

933: 4507: 4482: 1576:

behind enemy lines to the east, making the logistic tasks of the corps and divisional staffs nigh impossible. The

800:

from the east, so that on the Western Front, Germany's troops outnumbered those of the Allied armies. Germany had

6607: 6412: 6392: 6179: 6115: 5938: 5807: 4711: 4631: 4569: 1774: 1673:

dumps which caused some despondency, when German troops found out that the Allies had plenty of food despite the

1099:. The main weight of attack was between Arras and a few kilometres south of St. Quentin, where the 18th Army had 1080: 675: 5272: 1593:

The 109th brigade planned a counter-attack in the early hours of 24 March but before dawn German troops entered

6407: 6402: 6397: 6387: 6081: 4726: 4701: 4599: 4246: 4080: 3997:

Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras

1090: 766: 6382: 6377: 6341: 6275: 6167: 6013: 5596: 5448: 4986: 4914: 4845: 4614: 4584: 4579: 2074: 1791: 817: 712: 4332:"War Diary of the 9th (North Irish Horse) Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers, 1 September 1917 to 9 June 1919" 666:, adjusted his plan and pushed for an offensive due west, along the whole of the British front north of the 6331: 5958: 5898: 5795: 5700: 5463: 5249: 4953: 4792: 4691: 1414: 992:

of the infantry battalions of the Fifth Army and a similar number in the Third Army held the forward zone.

592: 574: 426: 2118: 1760:

before the village was secured and the remaining enemy – that could get away – fled. Ten machine guns and

6569: 6006: 5991: 5849: 5801: 5566: 5117: 4991: 4904: 4899: 4668: 4656: 4651: 2081:

held off the German Guards Ersatz Division and 19th divisions in the First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux.

1697:

Historians differ as to the immediate British reaction. The traditional account, as repeated in Edmonds'

1229: 1225: 925: 866: 809: 769: 758: 549: 540: 431: 253: 5178: 1045:

The attacking armies were spread along a 69-kilometre (43 mi) front between Arras, St. Quentin and

6757: 6752: 6702: 6549: 6506: 5783: 5541: 5526: 5428: 5297: 4865: 4777: 4734: 1399: 880: 671: 441: 1601:, so British troops were forced to remain in their defensive positions. The front ran roughly between 6491: 6259: 5843: 5831: 5586: 5571: 5292: 5183: 4877: 4855: 4604: 4594: 4527: 2122:

Soldiers help man-handle horse-drawn German 77mm field gun forward over shell-torn ground, March 1918

1086: 1064: 777: 416: 5438: 4502: 4356: 693:

in 1916. The action was therefore officially named by the British Battles Nomenclature Committee as

678:

before continuing with the original concept of pushing the BEF into the sea. The offensive ended at

6466: 5953: 5943: 5872: 5825: 5813: 5753: 5561: 5556: 5478: 4887: 4860: 4564: 4497: 2240: 2184: 1577: 1339:

each, leaving only the three reserve battalions relatively intact. Casualties in the division from

1096: 1072: 964: 870: 785: 411: 6697: 6537: 6529: 6471: 6231: 5926: 5689: 5516: 5511: 5443: 5302: 5287: 5282: 5262: 5143: 5020: 2078: 1709: 1627: 1615: 1245: 891:

battalions were to be retained, in preference to the higher-numbered second-line territorial and

824: 793: 781: 631: 390: 179: 36: 5483: 3953:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918: March–April: Continuation of the German Offensives

2069:). Ludendorff decided to attack the outermost eastern defences of Amiens centred on the town of 1567: 6304: 6028: 5963: 5819: 5546: 5473: 5423: 5408: 5390: 5363: 5277: 5244: 4909: 4870: 4850: 4661: 4554: 4455: 2521: 1485: 1466: 1290: 773: 724: 554: 421: 4054:

A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–1918

3931:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918: The German March Offensive and its Preliminaries

2262:

In 1978 Middlebrook wrote that casualties in the 31 German divisions engaged on 21 March were

6294: 5948: 5837: 5613: 5576: 5506: 5453: 5375: 5343: 5317: 5267: 5198: 5100: 5053: 4837: 4706: 4589: 3900: 2179:) mentioning local man Franz Krämer, who was killed in action at St. Quentin on 27 March 1918 1856: 1778: 1238: 1076: 813: 752: 647: 259: 209: 4201:

Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies 1888–1918

2519:

The physical and mental stress on the RFC pilots engaged in ground strafing, is detailed in

1852: 1769: 6644: 6559: 5239: 5213: 5163: 4520: 4492: 4450: 4290: 3948: 3926: 2385: 2172: 1848: 1660: 1626:

to Guiscard. The 54th Brigade ordered the retirement of what was left of its battalions to

1581: 1192: 942: 716: 707:). The failure of the offensive marked the beginning of the end of the First World War for 663: 639: 623: 5188: 2485: 2130:

Some German soldiers resting while others continue the advance through the Somme wasteland

8: 6626: 5765: 5629: 5581: 5458: 5418: 5413: 5358: 5041: 5035: 4936: 4174: 2530: 1795: 1332: 892: 690: 6579: 945:, operating in small groups that advanced quickly by exploiting gaps and weak defences. 6586: 6501: 5860: 5724: 5706: 5671: 5635: 5468: 5433: 5385: 5370: 5257: 5208: 5047: 5006: 4686: 4152: 4109: 3905: 3224: 2070: 2055: 1623: 1352: 862: 679: 564: 4284: 1512: 6619: 6613: 6574: 6476: 6309: 5892: 5747: 5730: 5531: 5353: 5333: 5168: 5153: 5083: 5071: 4772: 4749: 4696: 4460: 4436: 4417: 4391: 4385: 4302: 4264: 4242: 4223: 4204: 4180: 4159: 4136: 4117: 4095: 4076: 4057: 4038: 4019: 4000: 3978: 3956: 3934: 3912: 3888: 3228: 3216: 2381: 1822: 1430: 1241: 924:

The German army trained using open-warfare tactics which had proved effective on the

888: 1847:

A gap in the British line near Colincamps was held by newly arrived elements of the

1481:

held for twelve hours before Herring was captured with the remnants of his platoon.

5677: 5647: 5641: 5551: 5380: 5348: 5338: 5077: 5001: 4996: 4924: 4744: 4644: 4294: 4176:

The 54th Infantry Brigade, 1914–1918; Some Records of Battle and Laughter in France

3208: 2480: 2376: 2213:

many with no known grave. The greatest losses were to 36th (Ulster) Division, with

1286: 979: 957: 789: 659: 241: 4486: 6486: 6326: 5665: 5218: 5193: 4892: 4800: 4639: 4412:

Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (1999). "Winning the War". In Dennis, P.; Grey, J. (eds.).

1674: 1403: 1039: 929: 635: 612: 436: 4387:

The War in the Air Being the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

1811: 1589:

losses, the sinister rumours which were rife, all contributed to depress morale.

