17248:
346:
17280:
4570:
1517:
726:
17433:
17267:
17293:
17193:
17206:
17180:
17323:
17219:
17232:
8145:
15619:
17336:
1798:. Speakers of modern Swedish, Norwegian and Danish can mostly understand each other without studying their neighboring languages, particularly if speaking slowly. The languages are also sufficiently similar in writing that they can mostly be understood across borders. This could be because these languages have been mutually affected by each other, as well as having a similar development influenced by
6916:) were more influential in the East probably once again due to generalizations within the inflectional system. This difference was one of the greatest reasons behind the dialectalization that took place in the 9th and 10th centuries, shaping an Old West Norse dialect in Norway and the Atlantic settlements and an Old East Norse dialect in Denmark and Sweden.
9089:
So, by their own will, the
Gotlanders became the subjects of the Swedish king, so that they could travel freely and without risk to any location in the Swedish kingdom without toll and other fees. Likewise, the Swedes had the right to go to Gotland without corn restrictions or other prohibitions. The
8938:
If someone slays a Swede or a Smålander, a man from the kingdom, but not a West Geat, he will pay eight örtugar and thirteen marks, but no weregild. If someone slays a Dane or a
Norwegian, he will pay nine marks. If someone slays a foreigner, he shall not be banished and have to flee to his clan. If
8108:
sem óvinir hans brigzluðu honum eftir því, sem síðarr man sagt verða. þessi sveinn
Alexander var í skóla settr, sem siðvenja er til ríkra manna útanlands at láta gera við bǫrn sín. meistari var honum fenginn sá, er Aristoteles hét. hann var harðla góðr klerkr ok inn mesti spekingr at viti. ok er hann
8062:
used by scribes to write Old Norse. Many of them were borrowed from Latin. Without familiarity with these abbreviations, the facsimile will be unreadable to many. In addition, reading the manuscript itself requires familiarity with the letterforms of the native script. The abbreviations are expanded
8118:
sem óvinir hans brigsluðu honum eftir því, sem síðar mun sagt verða. Þessi sveinn
Alexander var í skóla settur, sem siðvenja er til ríkra manna utanlands að láta gera við börn sín. Meistari var honum fenginn sá, er Aristóteles hét. Hann var harla góður klerkur og hinn mesti spekingur að viti og er
12336:
Vowel length in the modern
Scandinavian languages does not stem from Old Norse vowel length. In all of the modern languages, Old Norse vowel length was lost, and vowel length became allophonically determined by syllable structure, with long vowels occurring when followed by zero or one consonants
8175:
in
Denmark, but for geographical rather than linguistic reasons. Any differences between the two were minute at best during the more ancient stages of this dialect group. Changes had a tendency to occur earlier in the Danish region. Even today many Old Danish changes have still not taken place in
1899:
Old Norse had nasalized versions of all ten vowel places. These occurred as allophones of the vowels before nasal consonants and in places where a nasal had followed it in an older form of the word, before it was absorbed into a neighboring sound. If the nasal was absorbed by a stressed vowel, it
9081:
So gingu gutar sielfs wiliandi vndir suia kunung þy at þair mattin frir Oc frelsir sykia suiariki j huerium staþ. vtan tull oc allar utgiftir. So aigu oc suiar sykia gutland firir vtan cornband ellar annur forbuþ. hegnan oc hielp sculdi kunungur gutum at waita. En þair wiþr þorftin. oc kallaþin.
8187:
Runic Old East Norse is characteristically conservative in form, especially
Swedish (which is still true for modern Swedish compared to Danish). In essence it matches or surpasses the conservatism of post-runic Old West Norse, which in turn is generally more conservative than post-runic Old East
1904:, and otherwise might have remained unknown. The First Grammarian marked these with a dot above the letter. This notation did not catch on, and would soon be obsolete. Nasal and oral vowels probably merged around the 11th century in most of Old East Norse. However, the distinction still holds in
7212:
The OEN original text above is transliterated according to traditional scholarly methods, wherein u-umlaut is not regarded in runic Old East Norse. Modern studies have shown that the positions where it applies are the same as for runic Old West Norse. An alternative and probably more accurate
8930:
Dræpær maþar svænskan man eller smalenskæn, innan konongsrikis man, eigh væstgøskan, bøte firi atta ørtogher ok þrettan markær ok ænga ætar bot. Dræpar maþær danskan man allæ noræn man, bøte niv markum. Dræpær maþær vtlænskan man, eigh ma frid flyia or landi sinu oc j æth hans. Dræpær maþær
1778:
writing system. Contemporary
Icelandic-speakers can read Old Norse, which varies slightly in spelling as well as semantics and word order. However, pronunciation, particularly of the vowel phonemes, has changed at least as much in Icelandic as in the other North Germanic languages.
7868:
probably relied on newer or poorer quality sources, or both. Demonstrating either difficulty with or total lack of natural distinction, the manuscripts show separation of the two phonemes in some places, but they frequently confuse the letters chosen to distinguish them in others.
8274:-phoneme did also occur after consonants (kw-, tw-, sw- etc.) in Old East Norse and did so into modern times in said Swedish dialects and in a number of others. Generally, the initial w-sound developed into in dialects earlier than after consonants where it survived much longer.
6752:. The oldest preserved texts in Old Norse in the Latin alphabet date from the middle of the 12th century. Subsequently, Old Norse became the vehicle of a large and varied body of vernacular literature. Most of the surviving literature was written in Iceland. Best known are the
1728:
Among these, the grammar of
Icelandic and Faroese have changed the least from Old Norse in the last thousand years, though their pronunciations both have changed considerably from Old Norse. With Danish rule of the Faroe Islands, Faroese has also been influenced by Danish.
6896:) were better preserved in the West due to later generalizations in the east where many instances of umlaut were removed (many archaic Eastern texts as well as eastern runic inscriptions however portray the same extent of umlauts as in later Western Old Norse).
14293:(Slide 26) §7.2 quote: "In many aspects, Elfdalian, takes up a middle position between East and West Nordic. However, it shares some innovations with West Nordic, but none with East Nordic. This invalidates the claim that Elfdalian split off from Old Swedish."
1717:, although Norwegian was heavily influenced by the East dialect, and is today more similar to East Scandinavian (Danish and Swedish) than to Icelandic and Faroese. The descendants of the Old East Norse dialect are the East Scandinavian languages of
8095:ſem oꝩın͛ h̅ſ brıgzloðo h̅o̅ epꞇ͛ þͥ ſe̅ ſıðaʀ mon ſagꞇ verða. Þeſſı ſveın̅ aͬ.* ꝩar ıſcola ſeꞇꞇr ſem ſıðꝩenıa e͛ ꞇıl rıkra man̅a vꞇan-lanꝺz aꞇ laꞇa g͛a vıð boꝛn̅ ſíıƞ́ Meıſꞇarı ꝩar h̅o̅ ꝼengın̅ ſa e͛ arıſꞇoꞇıleſ heꞇ. h̅ ꝩar harðla goðꝛ clercr ⁊
7606:(although the poems are not preserved in contemporary sources, but only in much later manuscripts). The earliest manuscripts are from the period 1150–1200 and concern legal, religious and historical matters. During the 12th and 13th centuries,
5434:
This is still a major difference between
Swedish and Faroese and Icelandic today. Plurals of neuters do not have u-umlaut at all in Swedish, but in Faroese and Icelandic they do, for example the Faroese and Icelandic plurals of the word
9082:
sendimen al oc kunungr oc ierl samulaiþ a gutnal þing senda. Oc latta þar taka scatt sinn. þair sendibuþar aighu friþ lysa gutum alla steþi til sykia yfir haf sum upsala kunungi til hoyrir. Oc so þair sum þan wegin aigu hinget sykia.
6776:
Most of the innovations that appeared in Old Norse spread evenly through the Old Norse area. As a result, the dialects were very similar and considered to be the same language, a language that they sometimes called the Danish tongue
6883:
seem to have been very much the same over the whole Old Norse area. But in later dialects of the language a split occurred mainly between west and east as the use of umlauts began to vary. The typical umlauts (for example
8939:
someone slays a foreign priest, he will pay as much as for a fellow countryman. A priest counts as a freeman. If a Southerner is slain or an Englishman, he shall pay four marks to the plaintiff and two marks to the king.
8972:'s early isolation from the mainland, many features of Old Norse did not spread from or to the island, and Old Gutnish developed as an entirely separate branch from Old East and West Norse. For example, the diphthong
1508:. Icelandic remains the most conservative language, such that in present-day Iceland, schoolchildren are able to read the 12th-century Icelandic sagas in the original language (in editions with normalised spelling).
14091:
7614:
were the most important areas of the Norwegian kingdom and they shaped Old West Norse as an archaic language with a rich set of declensions. In the body of text that has survived into the modern day from until
8931:
vtlænskæn prest, bøte sva mykit firi sum hærlænskan man. Præstær skal i bondalaghum væræ. Varþær suþærman dræpin ællær ænskær maþær, ta skal bøta firi marchum fiurum þem sakinæ søkir, ok tvar marchar konongi.
13625:
9094:
to receive the taxes. These emissaries shall declare free passage for the Gotlanders to all ports across the sea which belong to the king at Uppsala and likewise for everyone who want to travel to Gotland.
8918:, the Westrogothic law. It is the oldest text written as a manuscript found in Sweden and from the 13th century. It is contemporaneous with most of the Icelandic literature. The text marks the beginning of
4139:. Some accounts have it a voiced velar fricative in all cases, and others have that realisation only in the middle of words and between vowels (with it otherwise being realised ). The Old East Norse
13641:
6112:
vowel became popular by 1200 in Old Danish, 1250 in Old Swedish and Old Norwegian, and 1300 in Old Icelandic. An unstressed vowel was used which varied by dialect. Old Norwegian exhibited all three:
13726:
13829:
9073:. Appended to it is a short texting dealing with the history of the Gotlanders. This part relates to the agreement that the Gotlanders had with the Swedish king sometime before the 9th century:
6744:, from the 8th century. Runes continued to be commonly used until the 15th century and have been recorded to be in use in some form as late as the 19th century in some parts of Sweden. With the
15371:
8691:
Until the early 12th century, Old East Norse was very much a uniform dialect. It was in Denmark that the first innovations appeared that would differentiate Old Danish from Old Swedish (
12353:, all of which can occur allophonically short or long. In the mainland Scandinavian languages, double consonants were reduced to single consonants, making the new vowel length phonemic.
9032:, which it shares with the Old West Norse dialects (except Old East Norwegian), but which is otherwise abnormal. Breaking was also particularly active in Old Gutnish, leading to e.g.
6312: – in singular and plural numbers. Adjectives and pronouns were additionally declined in three grammatical genders. Some pronouns (first and second person) could have
1386:
in the mid- to late 14th century, ending the language phase known as Old Norse. These dates, however, are not absolute, since written Old Norse is found well into the 15th century.
5060:
U-umlaut is more common in Old West Norse in both phonemic and allophonic positions, while it only occurs sparsely in post-runic Old East Norse and even in runic Old East Norse.
10289:, their depth and everyday nature make them a substantial and very important part of everyday English speech as they are part of the very core of the modern English vocabulary.
4654:, which had only 16 letters. Because of the limited number of runes, several runes were used for different sounds, and long and short vowels were not distinguished in writing.
13590:
13464:
6186:
are retained in modern Icelandic, especially in regard to noun case declensions, whereas modern Norwegian in comparison has moved towards more analytical word structures.
5775:('winter'), the nominative and accusative singular and plural forms are identical. The nominative singular and nominative and accusative plural would otherwise have been
5511:
Vowel breaking, or fracture, caused a front vowel to be split into a semivowel-vowel sequence before a back vowel in the following syllable. While West Norse only broke
1433:
is sometimes included in the Old East Norse dialect due to geographical associations, it developed its own unique features and shared in changes to both other branches.
7999:
This dialect of Old West Norse was spoken by Icelandic colonies in Greenland. When the colonies died out around the 15th century, the dialect went with it. The phoneme
7675:
and following social upheavals seem to have accelerated language changes in Norway. From the late 14th century, the language used in Norway is generally referred to as
13677:, Ch.XIII §122 "Phonological developments from Old Nordic to Early Modern Nordic I: West Scandinavian." (M. Schulte). pp. 1081–1096; Monophthongization: p.1082;
8699:, pp. 1856, 1859) as these innovations spread north unevenly (unlike the earlier changes that spread more evenly over the East Norse area), creating a series of
4535:. Unlike the three other digraphs, it was retained much longer in all dialects. Without ever developing into a voiceless sonorant in Icelandic, it instead underwent
2245:. The nasal vowels, also noted in the First Grammatical Treatise, are assumed to have been lost in most dialects by this time (but notably they are retained in
8180:
of the two in both the ancient and the modern languages, sometimes by a profound margin. The language is called "runic" because the body of text appears in
18018:
16549:
14730:
6669:
The numerous "weak" noun paradigms had a much higher degree of syncretism between the different cases; i.e. they had fewer forms than the "strong" nouns.
17385:
16729:
12345:. Often, pairs of short and long vowels became differentiated in quality before the loss of vowel length and thus did not end up merging; e.g. Old Norse
7325:
in Old West Norse around the 7th century, marking the first distinction between the Eastern and Western dialects. The following table illustrates this:
6220:". As in other languages, the grammatical gender of an impersonal noun is generally unrelated to an expected natural gender of that noun. While indeed
10263:
In a simple sentence like "They are both weak", the extent of the Old Norse loanwords becomes quite clear (Old East Norse with archaic pronunciation:
19426:
13515:
14644:
Bandle, Oskar; Braunmüller, Kurt; Jahr, Ernst Hakon; Karker, Allan; Naumann, Hans-Peter; Teleman, Ulf; Elmevik, Lennart; Widmark, Gun, eds. (2002),
10275:). The words "they" and "weak" are both borrowed from Old Norse, and the word "both" might also be a borrowing, though this is disputed (cf. German
9090:
king was to provide protection and help, when they needed it and asked for it. The king and the jarl shall in return send emissaries to the Gutnish
19431:
15077:
14958:
1900:
would also lengthen the vowel. This nasalization also occurred in the other Germanic languages, but were not retained long. They were noted in the
15376:
14164:
8285:-sound survived in the East Nordic tongues almost a millennium longer than in the West Norse counterparts, and does still subsist at the present.
5485:
1307:
668:
8067:
system. Compared to the spelling of the same text in Modern Icelandic, pronunciation has changed greatly, but spelling has changed little since
19436:
8048:
4689:
was created in the 19th century and is, for the most part, phonemic. The most notable deviation is that the nonphonemic difference between the
1331:
19421:
14216:
6732:). This definite article, however, was a separate word and did not become attached to the noun before later stages of the Old Norse period.
18393:
17471:
9140:
and Old Norse were related languages. It is therefore not surprising that many words in Old Norse look familiar to English speakers; e.g.,
2250:
14277:
6253:
All neuter words have identical nominative and accusative forms, and all feminine words have identical nominative and accusative plurals.
18191:
14628:
Moberg, J.; Gooskens, C.; Nerbonne, J.; Vaillette, N. (2007), "4. Conditional Entropy Measures Intelligibility among Related Languages",
13204:
1892:
marks the long vowels with an acute accent. In medieval manuscripts, it is often unmarked but sometimes marked with an accent or through
692:
17154:
13944:
13096:
9132:
1753:
654:
15361:
15142:
6876:
However, some changes were geographically limited and so created a dialectal difference between Old West Norse and Old East Norse.
15343:
Video: Old Norse text read with a reconstructed pronunciation and a Modern Icelandic pronunciation, for comparison. With subtitles
13582:
8099:
meſꞇı ſpekıngr aꞇ ꝩıꞇı. ⁊ er h̅ ꝩͬ.xíí. veꞇᷓ gamall aꞇ allꝺrı nalıga alroſcın̅ aꞇ ꝩıꞇı. en ſꞇoꝛhvgaðꝛ u̅ ꝼᷓm alla ſına ıaꝼnallꝺꝛa.
5007:
17085:
16266:
15256:
14797:
13928:
13458:
13315:
8882:
was still preserved in the middle and northern parts of Sweden, and is sporadically still preserved in some northern dialects as
14238:
8516:("suns, havens, scales"); Danish has mainly lost the distinction between the two stems, with both endings now being rendered as
4996:
1810:
Various languages unrelated to Old Norse and others not closely related have been heavily influenced by Norse, particularly the
15810:
1664:
13845:
9184:
mother language. In addition, numerous common, everyday Old Norse words were adopted into the Old English language during the
6760:
and the mythological literature, but there also survives a large body of religious literature, translations into Old Norse of
5569:
When a noun, pronoun, adjective, or verb has a long vowel or diphthong in the accented syllable and its stem ends in a single
5459:
and numerous other examples. That also applies to almost all feminine nouns, for example the largest feminine noun group, the
15698:
15231:
15206:
14575:
13822:
13348:
17050:
17045:
16904:
16644:
16414:
18008:
17375:
15746:
6816:
Dyggvi's mother was Drott, the daughter of king Danp, Ríg's son, who was the first to be called king in the Danish tongue.
1795:
1505:
16221:
15703:
8280:
8269:
8217:
4472:
occurred word-initially. It is unclear whether they were sequences of two consonants (with the first element realised as
4427:
4407:
308:
18920:
14306:
13869:
7278:
is often used to refer to Old West Norse specifically, in which case the broader subject receives another name, such as
7223:
and other words underwent i-umlaut in Old West Norse but not in Old East Norse dialects. Examples of that are Icelandic
4805:
of unrounded vowels. Umlaut is phonemic and in many situations grammatically significant as a side effect of losing the
451:
17256:
14692:
14081:
13291:
13243:
1324:
8188:
Norse. While typically "Eastern" in structure, many later post-runic changes and trademarks of OEN had yet to happen.
1852:, a Norse tribe, probably from present-day east-central Sweden. The current Finnish and Estonian words for Sweden are
19446:
15830:
15403:
15286:
14267:"On the origins of the Elfdalian nasal vowels from the perspective of diachronic dialectology and Germanic etymology"
13198:
10292:
Tracing the origins of words like "bull" and "Thursday" is more difficult. "Bull" may derive from either Old English
9192:
in modern English are (English/Viking Age Old East Norse), in some cases even displacing their Old English cognates:
5769:. The effect of this shortening can result in the lack of distinction between some forms of the noun. In the case of
4453:
Reconstructed as when part of the stem of a word with a voiceless allophone word-finally when not part of the stem.
1875:, with over one hundred loanwords estimated to be in the language, many of which are related to fishing and sailing.
887:
17090:
14894:
14362:
A Comparative Grammar of the Teutonic Languages: Being at the Same Time a Historical Grammar of the English Language
17464:
15269:
6962:
6250:, for "raven" and "crow", masculine and feminine respectively, even in reference to a female raven or a male crow.
4760:
15372:
Old Norse loans in Old and Middle English, and their legacy in the dialects of England and modern standard English
14754:
adapted from the Germanic Lexicon Project version to work better with mobile devices and with an improved search (
14581:
14043:
5474:
17357:
16363:
15846:
13703:
8735:
6745:
4747:'s nucleus to derive the past forms of the verb. This parallels English conjugation, where, e.g., the nucleus of
4712:
4686:
4293:
2025:
1889:
1372:
820:
685:
298:
17040:
17147:
16614:
16236:
14727:
2094:
1594:
14747:
14009:
13960:
13410:
9128:
4516:, which suggests that they had most likely already been pronounced as voiceless sonorants by Old Norse times.
493:
19287:
17121:
17075:
16960:
16834:
16251:
16226:
15805:
15337:
12322:
Norwegian – Standardised written Norwegian based on Norwegian dialects; No = same in both forms of Norwegian.