6319: 6299: 5970: 5683: 5521: 5312: 5203: 5059: 4963: 4946: 4256: 4114:

The Kaiser's Battle 21 March 1918: The First Day of the German Spring Offensive

2543: 2498: 2371: 1715: 1477: 1068: 264: 138: 4339: 1948: 1367:

The first day of the battle had been costly for the Germans, who had suffered

1123: 48: 6691: 6673: 6660: 6430: 5718: 5712: 5148: 5065: 4976: 4184: 3220: 2401: 1398:

battalion held out until 14:30 and at "Manchester Hill", the garrison of the

884: 708: 667: 651: 620: 236: 222: 124: 4268: 1507: 740: 5880: 5307: 3892: 2526: 2423: 2409: 2393: 2066: 1719: 1470: 1249: 873: 275: 3212: 2542:

Lieutenant Colonel John Stanhope Collings-Wells, VC, DSO won a posthumous

1023: 358: 6091: 5996: 5694: 5122: 4543: 4433:

The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social and Military History

3992: 3970: 1747: 1434: 1426: 1311: 1262: 1111: 1028:

The front line between British and German forces, 21 March – 5 April 1918

627: 40: 3390: 3388: 1441:

During the retreat, Engineers blew the bridges across the Canal between

2094: 1614:

who were hurriedly reorganised and then took post in the wood north of

1598: 1594: 1516: 1442: 1418: 1328: 1320: 650:(Entente) lines and advance in a north-westerly direction to seize the 1383: 1046: 5886: 5653: 4487:

1914–1918 – online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

4298: 3385: 2405:, two maps represent Operation Michael: St. Quentin Scar and Amiens. 2187:(1935) Davies, Edmonds and Maxwell-Hyslop wrote that the Allies lost 1678: 152: 3640: 2126: 465: 6146: 1619: 1324: 1270: 1266: 772:, which they believed had been exhausted by the battles in 1917 at 1983:

utmost resource during this dangerous manoeuvre, loosing [

974:(counter-stroke) of December 1917, had been against the French at 2235:

many of them irreplaceable élite troops. German casualties, from

2176: 1422: 1294: 757:) discussed what they hoped would be a decisive offensive on the 658:(BEF), and to drive the BEF into the sea. Two days later General 4056:(London Stamp Exchange ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden. 3977:(Constable 1996 ed.). Belfast: McCaw, Stevenson & Orr. 2855: 2853: 2546:

for his handling of the 4th Bedfordshires throughout the battle.

2475:

Allied commentators described German infantry attack methods as

520: 3072: 3048: 3024: 3012: 2964: 2247:

A comparable Allied figure over this longer period, is French:

1450: 1446: 975: 683: 643: 165: 75: 4512: 3508: 3460: 3424: 1551: 689:

Much of the ground fought over was the wilderness left by the

6314: 3777: 3775: 3252: 3250: 2850: 1782: 1743: 1602: 917: 912: 2008:

The enemy remained fairly quiet except for machine gun fire.

883:

armies earlier in the war. It was laid down that the senior

804:

and three brigades on the Western Front by 21 March, out of

3831: 3819: 3274: 3235: 2894: 2892: 2706: 4293:, Department of Defence Management and Security Analysis. 4135:(Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Blackwood. 3855: 3809: 3807: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3772: 3736: 3724: 3676: 3592: 3556: 3520: 3496: 3400: 3358: 3334: 3247: 3036: 3000: 2988: 2976: 2838: 2814: 2742: 2694: 1694:

about to be launched against French forces in Champagne.

3700: 3375: 3373: 2909: 2907: 2684: 2682: 2533:, who was shot down by machine-gun fire on 25 March 1918. 2396:

the battle is the culmination of an espionage operation.

1985: 1307: 1116:

The movement of German field armies through the offensive

711:. The arrival in France of large reinforcements from the 4018:. Osprey Campaign Series. Vol. XI. London: Osprey. 3688: 3664: 3604: 3532: 3472: 3108: 2919: 2889: 2790: 2754: 2730: 2718: 2667: 2655: 1907:

The town of Albert was relinquished during the night of

3843: 3804: 3787: 3760: 3748: 1816:

British artillery in action on the Ancre, 26 March 1918

1649: 3712: 3628: 3616: 3580: 3568: 3544: 3484: 3448: 3436: 3412: 3370: 3346: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3286: 3262: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3120: 3096: 2954: 2904: 2865: 2778: 2766: 2679: 2461:

Battles and actions described follow the publication:

4503:

War diary, The Bedfordshire Regiment in the Great War

3652: 3084: 3060: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2802: 2631: 2619: 2607: 2595: 2571: 2559: 1938: 1388:

Operation Michael: British troops retreat, March 1918

1211: 682:, to the east of the Allied communications centre at 6743:

Military operations of World War I involving Germany

4154:

A History of the English Speaking Peoples Since 1900

2877: 2643: 2583: 2484:

years of development but became ascribed to Colonel

530: 6718:

Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

2049: 6713:Battles of World War I involving the United States 4151: 3904: 2931: 1801: 1278:with the Rear Zone, which was severely disrupted. 904:due to casualties and sickness during the winter. 3887:(Odhams ed.). London: Thornton Butterworth. 2826: 1149:An average British division in 1918 consisted of 1130: 569: 6689: 4508:Major J. G. Brew, 1918: Retreat from St. Quentin 1855:to close the gap. They were assisted by British 185: 5489:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 4239:Douglas Haig: War Diaries and Letters 1914–1918 4236: 4016:Kaiserschlacht 1918: the Final German Offensive 3514: 3430: 2084: 18:Allied Troop Movements During Operation Michael 4286:Operational Art and the German 1918 Offensives 750:On 11 November 1917, the German High Command ( 4528: 4459:(Mayflower ed.). London: Jonathan Cape. 4430: 2380:(first produced 1928) is set in an officers' 833:(Kaiser's Battle), involved four offensives, 481: 374: 170: 53:Evolution of the front line during the battle 6733:Battles of World War I involving New Zealand 4220:The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army 2313: 1781:man a line of newly scraped rifle pits near 1543: 969: 946: 936: 828: 788:. A decision to attack was taken by General 702: 525: 5979: 4411: 4108: 4089: 3837: 3825: 3781: 1677:, with luxuries such as chocolate and even 1552:Actions at the Somme crossings, 24–25 March 761:the following spring. Their target was the 634:on 21 March 1918. It was launched from the 388: 6728:Battles of World War I involving Australia 6708:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 4535: 4521: 4361:The Bedfordshire Regiment in the Great War 3466: 3198: 1085:(Army Group Rupprecht of Bavaria) and the 670:. This was designed to first separate the 535: 488: 474: 381: 367: 4498:Commonwealth War Graves Commission, p. 79 4217: 3975:The History of the 36th (Ulster) Division 3899: 3882: 3538: 2925: 2724: 2221:and 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division, 2151:guns, British machine-gun production was 1095:(Army Group German Crown Prince) and the 735: 5778:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 4255: 4116:(Penguin ed.). London: Allen Lane. 3861: 2166: 2125: 2117: 2093: 1947: 1810: 1768: 1733:could be picked up from abandoned dumps. 1708: 1560: 1506: 1382: 1300: 1110: 1033: 1022: 911: 907: 739: 723:(21 August – 3 September) in the Allied 200: 22:1918 German offensive during World War I 6738:Battles of World War I involving Canada 6723:Battles of World War I involving France 6155:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 4329: 4282: 4198: 4149: 4130: 4070: 3947: 3925: 3849: 3813: 3798: 3766: 3754: 3742: 3730: 3718: 3706: 3694: 3682: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3598: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3526: 3502: 3490: 3454: 3442: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3379: 3364: 3352: 3340: 3328: 3316: 3304: 3292: 3280: 3268: 3256: 3241: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3138: 3126: 3102: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3030: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2982: 2970: 2913: 2898: 2871: 2859: 2844: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2748: 2736: 2712: 2700: 2688: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2637: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2577: 1355:had been in action and reported losing 6690: 4449: 4431:Roberts, P.; Tucker, S., eds. (2005). 4354: 4336:Official War Diaries (Ref. WO 95/2505) 2958: 2366: 1135:In the north, the Third Army (General 1049:. Ludendorff had assembled a force of 6108:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 5444:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 4516: 4383: 4172: 4158:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4051: 4037:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 3991: 3969: 3610: 3478: 3114: 2883: 2760: 2565: 2138:soldiers had been taken prisoner and 1899: mi) from the new British line. 495: 469: 362: 6512:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 4032: 4013: 3907:A History of the Great War 1914–1918 3090: 2832: 1953:Front lines, 21 March – 5 April 1918 1654: 1650:First Battle of Bapaume, 24–25 March 1566:German supply column moving up near 1417:area, where corps commander General 1413:The longest retreat was made in the 1089:(General Oskar von Hutier), part of 916:German stormtrooper with a Bergmann 715:replaced Entente casualties but the 695:The First Battles of the Somme, 1918 646:. Its goal was to break through the 6748:Military history of Hauts-de-France 6441:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 5235:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 4261:Journey's End: A Play in three Acts 3911:(repr. ed.). London: Granada. 2525:, a semi-autobiographical novel by 2443:Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux 2018: 1943: 1108:the latest German attack doctrine. 932:in 1917. The Germans had developed 13: 5174:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 4376: 4237:Sheffield, G.; Bourne, J. (2005). 4133:The 18th Division in the Great War 2438:First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux 2089: 2060: 2044:1/1 Herts war diary, 30 March 1918 2025:First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux 2013:1/1 Herts war diary, 29 March 1918 1999: 1994:1/1 Herts war diary, 28 March 1918 1939:Third Battle of Arras, 28–29 March 1933:1/1 Herts war diary, 27 March 1918 1902: 1869:1/1 Herts war diary, 26 March 1918 1806: 1704: 1640:1/1 Herts war diary, 24 March 1918 1556: 1502:1/1 Herts war diary, 23 March 1918 1460: 1378: 1216: 1212:Battle of St. Quentin, 21–23 March 14: 6769: 4475: 4289:(PhD) (online ed.). London: 2497:Lieutenant Herring was awarded a 2269:and that British casualties were 1923:The 1/1st Herts war diary reads: 1851:that had moved to the line Hamel– 1610:and the 11th Royal Fusiliers had 1359:and crew, while having shot down 1197:61st (2nd South Midland) Division 941:units, elite infantry which used 823:The German strategy for the 1918 5537:Second Battle of the Piave River 5159:Russian invasion of East Prussia 2415:Otherland: City of Golden Shadow 2312:many of whom were irreplaceable 2217:the 16th (Irish) Division, with 2050:Battle of the Avre, 4 April 1918 1402:commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel 1347:most costly day being 21 March. 1092:Heeresgruppe Deutscher Kronprinz 1082:Heeresgruppe Kronprinz Rupprecht 721:Second Battle of the Somme, 1918 697:, whilst the French call it the 511: 345: 335: 325: 269: 258: 247: 235: 215: 202: 187: 172: 158: 145: 131: 117: 47: 6608:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 5808:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 4542: 4435:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 4416:. Canberra: Army History Unit. 3870: 3201:The Journal of Military History 3192: 2536: 2513: 2504: 2501:when repatriated after the war. 2491: 2469: 2384:in the British trenches facing 1802:Battle of Rosières, 26–27 March 6431:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 6290:Deportations from East Prussia 6087:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 3397:, pp. 413, 444, 492, 519. 2455: 2308:In 2002, Marix Evans recorded 2194:of which the British suffered 1363:aircraft; German records show 1131:British defensive preparations 1063:aircraft, divided between the 796:, Ludendorff had moved nearly 88: 1: 6342:Ukrainian Canadian internment 4483:German Spring Offensives 1918 4241:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4179:. London: Gale & Polden. 4073:The German Offensives of 1918 3883:Churchill, W. S. C. (1928) . 3649:, pp. 496, 509–517, 532. 2302: 2295: 2277: 2270: 2263: 2256: 2207: 2188: 2162: 1775:French 22nd Infantry Division 1368: 730: 6497:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 5796:Estonian War of Independence 5464:Southern Palestine offensive 4330:Chester, A. G. (2003–2010). 