7682:
Old West Norse underwent a lengthening of initial vowels at some point, especially in Norwegian, so that OWN
2045:
1317:
17:
16439:
14814:
7004:
Here is a comparison between the two dialects as well as Old Gutnish. It is a transcription from one of the
4806:
4776:
255:
19317:
18487:
18449:
18434:
17380:
16940:
16935:
16261:
15120:
14979:
14836:
13089:
8620:
The plural ending of ja-stems were mostly preserved while those of OWN often acquired that of the i-stems:
7603:
4324:
4299:
2114:
2069:
569:
17761:
16499:
15693:
13678:
13507:
13069:
13061:
13056:
13044:
13026:
13008:
13003:
12998:
12986:
12978:
12973:
12968:
12953:
12948:
12943:
12931:
12926:
12921:
12916:
12901:
12896:
12891:
12879:
12874:
12869:
12864:
12859:
12844:
12832:
12824:
12816:
12782:
12767:
12752:
12747:
12742:
12730:
12726:
12721:
12717:
12712:
12707:
12702:
12687:
12682:
12677:
12665:
12660:
12655:
12640:
12635:
12623:
12619:
12615:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12583:
12579:
12571:
12566:
12561:
12549:
12534:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12494:
12489:
12484:
12479:
12474:
12425:
12404:
12350:
12346:
12258:
12251:
12246:
12238:
12185:
12177:
12170:
12165:
12157:
12110:
12102:
12098:
12093:
12085:
12044:
12036:
12032:
12027:
12019:
11949:
11944:
11936:
11883:
11879:
11871:
11845:
11837:
11829:
11825:
11817:
11775:
11771:
11766:
11758:
11705:
11697:
11693:
11688:
11680:
11645:
11641:
11636:
11628:
11596:
11591:
11586:
11578:
11537:
11529:
11525:
11520:
11512:
11464:
11459:
11454:
11446:
11405:
11397:
11390:
11382:
11378:
11370:
11306:
11298:
11290:
11286:
11278:
11111:
11104:
11096:
11092:
11084:
11049:
11045:
11040:
11032:
11002:
10994:
10986:
10981:
10976:
10968:
10924:
10919:
10911:
10800:
10795:
10787:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10699:
10657:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10631:
10544:
10536:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10510:
10413:
10399:
10391:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10364:
9029:
9025:
8719:
8715:
8267:
8223:
8215:
8119:
hann var tólf vetra gamall að aldri, nálega alroskinn að viti, en stórhugaður umfram alla sína jafnaldra,
8008:
8004:
8000:
7950:
7946:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7889:
7879:
7833:
7823:
7819:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7772:
7764:
7731:
7727:
7208:
translation: 'Veðr and Thegn and Gunnar raised this stone after Haursi, their father. God help his spirit'
6155:
6139:
6113:
6000:
5996:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5893:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4625:
4615:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4425:
4405:
4394:
4366:
4348:
4335:
4330:
4307:
4291:
4271:
4258:
4249:
4226:
4208:
4194:
4156:
4152:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3894:
3889:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3821:
3813:
3801:
3795:
3790:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3718:
3710:
3698:
3692:
3687:
3657:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3609:
3604:
3596:
3590:
3585:
3564:
3559:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3500:
3495:
3487:
3481:
3476:
3455:
3450:
3442:
3436:
3431:
3410:
3405:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3363:
3358:
3350:
3344:
3339:
3304:
3299:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3260:
3255:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3216:
3211:
3203:
3197:
3192:
3171:
3166:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3127:
3122:
3114:
3109:
3101:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3053:
3047:
3042:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2999:
2994:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2951:
2946:
2911:
2906:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2857:
2852:
2844:
2838:
2830:
2802:
2797:
2789:
2783:
2775:
2754:
2749:
2741:
2736:
2728:
2704:
2699:
2691:
2685:
2680:
2629:
2624:
2616:
2610:
2605:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2562:
2557:
2536:
2531:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2479:
2475:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2429:
2424:
2415:
2410:
2400:
2395:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2356:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2234:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2163:
2152:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2119:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2014:
2010:
2005:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1970:
1966:
1961:
19441:
19297:
19157:
18507:
18466:
18456:
17457:
16930:
16434:
16126:
16021:
15598:
4350:
2158:
2147:
1956:
16529:
16206:
16046:
15071:
14952:
12341:+ , or , such as , , etc.); short vowels occurred when followed by most consonant clusters, including
8902:
developed independently from Old Swedish and as such can be considered separate languages from Swedish.
7508:
An early difference between Old West Norse and the other dialects was that Old West Norse had the forms
4740:
17673:
17413:
16774:
16306:
16276:
16161:
15901:
14160:
13612:
7768:
6965:. Another difference was that Old West Norse lost certain combinations of consonants. The combinations
6809:
Móðir Dyggva var Drótt, dóttir Danps konungs, sonar Rígs er fyrstr var konungr kallaðr á danska tungu.
6765:
5602:
The nominative of the strong masculine declension and some i-stem feminine nouns uses one such -r (ʀ).
5384:
4782:
4694:
4396:
4309:
4196:
2238:
2127:
1901:
678:
551:
38:
14100:, Ch. XVII §202 "The typological development of the Nordic languages I: Phonology" (H. Sandøy) :
13838:, Ch. XVII §202 "The typological development of the Nordic languages I: Phonology" (H. Sandøy) :
13735:, Ch. XVII §202 "The typological development of the Nordic languages I: Phonology" (H. Sandøy) :
13650:, Ch. XVII §202 "The typological development of the Nordic languages I: Phonology" (H. Sandøy) :
13634:, Ch. XVII §202 "The typological development of the Nordic languages I: Phonology" (H. Sandøy) :
4560:
19014:
17437:
17140:
17116:
16779:
16151:
15825:
14930:
14714:
13101:
8278:
8222:
was preserved in initial sounds in Old East Norse (w-), unlike in West Norse where it developed into
6852:...the Norse language was hard for him, and he often fumbled for words, which amused people greatly.
6845:...stirt var honum norrœnt mál, ok kylfdi mᴊǫk til orðanna, ok hǫfðu margir menn þat mᴊǫk at spotti.
6313:
5595:
5382:
5374:
1976:
1359:
before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages. Old Norse was spoken by inhabitants of
1191:
123:
17000:
8109:
var tólv vetra gamall at aldri, náliga alroskinn at viti, en stórhugaðr umfram alla sína jafnaldra,
6347:
There were several classes of nouns within each gender. The following is an example of the "strong"
4665:, there was no standardized orthography in use in the Middle Ages. A modified version of the letter
19292:
19246:
19241:
19165:
18775:
18759:
18638:
18497:
18388:
18383:
16624:
16176:
16146:
16141:
15861:
15473:
8997:
7263:
as in Old Swedish. These differences can also be seen in comparison between Norwegian and Swedish.
6275:
4685:. Long vowels were sometimes marked with acutes but also sometimes left unmarked or geminated. The
4210:
2000:
1737:
1688:
1482:
1383:
1356:
1101:
909:
840:
182:
154:
16709:
15991:
19231:
19175:
19170:
19090:
18763:
18713:
18013:
17831:
17587:
17515:
17503:
16844:
16789:
16519:
16246:
16096:
16051:
16011:
14851:
14208:
8211:
8177:
8156:, Sweden, is the longest surviving source of early Old East Norse. It is inscribed on both sides.
6205:
5376:
4690:
4315:
4228:
4201:
4106:
1121:
576:
172:
19353:
19073:
18471:
16975:
16819:
16469:
13555:
Stewart, Thomas W. (Jr.) (2004), "Lexical imposition: Old Norse vocabulary in Scottish Gaelic",
10310:, which could have been influenced by the Old Norse cognate. The word "are" is from Old English
4581:
4556:
1413:, with no clear geographical boundary between them. Old East Norse traits were found in eastern
19236:
18718:
18684:
18302:
18118:
17978:
17818:
17713:
16925:
16494:
16231:
16036:
16026:
15921:
15756:
14954:
Altnordische grammatik I. Altisländische und altnorwegische grammatik (laut- und flexionslehre)
14266:
8096:
6900:
4543:, which suggests that instead of being a voiceless sonorant, it retained a stronger frication.
4338:
1676:
768:
755:
31:
17015:
16814:
15896:
14876:
14862:
14646:
The Nordic Languages, An International Handbook on the History of the North Germanic Languages
14567:
The Menota handbook: Guidelines for the electronic encoding of Medieval Nordic primary sources
14073:
13283:
13235:
13188:
7676:
19394:
19358:
18626:
18619:
18571:
18341:
18312:
18281:
18244:
18169:
17926:
17839:
17700:
17662:
16970:
16869:
16654:
16474:
15856:
15815:
15776:
15708:
15678:
15396:
15183:
14934:
14606:
13338:
13113:
8068:
8064:
8032:
6348:
4637:
4368:
4251:
4215:
423:
18859:
17734:
17055:
16534:
16449:
16399:
15179:
14065:
13275:
13227:
5146:
1693:
The modern descendants of the Old West Norse dialect are the West Scandinavian languages of
1382:
developed into Old Norse by the 8th century, and Old Norse began to develop into the modern
1239:
19363:
19343:
19312:
19185:
19045:
18791:
18609:
18201:
18028:
17990:
17985:
17859:
17806:
17564:
17080:
16995:
16859:
16754:
16734:
16358:
16256:
16216:
16211:
16191:
16156:
16091:
16001:
15966:
15926:
15916:
15911:
15906:
15771:
15683:
13394:
13147:
13124:
13107:
8899:
8255:
8059:
7664:
From the late 13th century, Old Icelandic and Old Norwegian started to diverge more. After
7549:
7340:
7216:
Weðr ok Þegn ok Gunnarr ræistu stæin þenna at Haursa, fǫður sinn. Guð hialpi ǫnd hans (OEN)
6757:
6672:
A definite article was realised as a suffix that retained an independent declension; e.g.,
6287:
4728:
4601:
4233:
1905:
1379:
1375:, and the consolidation of Scandinavian kingdoms from about the 8th to the 15th centuries.
599:
581:
470:
19019:
17020:
16509:
15981:
13954:
13127: – The Scandinavian dialect of Proto-Germanic that developed into Old Norse
5106:
8:
19302:
18538:
18492:
18426:
18179:
17826:
17739:
17537:
17308:
17025:
16920:
16839:
16604:
16459:
16186:
16136:
16116:
16056:
16016:
15941:
15793:
15650:
14920:
13855:
13083:
9492:
8782:
6919:
Old West Norse and Old Gutnish did not take part in the monophthongization which changed
4797:, this entails a fronting of back vowels, with retention of lip rounding. In the case of
4260:
1831:
1827:
1771:
was also influenced by Norse. Through Norman, to a smaller extent, so was modern French.
508:
18849:
18694:
17941:
17035:
16629:
16006:
15558:
15365:
15136:
14866:
13938:
13901:
5599:) in an ending is assimilated. When the accented vowel is short, the ending is dropped.
5270:
5228:
19416:
19348:
19272:
19200:
19190:
19145:
18907:
18834:
18731:
18576:
18551:
18546:
18439:
18267:
18152:
17973:
17751:
17746:
17725:
17686:
17490:
17480:
17010:
17005:
16950:
16569:
16514:
16404:
16291:
16196:
16121:
16111:
16041:
15996:
15971:
15961:
15931:
15891:
15871:
15553:
15533:
15342:
15032:
14938:
14550:
14131:
13797:
10281:). While the number of loanwords adopted from the Norse was not as numerous as that of
8947:
8913:
8543:
tended to shift the plural ending to that of the ja-stems while OEN kept the original:
8247:
8084:
7592:
6256:
The gender of some words' plurals does not agree with that of their singulars, such as
6201:
6195:
6097:
5740:
5346:
5281:
5216:
5157:
4744:
4698:
4274:
2471:
1823:
1783:
1702:
1694:
1571:
1493:
1485:
1111:
833:
785:
640:
627:
329:
233:
177:
18502:
16699:
15253:
14794:
14765:
13307:
8203:
in most positions, even when being geminated, while in OWN it had already merged with
7199:
Veðr ok Þegn ok Gunnarr reistu stein þenna at Haursa, fǫður sinn. Guð hjalpi ǫnd hans.
288:
19322:
19121:
19037:
19030:
18985:
18929:
18689:
18679:
18662:
18657:
18561:
18444:
18323:
18123:
18084:
18064:
17902:
17794:
17776:
17628:
17370:
17095:
17030:
16990:
16980:
16955:
16864:
16849:
16764:
16689:
16634:
16559:
16489:
16444:
16331:
16201:
16171:
16166:
16131:
16101:
16081:
16066:
15986:
15866:
15820:
15766:
15688:
15593:
15277:
15244:
15227:
15220:
15202:
14775:
14688:
14610:
14571:
14244:
14186:
14077:
14066:
13749:
Schalin, Johan (2018). "Preliterary Scandinavian Sound Change Viewed From the East".
13616:
13344:
13287:
13276:
13239:
13228:
13194:
13142:
13137:
8686:
8263:
8153:
8044:
7994:
7205:
Weðr ok Þegn ok Gunnarr raistu stain þenna at Haursa, faður sinn. Guð hialpi and hans
7202:
Weðr ok Þegn ok Gunnarr ræistu stæin þenna at Haursa, faður sinn. Guð hialpi and hans
5669:
5639:
5362:
5335:
5293:
5240:
1819:
1799:
1644:
1520:
The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century:
1410:
1166:
872:
795:
780:
709:
614:
390:
377:
16454:
16076:
15175:
14981:
Altnordische grammatik II. Altschwedische grammatik mit einschluss des altgutnischen
14880:
14243:, The Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Durham University, archived from
6025:. In inflections, this manifested as the dropping of the inflectional vowels. Thus,
1794:). Although Swedish, Danish and Norwegian have diverged the most, they still retain
304:
19277:
19068:
19002:
18958:
18953:
18902:
18894:
18699:
18667:
18614:
18603:
18516:
18225:
18164:
17954:
17936:
17771:
17532:
17524:
17247:
17163:
17060:
16985:
16965:
16945:
16879:
16824:
16809:
16794:
16739:
16579:
16564:
16106:
16086:
16071:
16061:
15976:
15956:
15946:
15936:
15876:
15741:
15673:
15389:
15115:
15053:
15015:
14633:
14561:
14542:
14123:
13789:
13564:
13490:
13119:
9177:
8227:
7767:, developed around the early 11th century. It was short-lived, being marked in the
7633:
Old Norwegian differentiated early from Old Icelandic by the loss of the consonant
7005:
6798:
6455:
6204:– masculine, feminine, and neuter. Adjectives or pronouns referring to a noun must
5449:
5328:
5317:
5263:
5199:
5139:
4736:
4144:
1835:
1815:
1761:
1722:
1698:
1633:
1504:, and other North Germanic varieties of which Norwegian, Danish and Swedish retain
1501:
1489:
1364:
1216:
894:
800:
775:
645:
609:
487:
103:
19114:
16524:
16409:
14718:
8649:
8577:
8565:
8149:
7736:
5305:
1286:
19307:
19267:
19100:
19007:
18990:
18975:
18970:
18963:
18672:
18581:
18566:
18521:
18373:
18336:
18328:
18307:
18294:
18274:
18260:
18023:
18000:
17931:
17921:
17913:
17693:
17070:
16829:
16744:
16704:
16684:
16669:
16649:
16594:
16589:
16584:
16554:
16378:
16346:
16241:
16031:
15951:
15886:
15881:
15851:
15518:
15466:
15273:
15260:
14898:
14818:
14801:
14751:
14734:
14710:
11330:
11324:
7857:
7220:
6880:
6764:, classical mythology, and the Old Testament, as well as instructional material,
6761:
6301:
6297:
5401:
represents only a change in orthography rather than a change in sound. Similarly
5206:
5169:
5128:
4772:
4651:
1872:
1811:
1787:
1768:
1718:
1660:
1497:
1441:
1421:
is classified as Old West Norse, and Old West Norse traits were found in western
1071:
949:
810:
604:
436:
164:
16884:
16804:
15186:. Viking Society for Northern Research. University College London. Available at
13104: – Names that speakers of Old Norse assigned to foreign places and peoples.
11726:
11720:
8722:
during the 9th century. From the 11th to 14th centuries, the unstressed vowels -
6595:
971:
19388:
19282:
19262:
19214:
19106:
18980:
18650:
18417:
18356:
18135:
18092:
18049:
17966:
17961:
17850:
17800:
17651:
17602:
17557:
17550:
17365:
17111:
16724:
16694:
16311:
15725:
14630:
Proceedings of the 17th Meeting of Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands
14031:
11318:
9181:
8767:
7611:
6749:
6741:
6317:
5506:
5189:
4786:
4702:
4662:
4655:
1868:
1849:
1791:
1733:
1656:
1626:
1622:
1587:
1562:
1402:
1394:
991:
790:
731:
515:
441:
383:
359:
218:
15352:
15348:
8655:
6879:
As Proto-Norse evolved into Old Norse, in the 8th century, the effects of the
6461:
6357:
6327:
6182:
language with high levels of nominal and verbal inflection. Most of the fused
5870:
5848:
5771:
5728:
5697:
5437:
4763:
do by consequence of being derived from the past tense forms of strong verbs.
1782:
Faroese retains many similarities but is influenced by Danish, Norwegian, and
1091:
1016:
1006:
931:
19410:
19338:
19180:
18936:
18887:
18704:
18643:
18556:
18461:
18399:
18346:
18230:
18157:
17312:
17285:
17065:
16899:
16479:
16368:
15523:
15508:
15461:
15106:
14312:
13974:
13875:
13157:
12342:
11910:
11791:
11246:
10605:
10573:
10567:
10561:
10464:
10282:
8133:
7901:
7627:
7623:
6305:
5470:
5014:
OEN often preserves the original value of the vowel directly preceding runic
5001:
4802:
4670:
4643:
4492:
respectively. In Old Norwegian, Old Danish and later Old Swedish, the groups
1764:), inherited a significant proportion of its vocabulary directly from Norse.
1706:
1583:
1579:
1418:
1281:
1061:
1044:
936:
632:
371:
107:
88:
14676:
11426:
11070:
11064:
10304:, while "Thursday" may be a borrowing or simply derive from the Old English
8452:, while in OWN they more often merge with the feminine i-stems: (runic OEN)
7945:
Orthographic evidence suggests that in a confined dialect of Old Norwegian,
5820:
5492:
5455:
5443:
5252:
1871:, many associated with fishing and sailing. A similar influence is found in
1031:
19207:
18631:
18595:
18528:
18351:
18174:
18147:
18130:
18074:
18033:
17615:
17594:
16799:
16664:
16484:
16341:
15655:
15645:
15538:
15215:
14948:
14530:
14148:
14114:
Sturtevant, Albert Morey (1953), "Further Old Norse Secondary Formations",
13897:
13568:
13422:
12071:
11928:
11904:
11898:
11785:
11362:
11356:
11350:
11336:
11240:
10767:
10458:
8843:
8601:
7861:
6861:
6825:
6792:
4708:
1244:
1196:
229:
18854:
15292:
13583:"Old Norse Influence in Modern English: The Effect of the Viking Invasion"
12280:
12274:
12137:
11486:
11480:
11476:
10903:
8136:. Uncials not encoded separately in Unicode as of this section's writing.
7771:
and remaining until the end of the 12th century. It then merged back into
7607:
7252:
5995:. At the beginning of words, this manifested as a dropping of the initial
981:
272:
19024:
18997:
18815:
18723:
18405:
18366:
17949:
17644:
17608:
17543:
17418:
16854:
16784:
16639:
16373:
16336:
16321:
16181:
15512:
15446:
15431:
15240:
15194:
14891:
13537:
13162:
13152:
12292:
12286:
12059:
11980:
11922:
11916:
11863:
11857:
11258:
11200:
11168:
11150:
11144:
10859:
10853:
10827:
10773:
10761:
10755:
10747:
10741:
10735:
10729:
10679:
10673:
10667:
10496:
10470:
9137:
9070:
8963:
8919:
8861:
8595:
7865:
7672:
6309:
5075:
3668:
1909:
1745:
1652:
1614:
1553:
1544:
1430:
1406:
1360:
1271:
1206:
1106:
1086:
986:
750:
533:
405:
395:
207:
150:
127:
115:
80:
18869:
16679:
15329:
15138:
Gutarnas Krönika eller Gutasagan [The History of the Gotlanders]
14035:
12268:
12131:
12125:
11614:
11504:
11498:
11492:
11342:
11252:
10623:
10617:
10611:
10599:
10593:
10585:
10579:
10555:
10490:
10322:, which stems back to Proto-Germanic as well as the Old Norse cognates.
8251:
7431:
7240:
7236:
4569:
1248:
18864:
18844:
18209:
17879:
17580:
16429:
16394:
15588:
15583:
15323:
15266:
14637:
14533:(1950), "First Grammatical Treatise. The Earliest Germanic Phonology",
13780:
Benediktsson, H. (1963), "Some Aspects of Nordic Umlaut and Breaking",
13494:
12065:
11986:
11666:
11660:
11558:
11552:
11232:
11226:
11220:
11188:
11182:
11176:
10954:
10948:
10942:
10936:
10891:
10821:
10779:
9185:
8759:
6753:
6293:
6179:
6109:
4849:
4810:
4785:
process acting on vowels preceding a vowel or semivowel of a different
2242:
1893:
1840:
1454:
1450:
1368:
1276:
1021:
1011:
996:
805:
540:
15498:
15187:
15169:
14565:
14554:
14135:
13801:
12298:
12212:
12149:
12011:
12005:
11999:
11993:
11732:
11608:
10885:
10484:
10444:
8583:
8380:
8374:
8239:
7260:
7256:
7248:
7244:
7001:
in Old West Norse, but this phenomenon was limited in Old East Norse.