4035:1918: A Very British Victory 2553: 2108: 2085:Battle of the Ancre, 5 April 818:American Expeditionary Force 7: 6451:USA against Austria-Hungary 5850:Turkish War of Independence 5802:Latvian War of Independence 5527:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 5118:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 4263:. New York: Coward-McCann. 4131:Nichols, G. H. F. (2004) . 4092:1918: The Year of Victories 3515:Sheffield & Bourne 2005 3431:Sheffield & Bourne 2005 2431: 2392:In John Buchan’s 1919 book 2202:them in the Fifth Army and 2113: 2099:Situation map, 5 April 1918 2034:The Herts war diary reads: 2004:The Herts war diary reads: 1978:The Herts war diary reads: 816:before the build-up of the 763:British Expeditionary Force 656:British Expeditionary Force 10: 6774: 6534:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 6082:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 5542:Second Battle of the Marne 5429:Second battle of the Aisne 5298:Second Battle of Champagne 5139:German invasion of Belgium 2283:casualties up to 5 April, 2276:Middlebrook also recorded 2053: 1492:left. The war diary read, 1484:The remnants of the 1/1st 1449:but the railway bridge at 1018: 920:submachinegun, Spring 1918 745:German gains in early 1918 15: 6640: 6599: 6520: 6459: 6421: 6365: 6354: 6315:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 6258: 6230: 6178: 6100: 6074: 6026: 5919: 5912: 5844:Irish War of Independence 5740: 5622: 5587:Armistice of Villa Giusti 5572:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 5497: 5399: 5326: 5227: 5184:First Battle of the Marne 5131: 5093: 5028: 5019: 4962: 4836: 4825: 4791: 4763: 4725: 4677: 4630: 4623: 4550: 1798:took place the next day. 1372: 40,000 casualties, 1244:, who was inspecting the 1206: 704:2ème Bataille de Picardie 507: 400: 306: 299:23 French divisions later 281: 228: 110: 57: 46: 34: 29: 6467:Constantinople Agreement 5760:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 5623:Co-belligerent conflicts 5592:Second Romanian campaign 5562:Third Transjordan attack 5273:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 5179:Battle of Grand Couronné 4173:Rowan, E. W. J. (1919). 4090:Marix Evans, M. (2002). 3081:, pp. 207–208, 304. 3057:, pp. 196, 207–208. 3033:, pp. 167–187, 258. 3021:, pp. 176, 194–196. 2973:, pp. 162–165, 168. 2448: 2206:the Third Army, of whom 1540:Second Battle of Picardy 965:51st (Highland) Division 900:but some had fewer than 699:Second Battle of Picardy 6530:Modus vivendi of Acroma 6482:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 5790:Greater Poland Uprising 5690:National Protection War 5567:Meuse–Argonne offensive 5517:German spring offensive 5512:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 5288:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 5263:Second Battle of Artois 5144:Battle of the Frontiers 4283:Zabecki, D. T. (2004). 4222:. London: Aurum Press. 3951:; et al. (1995) . 3929:; et al. (1995) . 2301:German casualties were 2294:French casualties were 1545:2e Bataille de Picardie 1246:9th (Scottish) Division 794:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 632:German spring offensive 392:German spring offensive 65:21 March – 5 April 1918 37:German spring offensive 6555:Paris Peace Conference 6543:Ukraine–Central Powers 6337:Massacres of Albanians 6305:Late Ottoman genocides 6112:Bulgarian occupations 5820:Third Anglo-Afghan War 5784:Hungarian–Romanian War 5602:Naval Victory Bulletin 5597:Armistice with Germany 5547:Hundred Days Offensive 5474:Battle of La Malmaison 5424:Second battle of Arras 5391:Battle of Transylvania 5245:Second Battle of Ypres 5113:Sarajevo assassination 5002:South African Republic 4384:Jones, H. A. (2002) . 4218:Sheffield, G. (2011). 4203:. London: Frank Cass. 4052:James, E. A. (1990) . 3901:Cruttwell, C. R. M. F. 2352:In 2004, Zabecki gave 2314: 2281: 160,000 British 2180: 2155:month and tank output 2131: 2123: 2101: 2047: 2016: 1997: 1972: 1955: 1936: 1917: 1882: 1872: 1845: 1836: 1818: 1786: 1767: 1735: 1724: 1691: 1670: 1643: 1591: 1572: 1544: 1520: 1505: 1486:Hertfordshire Regiment 1467:Canal de Saint-Quentin 1390: 1316: 1235: 1118: 1030: 970: 947: 937: 928:, particularly at the 921: 829: 747: 736:Strategic developments 725:Hundred Days Offensive 703: 616: 229:Commanders and leaders 6565:Treaty of St. Germain 6538:Russia–Central Powers 6492:Sykes–Picot Agreement 6320:Pontic Greek genocide 6295:Destruction of Kalisz 6271:Eastern Mediterranean 5832:Polish–Lithuanian War 5614:Armistice of Belgrade 5577:Armistice of Salonica 5507:Operation Faustschlag 5454:Third Battle of Oituz 5376:Baranovichi offensive 5344:Lake Naroch offensive 5318:Battle of Robat Karim 5293:Vistula–Bug offensive 5268:Battles of the Isonzo 5199:First Battle of Ypres 3213:10.1353/jmh.2004.0112 2862:, p. March 1918. 2341:The Allies also lost 2338:whom were captured. 2326:been taken prisoner, 2198:wounded and missing, 2170: 2129: 2121: 2097: 2079:British 18th Division 2036: 2006: 1980: 1961: 1951: 1925: 1912: 1877: 1862: 1840: 1831: 1814: 1779:20th (Light) Division 1772: 1753: 1730: 1712: 1687: 1665: 1632: 1597:, just north-west of 1586: 1564: 1510: 1494: 1408:Bedfordshire Regiment 1386: 1304: 1239:Minister of Munitions 1221: 1114: 1077:Georg von der Marwitz 1034:German plan of attack 1026: 915: 908:Tactical developments 753:Oberste Heeresleitung 743: 654:, which supplied the 638:, in the vicinity of 307:Casualties and losses 6560:Treaty of Versailles 6276:Mount Lebanon famine 6191:in the United States 6159:Russian occupations 5873:Turkish–Armenian War 5814:Polish–Ukrainian War 5754:Ukrainian–Soviet War 5701:Central Asian Revolt 5484:Armistice of Focșani 5214:Battle of Sarikamish 5164:Battle of Tannenberg 4560:Military engagements 4291:Cranfield University 4199:Samuels, M. (1995). 4150:Roberts, A. (2006). 4094:. London: Arcturus. 4071:Kitchen, M. (2001). 3469:, pp. 791, 811. 3283:, pp. 323, 398. 3244:, pp. 328, 343. 2715:, pp. 231, 251. 2237:21 March – 30 April, 2173:Ruhstorf an der Rott 1849:New Zealand Division 1582:Sir James E. Edmonds 1580:, Brigadier-General 1568:Étricourt-Manancourt 1515:crew moving up near 1228:, as well as of the 1171:light machine-guns, 1167:heavy machine guns, 943:infiltration tactics 820:(AEF) was complete. 765:(BEF), commanded by 664:German General Staff 6670: / 6627:They shall not pass 6550:Treaty of Bucharest 6507:Treaty of Bucharest 6446:USA against Germany 6423:Declarations of war 6127:German occupations 6040:British casualties 5899:Soviet–Georgian War 5826:Egyptian Revolution 5766:Armeno-Georgian War 5630:Somaliland campaign 5582:Armistice of Mudros 5459:Battle of Caporetto 5449:Battle of Mărășești 5419:Zimmermann telegram 5414:February Revolution 5359:Battle of the Somme 5283:Bug-Narew Offensive 5258:Battle of Gallipoli 5250:Sinking of the RMS 5042:Scramble for Africa 5036:Franco-Prussian War 4692:Sinai and Palestine 4481:Watson, Alexander: 4355:Fuller, S. (2013). 3745:, pp. 130–137. 3733:, pp. 121–129. 3685:, pp. 136–137. 3613:, pp. 219–222. 3601:, pp. 496–497. 3565:, pp. 536–537. 3529:, pp. 538–544. 3505:, pp. 491–492. 3481:, pp. 138–139. 3409:, pp. 393–394. 3367:, pp. 438–439. 3343:, pp. 293–298. 3259:, pp. 269–270. 3117:, pp. 128–129. 3045:, pp. 224–225. 3009:, pp. 170–182. 2997:, pp. 163–164. 2985:, pp. 260–263. 2847:, pp. 107–108. 2823:, pp. 144–151. 2763:, pp. 110–116. 2751:, pp. 124–125. 2703:, pp. 158–160. 2367:Cultural references 2322:casualties of whom 2306: 250,000 men. 2239:which includes the 2231:German losses were 2211: 15,000 died, 1838:In the north, the 1796:Doullens Conference 1333:Seraucourt-le-Grand 691:Battle of the Somme 662:, the chief of the 617:Unternehmen Michael 449:Associated articles 6587:Treaty of Lausanne 6502:Paris Economy Pact 6436:UK against Germany 6366:Entry into the war 6332:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 6051:Ottoman casualties 5861:Franco-Turkish War 5741:Post-War conflicts 5725:Russian Revolution 5707:Invasion of Darfur 5672:Kelantan rebellion 5660:Kurdish rebellions 5636:Mexican Revolution 5469:October Revolution 5434:Kerensky offensive 5409:Capture of Baghdad 5386:Monastir offensive 5371:Brusilov offensive 5209:Battle of Kolubara 5048:Russo-Japanese War 4075:. Stroud: Tempus. 3709:, pp. 87–137. 2346:2,000 machine-guns 2192: 255,000 men 2181: 2132: 2124: 2102: 2071:Villers-Bretonneux 2056:Battle of the Avre 2029:30 March – 5 April 1956: 1819: 1787: 1725: 1578:official historian 1573: 1521: 1391: 1353:Royal Flying Corps 1317: 1252:on the morning of 1119: 1031: 963:An officer of the 922: 863:David Lloyd George 748: 680:Villers-Bretonneux 624:military offensive 6758:April 1918 events 6753:March 1918 events 6703:Conflicts in 1918 6653: 6652: 6636: 6635: 6620:The Golden Virgin 6614:Mutilated victory 6595: 6594: 6575:Treaty of Trianon 6570:Treaty of Neuilly 6477:Damascus Protocol 6350: 6349: 6310:Armenian genocide 6267:Allied blockades 6239:Belgian refugees 6022: 6021: 5932:Strategic bombing 5908: 5907: 5893:Franco-Syrian War 5867:Greco-Turkish War 5855:Anglo-Turkish War 5838:Polish–Soviet War 5772:German Revolution 5748:Russian Civil War 5731:Finnish Civil War 5557:Battle of Megiddo 5532:Battle of Goychay 5479:Battle of Cambrai 5439:Battle of Mărăști 5354:Battle of Jutland 5334:Erzurum offensive 5189:Siege of Przemyśl 5169:Siege of Tsingtao 5154:Battle of Galicia 5084:Second Balkan War 5072:Italo-Turkish War 5029:Pre-War conflicts 5015: 5014: 4905:Portuguese Empire 4821: 4820: 4783:German New Guinea 4765:Asian and Pacific 4442:978-1-85109-420-2 4342:on 4 October 2013 4229:978-1-84513-691-8 4044:978-0-29784-652-9 4033:Hart, P. (2008). 4014:Gray, R. (1991). 3864:, pp. 1–204. 3697:, pp. 64–75. 3673:, pp. 27–28. 3093:, pp. 35–40. 2901:, pp. 94–99. 2799:, pp. 20–21. 2739:, pp. 41–42. 2676:, pp. 51–56. 2664:, pp. 98–99. 2568:, pp. 26–31. 2486:Georg Bruchmüller 2299: 80,000 and 2267: 39,929 men 2241:Battle of the Lys 2223:7,023 casualties. 2215:7,310 casualties, 1823:Winston Churchill 1431:Sommette-Eaucourt 1242:Winston Churchill 609:Operation Michael 605: 604: 578: 544: 499:Operation Michael 463: 462: 357: 356: 106: 105: 30:Operation Michael 6765: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6674:49.800°N 2.800°E 6671: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6580:Treaty of Sèvres 6472:Treaty of London 6363: 6362: 6141:Northeast France 6072: 6071: 6044:Parliamentarians 5977: 5976: 5939:Chemical weapons 5917: 5916: 5678:Senussi campaign 5648:Muscat rebellion 5642:Maritz rebellion 5610: 5552:Vardar offensive 5381:Battle of Romani 5349:Battle of Asiago 5339:Battle of Verdun 5303:Kosovo offensive 5078:First Balkan War 5026: 5025: 4925:Russian Republic 4834: 4833: 4628: 4627: 4570:Economic history 4537: 4530: 4523: 4514: 4513: 4470: 4446: 4427: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4357:"1918 War Diary" 4351: 4349: 4347: 4338:. Archived from 4319: 4317: 4315: 4272: 4252: 4233: 4214: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4169: 4157: 4146: 4127: 4105: 4086: 4067: 4048: 4029: 4010: 3988: 3966: 3944: 3922: 3910: 3896: 3885:The World Crisis 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3838:Middlebrook 1978 3835: 3829: 3826:Middlebrook 1978 3823: 3817: 3811: 3802: 3796: 3785: 3782:Marix Evans 2002 3779: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3383: 3377: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2902: 2896: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2547: 2540: 2534: 2517: 2511: 2508: 2502: 2495: 2489: 2481:Oskar von Hutier 2479:because General 2473: 2467: 2459: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2288:75,000 prisoners 2286: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2219:7,149 casualties 2216: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2185:Official History 2171:War memorial in 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2045: 2030: 2019:Day 10, 30 March 2014: 1995: 1970: 1944:Day 8, 28 March, 1934: 1910: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1870: 1777:and the British 1773:Infantry of the 1763: 1759: 1699:Official History 1661:James E. Edmonds 1641: 1613: 1609: 1547: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1503: 1491: 1440: 1400:16th Manchesters 1373: 1370: 1366: 1365:19 and 8 losses. 1362: 1358: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1276: 1275:3,500,000 shells 1256: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1106: 1102: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1003: 999: 991: 990: 986: 980:defence in depth 973: 958:creeping barrage 950: 940: 903: 899: 832: 825:Spring Offensive 807: 803: 799: 790:Erich Ludendorff 770:Sir Douglas Haig 706: 660:Erich Ludendorff 596: 587: 576: 542: 521:Cugny-Golancourt 515: 502: 500: 490: 483: 476: 467: 466: 427:Montdidier-Noyon 395: 393: 383: 376: 369: 360: 359: 350: 349: 348: 340: 339: 338: 330: 329: 328: 274: 273: 263: 262: 252: 251: 242:Erich Ludendorff 240: 239: 221: 219: 218: 212: 208: 206: 205: 197: 193: 191: 190: 182: 178: 176: 175: 164: 162: 161: 151: 149: 148: 137: 135: 134: 123: 121: 120: 59: 58: 51: 27: 26: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6688: 6687: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6649: 6632: 6591: 6523: 6516: 6487:Treaty of Darin 6455: 6417: 6373:Austria-Hungary 6359: 6346: 6327:Rape of Belgium 6254: 6226: 6174: 6168:Western Armenia 6163:Eastern Galicia 6096: 6070: 6034: 6033:Civilian impact 6032: 6018: 5975: 5904: 5736: 5666:Ovambo Uprising 5618: 5604: 5493: 5395: 5322: 5240:Battle of Łomża 5223: 5219:Christmas truce 5194:Race to the Sea 5127: 5089: 5011: 4982:Austria-Hungary 4958: 4893:Empire of Japan 4830: 4828: 4817: 4801:U-boat campaign 4787: 4759: 4721: 4673: 4619: 4600:Popular culture 4546: 4541: 4478: 4473: 4467: 4443: 4424: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4379: 4377:Further reading 4374: 4365: 4363: 4345: 4343: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4257:Sherriff, R. C. 4249: 4230: 4211: 4189: 4187: 4166: 4143: 4124: 4110:Middlebrook, M. 4102: 4083: 4064: 4045: 4026: 4007: 3985: 3963: 3941: 3919: 3873: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3848: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3812: 3805: 3797: 3788: 3780: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3467:Greenhalgh 2004 3465: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3386: 3378: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2912: 2905: 2897: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2550: 2541: 2537: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2496: 2492: 2474: 2470: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2434: 2421:The 1966 movie 2369: 2360: 2357:177,739 British 2356: 2354:239,800 German, 2353: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2335: 2331: 2330:casualties and 2327: 2323: 2320:177,739 British 2319: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2292:65,000 wounded; 2291: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2273: 2266: 2260: 328,000. 2259: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2243:, are given as 2236: 2232: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2199: 2196:177,739 killed, 2195: 2191: 2183:In the British 2165: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2140:1,300 artillery 2139: 2135: 2116: 2111: 2100: 2092: 2090:Day 15, 5 April 2087: 2063: 2061:Day 14, 4 April 2058: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2028: 2021: 2015: 2012: 2002: 2000:Day 9, 29 March 1996: 1993: 1971: 1968: 1954: 1946: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1908: 1905: 1903:Day 7, 27 March 1895: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1871: 1868: 1817: 1809: 1807:Day 6, 26 March 1804: 1785:, 25 March 1918 1761: 1757: 1723: 1707: 1705:Day 5, 25 March 1675:U-boat campaign 1657: 1655:Day 4, 24 March 1652: 1642: 1639: 1611: 1608:c. 206 men each 1607: 1571: 1559: 1557:Day 4, 24 March 1554: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1519: 1513:21 cm Mörser 16 1504: 1501: 1489: 1463: 1461:Day 3, 23 March 1438: 1404:Wilfrith Elstob 1389: 1381: 1379:Day 2, 22 March 1371: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1315: 1314:, 26 March 1918 1274: 1258: 1237: 1219: 1217:Day 1, 21 March 1214: 1209: 1184: 1180: 1177:360 motorcycles 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1133: 1117: 1104: 1100: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1040:Hindenburg Line 