4999:, and commonly in verbs with a velar consonant before the suffix like
4147:, with its precise position unknown; it is reconstructed as a palatal
2237:. This can be determined by their distinction within the 12th-century
976:
19050:
18361:
18142:
18097:
18069:
17895:
17449:
17298:
16874:
16749:
16719:
16504:
16286:
15608:
15483:
15451:
15356:
15333:
14672:
14308:
Altnordische Grammatik I: Altisländische und altnorwegische Grammatik
13871:
Altnordische Grammatik I: Altisländische und altnorwegische Grammatik
12338:
12337:(and some clusters, e.g. in Icelandic, most clusters of obstruent to
12230:
11438:
11432:
11420:
10331:
Development of Old Norse vowels to the modern Scandinavian languages
9055:
6335:
4618:. In compound words, secondary stress falls on the second stem (e.g.
4605:
4536:
4096:
2482:, whereas in West Norse and its descendants the diphthongs remained.
2443:
2246:
1888:
Old Norse vowel phonemes mostly come in pairs of long and short. The
1598:
1296:
1253:
1186:
1141:
1076:
961:
899:
281:
265:
247:
92:
18874:
14088:"Old Norse is by far the best attested variety of Old Scandinavian."
12315:
12143:
11968:
11797:
11744:
11738:
11620:
11270:
11264:
11212:
11206:
11162:
11156:
11024:
11018:
11012:
10879:
10871:
10865:
10847:
10841:
10833:
10815:
10809:
10685:
10502:
10476:
10438:
10430:
10424:
8386:
6961:, nor did certain peripheral dialects of Swedish, as seen in modern
6134:
5745:
4975:
1516:
877:
857:
725:
18839:
18187:
17401:
17328:
17132:
16659:
16619:
16351:
16326:
15798:
15720:
15640:
15578:
15573:
15503:
15493:
15488:
15436:
14546:
14127:
14017:
13793:
12224:
12218:
9189:
8708:
8700:
8254:
into the 18th, 19th and 20th century. It is still preserved in the
8235:
6183:
4148:
1757:
1714:
1672:
1618:
1610:
1591:
1481:("northern speech"). Today Old Norse has developed into the modern
1201:
1176:
1134:
1026:
1001:
924:
717:
316:
138:
119:
17341:
17272:
15332:
by Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the
14667:, Blackwell Introductions to Literature, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
13540:; Greene, David (eds.), "The influence of Scandinavian on Irish",
12077:
11974:
11809:
11803:
11672:
11570:
11564:
11194:
11076:
10960:
10897:
10450:
8589:
8231:
2171:
Note: The open or open-mid vowels may be transcribed differently:
1161:
1081:
1056:
18880:
18476:
18378:
17211:
17198:
17185:
16674:
16599:
16574:
16544:
16539:
16424:
15751:
15713:
15618:
15603:
15568:
15456:
15412:
15110:
14811:
14521:
Haugan, Jens (1998), "Right Dislocated 'Subjects' in Old Norse",
14327:
12319:
8969:
8704:
8259:
8243:
8144:
6321:
4759:
in the past participle. Some verbs are derived by ablaut, as the
1775:
1749:
1741:
1648:
1637:
1630:
1606:
1437:
1426:
1390:
1181:
966:
867:
815:
622:
312:
111:
84:
15426:
15377:
Old Norse basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
15060:(3rd, revised printing of the 4th ed.), Gyldendal Akademisk
14830:
13990:
12206:
12200:
11750:
10691:
10325:
10317:
10311:
10305:
10293:
10270:
10238:
10232:
10226:
9882:
9800:
9688:
9536:
9486:
9454:
9320:
9314:
9308:
8848:
8071:
was intentionally modelled after Old Norse in the 19th century.
7213:
transliteration would therefore render the text in OEN as such:
5726:
The rule is not absolute, with certain counter-examples such as
4552:
1051:
845:
18183:
17237:
17224:
16889:
16609:
16419:
16316:
16296:
15788:
15781:
15761:
15563:
14627:
13428:
7544:. Old West Norse was also characterized by the preservation of
6341:
6117:
5748:'), where assimilation takes place even though the root vowel,
5460:
1908:. The dots in the following vowel table separate the oral from
1710:
1668:
1663:, probably lasting into the 13th century there. The age of the
1602:
1574:
with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility
1446:
1422:
1414:
1221:
1156:
956:
904:
862:
742:
in orange. Yellow and green denote related Germanic languages.
15441:
14615:, vol. 7 (Raleigh-Tananarivo), D. Appleton, A. J. Johnson
14570:(Version 2.0 ed.), Bergen: Medieval Nordic Text Archive,
8803:(guests) whereas (Standard) Swedish has retained older forms,
914:
18101:
16769:
16759:
16714:
15635:
15548:
15478:
14687:] (in Norwegian) (4th ed.), Gyldendal Norsk Forlag,
10286:
8531:
Vice versa, masculine i-stems with the root ending in either
8181:
7251:. This can also be seen in the Icelandic and Norwegian words
6278:
being declined in different genders within a given sentence.
4647:
1467:("Danish tongue"; speakers of Old East Norse would have said
1458:
1116:
1096:
919:
850:
429:
225:
15199:
Viking Language: Learn Old Norse, Runes, and Icelandic Sagas
14940:
An Icelandic Prose Reader: with Notes, Grammar, and Glossary
14922:
An Elementary Grammar of the Old Norse or Icelandic Language
7649:; thus whereas Old Icelandic manuscripts might use the form
5561:
4711:. Most other letters are written with the same glyph as the
16894:
16464:
16301:
15543:
14871:(in Danish and Latin), Hafniæ, typis J. D. Qvist & comp
14643:
7274:
is by far the best attested variety of Old Norse. The term
5999:(which was general, independent of the following vowel) or
4666:
1291:
1171:
1151:
1146:
1066:
525:
500:
15381:
12436:
Pronunciation of vowels in various Scandinavian languages
6316:
in addition to singular and plural. The genitive was used
5392:
5368:
1643:
In the 11th century, Old Norse was the most widely spoken
315:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7864:
copy. However, the 13th-century Codex Regius copy of the
6865:, Saga Sigurðar Jórsalafara, Eysteins ok Ólafs § 35(34).
882:
14744:
13621:, Glasgow : J. Maclehose and Sons, pp. 108–204
13340:
The Languages of Scandinavia: Seven Sisters of the North
12411:
in some isolated words, but the tendency was to restore
8312:
started in mid-10th-century Denmark. Compare runic OEN:
5489:
in Icelandic) in comparison with Modern and Old Swedish
14632:, vol. 7 (LOT Occasional series), pp. 51–66,
14339:
8063:
in a version with normalized spelling like that of the
4969:
was obtained through a simultaneous u- and i-umlaut of
1429:
and Sweden, most speakers spoke Old East Norse. Though
15246:
An Icelandic Primer, with Grammar, Notes, and Glossary
14780:, Reykjavík, Kostnaarmaur: Sigurdur Kristjánsson, 1922
13874:. pp. 200–202, 207 (§ 277, § 283). Archived from
13684:
13387:
13385:
8866:
At the end of the 10th and early 11th century initial
14451:, p. 389 col.1, "LIM"; p. 437, col.1 "MUND"
14439:– Remarks on the 1st Strong Masculine Declension, 3.a
14240:
The Anonymous Verse in the Third Grammatical Treatise
14064:
König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan, eds. (2002).
13919:
13917:
13915:
13913:
13274:
König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan, eds. (2002).
13226:
König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan, eds. (2002).
13190:
Interdependence of Diachronic and Synchronic Analyses
15000:
Gammeldansk Grammatik i sproghistorisk Fremstilling
14997:
14665:
Old Norse-Icelandic Literature: A Short Introduction
13903:
Abriss Der Altnordischen (Altisländischen) Grammatik
13252:
13187:
Josephson, Folke; Söhrman, Ingmar (29 August 2008).
7934:⟩ sequences represented a consonant cluster (
7860:
manuscripts distinguish the vowels, and so does the
6768:
and a large body of letters and official documents.
6078:
6071:
4731:
patterns are groups of vowels which are swapped, or
4110:
4067:
4053:
4039:
3997:
3974:
3933:
3879:
3832:
3780:
3729:
3677:
3620:
3575:
3531:
3517:
3466:
3421:
3377:
3329:
3315:
3271:
3227:
3182:
3138:
3091:
3032:
2984:
2936:
2922:
2878:
2820:
2765:
2718:
2670:
2650:
2595:
2547:
1774:
Written modern Icelandic derives from the Old Norse
15326:, an online collection of Old Norse source material
15284:
14835:(in Danish and English), University of Copenhagen,
14619:
14063:
13950:
13934:
13851:
13416:
13382:
13273:
13225:
13093: – A common textbook on the language
8195:, which evolved during the Proto-Norse period from
7622:, Old West Norse had little dialect variation, and
4884:respectively. Others were formed via ʀ-umlaut from
1636:in Normandy. The Old Gutnish dialect was spoken in
15219:
13910:
9117:
8446:Feminine o-stems often preserve the plural ending
1848:, according to one theory, may be named after the
15263:via Germanic Lexicon Project (lexicon.ff.cuni.cz)
15188:the Viking Society for Northern Research homepage
14512:Harbert, Wayne (2007), "The Germanic Languages",
14408:, pp. 761–762 (Introduction to Letter Ö (Ø))
12396:
12394:
6789:), as evidenced in the following two quotes from
5795:. These forms are impossible because the cluster
19408:
14709:
14489:
14477:
14460:
14448:
14432:
14420:, pp. xxix–xxx "Formation of Words" :
14417:
14411:
14405:
14393:
14161:"Introduction – History of Norwegian up to 1349"
13670:
13668:
13666:
13664:
13662:
13660:
13580:
13186:
12318:Norwegian – Norwegianization of written Danish;
9129:History of English § Scandinavian influence
7846:) 'green' became spelled as in modern Icelandic
5896:is expected to exist, such as in the male names
5701:('to cool down') had present tense third person
5453:respectively, in contrast to the Swedish plural
1867:A number of loanwords have been introduced into
15168:Barnes, Michael; Faulkes, Anthony (2007–2011),
14929:
14885:Lexicon poeticum antiquæ linguæ septentrionalis
14875:
14868:Lexicon poeticum antiquæ linguæ septentrionalis
14685:The main features of Norwegian language history
14560:
13966:
13767:
13343:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 63–64.
12382:
12375:
12373:
12371:
12369:
12367:
12365:
12363:
12361:
12359:
12332:
12330:
12328:
10299:
10264:
10254:
10220:
10210:
10200:
10184:
10174:
10158:
10146:
10136:
10120:
10104:
10094:
10084:
10074:
10064:
10058:
10048:
10038:
10028:
10018:
10008:
9998:
9988:
9978:
9962:
9952:
9942:
9932:
9922:
9912:
9902:
9892:
9876:
9870:
9860:
9850:
9840:
9830:
9820:
9810:
9794:
9788:
9778:
9768:
9758:
9748:
9738:
9728:
9718:
9708:
9698:
9682:
9666:
9656:
9646:
9636:
9626:
9616:
9606:
9596:
9586:
9572:
9562:
9552:
9546:
9530:
9520:
9510:
9500:
9480:
9470:
9464:
9448:
9438:
9428:
9418:
9412:
9402:
9392:
9382:
9376:
9370:
9360:
9350:
9340:
9330:
9302:
9292:
9282:
9272:
9262:
9256:
9246:
9236:
9230:
9224:
9214:
9204:
9171:
9165:
9159:
9153:
9147:
9141:
9053:
9039:
9033:
9019:
9013:
9007:
9001:
8991:
8985:
8979:
8973:
8911:
8893:
8887:
8846:shared with Norwegian and Swedish changed into
8834:
8828:
8822:
8785:. Resulting from these innovations, Danish has
8642:
8635:
8628:
8621:
8570:
8557:
8550:
8544:
8538:
8532:
8493:
8487:
8481:
8474:
8467:
8460:
8453:
8447:
8437:
8431:
8424:
8417:
8397:
8391:
8367:
8361:
8355:
8349:
8343:
8337:
8331:
8325:
8319:
8313:
8307:
8301:
8295:
8289:
8230:in the provinces of Westro- and North Bothnia,
8116:
8106:
8093:
8038:
8018:
8012:
7980:
7974:
7968:
7962:
7906:Around the 11th century, Old Norwegian ⟨
7883:
7873:
7847:
7837:
7827:
7813:
7747:
7713:
7707:
7701:
7695:
7689:
7683:
7656:
7650:
7583:
7577:
7571:
7565:
7559:
7552:
7539:
7533:
7527:
7521:
7515:
7509:
7490:
7483:
7463:
7456:
7436:
7411:
7404:
7384:
7377:
7357:
7350:
7320:
7314:
7308:
7302:
7296:
7290:
7230:
7224:
6996:
6990:
6984:
6978:
6972:
6966:
6956:
6950:
6944:
6938:
6932:
6926:
6920:
6910:
6904:
6891:
6885:
6790:
6784:
6778:
6723:
6713:
6703:
6693:
6683:
6673:
6659:
6652:
6640:
6633:
6621:
6582:
6575:
6563:
6556:
6541:
6529:
6514:
6507:
6495:
6488:
6442:
6436:
6429:
6417:
6405:
6398:
6386:
6379:
6333:
6325:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6245:
6239:
6233:
6227:
6221:
6215:
6209:
6165:
6159:
6149:
6143:
6127:
6121:
6091:
6085:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6047:
6041:
6035:
6026:
6016:
6010:
6004:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5972:
5966:
5960:
5954:
5948:
5916:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5883:
5876:
5861:
5854:
5839:
5832:
5826:
5812:
5789:
5779:
5749:
5733:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5661:
5654:
5652:
5645:
5628:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5603:
5478:
5046:
5038:
5030:
5022:
5020:while OWN receives ʀ-umlaut. Compare runic OEN
5015:
4989:
4981:
4642:Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the
4619:
4609:
4100:
4061:
4047:
4033:
3991:
3985:
3968:
3927:
3921:
3873:
3826:
3774:
3723:
3662:
3614:
3569:
3525:
3511:
3505:
3460:
3415:
3371:
3323:
3309:
3265:
3221:
3176:
3132:
3085:
3026:
2978:
2930:
2916:
2865:
2807:
2759:
2712:
2664:
2658:
2637:
2589:
2541:
2228:
1476:
1469:
1462:
153:in the 8th century, developed into the various
66:
59:
15161:
14662:
14599:Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion
14371:
14356:
14354:
14333:
13996:
13116: – The spelling of the language
13110: – The grammar of the language.
12391:
8176:modern Swedish. Swedish is therefore the more
7930:⟩. It is debatable whether the ⟨
7655:, "fist", Old Norwegian manuscripts might use
4099:between vowels except in compound words (e.g.
2486:History of Old Norse and Old Icelandic vowels
1859:
17465:
17148:
15397:
14957:(4th ed.), Halle (Saale): Max Niemeyer,
14612:Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia: A New Edition
14426:
14311:. p. 211 (§ 288, note 1). Archived from
14209:"(Manuscript AM 519 a 4to) "Alexanders saga""
13821:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFIversen1961 (
13657:
13372:
13370:
13368:
13366:
13364:
13362:
13360:
10326:Relationship to modern Scandinavian languages
8816:
8810:
8804:
8672:
8666:
8660:
8612:
8606:
8511:
8505:
8499:
8410:
8403:
7497:
7470:
7443:
7418:
7391:
7364:
7008:in Sweden (U 990) from the eleventh century:
6096:respectively in Old Norse, a change known as
5490:
5464:
5303:
5238:
5178:
5116:
5064:Comparison demonstrating U-Umlaut in Swedish
4715:phoneme, except as shown in the table below.
4159:, as had already occurred in Old West Norse.
3671:
2871:
2813:
2643:
1853:
1805:
1409:. Old West Norse and Old East Norse formed a
1325:
686:
15309:Valfells, Sigrid; Caithey, James E. (1982),
15214:
14620:van der Auwera, J.; König, E., eds. (1994),
14473:
14471:
14469:
13779:
12356:
12325:
10276:
8798:
8792:
8786:
8523:
8517:
7741:
6274:, have multiple genders, evidenced by their
5673:('to shine') had present tense third person
5643:('to blow'), has third person present tense
5421:should be viewed as a change in orthography.
1511:
14389:
14387:
14385:
14383:
14381:
14351:
14213:Medieval Nordic Text Archive www.menota.org
14202:
14200:
13761:
12428:is still present elsewhere in the paradigm.
6740:The earliest inscriptions in Old Norse are
6296:in four grammatical cases –
1838:also have a few Norse loanwords. The words
17472:
17458:
17155:
17141:
15404:
15390:
14113:
13812:
13810:
13544:, Dundalgan Press, Dundalk, pp. 75–82
13542:Proceedings of the Seventh Viking Congress
13357:
13330:
9122:
7755:A specifically Icelandic sound, the long,
5934:. This is observable in the Runic corpus.
5738:, yet retains the unabsorbed version, and
4707:exclusively. Long vowels are denoted with
4650:Old Norse was originally written with the
1760:. Consequently, Modern English (including
1332:
1318:
693:
679:
15364:by Haukur Þorgeirsson (archived from the
15285:Þorgeirsson, Haukur; Guðlaugsson, Óskar,
14671:
14466:
14399:
14030:
13611:
13419:, "Faroese" (Barnes & Weyhe), p. 217.
13258:
13097:List of English words of Old Norse origin
9133:List of English words of Old Norse origin
8766:endings. At the same time, the voiceless
8077:Digital facsimile of the manuscript text
7775:; as a result, long A is not affected by
7752:. The change is shared with Old Gutnish.
5430:Represents the u-umlaut found in Swedish.
4718:
4580: with: Dating, etc.. You can help by
2470:respectively). In East Norse these would
19427:14th-century disestablishments in Europe
15031:
14861:
14850:
14483:
14378:
14197:
13702:
13131:
8143:
7822:, which had probably already lowered to
7809:⟩ to become merely etymological.
7548:-umlaut, which meant that, for example,
6899:All the while, the changes resulting in
5562:Assimilation or elision of inflectional
5531:preceding the potentially-broken vowel.
1640:and in various settlements in the East.
1515:
19432:Languages attested from the 8th century
15014:
14998:Brøndum-Nielsen, Johannes (1928–1974),
14918:
14856:Altnordisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch
14601:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
14516:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
14511:
14258:
13816:
13807:
13748:
13681:: p. 1082; Reduced vowels: p. 1085
13554:
13487:Norse loanwords in Old and Middle Irish
13484:
13444:
13379:, "Scandinavian Languages", pp. 336–338
13336:
8080:The same text with normalized spelling
7797:and the written distinction of ⟨
2504:
2496:
1397:(Old West Nordic, often referred to as
1367:and chronologically coincides with the
309:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
19409:
17479:
15311:Old Icelandic: An Introductory Course.
15069:
15052:
14977:
14947:
14652:
14529:
14520:
14206:
14097:
13923:
13835:
13732:
13690:
13674:
13647:
13631:
13618:The Norse influence on Celtic Scotland
13535:
13456:
13269:
13267:
8692:
7793:to become an independent phoneme from
7789:during the 12th century, which caused
5786:
5776:
4447:
2241:but not within the early 13th-century
1665:Swedish-speaking population of Finland
19437:Languages extinct in the 14th century
19143:
18757:
17501:
17453:
17136:
15385:
15239:
15193:
15145:from the original on 10 November 2011
15123:from the original on 12 November 2020
14839:from the original on 18 December 2019
14789:A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic
14786:
14763:
14605:
14523:Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax
14236:
14219:from the original on 5 September 2018
13980:
13720:
13714:
13708:Old English and Its Closest Relatives
13593:from the original on 29 November 2020
13518:from the original on 5 September 2018
13508:"Some Irish words with Norse Origins"
13376:
12771:
12530:
7872:Towards the end of the 13th century,
7591:The earliest body of text appears in
7570:as in post-runic Old East Norse; OWN
6292:Nouns, adjectives, and pronouns were
5942:
5345:
5327:
5280:
5262:
5215:
5198:
5156:
5138:
5082:
5079:
5074:
5071:
5068:
4807:Proto-Germanic morphological suffixes
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2306:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1682:
1308:WikiProject Norse history and culture
669:WikiProject Norse history and culture
19422:8th-century establishments in Europe
17376:Subdivisions of the Nordic countries
17162:
16267:Cnut the Great's invasion of England
15134:
15105:
15080:from the original on 24 October 2021
15076:(2nd ed.), Universität Bergen,
14961:from the original on 24 October 2021
14596:
14345:
14283:from the original on 6 February 2016
14191:Principles of Historical Linguistics
14185:
14167:from the original on 31 January 2023
13173:
9103:
9075:
8924:
7988:
7626:does not diverge much more than the
6839:
6803:
6116:was used in West Norwegian south of
5424:
5356:
5052:("glass", "hare", "pile of rocks").
4564:
4527:(the Proto-Germanic pronunciation),
4123:phoneme was pronounced as after an
4083:Old Norse has six plosive phonemes,
18034:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
16222:Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias
15039:, New York: Oxford University Press
14264:
14207:van Weenen, Andrea de Leeuw (ed.),
13467:from the original on 16 August 2017
13460:Old Norse loanwords in modern Irish
13264:
12388:When followed by a nasal consonant.
10225:) (for which the Anglo-Saxons said
9069:is the longest text surviving from
8199:, was still clearly separated from
5922:), the result is apparently always
4480:) or as single voiceless sonorants
4151:. It descended from Proto-Germanic
3982:
1796:considerable mutual intelligibility
1679:in the 13th century at the latest.
1675:into the region by the time of the
1535:
1526:
1506:considerable mutual intelligibility
24:
19393:Languages between parentheses are
18913:
18758:
17362:Comparison of the Nordic countries
17086:Västergötland Runic Inscription 40
17051:Södermanland Runic Inscription 333
17046:Södermanland Runic Inscription 174
16415:Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)
15249:(2nd ed.), Univerzita Karlova
15098:
14832:ONP: Dictionary of Old Norse Prose
14737:via the Germanic Lexicon Project (
14504:
14304:
13896:
13867:
13581:Medievalists.net (13 April 2014).
13318:from the original on 3 August 2020
13207:from the original on 17 April 2023
7526:, "faith", whereas Old East Norse
6238:, "house", is neuter, so also are
5892:Furthermore, wherever the cluster
5732:('friend'), which has the synonym
4956:
2254:
2203:Sometime around the 13th century,
366:
25:
19458:
15317:
14046:from the original on 8 March 2012
12379:When not followed by a consonant.
9176:(to stand). This is because both
9047:
9024:. Gutnish also shows dropping of
8905:
8139:
8058:. The facsimile demonstrates the
7266:
4523:is unclear, but it may have been
4426:
4406:
4395:
4367:
4349:
4337:
4323:
4314:
4308:
4298:
4292:
4273:
4259:
4250:
4232:
4227:
4214:
4209:
4200:
4195:
2157:
2146:
2126:
2113:
2093:
2068:
2044:
2024:
1999:
1975:
1955:
1389:Old Norse was divided into three
17432:
17431:
17334:
17321:
17291:
17278:
17265:
17246:
17230:
17217:
17204:
17191:
17178:
15617:
15353:13th century Norwegian Old Norse
15022:(7th ed.). Oslo: Aschehoug.
14804:via "Germanic Lexicon Project" (
14584:from the original on 24 May 2020
8781:became voiced plosives and even
8528:alternatively for the o-stems).
7957:-umlaut was reversed unless the
7895:
7721:
7259:("strong"), which in Swedish is
5425:
5357:
4809:whose vowels created the umlaut
4697:is marked. The oldest texts and
4673:was used briefly for the sounds
4568:
4066:"younger" (acc. neut. wk.) <
1355:, was a stage of development of
724:
344:
17358:Climate of the Nordic countries
15171:A New Introduction to Old Norse
14720:An Icelandic-English Dictionary
14702:
14681:Hovuddrag i norsk språkhistorie
14454:
14442:
14435:, p. xvi "Strong Nouns" –
14298:
14230:
14179:
14153:
14141:
14107:
14057:
14024:
14002:
13890:
13861:
13773:
13742:
13696:
13605:
13574:
13548:
13529:
13500:
13478:
13450:
13434:
13417:van der Auwera & König 1994
12418:
12309:
9118:Relationship to other languages
8167:between 800 and 1100 is called
8026:
7949:may have been unrounded before
5937:
5463:nouns (except the Swedish noun
4931:were obtained by u-umlaut from
4687:standardized Old Norse spelling
4658:came into use some time later.
4095:pronounced as voiced fricative
2220:
1625:was spoken in Denmark, Sweden,
1373:Christianization of Scandinavia
19397:of the language on their left.
16237:Sack of Santiago de Compostela
15073:Norröne Grammatik im Überblick
14925:, London: Williams and Norgate
13489:(thesis), Utrecht University,
13300:
13219:
13180:
9188:. A few examples of Old Norse
8957:
8855:
8754:, represented with the letter
7805:from medial and final ⟨
6206:mirror the gender of that noun
5519:. The change was blocked by a
5409:. And thus changes from Norse
4631:
4155:and eventually developed into
4087:being rare word-initially and
463:
13:
1:
19288:Germanic substrate hypothesis
19144:
17122:Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)
17076:Uppland Runic Inscription 158
16252:Siege of Constantinople (860)
15338:University of Texas at Austin
14525:, no. 62, pp. 37–60
14010:"The Old Norse dialect areas"
8680:
8052:
7779:-umlaut in Modern Icelandic.
7665:
7630:dialects do from each other.
7616:
7596:
6783:), sometimes Norse language (
6748:in the 11th century came the
6281:
6103:
4078:
2294:
1917:
1756:and contained many Old Norse
1659:, it survived the longest in
19318:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
18009:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
17381:LGBT in the Nordic countries
17041:Småland Runic Inscription 48
16941:Danish Runic Inscription 380
16936:Danish Runic Inscription 154
15347:Old Norse sound samples for
15222:An Introduction to Old Norse
15141:(in Old Norse and English),
14739:germanic-lexicon-project.org
14663:O'Donoghue, Heather (2004),
14490:Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
14478:Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
14461:Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
14449:Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
14433:Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
14418:Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
14406:Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
14394:Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
13168:
13090:An Introduction to Old Norse
9313:which became Middle English
7734:was lost: compare Icelandic
6867:Frá veðjan Haralds ok Magnús
6232:, "woman", is feminine, and
5811:. The same shortening as in
1878:
1617:, northwest England, and in
458:
7:
19298:High German consonant shift
16931:Danish Runic Inscription 66
16435:Birka female Viking warrior
16127:Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu
15411:
15334:Linguistics Research Center
15226:, Oxford: Clarendon Press,
15162:Language learning resources
14911:
14648:, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin
14593:, "The Menota handbook 2.0"
14372:Cleasby-Vigfússon citations
14364:. London: MacMillan and Co.
14360:Helfenstein, James (1870).
14042:(in Swedish), p. 862,
13768:Vigfússon & Powell 1879
13463:(thesis), Lund University,
13077:
11724:"to offer, command": Ic/Fa
8037:The following text is from
7637:in initial position before
6771:
6178:Old Norse was a moderately
6052:in Icelandic progressed to
5500:
5469:mentioned above), and even
5055:
4973:. It appears in words like
4119:> between vowels). The
1667:is strongly contested, but
1590:, which was also spoken in
1586:, and together they formed
95:and other Norse settlements
10:
19463:
17836:Westlauwers–Terschellings
17489:According to contemporary
17414:Nordic identity in Estonia
17386:Nordic diplomatic missions
16961:Gunnar's bridge runestones
16307:Viking Age arms and armour
16162:Battle of Strangford Lough
15902:Battle of Brentford (1016)
15070:Haugen, Odd Einar (2015),
15045:in the narrow sense, i.e.
15005:, København: J. H. Schultz
14514:Cambridge Language Surveys
14499:
14040:Svensk etymologisk ordbok
10272:híe syndon bégen (þá) wáce
9180:and Old Norse stem from a
9126:
8961:
8859:
8684:
8107:
8094:
8083:The same text with Modern
8030:
7992:
7899:
7836:). Thus, pre-13th-century
6746:conversion to Christianity
6355:The strong masculine noun
6285:
6193:
6173:
6154:; and East Norwegian used
5853:('bottom') (as opposed to
5831:('salmon') (as opposed to
5504:
4770:
4695:voiceless dental fricative
4635:
4604:in Old Norse falls on the
4550:
2239:First Grammatical Treatise
1902:First Grammatical Treatise
1806:Other influenced languages
1686:
1671:settlement had spread the
552:First Grammatical Treatise
36:
29:
19380:
19331:
19255:
19224:
19156:
19152:
19139:
19088:
19061:
19015:Southern Schleswig Danish
18946:
18827:
18783:
18774:
18770:
18753:
18594:
18537:
18425:
18416:
18321:
18293:
18252:
18243:
18218:
18200:
18111:
18083:
18057:
18048:
17999:
17912:
17887:
17878:
17817:
17712:
17661:
17636:
17627:
17523:
17514:
17510:
17497:
17487:
17427:
17394:
17350:
17307:
17255:
17244:
17170:
17117:Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)
17104:
17091:Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone
16913:
16780:Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson
16615:Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson
16387:
16275:
16152:Battle of Stamford Bridge
15839:
15734:
15664:
15626:
15615:
15419:
14892:First and Second editions
14723:, Oxford: Clarendon Press
13337:Sanders, Ruth H. (2021).
13102:List of Old Norse exonyms
13065:
13040:
13030:
13022:
13012:
12957:
12930:
12905:
12848:
12756:
12691:
12664:
12644:
12548:
12520:
12192:
12184:
11844:
11836:
11712:
11704:
11595:
10985:
10716:
9881:, related to OE. cognate
9799:, related to OE. cognate
9535:, related to OE. cognate
9485:, related to OE. cognate
9453:, related to OE. cognate
9307:, related to OE. cognate
9079:
9006:as in e.g. Old Icelandic
8998:anticipatory assimilation
8928:
8750:) started to merge into -
8117:
8082:
8079:
8076:
7812:Around the 13th century,
7520:, "cow" (accusative) and
7282:. Another designation is
6843:
6807:
6620:
6549:
6540:
6528:
6522:
6479:
6469:
6404:
6189:
6084:of Proto-Germanic became
5477:, such as Old West Norse
5096:
5093:
5090:
5087:
4781:Umlaut or mutation is an
4777:Old Norse morphophonology
4766:
4723:
4546:
2507:
2499:
2497:Primitive Old West Norse
2493:
2490:
2406:
2367:
2328:
2304:
2089:
2020:
1951:
1927:
1883:
1738:northern English dialects
1512:Geographical distribution
1461:spoke the same language,
1425:. In what is present-day
1192:Medieval Scandinavian law
295:
279:
263:
245:
240:
215:
200:
161:
145:
134:
99:
76:
58:
53:
48:
19447:North Germanic languages
19293:West Germanic gemination
19247:Ancient Belgian language
19242:Germanic parent language
19186:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
18308:Austrian Standard German
17502:
16625:Ingvar the Far-Travelled
16530:Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir
16364:Raid Warfare and Tactics
16207:Battle of Trans-la-Forêt
16177:Battle of Tara (Ireland)
16147:Battle of Stamford (918)
16142:Battle of Stamford (894)
16047:Battle of Lüneburg Heath
15862:Battle of Anglesey Sound
15313:Oxford University Press.
15259:24 February 2021 at the
15218:; Taylor, A. R. (1981),
15058:Grunnbok i norrønt språk
14943:, Oxford Clarendon Press
14919:Bayldon, George (1870),
14800:11 February 2021 at the
14215:, fol. 1v, lines 10–14,
13971:, Ch. 8 §3.2.1 "Gender".
8910:This is an extract from
8758:. This vowel came to be
8436:'maidendom; virginity',
7918:⟩ became ⟨
6735:
5550:result from breaking of
5515:, East Norse also broke
5389:. The change from Norse
3137:"let (past tense)" <
2219:in most dialects except
1890:standardized orthography
1689:North Germanic languages
1483:North Germanic languages
1384:North Germanic languages
1102:Early Germanic calendars
910:Hel (mythological being)
155:North Germanic languages
37:Not to be confused with
16845:Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson
16790:Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye
16520:Godfrid, Duke of Frisia
16247:Siege of Chartres (911)
16097:Battle of Reading (871)
16052:Battle of Lyrskov Heath
16042:Battle of London Bridge
16012:Battle of Hingston Down
15288:Old Norse for Beginners
15272:26 October 2021 at the
15201:, Jules William Press,
15135:Tunstall, Peter (ed.),
15037:The Syntax of Old Norse
14903:www.septentrionalia.net
13951:Old Norse for Beginners
13935:Old Norse for Beginners
13906:(in German), p. 12
13852:Old Norse for Beginners
13485:Borkent, Aukje (2014),
13457:Farren, Robert (2014),
13312:Encyclopedia Britannica
11997:"to fill": Ic/Fa/NN/Sw
10428:"land": Ic/Fa/Sw/Da/No
10318:
10312:
10306:
10300:
10294:
10271:
10265:
10255:
10239:
10233:
10227:
10221:
10211:
10201:
10185:
10175:
10159:
10147:
10137:
10121:
10105:
10095:
10085:
10075:
10065:
10059:
10049:
10039:
10029:
10019:
10009:
9999:
9989:
9979:
9963:
9953:
9943:
9933:
9923:
9913:
9903:
9893:
9883:
9877:
9871:
9861:
9851:
9841:
9831:
9821:
9811:
9801:
9795:
9789:
9779:
9769:
9759:
9749:
9739:
9729:
9719:
9709:
9699:
9689:
9683:
9667:
9657:
9647:
9637:
9627:
9617:
9607:
9597:
9587:
9577:vs. the native English
9573:
9563:
9553:
9547:
9537:
9531:
9521:
9511:
9501:
9487:
9481:
9471:
9465:
9455:
9449:
9439:
9429:
9419:
9413:
9403:
9393:
9383:
9377:
9371:
9361:
9351:
9341:
9331:
9321:
9315:
9309:
9303:
9293:
9283:
9273:
9263:
9257:
9247:
9237:
9231:
9225:
9215:
9205:
9172:
9166:
9160:
9154:
9148:
9142:
9123:Relationship to English
9054:
9040:
9034:
9020:
9014:
9008:
9002:
8992:
8986:
8980:
8974:
8922:as a distinct dialect.
8912:
8894:
8888:
8835:
8829:
8823:
8643:
8637:
8630:
8623:
8571:
8559:
8552:
8545:
8539:
8533:
8494:
8488:
8482:
8476:
8469:
8462:
8455:
8448:
8439:
8432:
8426:
8419:
8412:
8405:
8398:
8392:
8368:
8362:
8356:
8350:
8344:
8342:; with Post-runic OEN:
8338:
8332:
8326:
8320:
8314:
8308:
8302:
8296:
8290:
8226:. It survived in rural
8039:
8019:
8013:
7981:
7975:
7969:
7963:
7884:
7874:
7828:
7814:
7748:
7714:
7708:
7702:
7696:
7690:
7684:
7657:
7651:
7584:
7582:, while post-runic OEN
7578:
7572:
7566:
7560:
7554:
7540:
7534:
7528:
7522:
7516:
7510:
7499:
7491:
7484:
7472:
7464:
7457:
7445:
7437:
7420:
7412:
7405:
7393:
7385:
7378:
7366:
7358:
7351:
7321:
7315:
7309:
7303:
7297:
7291:
7235:, which in Swedish are
6997:
6991:
6985:
6979:
6973:
6967:
6957:
6951:
6945:
6939:
6933:
6927:
6921:
6912:
6905:
6892:
6886:
6791:
6785:
6779:
6724:
6714:
6704:
6694:
6684:
6674:
6660:
6653:
6641:
6634:
6622:
6594:
6583:
6576:
6564:
6557:
6542:
6530:
6515:
6508:
6496:
6489:
6465:(OEN) (English "hall")
6460:
6454:
6443:
6437:
6430:
6418:
6406:
6399:
6387:
6380:
6356:
6334:
6326:
6270:
6264:
6258:
6246:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6222:
6216:
6210:
6166:
6160:
6150:
6144:
6128:
6122:
6092:
6086:
6080:
6073:
6066:
6060:
6054:
6048:
6042:
6036:
6027:
6017:
6011:
6005:
5991:
5989:, their i-umlauts, and
5985:
5979:
5973:
5967:
5965:, their u-umlauts, and
5961:
5955:
5949:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5898:
5885:
5878:
5869:
5863:
5856:
5847:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5819:
5813:
5791:
5781:
5770:
5750:
5739:
5734:
5727:
5719:
5712:
5704:
5696:
5691:
5684:
5676:
5668:
5667:). Similarly, the verb
5663:
5653:
5651:(' blows') rather than
5646:
5638:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5491:
5479:
5363:Old Swedish orthography
5304:
5292:
5239:
5227:
5179:
5168:
5117:
5105:
5047:
5039:
5031:
5023:
5016:
4995:), from Proto-Germanic
4990:
4982:
4620:
4610:
4531:or the similar phoneme
4460:The consonant digraphs
4112:
4107:Proto-Germanic language
4101:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
3999:
3992:
3986:
3976:
3969:
3935:
3928:
3922:
3881:
3874:
3834:
3827:
3782:
3775:
3731:
3724:
3679:
3672:
3663:
3622:
3615:
3577:
3570:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3506:
3468:
3461:
3423:
3416:
3379:
3372:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3273:
3266:
3229:
3222:
3184:
3177:
3140:
3133:
3093:
3086:
3034:
3027:
2986:
2979:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2767:
2760:
2720:
2713:
2672:
2665:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2597:
2590:
2549:
2542:
2229:
1740:within the area of the
1629:, eastern England, and
1477:
1470:
1463:
1405:(Old East Nordic), and
1357:North Germanic dialects
1122:Death in Norse paganism
888:Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar
67:
60:
27:North Germanic language
19354:Preterite-present verb
19237:Proto-Germanic grammar
19191:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
18303:German Standard German
17979:East Frisian Low Saxon
17001:Norra Härene Runestone
16926:Baltic area runestones
16440:Bjørn (floruit 856–58)
16227:Raids in the Rhineland
16037:Battle of Leuven (891)
16027:Battle of Islandbridge
16022:Battle of Hjörungavágr
15922:Battle of Cathair Cuan
15362:Old Norse sound sample
14978:Noreen, Adolf (1904),
14817:1 January 2022 at the
14622:The Germanic Languages
14607:Adams, Charles Kendall
14492:, pp. 113–114 "E"
14237:Wills, Tarrin (2006),
14104:, pp. 1856, 1859.
14068:The Germanic Languages
14016:, 2009, archived from
13569:10.1075/dia.21.2.06ste
13278:The Germanic Languages
13230:The Germanic Languages
11779:⟨(j)úgv⟩
11701:⟨(j)ógv⟩
10277:
9087:
8936:
8817:
8811:
8805:
8799:
8793:
8787:
8762:, particularly before
8736:standard normalization
8673:
8667:
8661:
8613:
8607:
8524:
8518:
8512:
8506:
8500:
8288:Monophthongization of
8157:
8065:standard normalization
8003:and some instances of
7914:⟩, and ⟨
7848:
7838:
7742:
7595:and in poems composed
7231:
7225:
6983:were assimilated into
6963:Ostrobothnian dialects
6850:
6829:, Ynglinga saga § 20.
6814:
6618:Nominative-Accusative
6349:inflectional paradigms
6268:. Some words, such as
6226:, "man" is masculine,
5971:was not possible, nor
5799:cannot be realized as
5765:respectively, instead
5465:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5436:
5334:
5316:
5269:
5251:
5205:
5188:
5145:
5127:
4755:in the past tense and
4719:Phonological processes
4557:Norwegian tonal stress
4504:were reduced to plain
2249:and other dialects of
2223:, and Icelandic where
1860:
1854:
1814:; to a lesser extent,
1677:Second Swedish Crusade
1576:
1536:Old East Norse dialect
1527:Old West Norse dialect
1347:, also referred to as
297:This article contains
32:Norse (disambiguation)
19359:Grammatischer Wechsel
18342:Namibian Black German
18313:Swiss Standard German
18282:Early New High German
17840:Mainland West Frisian
17701:Harlingerland Frisian
16971:Hakon Jarl runestones
16870:Tryggvi the Pretender
16775:Snæfrithr Svásadottir
16710:Ohthere of Hålogaland
16655:Ketil Trout (Iceland)
16475:Eohric of East Anglia
16374:Svinfylking Formation
16182:Battle of Tarbat Ness
15992:Battle of Fýrisvellir
15857:First Battle of Alton
14984:, Halle: Max Niemeyer
14897:19 April 2021 at the
14787:Zoëga, G. T. (1910),
14764:Zoëga, G. T. (1896),
14750:17 April 2023 at the
14715:Vigfússon, Guðbrandur
14072:. Routledge. p.