1036: 1029: 1021: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1001: 997: 988: 984: 983: 910: 901: 897: 887:and first-line 805: 801: 797: 746: 738: 733: 636:Hindenburg Line 630:that began the 606: 601: 594: 585: 513: 503: 498: 496: 494: 464: 459: 455:Order of Battle 446: 432:3rd Morlancourt 396: 391: 389: 387: 346: 344: 336: 334: 326: 324: 321: 302: 268: 267: 257: 256: 246: 234: 216: 214: 213: 203: 201: 188: 186: 173: 171: 159: 157: 146: 144: 132: 130: 118: 116: 98: 78: 52: 23: 20: 12: 11: 5: 6771: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6698:1918 in France 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6611: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6552: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6532: 6526: 6524: 6522:Peace treaties 6521: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6427: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6408:United Kingdom 6405: 6400: 6398:Ottoman Empire 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6369: 6367: 6360: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6302: 6300:Sack of Dinant 6297: 6292: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6264: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6248:United Kingdom 6245: 6236: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6208: 6202:POW locations 6200: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6184: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6157: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6110: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6078: 6076: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6053: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6037: 6035: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6002:United Kingdom 5999: 5997:Ottoman Empire 5994: 5989: 5983: 5981: 5974: 5973: 5971:Trench warfare 5968: 5967: 5966: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5923: 5921: 5914: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5687: 5684:Volta-Bani War 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5522:Zeebrugge Raid 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5405: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5313:Battle of Loos 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5204:Black Sea raid 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5106:Historiography 5097: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5060:Bosnian Crisis 5057: 5054:Tangier Crisis 5051: 5045: 5039: 5032: 5030: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4987:Ottoman Empire 4984: 4979: 4974: 4968: 4966: 4964:Central Powers 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4947:British Empire 4942:United Kingdom 4939: 4934: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4920:Russian Empire 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4842: 4840: 4838:Entente Powers 4831: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4806:North Atlantic 4797: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4769: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4717:Central Arabia 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4679:Middle Eastern 4675: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4654: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4636: 4634: 4625: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4580:Historiography 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4540: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4477: 4476:External links 4474: 4472: 4471: 4465: 4456:Winged Victory 4447: 4441: 4428: 4422: 4409: 4396: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4352: 4321: 4320: 4307: 4274: 4273: 4253: 4247: 4234: 4228: 4215: 4209: 4196: 4170: 4164: 4147: 4141: 4128: 4122: 4106: 4100: 4087: 4081: 4068: 4062: 4049: 4043: 4030: 4024: 4011: 4005: 3989: 3983: 3967: 3961: 3949:Edmonds, J. E. 3945: 3939: 3927:Edmonds, J. E. 3923: 3917: 3897: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3866: 3854: 3852:, p. 349. 3842: 3840:, p. 347. 3830: 3828:, p. 322. 3818: 3816:, p. 491. 3803: 3801:, p. 490. 3786: 3771: 3769:, p. 137. 3759: 3757:, p. 489. 3747: 3735: 3723: 3721:, p. 127. 3711: 3699: 3687: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3639: 3637:, p. 523. 3627: 3625:, p. 518. 3615: 3603: 3591: 3589:, p. 526. 3579: 3577:, p. 536. 3567: 3555: 3553:, p. 544. 3543: 3541:, p. 510. 3539:Cruttwell 1940 3531: 3519: 3517:, p. 393. 3507: 3495: 3493:, p. 472. 3483: 3471: 3459: 3457:, p. 450. 3447: 3445:, p. 448. 3435: 3433:, p. 391. 3423: 3421:, p. 392. 3411: 3399: 3384: 3382:, p. 470. 3369: 3357: 3355:, p. 427. 3345: 3333: 3331:, p. 406. 3321: 3319:, p. 291. 3309: 3307:, p. 405. 3297: 3295:, p. 400. 3285: 3273: 3271:, p. 396. 3261: 3246: 3234: 3191: 3189:, p. 299. 3179: 3177:, p. 272. 3167: 3165:, p. 266. 3155: 3153:, p. 274. 3143: 3141:, p. 177. 3131: 3129:, p. 271. 3119: 3107: 3105:, p. 262. 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3047: 3035: 3023: 3011: 2999: 2987: 2975: 2963: 2930: 2928:, p. 768. 2926:Churchill 1938 2918: 2916:, p. 162. 2903: 2888: 2886:, p. 192. 2876: 2874:, p. 111. 2864: 2849: 2837: 2825: 2813: 2801: 2789: 2787:, p. 247. 2777: 2775:, p. 288. 2765: 2753: 2741: 2729: 2727:, p. 258. 2725:Sheffield 2011 2717: 2705: 2693: 2691:, p. 157. 2678: 2666: 2654: 2642: 2640:, p. 123. 2630: 2628:, p. 144. 2618: 2616:, p. 139. 2606: 2604:, p. 142. 2594: 2582: 2580:, p. 140. 2570: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2544:Victoria Cross 2535: 2522:Winged Victory 2512: 2503: 2499:Victoria Cross 2490: 2477:Hutier tactics 2468: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2433: 2430: 2372:R. C. Sherriff 2368: 2365: 2285:22,000 killed, 2274: 38,512. 2164: 2161: 2136:75,000 British 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2098: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2062: 2059: 2054:Main article: 2051: 2048: 2041: 2020: 2017: 2010: 2001: 1998: 1991: 1966: 1952: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1930: 1904: 1901: 1866: 1815: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1716:60 pounder gun 1713: 1706: 1703: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1637: 1565: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1511: 1499: 1478:Alfred Herring 1462: 1459: 1387: 1380: 1377: 1305: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1179:and bicycles, 1132: 1129: 1115: 1069:Otto von Below 1035: 1032: 1027: 1020: 1017: 930:Battle of Riga 909: 906: 859:Prime Minister 830:Kaiserschlacht 744: 737: 734: 732: 729: 676:British Armies 619:) was a major 603: 602: 600: 599: 590: 581: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 508: 505: 504: 493: 492: 485: 478: 470: 461: 460: 458: 457: 445: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 401: 398: 397: 386: 385: 378: 371: 363: 355: 354: 353: 352: 342: 332: 320: 319: 315: 313: 309: 308: 304: 303: 301: 300: 297: 294: 290: 288: 284: 283: 279: 278: 265:Ferdinand Foch 244: 231: 230: 226: 225: 199: 198: 195:United Kingdom 183: 168: 155: 139:British Empire 127: 113: 112: 108: 107: 104: 103: 100: 94: 93: 84: 80: 79: 73: 71: 67: 66: 63: 55: 54: 44: 43: 32: 31: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6770: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6686: 6683: 6679:49.800; 2.800 6646: 6643: 6642: 6639: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6588: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6413:United States 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6353: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6030: 6025: 6015: 6014:United States 6012: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5964:Convoy system 5962: 5961: 5960: 5959:Naval warfare 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5719:Kaocen revolt 5717: 5714: 5713:Easter Rising 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5278:Great Retreat 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5149:Battle of Cer 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5066:Agadir Crisis 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4954:United States 4952: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4871:French