13751:Nordica Helsingiensia
13282:. Routledge. p.
13259:Torp & Vikør 1993
13234:. Routledge. p.
13132:Dialectal information
13114:Old Norse orthography
12262:⟨eyggj⟩
12181:⟨oyggj⟩
12106:⟨eiggj⟩
10733:"to speak": Ic/Fa/NN
10266:Þæiʀ eʀu báðiʀ wæikiʀ
10247:Prenominal adjectives
8860:Further information:
8842:Moreover, the Danish
8685:Further information:
8147:
8069:Icelandic orthography
8033:Old Norse orthography
8031:Further information:
8011:and so Old Icelandic
7993:Further information:
7961:had been eliminated:
7926:⟩ and ⟨
7900:Further information:
7769:Grammatical Treatises
7759:-umlauted A, spelled
6766:grammatical treatises
6320:and in compounds and
6208:, so that one says, "
6194:Further information:
4761:present-in-past verbs
4638:Old Norse orthography
4519:The pronunciation of
3420:"to be content" <
2293:Generic vowel system
1916:Generic vowel system
1519:
141:and their descendants
130:and places in-between
19364:Indo-European ablaut
19344:Germanic strong verb
19313:Germanic spirant law
18450:Southeast Limburgish
17946:Gelders-Overijssels
17575:Irish Middle English
17565:Early Modern English
17257:Autonomous countries
17081:Varangian runestones
16996:Lingsberg Runestones
16976:Hällestad Runestones
16860:Thorolf Kveldulfsson
16820:Styrbjörn the Strong
16755:Rognvald Eysteinsson
16735:Ragnhild Eriksdotter
16500:Freydís Eiríksdóttir
16470:Egill Skallagrímsson
16217:Burning of Luimneach
16192:Battle of Tettenhall
16157:Battle of Stiklestad
16092:Battle of Rastarkalv
16002:Battle of Hafrsfjord
15967:Battle of Englefield
15927:Battle of Chippenham
15917:Battle of Buttington
15912:Battle of Brunanburh
15907:Battle of Brissarthe
15154:, facing translation
14877:Egilsson, Sveinbjorn
14863:Egilsson, Sveinbjorn
14777:Íslenzk-Ensk orðabók
14767:Íslenzk-Ensk orðabók
14733:20 July 2021 at the
14597:Lass, Roger (1993),
13514:, 21 November 2013,
13395:Nationalencyklopedin
13308:"Old Norse language"
13148:History of Icelandic
13125:Proto-Norse language
13108:Old Norse morphology
12040:⟨ýggj⟩
11310:⟨(j)ö⟩
11053:⟨íggj⟩
10532:⟨(j)ä⟩
8900:Dalecarlian dialects
8783:fricative consonants
8256:Dalecarlian dialects
7856:). The 12th-century
7726:In Iceland, initial
6332:, the well of Urðr;
6288:Old Norse morphology
6200:Old Norse had three
6138:); North of Bergen,
5405:is used in place of
5102:Guardian / Caretaker
4614:would be pronounced
4561:Swedish tonal stress
4418:Lateral approximant
2508:Example (Old Norse)
2505:Later Old Icelandic
2442:Old Norse had three
1906:Dalecarlian dialects
1475:). Another term was
1380:Proto-Norse language
1365:overseas settlements
30:For other uses, see
19332:Synchronic features
19303:Germanic a-mutation
19256:Diachronic features
18606:in the broad sense
18539:East Central German
18493:Lorraine Franconian
18467:Transylvanian Saxon
18427:West Central German
18202:East Low Franconian
18112:West Low Franconian
17026:Sigtrygg Runestones
17016:Runestones of Högby
16921:Ballstorp Runestone
16905:Unn the Deep-Minded
16840:Thorfinn the Mighty
16835:Þorbjörg Lítilvölva
16815:Steinunn Refsdóttir
16605:Hemming Halfdansson
16460:Bjorn the Easterner
16187:Battle of Tempsford
16137:Battle of Stainmore
16117:Battle of Rochester
16057:Battle of Mag Femen
16017:Battle of the Holme
15942:Battle of Corbridge
15897:Battle of Brávellir
15847:Tactics and warfare
15651:Viking ship replica
15184:Part III - Glossary
15033:Faarlund, Jan Terje
14931:Vigfússon, Gudbrand
14348:, pp. 187–188.
14336:, pp. 190–201.
14247:on 4 September 2018
13968:The Menota handbook
13536:Greene, D. (1973),
13512:irisharchaeology.ie
13084:Germanic a-mutation
12437:
11649:⟨úgv⟩
11533:⟨ógv⟩
10332:
9581:of the same root),
8996:was not subject to
8258:in the province of
7761:⟨Ǫ́ ⟩
6604:
6466:
6362:
6202:grammatical genders
5065:
4959:for information on
2494:Northwest Germanic
2487:
2301:
2257:for the mergers of
1924:
1767:The development of
1754:influenced by Norse
1651:in the West to the
1545:Old Gutnish dialect
1045:Rituals and worship
570:Proto-Indo-European
157:by the 15th century
71:('Northern speech')
19442:Medieval languages
19349:Germanic weak verb
19158:Language subgroups
18508:Pennsylvania Dutch
18457:Moselle Franconian
18435:Central Franconian
18268:Middle High German
18019:Central Pomeranian
17974:Northern Low Saxon
17687:Wangerooge Frisian
17481:Germanic languages
17056:Sparlösa Runestone
17011:Runestones at Aspa
17006:Orkesta Runestones
16951:England runestones
16570:Halfdan Ragnarsson
16550:Hakon Rognvaldsson
16535:Gunnar Hámundarson
16515:Godfrid Haraldsson
16450:Bjarni Herjólfsson
16400:Amlaíb Cenncairech
16388:Historical figures
16292:Great Heathen Army
16280:and fortifications
16197:Battle of Thetford
16122:Battle of Sasireti
16112:Battle of Ringmere
15997:Battle of Glenmama
15972:Battle of Epiphany
15962:Battle of Edington
15932:Battle of Clontarf
15892:Battle of Benfleet
15872:Battle of Assandun
15709:L'Anse aux Meadows
15534:Old Norse religion
15295:on 23 January 2017
14806:lexicon.ff.cuni.cz
14187:Hock, Hans Henrich
13704:Robinson, Orrin W.
13429:Moberg et al. 2007
13392:"Nordiska språk",
13193:. John Benjamins.
13052:⟨au⟩
13037:⟨øy⟩
13019:⟨oy⟩
12994:⟨ey⟩
12964:⟨ei⟩
12778:⟨ǫ́⟩
12435:
12255:⟨ey⟩
12242:⟨au⟩
12174:⟨oy⟩
12161:⟨ey⟩
12089:⟨ei⟩
11762:⟨jú⟩
11709:⟨ju⟩
11684:⟨jó⟩
11374:⟨ǫ́⟩
11302:⟨jø⟩
11294:⟨jö⟩
11282:⟨jǫ⟩
11016:"cheek": Ic/Fa/No
10548:⟨je⟩
10540:⟨jæ⟩
10514:⟨ja⟩
10330:
10269:while Old English
9747:(possibly from ON
9108:Inträdet i Sverige
8852:around this time.
8277:In summation, the
8264:Jutlandic dialects
8158:
8047:. The manuscript,
7922:⟩, ⟨
7910:⟩, ⟨
7604:Þjóðólfr of Hvinir
7593:runic inscriptions
7558:, "tooth", became
6592:
6453:The feminine noun
6452:
6354:
6196:Grammatical gender
5943:Blocking of ii, uu
5763:*/Clː,Csː,Cnː,Crː/
5759:*/Clʀ,Csʀ,Cnʀ,Crʀ/
5373:to represent both
5063:
4955:respectively. See
4699:runic inscriptions
4521:⟨hv⟩
4502:⟨hn⟩
4498:⟨hr⟩
4494:⟨hl⟩
4470:⟨hn⟩
4466:⟨hr⟩
4462:⟨hl⟩
4105:), already in the
3980:"to come, arrive";
3912:⟨jó⟩
3904:⟨eo⟩
3864:⟨jú⟩
3856:⟨eu⟩
3817:⟨ey⟩
3809:⟨øy⟩
3805:⟨ey⟩
3765:⟨au⟩
3757:⟨au⟩
3714:⟨ey⟩
3706:⟨øy⟩
3702:⟨ey⟩
3648:⟨ei⟩
3105:⟨ē₂⟩
3081:⟨jö⟩
3073:⟨jǫ⟩
3061:⟨io⟩
3057:⟨eo⟩
3017:⟨ja⟩
3009:⟨ea⟩
2961:⟨ø₁⟩
2848:⟨ǫ́⟩
2695:⟨ø₂⟩
2485:
2468:⟨ey⟩
2464:⟨au⟩
2460:⟨ei⟩
2292:
1915:
1705:, and the extinct
1683:Modern descendants
1582:was very close to
1577:
1572:Germanic languages
1112:Seeress (Germanic)
834:Old Norse religion
786:Pre-Roman Iron Age
615:Greenlandic Norse
494:alliterative verse
234:Old Norse alphabet
19404:
19403:
19389:extinct languages
19376:
19375:
19372:
19371:
19323:Great Vowel Shift
19135:
19134:
19131:
19130:
19084:
19083:
18930:Greenlandic Norse
18749:
18748:
18745:
18744:
18741:
18740:
18680:Southern Bavarian
18663:Northern Bavarian
18639:Highest Alemannic
18590:
18589:
18324:standard variants
18239:
18238:
18085:Standard variants
18044:
18043:
17903:Middle Low German
17874:
17873:
17870:
17869:
17674:Saterland Frisian
17447:
17446:
17371:Nordic Cross flag
17130:
17129:
17096:Viking runestones
17031:Simris Runestones
17021:Sædinge Runestone
16991:Karlevi Runestone
16981:Ingvar runestones
16956:Greece runestones
16865:Thorstein the Red
16850:Thorkell the Tall
16730:Ragnar Ragnarsson
16635:Ivar the Boneless
16560:Haakon Sigurdsson
16510:Garðar Svavarsson
16495:Eiríkr Hákonarson
16490:Eric I of Denmark
16445:Bjorn Asbrandsson
16332:Gjermundbu helmet
16202:Battle of Thimeon
16172:Battle of Sulcoit
16167:Battle of Svolder
16132:Battle of Skyhill
16102:Battle of Renfrew
16082:Battle of Norditi
16067:Battle of Meretun
15987:Battle of Fulford
15982:Battle of Florvåg
15867:Battle of Ashdown
15594:Viking runestones
15278:Project Gutenberg
15233:978-0-19-811184-9
15208:978-1-4802-1644-0
15054:Haugen, Odd Einar
15020:Norrøn grammatikk
15016:Iversen, Ragnvald
14770:, S. Kristjánsson
14577:978-82-8088-400-8
14562:Haugen, Odd Einar
14480:, p. 757 "Æ"
14463:, p. 481 "R"
13999:, p. 22–102.
13638:, pp. 1856, 1859.
13613:Henderson, George
13350:978-0-226-75975-3
13174:General citations
13143:History of Danish
13138:Greenlandic Norse
13075:
13074:
12939:⟨ý⟩
12912:⟨y⟩
12887:⟨ú⟩
12855:⟨u⟩
12840:⟨œ⟩
12812:⟨ø⟩
12790:⟨ö⟩
12763:⟨ǫ⟩
12738:⟨ó⟩
12698:⟨o⟩
12673:⟨í⟩
12651:⟨i⟩
12631:⟨é⟩
12591:⟨e⟩
12557:⟨æ⟩
12545:⟨å⟩
12527:⟨ä⟩
12502:⟨á⟩
12470:⟨a⟩
12424:When un-umlauted
12413:⟨a⟩
12409:⟨ø⟩
12401:⟨o⟩
12349:became Icelandic
12343:double consonants
12305:
12304:
12194:⟨ø⟩
12189:⟨ö⟩
12119:⟨e⟩
12114:⟨e⟩
12053:⟨y⟩
12048:⟨y⟩
12023:⟨ý⟩
11960:⟨y⟩
11955:⟨ö⟩
11940:⟨y⟩
11892:⟨ø⟩
11887:⟨æ⟩
11875:⟨œ⟩
11861:"to prepare": Sw
11849:⟨ö⟩
11841:⟨ø⟩
11833:⟨ö⟩
11821:⟨ø⟩
11714:⟨y⟩
11654:⟨u⟩
11632:⟨ú⟩
11600:⟨u⟩
11582:⟨u⟩
11546:⟨o⟩
11541:⟨o⟩
11516:⟨ó⟩
11468:⟨o⟩
11450:⟨o⟩
11414:⟨å⟩
11409:⟨å⟩
11401:⟨ó⟩
11394:⟨á⟩
11386:⟨á⟩
11135:⟨å⟩
11130:⟨ø⟩
11125:⟨o⟩
11120:⟨a⟩
11115:⟨o⟩
11108:⟨ø⟩
11100:⟨ö⟩
11088:⟨ǫ⟩
11058:⟨i⟩
11036:⟨í⟩
11006:⟨e⟩
10998:⟨i⟩
10990:⟨i⟩
10972:⟨i⟩
10928:⟨æ⟩
10915:⟨é⟩
10845:"to bear": Ic/Fa
10791:⟨e⟩
10721:⟨ä⟩
10703:⟨æ⟩
10661:⟨å⟩
10653:⟨å⟩
10635:⟨á⟩
10559:"to help": Ic/Fa
10417:⟨å⟩
10409:⟨a⟩
10403:⟨å⟩
10395:⟨a⟩
10386:⟨a⟩
10368:⟨a⟩
9878:rinn-/rann-/runn-
9115:
9114:
8955:
8954:
8892:(lukewarm), from
8756:⟨e⟩
8687:History of Danish
8599:, modern Swedish
8443:'(wild) animal'.
8262:, Sweden, and in
8126:
8125:
8045:Alexander romance
7995:Greenlandic Norse
7989:Greenlandic Norse
7854:⟨æ⟩
7844:⟨œ⟩
7506:
7505:
7307:mostly merged to
7289:The combinations
6874:
6873:
6838:
6837:
6758:Icelanders' sagas
6667:
6666:
6590:
6589:
6450:
6449:
6034:
5419:⟨j⟩
5415:⟨i⟩
5411:⟨j⟩
5407:⟨j⟩
5403:⟨i⟩
5399:⟨þ⟩
5353:
5352:
5347:[mjoul̥k]
5158:[ˈvœrðʏr]
5024:glaʀ, haʀi, hrauʀ
4848:were obtained by
4789:. In the case of
4598:
4597:
4514:⟨n⟩
4510:⟨r⟩
4506:⟨l⟩
4443:
4442:
4076:
4075:
4052:"our" (pl.) <
3831:"to loosen" <
3728:"to kindle" <
3600:⟨ý⟩
3555:⟨ú⟩
3491:⟨o⟩
3446:⟨y⟩
3401:⟨u⟩
3367:⟨æ⟩
3354:⟨œ⟩
3295:⟨ó⟩
3251:⟨í⟩
3207:⟨y⟩
3162:⟨i⟩
3118:⟨é⟩
3050:(broken +u/w-mut)
2974:⟨ö⟩
2902:⟨e⟩
2861:⟨á⟩
2834:⟨ē⟩
2793:⟨æ⟩
2779:⟨ē⟩
2745:⟨á⟩
2732:⟨ē⟩
2708:⟨ö⟩
2633:⟨ö⟩
2620:⟨ǫ⟩
2580:⟨e⟩
2572:⟨ę⟩
2527:⟨a⟩
2502:(1st Grammarian)
2440:
2439:
2287:⟨e⟩
2279:⟨ę⟩
2271:⟨æ⟩
2263:⟨œ⟩
2209:⟨ǫ⟩
2169:
2168:
1800:Middle Low German
1645:European language
1436:The 12th-century
1411:dialect continuum
1342:
1341:
1167:Germanic kingship
873:Wayland the Smith
796:Germanic Iron Age
781:Nordic Bronze Age
703:
702:
378:Greenlandic Norse
323:
322:
305:rendering support
301:phonetic symbols.
64:('Danish tongue')
16:(Redirected from
19454:
19181:Elbe (Irminonic)
19154:
19153:
19141:
19140:
19069:Mainland Gutnish
18959:Swedish dialects
18921:Middle Icelandic
18895:Middle Norwegian
18784:Historical forms
18781:
18780:
18772:
18771:
18755:
18754:
18714:South Franconian
18700:Hutterite German
18668:Central Bavarian
18488:Rhine Franconian
18423:
18422:
18253:Historical forms
18250:
18249:
18165:Surinamese Dutch
18058:Historical forms
18055:
18054:
17888:Historical forms
17885:
17884:
17637:Historical forms
17634:
17633:
17521:
17520:
17512:
17511:
17499:
17498:
17474:
17467:
17460:
17451:
17450:
17435:
17434:
17340:
17338:
17337:
17327:
17325:
17324:
17297:
17295:
17294:
17284:
17282:
17281:
17271:
17269:
17268:
17250:
17236:
17234:
17233:
17223:
17221:
17220:
17210:
17208:
17207:
17197:
17195:
17194:
17184:
17182:
17181:
17164:Nordic countries
17157:
17150:
17143:
17134:
17133:
17061:Stangeland stone
17036:Sjörup Runestone
16986:Italy runestones
16966:Hagby Runestones
16946:Egtved Runestone
16880:Valtoke Gormsson
16825:Sweyn Asleifsson
16810:Snorri Sturluson
16795:Sigurd the Stout
16740:Ragnall ua Imair
16630:Ingólfr Arnarson
16580:Harald Bluetooth
16565:Halfdan Long-Leg
16107:Battle of Remich
16087:Battle of Pinhoe
16072:Battle of Nesjar
16062:Battle of Maldon
16007:Battle of Helgeå
15977:Battle of Fitjar
15957:Battle of Dollar
15947:Battle of Cynwit
15937:Battle of Confey
15877:Battle of Basing
15742:Viking expansion
15674:North Sea Empire
15621:
15599:Viking Age trade
15474:Germanic deities
15406:
15399:
15392:
15383:
15382:
15330:Old Norse Online
15303:
15302:
15300:
15291:, archived from
15250:
15236:
15225:
15211:
15180:Part II - Reader
15176:Part I - Grammar
15153:
15152:
15150:
15131:
15130:
15128:
15119:(in Old Norse),
15116:Project Runeberg
15088:
15087:
15085:
15061:
15040:
15023:
15006:
14985:
14969:
14968:
14966:
14944:
14926:
14888:
14883:, eds. (1931) ,
14872:
14858:
14847:
14846:
14844:
14795:scanned document
14791:
14781:
14771:
14724:
14711:Cleasby, Richard
14697:
14668:
14657:
14649:
14640:
14624:
14616:
14602:
14592:
14591:
14589:
14557:
14526:
14517:
14493:
14487:
14481:
14475:
14464:
14458:
14452:
14446:
14440:
14430:
14424:
14415:
14409:
14403:
14397:
14391:
14365:
14358:
14349:
14343:
14337:
14331:
14325:
14324:
14322:
14320:
14302:
14296:
14295:
14290:
14288:
14282:
14276:(Presentation),
14271:
14262:
14256:
14255:
14254:
14252:
14234:
14228:
14227:
14226:
14224:
14204:
14195:
14194:
14183:
14177:
14176:
14174:
14172:
14157:
14151:
14145:
14139:
14138:
14111:
14105:
14095:
14089:
14087:
14071:
14061:
14055:
14054:
14053:
14051:
14028:
14022:
14021:
14006:
14000:
13994:
13988:
13978:
13972:
13964:
13958:
13948:
13942:
13932:
13926:
13921:
13908:
13907:
13894:
13888:
13887:
13885:
13883:
13865:
13859:
13849:
13843:
13833:
13827:
13826:
13814:
13805:
13804:
13777:
13771:
13765:
13759:
13758:
13746:
13740:
13730:
13724:
13718:
13712:
13711:
13700:
13694:
13693:, pp. 4–64.
13688:
13682:
13680:
13672:
13655:
13645:
13639:
13629:
13623:
13622:
13609:
13603:
13602:
13600:
13598:
13587:Medievalists.net
13578:
13572:
13571:
13552:
13546:
13545:
13533:
13527:
13526:
13525:
13523:
13504:
13498:
13497:
13482:
13476:
13475:
13474:
13472:
13454:
13448:
13438:
13432:
13426:
13420:
13414:
13408:
13407:
13404:Omkring 800–1100
13398:(in Swedish), §
13389:
13380:
13374:
13355:
13354:
13334:
13328:
13327:
13325:
13323:
13304:
13298:
13297:
13281:
13271:
13262:
13256:
13250:
13249:
13233:
13223:
13217:
13216:
13214:
13212:
13184:
13120:Old Norse poetry
13071:
13063:
13058:
13053:
13046:
13038:
13028:
13020:
13010:
13005:
13000:
12995:
12988:
12980:
12975:
12970:
12965:
12955:
12950:
12945:
12940:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12918:
12913:
12903:
12898:
12893:
12888:
12881:
12876:
12871:
12866:
12861:
12856:
12846:
12841:
12834:
12826:
12818:
12813:
12791:
12784:
12779:
12769:
12764:
12754:
12749:
12744:
12739:
12732:
12728:
12723:
12719:
12714:
12709:
12704:
12699:
12689:
12684:
12679:
12674:
12667:
12662:
12657:
12652:
12642:
12637:
12632:
12625:
12621:
12617:
12612:
12607:
12602:
12597:
12592:
12585:
12581:
12573:
12568:
12563:
12558:
12551:
12546:
12536:
12528:
12518:
12513:
12508:
12503:
12496:
12491:
12486:
12481:
12476:
12471:
12438:
12434:
12429:
12427:
12422:
12416:
12414:
12410:
12406:
12402:
12398:
12389:
12386:
12380:
12377:
12354:
12352:
12348:
12334:
12323:
12313:
12263:
12260:
12256:
12253:
12248:
12243:
12240:
12195:
12190:
12187:
12182:
12179:
12175:
12172:
12167:
12162:
12159:
12120:
12115:
12112:
12107:
12104:
12100:
12095:
12090:
12087:
12054:
12049:
12046:
12041:
12038:
12034:
12029:
12024:
12021:
11961:
11956:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11938:
11893:
11888:
11885:
11881:
11876:
11873:
11850:
11847:
11842:
11839:
11834:
11831:
11827:
11822:
11819:
11780:
11777:
11773:
11768:
11763:
11760:
11715:
11710:
11707:
11702:
11699:
11695:
11690:
11685:
11682:
11655:
11650:
11647:
11643:
11638:
11633:
11630:
11601:
11598:
11593:
11588:
11583:
11580:
11547:
11542:
11539:
11534:
11531:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11514:
11469:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11448:
11415:
11410:
11407:
11402:
11399:
11395:
11392:
11387:
11384:
11380:
11375:
11372:
11311:
11308:
11303:
11300:
11295:
11292:
11288:
11283:
11280:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11113:
11109:
11106:
11101:
11098:
11094:
11089:
11086:
11059:
11054:
11051:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11034:
11007:
11004:
10999:
10996:
10991:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10970:
10929:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10913:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10789:
10722:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10701:
10671:"to let": Ic/Fa
10662:
10659:
10654:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10633:
10549:
10546:
10541:
10538:
10533:
10530:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10512:
10418:
10415:
10410:
10404:
10401:
10396:
10393:
10387:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10366:
10333:
10329:
10321:
10315:
10309:
10303:
10297:
10280:
10274:
10268:
10258:
10242:
10236:
10230:
10224:
10214:
10204:
10193:Personal pronoun
10188:
10178:
10162:
10150:
10140:
10124:
10108:
10098:
10088:
10078:
10068:
10062:
10052:
10042:
10032:
10022:
10012:
10002:
9992:
9982:
9966:
9956:
9946:
9936:
9926:
9916:
9906:
9896:
9886:
9880:
9874:
9864:
9854:
9844:
9834:
9824:
9814:
9804:
9798:
9792:
9782:
9772:
9762:
9752:
9742:
9732:
9722:
9712:
9702:
9692:
9687:, displacing OE
9686:
9670:
9660:
9650:
9640:
9630:
9620:
9610:
9600:
9590:
9576:
9566:
9556:
9550:
9540:
9534:
9524:
9514:
9504:
9490:
9484:
9474:
9468:
9458:
9452:
9442:
9432:
9422:
9416:
9406:
9396:
9386:
9380:
9374:
9364:
9354:
9344:
9334:
9324:
9318:
9312:
9306:
9296:
9286:
9276:
9266:
9260:
9250:
9240:
9234:
9228:
9218:
9208:
9175:
9169:
9163:
9157:
9151:
9145:
9076:
9068:
9065:
9064:law of the Gutes
9062:
9059:
9043:
9038:versus mainland
9037:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9017:
9011:
9005:
8995:
8989:
8983:
8977:
8925:
8917:
8897:
8891:
8838:
8832:
8826:
8820:
8814:
8808:
8802:
8796:
8790:
8757:
8721:
8717:
8676:
8670:
8664:
8659:(modern Swedish
8646:
8640:
8633:
8626:
8616:
8610:
8574:
8562:
8555:
8548:
8542:
8536:
8527:
8521:
8515:
8509:
8503:
8498:(modern Swedish
8497:
8491:
8485:
8479:
8472:
8465:
8458:
8451:
8442:
8435:
8429:
8422:
8415:
8408:
8401:
8395:
8371:
8365:
8359:
8353:
8347:
8341:
8335:
8329:
8323:
8317:
8311:
8305:
8299:
8293:
8284:
8273:
8266:in Denmark. The
8228:Swedish dialects
8225:
8221:
8121:
8120:
8111:
8110:
8101:
8100:
8074:
8073:
8057:
8054:
8042:
8022:
8016:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7984:
7978:
7972:
7966:
7952:
7948:
7941:
7938:) or devoicing (
7937:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7891:
7887:
7881:
7877:
7855:
7851:
7845:
7841:
7835:
7831:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7774:
7766:
7762:
7751:
7745:
7733:
7729:
7717:
7711:
7705:
7699:
7693:
7687:
7677:Middle Norwegian
7670:
7667:
7660:
7654:
7621:
7618:
7601:
7598:
7587:
7581:
7575:
7569:
7563:
7557:
7543:
7537:
7531:
7525:
7519:
7513:
7502:
7494:
7487:
7475:
7467:
7460:
7448:
7440:
7423:
7415:
7408:
7396:
7388:
7381:
7369:
7361:
7354:
7328:
7327:
7324:
7318:
7312:
7306:
7300:
7294:
7280:Old Scandinavian
7234:
7228:
7221:past participles
7192:(Old East Norse)
7189:(Old West Norse)
7006:Funbo Runestones
7000:
6994:
6988:
6982:
6976:
6970:
6960:
6954:
6948:
6942:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6915:
6908:
6895:
6889:
6840:
6804:
6799:Snorri Sturluson
6796:
6788:
6782:
6762:courtly romances
6727:
6717:
6707:
6697:
6687:
6677:
6663:
6656:
6644:
6637:
6625:
6605:
6593:The neuter noun
6591:
6586:
6579:
6567:
6560:
6545:
6533:
6518:
6511:
6499:
6492:
6467:
6451:
6446:
6440:
6433:
6421:
6409:
6402:
6390:
6383:
6363:
6361:(English "arm")
6353:
6339:
6331:
6273:
6267:
6261:
6249:
6243:
6237:
6231:
6225:
6219:
6213:
6169:
6163:
6157:
6153:
6147:
6141:
6131:
6125:
6115:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6076:
6069:
6063:
6057:
6051:
6045:
6039:
6032:
6030:
6023:word, wolf, year
6020:
6014:
6008:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5988:
5982:
5976:
5970:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5914:
5907:
5901:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5866:
5859:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5816:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5788:
5784:
5778:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5753:
5737:
5722:
5715:
5707:
5694:
5687:
5679:
5666:
5659:
5656:
5649:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5613:
5607:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5496:
5482:
5468:
5429:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5388:
5380:
5372:
5361:
5349:
5331:
5313:
5284:
5266:
5248:
5219:
5202:
5185:
5160:
5142:
5124:
5066:
5062:
5050:
5042:
5034:
5026:
5019:
4993:
4985:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4627:
4626:/ˈlɛːɾ.iˌswɛinː/
4623:
4617:
4613:
4593:
4590:
4572:
4565:
4542:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4454:
4451:
4431:
4430:
4411:
4410:
4400:
4399:
4372:
4371:
4354:
4353:
4343:
4341:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4318:
4312:
4304:
4302:
4296:
4279:
4277:
4264:
4263:
4255:
4254:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4145:apical consonant
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4104:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4002:
3995:
3989:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3938:
3932:"to offer" <
3931:
3925:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3896:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3797:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3766:
3763:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3694:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3666:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3598:
3592:
3587:
3580:
3574:"to droop" <
3573:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3509:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3489:
3483:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3438:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3232:
3226:"to sling" <
3225:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3205:
3199:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3044:
3037:
3031:"to repay" <
3030:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2953:
2948:
2941:
2935:"to burst" <
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2835:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2812:"to speak" <
2811:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2431:
2426:
2417:
2412:
2402:
2397:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2363:
2358:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2302:
2300:–14th centuries
2299:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1925:
1923:–12th centuries
1922:
1919:
1914:
1864:, respectively.
1863:
1857:
1762:Scottish English
1752:) were strongly
1655:in the East. In
1569:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1353:Old Scandinavian
1334:
1327:
1320:
895:Dwarf (folklore)
821:Christianization
801:Migration Period
776:Nordic Stone Age
728:
705:
704:
695:
688:
681:
657:Old Norse origin
655:English words of
636:
618:
497:
348:
347:
325:
324:
291:
275:
268:
259:
258:
250:
221:
167:
104:Nordic countries
70:
63:
46:
45:
21:
19462:
19461:
19457:
19456:
19455:
19453:
19452:
19451:
19407:
19406:
19405:
19400:
19368:
19327:
19308:Germanic umlaut
19273:Holtzmann's law
19251:
19220:
19148:
19127:
19080:
19057:
18991:South Jutlandic
18976:Danish dialects
18942:
18823:
18766:
18737:
18719:East Franconian
18673:Viennese German
18586:
18567:Silesian German
18533:
18522:Central Hessian
18412:
18337:Namibian German
18326:
18317:
18295:Standard German
18289:
18275:New High German
18261:Old High German
18235:
18214:
18196:
18107:
18079:
18040:
18024:East Pomeranian
18014:Brandenburgisch
18001:East Low German
17995:
17922:Dutch Low Saxon
17914:West Low German
17908:
17866:
17832:Schiermonnikoog
17813:
17708:
17694:Wursten Frisian
17657:
17623:
17506:
17493:
17483:
17478:
17448:
17443:
17423:
17390:
17346:
17335:
17333:
17322:
17320:
17303:
17292:
17290:
17279:
17277:
17266:
17264:
17251:
17242:
17231:
17229:
17218:
17216:
17205:
17203:
17192:
17190:
17179:
17177:
17166:
17161:
17131:
17126:
17100:
17071:Runestone U 582
16909:
16830:Sweyn Forkbeard
16745:Raud the Strong
16705:Orm Storolfsson
16700:Olof Skötkonung
16690:Olav Haraldsson
16685:Olaf Tryggvason
16670:Magnus Barefoot
16650:Ketill Flatnose
16595:Harald Wartooth
16590:Harald Hardrada
16585:Harald Fairhair
16555:Haakon the Good
16383:
16379:Varangian Guard
16279:
16271:
16242:Siege of Asselt
16232:Raid on Seville
16032:Battle of Largs
15952:Battle of Derby
15887:Battle of Bauds
15882:Battle of Barry
15852:Battle of Aclea
15835:
15730:
15666:
15660:
15628:
15622:
15613:
15519:Norse mythology
15467:Younger Futhark
15415:
15410:
15349:early Old Norse
15324:Heimskringla.no
15320:
15306:
15298:
15296:
15274:Wayback Machine
15261:Wayback Machine
15234:
15216:Gordon, Eric V.
15209:
15164:
15159:
15148:
15146:
15126:
15124:
15101:
15099:Old Norse texts
15096:
15083:
15081:
14964:
14962:
14935:Powell, F. York
14914:
14909:
14899:Wayback Machine
14881:Jónsson, Finnur
14842:
14840:
14829:
14819:Wayback Machine
14802:Wayback Machine
14774:
14752:Wayback Machine
14735:Wayback Machine
14705:
14700:
14695:
14609:, ed. (1899) ,
14587:
14585:
14578:
14564:, ed. (2008) ,
14507:
14505:General sources
14502:
14497:
14496:
14488:
14484:
14476:
14467:
14459:
14455:
14447:
14443:
14431:
14427:
14416:
14412:
14404:
14400:
14392:
14379:
14374:
14369:
14368:
14359:
14352:
14344:
14340:
14334:O'Donoghue 2004
14332:
14328:
14318:
14316:
14305:Noreen, Adolf.
14303:
14299:
14286:
14284:
14280:
14269:
14265:Kroonen, Guus,
14263:
14259:
14250:
14248:
14235:
14231:
14222:
14220:
14205:
14198:
14184:
14180:
14170:
14168:
14159:
14158:
14154:
14146:
14142:
14112:
14108:
14102:Old East Nordic
14096:
14092:
14084:
14062:
14058:
14049:
14047:
14032:Hellquist, Elof
14029:
14025:
14008:
14007:
14003:
13997:O'Donoghue 2004
13995:
13991:
13979:
13975:
13965:
13961:
13949:
13945:
13933:
13929:
13922:
13911:
13895:
13891:
13881:
13879:
13868:Noreen, Adolf.
13866:
13862:
13850:
13846:
13834:
13830:
13820:
13815:
13808:
13778:
13774:
13766:
13762:
13747:
13743:
13731:
13727:
13719:
13715:
13701:
13697:
13689:
13685:
13673:
13658:
13652:Old West Nordic
13646:
13642:
13636:Old East Nordic
13630:
13626:
13610:
13606:
13596:
13594:
13579:
13575:
13553:
13549:
13534:
13530:
13521:
13519:
13506:
13505:
13501:
13483:
13479:
13470:
13468:
13455:
13451:
13447:, pp. 7–10
13439:
13435:
13427:
13423:
13415:
13411:
13391:
13390:
13383:
13375:
13358:
13351:
13335:
13331:
13321:
13319:
13306:
13305:
13301:
13294:
13272:
13265:
13257:
13253:
13246:
13224:
13220:
13210:
13208:
13201:
13185:
13181:
13176:
13171:
13134:
13080:
13051:
13036:
13018:
12993:
12963:
12938:
12911:
12886:
12854:
12839:
12811:
12789:
12777:
12762:
12737:
12697:
12672:
12650:
12630:
12590:
12556:
12544:
12526:
12501:
12469:
12463:
12458:
12453:
12448:
12433:
12432:
12423:
12419:
12412:
12408:
12400:
12399:
12392:
12387:
12383:
12378:
12357:
12335:
12326:
12314:
12310:
12261:
12257:
12254:
12241:
12193:
12188:
12180:
12176:
12173:
12160:
12118:
12113:
12105:
12101:
12088:
12052:
12047:
12039:
12035:
12022:
11990:
11959:
11958:
11954:
11939:
11891:
11886:
11874:
11848:
11840:
11832:
11820:
11778:
11774:
11761:
11713:
11708:
11700:
11696:
11683:
11664:"house": Ic/Fa
11653:
11648:
11644:
11631:
11599:
11581:
11545:
11540:
11532:
11528:
11515:
11467:
11449:
11430:) "toe": Ic/Fa
11413:
11408:
11400:
11393:
11385:
11373:
11347:
11309:
11301:
11293:
11281:
11237:
11224:"eagle": Ic/Sw
11217:
11173:
11134:
11133:
11129:
11128:
11124:
11123:
11119:
11114:
11110:
11107:
11099:
11087:
11057:
11052:
11048:
11035:
11005:
11001:
10997:
10989:
10971:
10927:
10914:
10876:
10838:
10790:
10752:
10720:
10702:
10660:
10652:
10634:
10597:"heart": Ic/Fa
10590:
10547:
10543:
10539:
10531:
10513:
10481:
10455:
10435:
10416:
10412:
10408:
10402:
10398:
10394:
10385:
10381:
10367:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10328:
9135:
9125:
9120:
9097:
9084:
9066:
9063:
9060:
9050:
8966:
8960:
8941:
8933:
8908:
8864:
8858:
8768:stop consonants
8755:
8714:In Old Danish,
8697:Old East Nordic
8689:
8683:
8581:(modern Danish
8165:Old East Nordic
8142:
8055:
8040:Alexanders saga
8035:
8029:
7997:
7991:
7904:
7898:
7858:Gray Goose Laws
7853:
7843:
7763:and pronounced
7760:
7724:
7668:
7619:
7599:
7284:Old West Nordic
7269:
7217:
7210:
7197:
7186:
7175:
7164:
7153:
7142:
7131:
7120:
7109:
7098:
7087:
7076:
7065:
7054:
7043:
7032:
7021:
6854:
6847:
6818:
6811:
6774:
6738:
6481:
6475:Old East Norse
6472:Old West Norse
6290:
6284:
6198:
6192:
6176:
6106:
6098:Holtzmann's law
5945:
5940:
5875:(as opposed to
5817:also occurs in
5567:
5509:
5503:
5418:
5414:
5413:to Old Swedish
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5397:to Old Swedish
5390:
5366:
5329:[mjœlk]
5080:Modern Swedish
5072:West Old Norse
5058:
4801:, this entails
4779:
4773:Germanic umlaut
4769:
4726:
4721:
4652:Younger Futhark
4640:
4634:
4594:
4588:
4585:
4578:needs expansion
4563:
4549:
4520:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4131:and as before
4081:
4060:
4046:
3981:
3911:
3903:
3863:
3855:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3764:
3756:
3713:
3705:
3701:
3647:
3599:
3554:
3530:"morning" <
3524:
3490:
3445:
3400:
3376:"mothers" <
3366:
3353:
3328:"meeting" <
3322:
3294:
3270:"to look" <
3250:
3206:
3161:
3117:
3104:
3080:
3072:
3060:
3056:
3016:
3008:
2973:
2960:
2929:
2901:
2860:
2847:
2833:
2792:
2778:
2744:
2731:
2717:"to make" <
2707:
2694:
2688:(+i-mut +w-mut)
2657:
2632:
2619:
2579:
2571:
2526:
2501:
2491:Proto-Germanic
2474:and merge with
2467:
2463:
2459:
2297:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2208:
2090:Open, open-mid
1920:
1886:
1881:
1873:Scottish Gaelic
1812:Norman language
1808:
1691:
1685:
1661:Veliky Novgorod
1647:, ranging from
1575:
1567:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1442:Gray Goose Laws
1338:
1302:
1301:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1247:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1137:
1127:
1126:
1072:Walpurgis Night
1047:
1037:
1036:
952:
942:
941:
836:
826:
825:
771:
743:
699:
663:
662:
659:
656:
650:
634:
616:
595:
587:
586:
565:
557:
556:
548:
547:
523:
522:
498:
491:
490:
484:
476:
475:
448:
447:
437:Younger Futhark
419:
411:
410:
402:
401:
381:
376:
356:
345:
303:Without proper
287:
271:
264:
254:
253:
246:
222:
217:
211:
203:
196:
168:
165:Language family
163:
72:
65:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
19460:
19450:
19449:
19444:
19439:
19434:
19429:
19424:
19419:
19402:
19401:
19399:
19398:
19391:
19381:
19378:
19377:
19374:
19373:
19370:
19369:
19367:
19366:
19361:
19356:
19351:
19346:
19341:
19335:
19333:
19329:
19328:
19326:
19325:
19320:
19315:
19310:
19305:
19300:
19295:
19290:
19285:
19280:
19275:
19270:
19265:
19259:
19257:
19253:
19252:
19250:
19249:
19244:
19239:
19234:
19232:Proto-Germanic
19228:
19226:
19222:
19221:
19219:
19218:
19211:
19204:
19196:
19195:
19194:
19193:
19188:
19183:
19173:
19168:
19162:
19160:
19150:
19149:
19137:
19136:
19133:
19132:
19129:
19128:
19126:
19125:
19118:
19111:
19107:Crimean Gothic
19096:
19094:
19086:
19085:
19082:
19081:
19079:
19078:
19077:
19076:
19071:
19062:
19059:
19058:
19056:
19055:
19054:
19053:
19043:
19042:
19041:
19034:
19027:
19022:
19017:
19012:
19011:
19010:
19005:
18995:
18994:
18993:
18983:
18981:Insular Danish
18978:
18968:
18967:
18966:
18964:Rinkebysvenska
18961:
18950:
18948:
18944:
18943:
18941:
18940:
18933:
18926:
18925:
18924:
18917:
18905:
18900:
18899:
18898:
18891:
18884:
18878:
18872:
18867:
18862:
18857:
18852:
18847:
18842:
18831:
18829:
18825:
18824:
18822:
18821:
18820:
18819:
18812:
18810:Old East Norse
18807:
18805:Old West Norse
18795:
18787:
18785:
18778:
18768:
18767:
18751:
18750:
18747:
18746:
18743:
18742:
18739:
18738:
18736:
18735:
18728:
18727:
18726:
18716:
18711:
18710:
18709:
18708:
18707:
18702:
18697:
18692:
18687:
18685:South Tyrolean
18677:
18676:
18675:
18665:
18655:
18654:
18653:
18648:
18647:
18646:
18636:
18635:
18634:
18627:High Alemannic
18624:
18623:
18622:
18617:
18600:
18598:
18592:
18591:
18588:
18587:
18585:
18584:
18579:
18574:
18569:
18564:
18559:
18554:
18549:
18543:
18541:
18535:
18534:
18532:
18531:
18526:
18525:
18524:
18514:
18513:
18512:
18511:
18510:
18505:
18495:
18485:
18484:
18483:
18482:
18481:
18480:
18479:
18469:
18464:
18454:
18453:
18452:
18447:
18431:
18429:
18420:
18418:Central German
18414:
18413:
18411:
18410:
18409:
18408:
18403:
18396:
18391:
18386:
18376:
18371:
18370:
18369:
18359:
18357:Barossa German
18354:
18349:
18344:
18339:
18333:
18331:
18319:
18318:
18316:
18315:
18310:
18305:
18299:
18297:
18291:
18290:
18288:
18287:
18286:
18285:
18271:
18264:
18256:
18254:
18247:
18241:
18240:
18237:
18236:
18234:
18233:
18228:
18222:
18220:
18216:
18215:
18213:
18212:
18206:
18204:
18198:
18197:
18195:
18194:
18177:
18172:
18167:
18161:
18160:
18155:
18150:
18145:
18140:
18139:
18138:
18136:French Flemish
18128:
18127:
18126:
18115:
18113:
18109:
18108:
18106:
18105:
18095:
18089:
18087:
18081:
18080:
18078:
18077:
18072:
18067:
18061:
18059:
18052:
18050:Low Franconian
18046:
18045:
18042:
18041:
18039:
18038:
18037:
18036:
18026:
18021:
18016:
18011:
18005:
18003:
17997:
17996:
17994:
17993:
17988:
17983:
17982:
17981:
17971:
17970:
17969:
17964:
17959:
17958:
17957:
17952:
17944:
17939:
17934:
17929:
17918:
17916:
17910:
17909:
17907:
17906:
17899:
17891:
17889:
17882:
17876:
17875:
17872:
17871:
17868:
17867:
17865:
17864:
17863:
17862:
17857:
17856:
17855:
17854:
17853:
17851:Westereendersk
17845:
17834:
17829:
17823:
17821:
17815:
17814:
17812:
17811:
17810:
17809:
17804:
17797:
17792:
17791:
17790:
17785:
17782:
17774:
17769:
17768:
17767:
17756:
17755:
17754:
17749:
17744:
17743:
17742:
17737:
17729:
17718:
17716:
17710:
17709:
17707:
17706:
17705:
17704:
17697:
17690:
17678:
17677:
17676:
17667:
17665:
17659:
17658:
17656:
17655:
17652:Middle Frisian
17648:
17640:
17638:
17631:
17625:
17624:
17622:
17621:
17620:
17619:
17612:
17600:
17599:
17598:
17591:
17584:
17572:
17571:
17570:
17569:
17568:
17558:Modern English
17554:
17551:Middle English
17547:
17540:
17529:
17527:
17518:
17508:
17507:
17495:
17494:
17488:
17485:
17484:
17477:
17476:
17469:
17462:
17454:
17445:
17444:
17442:
17441:
17428:
17425:
17424:
17422:
17421:
17416:
17411:
17410:
17409:
17398:
17396:
17392:
17391:
17389:
17388:
17383:
17378:
17373:
17368:
17366:Nordic Council
17363:
17360:
17354:
17352:
17348:
17347:
17345:
17344:
17331:
17317:
17315:
17309:Special status
17305:
17304:
17302:
17301:
17288:
17275:
17261:
17259:
17253:
17252:
17245:
17243:
17241:
17240:
17227:
17214:
17201:
17188:
17174:
17172:
17168:
17167:
17160:
17159:
17152:
17145:
17137:
17128:
17127:
17125:
17124:
17119:
17114:
17112:Viking revival
17108:
17106:
17102:
17101:
17099:
17098:
17093:
17088:
17083:
17078:
17073:
17068:
17063:
17058:
17053:
17048:
17043:
17038:
17033:
17028:
17023:
17018:
17013:
17008:
17003:
16998:
16993:
16988:
16983:
16978:
16973:
16968:
16963:
16958:
16953:
16948:
16943:
16938:
16933:
16928:
16923:
16917:
16915:
16911:
16910:
16908:
16907:
16902:
16897:
16892:
16887:
16882:
16877:
16872:
16867:
16862:
16857:
16852:
16847:
16842:
16837:
16832:
16827:
16822:
16817:
16812:
16807:
16802:
16797:
16792:
16787:
16782:
16777:
16772:
16767:
16762:
16757:
16752:
16747:
16742:
16737:
16732:
16727:
16725:Ragnar Lodbrok
16722:
16717:
16712:
16707:
16702:
16697:
16695:Olaf the White
16692:
16687:
16682:
16677:
16672:
16667:
16662:
16657:
16652:
16647:
16642:
16637:
16632:
16627:
16622:
16617:
16612:
16607:
16602:
16597:
16592:
16587:
16582:
16577:
16572:
16567:
16562:
16557:
16552:
16547:
16542:
16537:
16532:
16527:
16522:
16517:
16512:
16507:
16502:
16497:
16492:
16487:
16482:
16477:
16472:
16467:
16462:
16457:
16455:Björn Ironside
16452:
16447:
16442:
16437:
16432:
16427:
16422:
16417:
16412:
16407:
16402:
16397:
16391:
16389:
16385:
16384:
16382:
16381:
16376:
16371:
16366:
16361:
16356:
16355:
16354:
16349:
16344:
16339:
16334:
16329:
16324:
16319:
16314:
16304:
16299:
16294:
16289:
16283:
16281:
16273:
16272:
16270:
16269:
16264:
16262:Siege of Paris
16259:
16254:
16249:
16244:
16239:
16234:
16229:
16224:
16219:
16214:
16212:Battle of York
16209:
16204:
16199:
16194:
16189:
16184:
16179:
16174:
16169:
16164:
16159:
16154:
16149:
16144:
16139:
16134:
16129:
16124:
16119:
16114:
16109:
16104:
16099:
16094:
16089:
16084:
16079:
16077:Battle of Niså
16074:
16069:
16064:
16059:
16054:
16049:
16044:
16039:
16034:
16029:
16024:
16019:
16014:
16009:
16004:
15999:
15994:
15989:
15984:
15979:
15974:
15969:
15964:
15959:
15954:
15949:
15944:
15939:
15934:
15929:
15924:
15919:
15914:
15909:
15904:
15899:
15894:
15889:
15884:
15879:
15874:
15869:
15864:
15859:
15854:
15849:
15843:
15841:
15837:
15836:
15834:
15833:
15828:
15823:
15818:
15813:
15808:
15803:
15802:
15801:
15796:
15786:
15785:
15784:
15779:
15774:
15769:
15764:
15759:
15754:
15744:
15738:
15736:
15732:
15731:
15729:
15728:
15723:
15718:
15717:
15716:
15711:
15701:
15696:
15691:
15689:Orkney Islands
15686:
15681:
15676:
15670:
15668:
15662:
15661:
15659:
15658:
15653:
15648:
15643:
15638:
15632:
15630:
15629:and navigation
15624:
15623:
15616:
15614:
15612:
15611:
15606:
15601:
15596:
15591:
15586:
15581:
15576:
15571:
15566:
15561:
15556:
15551:
15546:
15541:
15536:
15531:
15526:
15521:
15516:
15506:
15501:
15496:
15491:
15486:
15481:
15476:
15471:
15470:
15469:
15464:
15454:
15449:
15444:
15439:
15434:
15429:
15423:
15421:
15417:
15416:
15409:
15408:
15401:
15394:
15386:
15380:
15379:
15374:
15369:
15359:
15345:
15340:
15327:
15319:
15318:External links
15316:
15315:
15314:
15305:
15304:
15282:
15281:
15280:
15264:
15237:
15232:
15212:
15207:
15191:
15165:
15163:
15160:
15158:
15157:
15156:
15155:
15109:, ed. (1997),
15107:Aronsson, Lars
15102:
15100:
15097:
15095:
15094:
15091:Old West Norse
15067:
15064:Old West Norse
15050:
15047:Old West Norse
15029:
15026:Old West Norse
15012:
14995:
14975:
14972:Old West Norse
14945:
14927:
14915:
14913:
14910:
14908:
14907:
14906:
14905:
14887:(2nd ed.)
14873:
14865:, ed. (1854),
14859:
14848:
14827:
14826:
14825:
14809:
14784:
14783:
14782:
14761:
14760:
14759:
14742:
14706:
14704:
14701:
14699:
14698:
14694:978-8205464025
14693:
14669:
14660:
14659:
14658:
14641:
14625:
14617:
14603:
14594:
14576:
14558:
14547:10.2307/522272
14527:
14518:
14508:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14495:
14494:
14482:
14465:
14453:
14441:
14425:
14410:
14398:
14376:
14375:
14373:
14370:
14367:
14366:
14350:
14338:
14326:
14315:on 2 June 2017
14297:
14257:
14229:
14196:
14178:
14152:
14140:
14128:10.2307/409955
14122:(4): 457–462,
14106:
14090:
14083:978-0415280792
14082:
14056:
14034:, ed. (1922),
14023:
14020:on 7 July 2011
14001:
13989:
13973:
13959:
13955:Feminine nouns
13943:
13927:
13909:
13889:
13878:on 2 June 2017
13860:
13844:
13828:
13819:, pp. 24-
13806:
13794:10.2307/411124
13788:(3): 409–431,
13772:
13760:
13741:
13725:
13713:
13695:
13683:
13656:
13640:
13624:
13604:
13573:
13563:(2): 393–420,
13547:
13528:
13499:
13477:
13449:
13433:
13421:
13409:
13381:
13356:
13349:
13329:
13299:
13293:978-0415280792
13292:
13263:
13251:
13245:978-0415280792
13244:
13218:
13199:
13178:
13177:
13175:
13172:
13170:
13167:
13166:
13165:
13160:
13155:
13150:
13145:
13140:
13133:
13130:
13129:
13128:
13122:
13117:
13111:
13105:
13099:
13094:
13086:
13079:
13076:
13073:
13072:
13067:
13064:
13059:
13054:
13048:
13047:
13042:
13039:
13033:
13032:
13029:
13024:
13021:
13015:
13014:
13011:
13006:
13001:
12996:
12990:
12989:
12984:
12981:
12976:
12971:
12966:
12960:
12959:
12956:
12951:
12946:
12941:
12935:
12934:
12929:
12924:
12919:
12914:
12908:
12907:
12904:
12899:
12894:
12889:
12883:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12862:
12857:
12851:
12850:
12847:
12842:
12836:
12835:
12830:
12827:
12822:
12819:
12814:
12808:
12807:
12804:
12801:
12798:
12795:
12792:
12786:
12785:
12780:
12774:
12773:
12770:
12765:
12759:
12758:
12755:
12750:
12745:
12740:
12734:
12733:
12724:
12715:
12710:
12705:
12700:
12694:
12693:
12690:
12685:
12680:
12675:
12669:
12668:
12663:
12658:
12653:
12647:
12646:
12643:
12638:
12633:
12627:
12626:
12613:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12593:
12587:
12586:
12577:
12574:
12569:
12564:
12559:
12553:
12552:
12547:
12541:
12540:
12537:
12532:
12529:
12523:
12522:
12519:
12514:
12509:
12504:
12498:
12497:
12492:
12487:
12482:
12477:
12472:
12466:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12450:
12445:
12442:
12431:
12430:
12417:
12390:
12381:
12355:
12324:
12307:
12306:
12303:
12302:
12264:
12249:
12244:
12235:
12234:
12196:
12191:
12183:
12168:
12163:
12154:
12153:
12121:
12116:
12108:
12096:
12091:
12082:
12081:
12055:
12050:
12042:
12030:
12025:
12016:
12015:
11972:"door": Ic/Fa
11964:
11962:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11933:
11932:
11894:
11889:
11877:
11868:
11867:
11853:
11851:
11843:
11835:
11823:
11814:
11813:
11789:"deep": Ic/Fa
11781:
11769:
11764:
11755:
11754:
11716:
11711:
11703:
11691:
11686:
11677:
11676:
11656:
11651:
11639:
11634:
11625:
11624:
11612:"full": Ic/Fa
11604:
11602:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11575:
11574:
11556:"book": Ic/Fa
11548:
11543:
11535:
11523:
11518:
11509:
11508:
11484:"morning": Ic
11472:
11470:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11443:
11442:
11416:
11411:
11403:
11388:
11376:
11367:
11366:
11354:"bear": Ic/Sw
11314:
11312:
11304:
11296:
11284:
11275:
11274:
11140:
11138:
11117:
11102:
11090:
11081:
11080:
11068:"time": Ic/Fa
11060:
11055:
11043:
11038:
11029:
11028:
11008:
10992:
10984:
10979:
10974:
10965:
10964:
10932:
10930:
10922:
10917:
10908:
10907:
10805:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10784:
10783:
10725:
10723:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10696:
10695:
10663:
10655:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10628:
10627:
10551:
10534:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10507:
10506:
10488:"long": Ic/Fa
10462:"hard": Ic/Fa
10420:
10406:
10389:
10375:
10370:
10361:
10360:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10327:
10324:
10261:
10260:
10244:
10190:
10164:
10157:– though/tho (
10152:
10126:
10117:thwart/athwart
10110:
9968:
9672:
9182:Proto-Germanic
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9113:
9112:
9110:
9099:
9098:
9085:
9049:
9046:
8962:Main article:
8959:
8956:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8943:
8942:
8934:
8907:
8904:
8857:
8854:
8797:(tongues) and
8682:
8679:
8212:Proto-Germanic
8171:in Sweden and
8161:Old East Norse
8141:
8140:Old East Norse
8138:
8124:
8123:
8113:
8103:
8089:
8088:
8081:
8078:
8028:
8025:
7990:
7987:
7897:
7894:
7723:
7720:
7612:Western Norway
7576:and runic OEN
7514:, "dwelling",
7504:
7503:
7495:
7488:
7481:
7477:
7476:
7468:
7461:
7454:
7450:
7449:
7441:
7434:
7429:
7425:
7424:
7416:
7409:
7402:
7398:
7397:
7389:
7382:
7375:
7371:
7370:
7362:
7355:
7348:
7344:
7343:
7338:
7337:Old East Norse
7335:
7334:Old West Norse
7332:
7272:Old West Norse
7268:
7267:Old West Norse
7265:
7226:slegið/sleginn
7215:
7187:
7176:
7165:
7154:
7143:
7132:
7121:
7110:
7099:
7088:
7077:
7066:
7055:
7044:
7033:
7022:
7011:
7010:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6856:
6855:
6848:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6820:
6819:
6812:
6773:
6770:
6750:Latin alphabet
6737:
6734:
6665:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6646:
6645:
6638:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6619:
6615:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6588:
6587:
6580:
6573:
6569:
6568:
6561:
6554:
6551:
6547:
6546:
6539:
6535:
6534:
6527:
6524:
6520:
6519:
6512:
6505:
6501:
6500:
6493:
6486:
6483:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6470:
6448:
6447:
6434:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6415:
6411:
6410:
6403:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6384:
6377:
6373:
6372:
6369:
6366:
6286:Main article:
6283:
6280:
6191:
6188:
6175:
6172:
6105:
6102:
5947:In Old Norse,
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5585:(or the elder
5566:
5560:
5558:respectively.