Empire 4869: 4868: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4824: 4814: 4813:Mediterranean 4811: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4793:Naval warfare 4790: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4669:Italian Front 4667: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4657:Eastern Front 4655: 4653: 4652:Western Front 4650: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4610:Puppet states 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4533: 4531: 4526: 4524: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4468: 4466:0-58312-287-6 4462: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4451:Yeates, V. M. 4448: 4444: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4423:0-73170-510-6 4419: 4415: 4410: 4399: 4397:1-84342-415-0 4393: 4389: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4310: 4308:0-41535-600-8 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4210:0-7146-4214-2 4206: 4202: 4197: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4177: 4171: 4167: 4165:0-29785-076-8 4161: 4156: 4155: 4148: 4144: 4142:1-84342-866-0 4138: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4123:0-14-005278-X 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4101:0-572-02838-5 4097: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4063:0-948130-18-0 4059: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4025:1-85532-157-2 4021: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4006:0-89839-180-6 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3984:0-09-476630-4 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3962:0-89839-223-3 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3940:0-89839-219-5 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3918:0-586-08398-7 3914: 3909: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3863: 3862:Sherriff 1937 3858: 3851: 3846: 3839: 3834: 3827: 3822: 3815: 3810: 3808: 3800: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3784:, p. 63. 3783: 3778: 3776: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3732: 3727: 3720: 3715: 3708: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3672: 3667: 3661:, p. 34. 3660: 3655: 3648: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3607: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3583: 3576: 3571: 3564: 3559: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3535: 3528: 3523: 3516: 3511: 3504: 3499: 3492: 3487: 3480: 3475: 3468: 3463: 3456: 3451: 3444: 3439: 3432: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3408: 3403: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3381: 3376: 3374: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3342: 3337: 3330: 3325: 3318: 3313: 3306: 3301: 3294: 3289: 3282: 3277: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3243: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3183: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3069:, p. 18. 3068: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2991: 2984: 2979: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2927: 2922: 2915: 2910: 2908: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2885: 2880: 2873: 2868: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2846: 2841: 2834: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2811:, p. 21. 2810: 2805: 2798: 2793: 2786: 2781: 2774: 2769: 2762: 2757: 2750: 2745: 2738: 2733: 2726: 2721: 2714: 2709: 2702: 2697: 2690: 2685: 2683: 2675: 2670: 2663: 2658: 2652:, p. 40. 2651: 2646: 2639: 2634: 2627: 2622: 2615: 2610: 2603: 2598: 2592:, p. 10. 2591: 2586: 2579: 2574: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2545: 2539: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2516: 2507: 2500: 2494: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2465: 2458: 2454: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2419: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2402:Battlefield 1 2397: 2395: 2390: 2387: 2386:Saint-Quentin 2383: 2379: 2378: 2377:Journey's End 2373: 2364: 2361:77,000 French 2339: 2332:77,000 French 2316: 2242: 2229: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2160: 2128: 2120: 2106: 2096: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2075:14th Division 2072: 2068: 2057: 2040: 2035: 2032: 2026: 2009: 2005: 1990: 1988: 1987: 1979: 1976: 1965: 1960: 1950: 1929: 1924: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1900: 1881: 1876: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1813: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1702: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1647: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1569: 1563: 1549: 1546: 1541: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1498: 1493: 1487: 1482: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1395: 1385: 1376: 1354: 1348: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1313: 1309: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1193:107th Brigade 1188: 1147:357 aircraft. 1144:119 tanks and 1138: 1128: 1125: 1113: 1109: 1101:27 divisions. 1098: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1057:3,500 mortars 1051:74 divisions, 1048: 1043: 1041: 1025: 1016: 993: 981: 977: 972: 966: 961: 959: 953: 949: 944: 939: 938:(Stoßtruppen) 935: 931: 927: 926:Eastern Front 919: 914: 905: 894: 890: 886: 882: 877: 875: 872: 868: 864: 860: 855: 852: 848: 847:Blücher–Yorck 844: 840: 836: 831: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 802:192 divisions 795: 791: 787: 783: 782:Passchendaele 779: 775: 771: 768: 767:Field Marshal 764: 760: 759:Western Front 756: 754: 742: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 713:United States 710: 705: 700: 696: 692: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 652:Channel Ports 649: 645: 641: 640:Saint-Quentin 637: 633: 629: 625: 622: 618: 614: 610: 598: 591: 589: 582: 580: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 510: 509: 506: 501: 491: 486: 484: 479: 477: 472: 471: 468: 456: 453: 452: 451: 450: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 407: 403: 402: 399: 394: 384: 379: 377: 372: 370: 365: 364: 361: 343: 333: 323: 322: 317: 316: 314: 311: 310: 305: 298: 295: 292: 291: 289: 286: 285: 280: 277: 272: 266: 261: 255: 250: 245: 243: 238: 233: 232: 227: 224: 223:United States 211: 196: 184: 181: 169: 167: 156: 154: 143: 142: 141: 140: 128: 126: 125:German Empire 115: 114: 109: 101: 96: 95: 91: 90: 85: 82: 81: 77: 72: 69: 68: 64: 61: 60: 56: 50: 45: 42: 38: 33: 28: 25: 19: 6655: 6625: 6618: 6606: 6213: / 6145: 5980:Conscription 5944:Cryptography 5881:Iraqi Revolt 5308:Siege of Kut 5251: 4829:participants 4778:German Samoa 4712:South Arabia 4454: 4432: 4413: 4401:. Retrieved 4386: 4364:. Retrieved 4360: 4344:. Retrieved 4340:the original 4335: 4323: 4322: 4312:. Retrieved 4285: 4276: 4275: 4260: 4238: 4219: 4200: 4188:. Retrieved 4175: 4153: 4132: 4113: 4091: 4072: 4053: 4034: 4015: 3996: 3974: 3952: 3930: 3906: 3884: 3876: 3875: 3871:Bibliography 3857: 3850:Zabecki 2004 3845: 3833: 3821: 3814:Edmonds 1937 3799:Edmonds 1937 3767:Edmonds 1937 3762: 3755:Edmonds 1937 3750: 3743:Edmonds 1937 3738: 3731:Edmonds 1937 3726: 3719:Edmonds 1937 3714: 3707:Edmonds 1937 3702: 3695:Edmonds 1937 3690: 3683:Roberts 2006 3678: 3671:Edmonds 1937 3666: 3659:Edmonds 1937 3654: 3647:Edmonds 1935 3642: 3635:Edmonds 1935 3630: 3623:Edmonds 1935 3618: 3606: 3599:Edmonds 1935 3594: 3587:Edmonds 1935 3582: 3575:Edmonds 1935 3570: 3563:Edmonds 1935 3558: 3551:Edmonds 1935 3546: 3534: 3527:Edmonds 1935 3522: 3510: 3503:Edmonds 1935 3498: 3491:Edmonds 1935 3486: 3474: 3462: 3455:Edmonds 1935 3450: 3443:Edmonds 1935 3438: 3426: 3419:Edmonds 1935 3414: 3407:Edmonds 1935 3402: 3395:Edmonds 1935 3380:Edmonds 1935 3365:Edmonds 1935 3360: 3353:Edmonds 1935 3348: 3341:Nichols 1922 3336: 3329:Edmonds 1935 3324: 3317:Nichols 1922 3312: 3305:Edmonds 1935 3300: 3293:Edmonds 1935 3288: 3281:Edmonds 1935 3276: 3269:Edmonds 1935 3264: 3257:Edmonds 1935 3242:Edmonds 1935 3237: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3187:Edmonds 1935 3182: 3175:Edmonds 1935 3170: 3163:Edmonds 1935 3158: 3151:Edmonds 1935 3146: 3139:Edmonds 1935 3134: 3127:Edmonds 1935 3122: 3110: 3103:Edmonds 1935 3098: 3086: 3079:Edmonds 1935 3074: 3067:Edmonds 1937 3062: 3055:Edmonds 1935 3050: 3043:Edmonds 1935 3038: 3031:Edmonds 1935 3026: 3019:Edmonds 1935 3014: 3007:Edmonds 1935 3002: 2995:Edmonds 1935 2990: 2983:Edmonds 1935 2978: 2971:Edmonds 1935 2966: 2921: 2914:Edmonds 1935 2899:Edmonds 1935 2879: 2872:Edmonds 1935 2867: 2860:Chester 2010 2845:Edmonds 1935 2840: 2835:, p. ?. 2828: 2821:Edmonds 1935 2816: 2809:Kitchen 2001 2804: 2797:Kitchen 2001 2792: 2785:Samuels 1995 2780: 2773:Kitchen 2001 2768: 2756: 2749:Edmonds 1935 2744: 2737:Edmonds 1935 2732: 2720: 2713:Samuels 1995 2708: 2701:Edmonds 1935 2696: 2689:Edmonds 1935 2674:Edmonds 1935 2669: 2662:Edmonds 1935 2657: 2650:Edmonds 1935 2645: 2638:Edmonds 1935 2633: 2626:Edmonds 1935 2621: 2614:Edmonds 1935 2609: 2602:Edmonds 1935 2597: 2590:Edmonds 1935 2585: 2578:Edmonds 1935 2573: 2561: 2538: 2527:V. M. Yeates 2520: 2515: 2506: 2493: 2476: 2471: 2462: 2457: 2424:The Blue Max 2422: 2420: 2413: 2410:Tad Williams 2407: 2400: 2398: 2394:Mr Standfast 2391: 2375: 2370: 2363:casualties. 2340: 2310:239,000 men, 2233:250,000 men, 2230: 2182: 2133: 2103: 2064: 2037: 2033: 2022: 2007: 2003: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1962: 1957: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1909:26/27 March, 1906: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1863: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1820: 1792:Henry Wilson 1788: 1754: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1720:La Boisselle 1718:firing near 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1671: 1666: 1658: 1646:Fifth Army. 1644: 1633: 1592: 1587: 1574: 1539: 1522: 1495: 1483: 1475: 1464: 1455: 1412: 1396: 1392: 1349: 1318: 1291:Crozat canal 1284: 1280: 1259: 1253: 1236: 1222: 1201: 1189: 1187:ambulances. 1185:21 motorised 1175:and wagons, 1158:48 artillery 1154:3,670 horses 1134: 1120: 1091: 1081: 1044: 1037: 1002:110 infantry 994: 962: 954: 934:stormtrooper 923: 878: 874:Hubert Gough 857:The British 856: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 822: 798:50 divisions 751: 749: 698: 694: 688: 608: 607: 570:Ancre (1918) 555:Moreuil Wood 497: 448: 447: 422:Belleau Wood 405: 404: 293:26 divisions 287:72 divisions 276:Hubert Gough 254:Douglas Haig 129: 111:Belligerents 87: 35:Part of the 24: 6677: / 6243:Netherlands 6220:Switzerland 6101:Occupations 6092:Spanish flu 5869:(1919–1922) 5863:(1918–1921) 5857:(1918–1923) 5846:(1919–1921) 5840:(1919–1921) 5834:(1919–1920) 5810:(1918–1920) 5804:(1918–1920) 5798:(1918–1920) 5780:(1918–1920) 5762:(1918–1920) 5756:(1917–1921) 5750:(1917–1921) 5697:(1916-1918) 5695:Arab Revolt 5686:(1915–1917) 5680:(1915–1917) 5668:(1914-1917) 5662:(1914–1917) 5656:(1914–1921) 5650:(1913–1920) 5638:(1910–1920) 5632:(1900–1920) 5605: [ 5123:July Crisis 5044:(1880–1914) 4707:Mesopotamia 4585:Home fronts 4544:World War I 2959:Fuller 2013 2531:46 Squadron 2343:1,300 guns, 2328:77 American 2315:Stoßtruppen 2142:pieces and 1834:south-west. 1722:on 25 March 1624:Berlancourt 1476:Lieutenant 1427:Happencourt 1415:XVIII Corps 1357:16 aircraft 1341:21–27 March 1312:Roye, Somme 1263:mustard gas 1162:36 mortars, 1156:and mules, 1151:11,800 men, 1141:1,650 guns, 1137:Julian Byng 1124:Flesquières 1061:326 fighter 1054:6,600 guns, 971:Gegenschlag 948:Stoßtruppen 889:territorial 810:German Army 717:German Army 668:River Somme 628:World War I 597:Morlancourt 579:Dernancourt 550:Morlancourt 545:Dernancourt 516:St. Quentin 180:New Zealand 97:Territorial 41:World War I 6692:Categories 6460:Agreements 6260:War crimes 6136:Luxembourg 6029:Casualties 4900:Montenegro 4735:South West 4615:Technology 4605:Propaganda 4595:Opposition 4248:0297847023 4082:0752417991 3611:Falls 1922 3479:Rowan 1919 3207:(3): 788. 3115:Rowan 1919 2884:Falls 1922 2761:Falls 1940 2566:James 1924 2350:200 tanks. 2324:77,000 had 2253:236,300, a 2249:92,004 and 2227:5,000 men. 2163:Casualties 2153:10,000 per 2067:Avre River 1762:230 German 1758:20 minutes 1599:Villeselve 1595:Golancourt 1570:, 24 March 1419:Ivor Maxse 1345:6,109, the 1329:Oise river 1321:Bullecourt 1230:Fifth Army 1226:Third Army 1181:14 trucks, 1165:64 Vickers 867:Fifth Army 731:Background 16:See also: 6357:Diplomacy 6064:Olympians 5987:Australia 5954:Logistics 5887:Vlora War 5816:(1918–19) 5792:(1918–19) 5786:(1918–19) 5774:(1918–19) 5721:(1916–17) 5703:(1916–17) 5654:Zaian War 5644:(1914–15) 5364:first day 5252:Lusitania 5080:(1912–13) 5074:(1911–12) 5062:(1908–09) 5056:(1905–06) 5038:(1870–71) 4827:Principal 4687:Gallipoli 4590:Memorials 4575:Geography 4565:Aftermath 4453:(1974) . 4403:5 October 4366:2 October 4346:1 October 4314:3 October 4299:1826/3897 4190:2 October 4185:752706407 4112:(1983) . 3995:(1992) . 3993:Falls, C. 3971:Falls, C. 3903:(1982) . 3229:159845369 3221:1543-7795 3091:Grey 1991 2833:Grey 1991 2554:Footnotes 2336:17,000 of 2255:total of 2251:British: 2204:78,860 in 2200:90,882 of 2149:1,915 new 2144:200 tanks 2109:Aftermath 1857:"Whippet" 1679:Champagne 1663:, wrote: 1616:Caillouel 1361:14 German 1183:cars and 1173:770 carts 1169:144 Lewis 1087:18th Army 1065:17th Army 898:1,000 men 843:Gneisenau 839:Georgette 536:3rd Arras 442:2nd Marne 417:3rd Aisne 331:: 177,739 296:3 cavalry 153:Australia 89:Aftermath 74:Northern 6645:Category 6232:Refugees 6198:Italians 6187:Germans 6147:Ober Ost 5927:Aviation 5021:Timeline 4992:Bulgaria 4773:Tsingtao 4750:Togoland 4697:Caucasus 4632:European 4624:Theatres 4493:CWGC map 4324:Websites 4269:31307878 4259:(1937). 3973:(1922). 2432:See also 2374:'s play 2334:losses, 2245:348,300. 2114:Analysis 2042:— 2011:— 1992:— 1967:— 1931:— 1867:— 1714:British 1638:— 1628:Crepigny 1620:Guiscard 1500:— 1325:Tergnier 1310:tank in 1271:tear gas 1267:chlorine 1160:pieces, 1105:35 years 1097:7th Army 1073:2nd Army 902:500 men, 893:New Army 778:Messines 531:Rosières 341:: 77,000 282:Strength 70:Location 6665:02°48′E 6662:49°48′N 6383:Germany 6283:Germany 6211:Germany 6131:Belgium 6116:Albania 6075:Disease 6055:Sports 6007:Ireland 5920:Warfare 5913:Aspects 5101:Origins 5094:Prelude 4997:Senussi 4977:Germany 4972:Leaders 4910:Romania 4851:Belgium 4846:Leaders 4745:Kamerun 4727:African 4662:Romania 4640:Balkans 4555:Outline 3893:4945014 2464:Council 2177:Bavaria 2157:100 per 1969:Roberts 1894:⁄ 1612:27 men, 1584:wrote: 1533:⁄ 1490:450 men 1423:Artemps 1337:250 men 1327:on the 1306:German 1295:Ronssoy 1287:Essigny 1254:Michael 1047:La Fère 1019:Prelude 1010:⁄ 987:⁄ 885:regular 871:General 851:Blücher 835:Michael 786:Cambrai 709:Germany 626:during 588:Villers 560:Villers 526:Bapaume 406:Michael 318:254,816 312:239,800 99:changes 92:section 6403:Russia 6378:France 6206:Canada 6121:Serbia 5992:Canada 5949:Horses 5901:(1921) 5895:(1920) 5889:(1920) 5883:(1920) 5875:(1920) 5828:(1919) 5822:(1919) 5768:(1918) 5733:(1918) 5727:(1917) 5715:(1916) 5709:(1916) 5674:(1915) 5086:(1913) 5068:(1911) 5050:(1905) 5007:Darfur 4932:Serbia 4915:Russia 4878:Greece 4866:France 4856:Brazil 4702:Persia 4645:Serbia 4485:, in: 4463: 4439: 4420: 4394: 4305: 4277:Theses 4267: 4245: 4226: 4207: 4183: 4162: 4139: 4120: 4098: 4079: 4060: 4041: 4022: 4003: 3981: 3959: 3937: 3915: 3891: 3227: 3219: 2382:dugout 1915:enemy. 1843:again. 1451:Pithon 1447:Ollézy 1439:16:40. 1207:Battle 976:Verdun 881:French 814:Allies 806:241 in 684:Amiens 672:French 648:Allied 644:France 621:German 613:German 220: 210:France 207: 192: 177: 166:Canada 163: 150: 136: 122: 83:Result 76:France 6600:Other 6393:Japan 6388:Italy 6215:camps 6059:Rugby 5609:] 4888:Japan 4883:Italy 4861:China 4755:North 3877:Books 3225:S2CID 2449:Notes 1853:Serre 1783:Nesle 1744:Noyon 1603:Cugny 1471:Jussy 1343:were 1269:gas, 1250:Nurlu 1079:) of 998:36 of 918:MP 18 774:Arras 755:, OHL 437:Hamel 6180:POWs 5499:1918 5401:1917 5327:1916 5228:1915 5132:1914 4937:Siam 4740:East 4461:ISBN 4437:ISBN 4418:ISBN 4405:2014 4392:ISBN 4368:2013 4348:2013 4316:2013 4303:ISBN 4265:OCLC 4243:ISBN 4224:ISBN 4205:ISBN 4192:2013 4181:OCLC 4160:ISBN 4137:ISBN 4118:ISBN 4096:ISBN 4077:ISBN 4058:ISBN 4039:ISBN 4020:ISBN 4001:ISBN 3979:ISBN 3957:ISBN 3935:ISBN 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