5507:Vowel breaking
5502:
5499:
5432:
5431:
5422:
5351:
5350:
5343:
5332:
5325:
5314:
5301:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5282:[jœrð]
5278:
5267:
5264:[juːɖ]
5260:
5249:
5236:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5217:[œrtn]
5213:
5203:
5196:
5186:
5176:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5154:
5143:
5140:[voːɖ]
5136:
5125:
5114:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5073:
5070:
5057:
5054:
4787:vowel backness
4768:
4765:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4663:Latin alphabet
4656:Medieval runes
4636:Main article:
4633:
4630:
4596:
4595:
4575:
4573:
4548:
4545:
4456:
4455:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4403:
4401:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4346:
4344:
4333:
4328:
4321:
4305:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4256:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4206:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4004:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3919:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3871:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3824:
3819:
3811:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3772:
3767:
3759:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3721:
3716:
3708:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3369:
3361:
3356:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3112:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3090:"shield" <
3083:
3075:
3063:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3024:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2976:
2968:
2963:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2870:"meals" < '
2863:
2855:
2850:
2842:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2787:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2764:"to let" <
2757:
2752:
2747:
2739:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2710:
2702:
2697:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2635:
2627:
2622:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2587:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2472:monophthongize
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2233:) merged with
2211:) merged with
2201:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2167:
2166:
2155:
2144:
2135:
2124:
2122:
2111:
2102:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2077:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2053:
2042:
2033:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2008:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1973:
1964:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1807:
1804:
1734:Middle English
1687:Main article:
1684:
1681:
1623:Old East Norse
1588:Old West Norse
1566:
1563:Crimean Gothic
1557:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1513:
1510:
1403:Old East Norse
1395:Old West Norse
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1242:
1240:Æsir–Vanir War
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
992:Hel (location)
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
953:
948:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
934:
929:
928:
927:
922:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
891:
890:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
854:
853:
848:
837:
832:
831:
828:
827:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
791:Roman Iron Age
788:
783:
778:
772:
767:
766:
763:
762:
761:
760:
759:
758:
745:
744:
732:Norse language
729:
721:
720:
714:
713:
701:
700:
698:
697:
690:
683:
675:
672:
671:
665:
664:
661:
660:
653:
649:
648:
643:
638:
630:
625:
620:
612:
607:
602:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
579:
577:Proto-Germanic
573:
572:
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
555:
554:
546:
545:
537:
528:
524:
521:
520:
512:
503:
499:
486:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
467:
466:
461:
455:
454:
452:Latin alphabet
446:
445:
439:
432:
430:Runic alphabet
428:
427:
426:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
409:
408:
400:
399:
393:
386:
384:Old East Norse
382:
375:
374:
369:
362:
360:Old West Norse
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
341:
340:
334:
333:
321:
320:
307:, you may see
293:
292:
285:
277:
276:
269:
261:
260:
251:
243:
242:
241:Language codes
238:
237:
223:
219:Writing system
216:
213:
212:
206:
204:
201:
198:
197:
195:
194:
193:
192:
191:
190:
183:North Germanic
171:
169:
162:
159:
158:
147:
143:
142:
136:
132:
131:
101:
97:
96:
78:
77:Native to
74:
73:
56:
55:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19459:
19448:
19445:
19443:
19440:
19438:
19435:
19433:
19430:
19428:
19425:
19423:
19420:
19418:
19415:
19414:
19412:
19396:
19392:
19390:
19386:
19383:
19382:
19379:
19365:
19362:
19360:
19357:
19355:
19352:
19350:
19347:
19345:
19342:
19340:
19339:Germanic verb
19337:
19336:
19334:
19330:
19324:
19321:
19319:
19316:
19314:
19311:
19309:
19306:
19304:
19301:
19299:
19296:
19294:
19291:
19289:
19286:
19284:
19281:
19279:
19278:Sievers's law
19276:
19274:
19271:
19269:
19266:
19264:
19261:
19260:
19258:
19254:
19248:
19245:
19243:
19240:
19238:
19235:
19233:
19230:
19229:
19227:
19225:Reconstructed
19223:
19217:
19216:
19212:
19210:
19209:
19205:
19203:
19202:
19198:
19197:
19192:
19189:
19187:
19184:
19182:
19179:
19178:
19177:
19174:
19172:
19169:
19167:
19164:
19163:
19161:
19159:
19155:
19151:
19147:
19142:
19138:
19124:
19123:
19119:
19117:
19116:
19112:
19109:
19108:
19103:
19102:
19098:
19097:
19095:
19093:
19092:
19087:
19075:
19072:
19070:
19067:
19066:
19064:
19063:
19060:
19052:
19049:
19048:
19047:
19044:
19040:
19039:
19038:Middle Danish
19035:
19033:
19032:
19028:
19026:
19023:
19021:
19018:
19016:
19013:
19009:
19006:
19004:
19001:
19000:
18999:
18996:
18992:
18989:
18988:
18987:
18984:
18982:
18979:
18977:
18974:
18973:
18972:
18969:
18965:
18962:
18960:
18957:
18956:
18955:
18952:
18951:
18949:
18945:
18939:
18938:
18934:
18932:
18931:
18927:
18923:
18922:
18918:
18916:
18915:
18914:Old Icelandic
18911:
18910:
18909:
18906:
18904:
18901:
18897:
18896:
18892:
18890:
18889:
18888:Old Norwegian
18885:
18882:
18879:
18876:
18873:
18871:
18868:
18866:
18863:
18861:
18858:
18856:
18853:
18851:
18848:
18846:
18843:
18841:
18838:
18837:
18836:
18833:
18832:
18830:
18826:
18818:
18817:
18813:
18811:
18808:
18806:
18803:
18802:
18801:
18800:
18796:
18794:
18793:
18789:
18788:
18786:
18782:
18779:
18777:
18773:
18769:
18765:
18761:
18756:
18752:
18734:
18733:
18729:
18725:
18722:
18721:
18720:
18717:
18715:
18712:
18706:
18705:Gottscheerish
18703:
18701:
18698:
18696:
18693:
18691:
18688:
18686:
18683:
18682:
18681:
18678:
18674:
18671:
18670:
18669:
18666:
18664:
18661:
18660:
18659:
18656:
18652:
18649:
18645:
18644:Walser German
18642:
18641:
18640:
18637:
18633:
18630:
18629:
18628:
18625:
18621:
18618:
18616:
18613:
18612:
18611:
18610:Low Alemannic
18608:
18607:
18605:
18602:
18601:
18599:
18597:
18593:
18583:
18580:
18578:
18575:
18573:
18572:High Prussian
18570:
18568:
18565:
18563:
18560:
18558:
18557:Erzgebirgisch
18555:
18553:
18550:
18548:
18545:
18544:
18542:
18540:
18536:
18530:
18527:
18523:
18520:
18519:
18518:
18515:
18509:
18506:
18504:
18501:
18500:
18499:
18496:
18494:
18491:
18490:
18489:
18486:
18478:
18475:
18474:
18473:
18470:
18468:
18465:
18463:
18462:Luxembourgish
18460:
18459:
18458:
18455:
18451:
18448:
18446:
18443:
18442:
18441:
18438:
18437:
18436:
18433:
18432:
18430:
18428:
18424:
18421:
18419:
18415:
18407:
18404:
18402:
18401:
18400:Klezmer-loshn
18397:
18395:
18394:Scots Yiddish
18392:
18390:
18387:
18385:
18382:
18381:
18380:
18377:
18375:
18372:
18368:
18365:
18364:
18363:
18360:
18358:
18355:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18343:
18340:
18338:
18335:
18334:
18332:
18330:
18325:
18320:
18314:
18311:
18309:
18306:
18304:
18301:
18300:
18298:
18296:
18292:
18284:
18283:
18279:
18278:
18277:
18276:
18272:
18270:
18269:
18265:
18263:
18262:
18258:
18257:
18255:
18251:
18248:
18246:
18242:
18232:
18231:Meuse-Rhenish
18229:
18227:
18224:
18223:
18221:
18217:
18211:
18208:
18207:
18205:
18203:
18199:
18193:
18189:
18185:
18181:
18178:
18176:
18173:
18171:
18168:
18166:
18163:
18162:
18159:
18158:Kleverlandish
18156:
18154:
18151:
18149:
18146:
18144:
18141:
18137:
18134:
18133:
18132:
18129:
18125:
18122:
18121:
18120:
18119:Central Dutch
18117:
18116:
18114:
18110:
18103:
18099:
18096:
18094:
18091:
18090:
18088:
18086:
18082:
18076:
18073:
18071:
18068:
18066:
18063:
18062:
18060:
18056:
18053:
18051:
18047:
18035:
18032:
18031:
18030:
18027:
18025:
18022:
18020:
18017:
18015:
18012:
18010:
18007:
18006:
18004:
18002:
17998:
17992:
17989:
17987:
17984:
17980:
17977:
17976:
17975:
17972:
17968:
17965:
17963:
17960:
17956:
17953:
17951:
17948:
17947:
17945:
17943:
17940:
17938:
17935:
17933:
17930:
17928:
17927:Stellingwarfs
17925:
17924:
17923:
17920:
17919:
17917:
17915:
17911:
17905:
17904:
17900:
17898:
17897:
17893:
17892:
17890:
17886:
17883:
17881:
17877:
17861:
17858:
17852:
17849:
17848:
17847:Wood Frisian
17846:
17843:
17842:
17841:
17838:
17837:
17835:
17833:
17830:
17828:
17825:
17824:
17822:
17820:
17816:
17808:
17805:
17803:
17802:
17798:
17796:
17793:
17789:
17786:
17783:
17780:
17779:
17778:
17775:
17773:
17770:
17765:
17764:
17763:
17760:
17759:
17757:
17753:
17750:
17748:
17745:
17741:
17738:
17736:
17733:
17732:
17730:
17728:
17727:
17723:
17722:
17720:
17719:
17717:
17715:
17714:North Frisian
17711:
17703:
17702:
17698:
17696:
17695:
17691:
17689:
17688:
17684:
17683:
17682:
17679:
17675:
17672:
17671:
17669:
17668:
17666:
17664:
17660:
17654:
17653:
17649:
17647:
17646:
17642:
17641:
17639:
17635:
17632:
17630:
17626:
17618:
17617:
17613:
17611:
17610:
17606:
17605:
17604:
17601:
17597:
17596:
17592:
17590:
17589:
17585:
17583:
17582:
17578:
17577:
17576:
17573:
17567:
17566:
17562:
17561:
17560:
17559:
17555:
17553:
17552:
17548:
17546:
17545:
17541:
17539:
17536:
17535:
17534:
17531:
17530:
17528:
17526:
17522:
17519:
17517:
17516:Anglo-Frisian
17513:
17509:
17505:
17500:
17496:
17492:
17486:
17482:
17475:
17470:
17468:
17463:
17461:
17456:
17455:
17452:
17440:
17439:
17430:
17429:
17426:
17420:
17417:
17415:
17412:
17408:
17405:
17404:
17403:
17400:
17399:
17397:
17393:
17387:
17384:
17382:
17379:
17377:
17374:
17372:
17369:
17367:
17364:
17361:
17359:
17356:
17355:
17353:
17349:
17343:
17332:
17330:
17319:
17318:
17316:
17314:
17313:cultural area
17310:
17306:
17300:
17289:
17287:
17286:Faroe Islands
17276:
17274:
17263:
17262:
17260:
17258:
17254:
17249:
17239:
17228:
17226:
17215:
17213:
17202:
17200:
17189:
17187:
17176:
17175:
17173:
17169:
17165:
17158:
17153:
17151:
17146:
17144:
17139:
17138:
17135:
17123:
17120:
17118:
17115:
17113:
17110:
17109:
17107:
17103:
17097:
17094:
17092:
17089:
17087:
17084:
17082:
17079:
17077:
17074:
17072:
17069:
17067:
17066:Stone of Eric
17064:
17062:
17059:
17057:
17054:
17052:
17049:
17047:
17044:
17042:
17039:
17037:
17034:
17032:
17029:
17027:
17024:
17022:
17019:
17017:
17014:
17012:
17009:
17007:
17004:
17002:
16999:
16997:
16994:
16992:
16989:
16987:
16984:
16982:
16979:
16977:
16974:
16972:
16969:
16967:
16964:
16962:
16959:
16957:
16954:
16952:
16949:
16947:
16944:
16942:
16939:
16937:
16934:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16919:
16918:
16916:
16912:
16906:
16903:
16901:
16898:
16896:
16893:
16891:
16888:
16886:
16883:
16881:
16878:
16876:
16873:
16871:
16868:
16866:
16863:
16861:
16858:
16856:
16853:
16851:
16848:
16846:
16843:
16841:
16838:
16836:
16833:
16831:
16828:
16826:
16823:
16821:
16818:
16816:
16813:
16811:
16808:
16806:
16803:
16801:
16798:
16796:
16793:
16791:
16788:
16786:
16783:
16781:
16778:
16776:
16773:
16771:
16768:
16766:
16763:
16761:
16758:
16756:
16753:
16751:
16748:
16746:
16743:
16741:
16738:
16736:
16733:
16731:
16728:
16726:
16723:
16721:
16718:
16716:
16713:
16711:
16708:
16706:
16703:
16701:
16698:
16696:
16693:
16691:
16688:
16686:
16683:
16681:
16678:
16676:
16673:
16671:
16668:
16666:
16663:
16661:
16658:
16656:
16653:
16651:
16648:
16646:
16643:
16641:
16638:
16636:
16633:
16631:
16628:
16626:
16623:
16621:
16618:
16616:
16613:
16611:
16608:
16606:
16603:
16601:
16598:
16596:
16593:
16591:
16588:
16586:
16583:
16581:
16578:
16576:
16573:
16571:
16568:
16566:
16563:
16561:
16558:
16556:
16553:
16551:
16548:
16546:
16543:
16541:
16538:
16536:
16533:
16531:
16528:
16526:
16525:Grímur Kamban
16523:
16521:
16518:
16516:
16513:
16511:
16508:
16506:
16503:
16501:
16498:
16496:
16493:
16491:
16488:
16486:
16483:
16481:
16480:Eric Bloodaxe
16478:
16476:
16473:
16471:
16468:
16466:
16463:
16461:
16458:
16456:
16453:
16451:
16448:
16446:
16443:
16441:
16438:
16436:
16433:
16431:
16428:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16416:
16413:
16411:
16410:Amlaíb Conung
16408:
16406:
16405:Amlaíb Cuarán
16403:
16401:
16398:
16396:
16393:
16392:
16390:
16386:
16380:
16377:
16375:
16372:
16370:
16369:Shield-maiden
16367:
16365:
16362:
16360:
16359:Ring Fortress
16357:
16353:
16350:
16348:
16345:
16343:
16340:
16338:
16335:
16333:
16330:
16328:
16325:
16323:
16320:
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16309:
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16303:
16300:
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16288:
16285:
16284:
16282:
16278:
16274:
16268:
16265:
16263:
16260:
16258:
16257:Sack of Paris
16255:
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16250:
16248:
16245:
16243:
16240:
16238:
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16218:
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15998:
15995:
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15990:
15988:
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15975:
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15915:
15913:
15910:
15908:
15905:
15903:
15900:
15898:
15895:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15885:
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15875:
15873:
15870:
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15865:
15863:
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15858:
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15853:
15850:
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15809:
15807:
15804:
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15797:
15795:
15792:
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15787:
15783:
15780:
15778:
15775:
15773:
15770:
15768:
15765:
15763:
15760:
15758:
15755:
15753:
15750:
15749:
15748:
15747:British Isles
15745:
15743:
15740:
15739:
15737:
15733:
15727:
15724:
15722:
15719:
15715:
15712:
15710:
15707:
15706:
15705:
15704:North America
15702:
15700:
15699:Faroe Islands
15697:
15695:
15692:
15690:
15687:
15685:
15682:
15680:
15677:
15675:
15672:
15671:
15669:
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15595:
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15570:
15567:
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15562:
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15557:
15555:
15552:
15550:
15547:
15545:
15542:
15540:
15537:
15535:
15532:
15530:
15527:
15525:
15524:Norse rituals
15522:
15520:
15517:
15514:
15510:
15509:Norse funeral
15507:
15505:
15502:
15500:
15497:
15495:
15492:
15490:
15487:
15485:
15482:
15480:
15477:
15475:
15472:
15468:
15465:
15463:
15462:Elder Futhark
15460:
15459:
15458:
15455:
15453:
15450:
15448:
15445:
15443:
15440:
15438:
15435:
15433:
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15422:
15418:
15414:
15407:
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15395:
15393:
15388:
15387:
15384:
15378:
15375:
15373:
15370:
15367:
15363:
15360:
15358:
15354:
15350:
15346:
15344:
15341:
15339:
15335:
15331:
15328:
15325:
15322:
15321:
15312:
15308:
15307:
15294:
15290:
15289:
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15279:
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15265:
15262:
15258:
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15251:
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15224:
15223:
15217:
15213:
15210:
15204:
15200:
15196:
15192:
15189:
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15181:
15177:
15173:
15172:
15167:
15166:
15144:
15140:
15139:
15133:
15132:
15122:
15118:
15117:
15112:
15108:
15104:
15103:
15092:
15079:
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15074:
15068:
15065:
15059:
15055:
15051:
15048:
15044:
15038:
15034:
15030:
15027:
15021:
15017:
15013:
15010:
15004:
15001:
14996:
14993:
14989:
14983:
14982:
14976:
14973:
14960:
14956:
14955:
14950:
14949:Noreen, Adolf
14946:
14942:
14941:
14936:
14932:
14928:
14924:
14923:
14917:
14916:
14904:
14900:
14896:
14893:
14890:
14889:
14886:
14882:
14878:
14874:
14870:
14869:
14864:
14860:
14857:
14853:
14852:de Vries, Jan
14849:
14838:
14834:
14833:
14828:
14824:
14820:
14816:
14813:
14810:
14807:
14803:
14799:
14796:
14793:
14792:
14790:
14785:
14779:
14778:
14773:
14772:
14769:
14768:
14762:
14757:
14756:old-norse.net
14753:
14749:
14746:
14743:
14740:
14736:
14732:
14729:
14726:
14725:
14722:
14721:
14716:
14712:
14708:
14707:
14696:
14690:
14686:
14682:
14678:
14677:Vikør, Lars S
14674:
14670:
14666:
14661:
14655:
14651:
14650:
14647:
14642:
14639:
14635:
14631:
14626:
14623:
14618:
14614:
14613:
14608:
14604:
14600:
14595:
14583:
14579:
14573:
14569:
14568:
14563:
14559:
14556:
14552:
14548:
14544:
14540:
14536:
14532:
14531:Haugen, Einar
14528:
14524:
14519:
14515:
14510:
14509:
14491:
14486:
14479:
14474:
14472:
14470:
14462:
14457:
14450:
14445:
14438:
14434:
14429:
14423:
14422:Vowel Changes
14419:
14414:
14407:
14402:
14395:
14390:
14388:
14386:
14384:
14382:
14377:
14363:
14357:
14355:
14347:
14342:
14335:
14330:
14314:
14310:
14309:
14301:
14294:
14279:
14275:
14268:
14261:
14246:
14242:
14241:
14233:
14218:
14214:
14210:
14203:
14201:
14193:, p. 149
14192:
14188:
14182:
14166:
14162:
14156:
14150:
14144:
14137:
14133:
14129:
14125:
14121:
14117:
14110:
14103:
14099:
14094:
14085:
14079:
14075:
14070:
14069:
14060:
14045:
14041:
14037:
14033:
14027:
14019:
14015:
14011:
14005:
13998:
13993:
13986:
13982:
13977:
13970:
13969:
13963:
13956:
13952:
13947:
13940:
13936:
13931:
13925:
13920:
13918:
13916:
13914:
13905:
13904:
13899:
13898:Noreen, A. G.
13893:
13877:
13873:
13872:
13864:
13857:
13853:
13848:
13841:
13837:
13832:
13824:
13818:
13813:
13811:
13803:
13799:
13795:
13791:
13787:
13783:
13776:
13769:
13764:
13756:
13752:
13745:
13738:
13737:Common Nordic
13734:
13729:
13722:
13717:
13709:
13705:
13699:
13692:
13687:
13676:
13671:
13669:
13667:
13665:
13663:
13661:
13653:
13649:
13644:
13637:
13633:
13628:
13620:
13619:
13614:
13608:
13592:
13588:
13584:
13577:
13570:
13566:
13562:
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13543:
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13532:
13517:
13513:
13509:
13503:
13496:
13492:
13488:
13481:
13466:
13462:
13461:
13453:
13446:
13442:
13437:
13430:
13425:
13418:
13413:
13405:
13401:
13397:
13396:
13388:
13386:
13378:
13373:
13371:
13369:
13367:
13365:
13363:
13361:
13352:
13346:
13342:
13341:
13333:
13317:
13313:
13309:
13303:
13295:
13289:
13285:
13280:
13279:
13270:
13268:
13260:
13255:
13247:
13241:
13237:
13232:
13231:
13222:
13206:
13202:
13200:9789027290359
13196:
13192:
13191:
13183:
13179:
13164:
13161:
13159:
13158:Old Norwegian
13156:
13154:
13151:
13149:
13146:
13144:
13141:
13139:
13136:
13135:
13126:
13123:
13121:
13118:
13115:
13112:
13109:
13106:
13103:
13100:
13098:
13095:
13092:
13091:
13087:
13085:
13082:
13081:
13068:
13060:
13055:
13050:
13049:
13043:
13035:
13034:
13025:
13017:
13016:
13007:
13002:
12997:
12992:
12991:
12985:
12982:
12977:
12972:
12967:
12962:
12961:
12952:
12947:
12942:
12937:
12936:
12925:
12920:
12915:
12910:
12909:
12900:
12895:
12890:
12885:
12884:
12878:
12873:
12868:
12863:
12858:
12853:
12852:
12843:
12838:
12837:
12831:
12828:
12823:
12820:
12815:
12810:
12809:
12805:
12802:
12799:
12796:
12793:
12788:
12787:
12781:
12776:
12775:
12766:
12761:
12760:
12751:
12746:
12741:
12736:
12735:
12725:
12716:
12711:
12706:
12701:
12696:
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12686:
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12676:
12671:
12670:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12648:
12639:
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12629:
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12614:
12609:
12604:
12599:
12594:
12589:
12588:
12578:
12575:
12570:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12554:
12543:
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12538:
12533:
12525:
12524:
12515:
12510:
12505:
12500:
12499:
12493:
12488:
12483:
12478:
12473:
12468:
12467:
12461:
12456:
12451:
12446:
12443:
12440:
12439:
12421:
12397:
12395:
12385:
12376:
12374:
12372:
12370:
12368:
12366:
12364:
12362:
12360:
12344:
12340:
12333:
12331:
12329:
12321:
12317:
12312:
12308:
12301:
12300:
12295:
12294:
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12288:
12283:
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12277:
12276:
12271:
12270:
12265:
12250:
12245:
12237:
12236:
12233:
12232:
12227:
12226:
12221:
12220:
12215:
12214:
12209:
12208:
12204:"island": Ic
12203:
12202:
12197:
12169:
12164:
12156:
12155:
12152:
12151:
12146:
12145:
12140:
12139:
12134:
12133:
12128:
12127:
12122:
12117:
12109:
12097:
12092:
12084:
12083:
12080:
12079:
12074:
12073:
12068:
12067:
12062:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12043:
12031:
12026:
12018:
12017:
12014:
12013:
12008:
12007:
12002:
12001:
11996:
11995:
11989:
11988:
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11982:
11977:
11976:
11971:
11970:
11965:
11963:
11953:
11948:
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11925:
11924:
11919:
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11913:
11912:
11907:
11906:
11901:
11900:
11895:
11890:
11878:
11870:
11869:
11866:
11865:
11860:
11859:
11854:
11852:
11824:
11816:
11815:
11812:
11811:
11806:
11805:
11800:
11799:
11794:
11793:
11788:
11787:
11782:
11770:
11765:
11757:
11756:
11753:
11752:
11747:
11746:
11741:
11740:
11735:
11734:
11729:
11728:
11723:
11722:
11717:
11692:
11687:
11679:
11678:
11675:
11674:
11669:
11668:
11663:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11640:
11635:
11627:
11626:
11623:
11622:
11617:
11616:
11611:
11610:
11605:
11603:
11590:
11585:
11577:
11576:
11573:
11572:
11567:
11566:
11561:
11560:
11555:
11554:
11549:
11544:
11536:
11524:
11519:
11511:
11510:
11507:
11506:
11501:
11500:
11495:
11494:
11489:
11488:
11483:
11482:
11478:
11473:
11471:
11463:
11458:
11453:
11445:
11444:
11441:
11440:
11435:
11434:
11429:
11428:
11423:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11404:
11389:
11377:
11369:
11368:
11365:
11364:
11359:
11358:
11353:
11352:
11345:
11344:
11339:
11338:
11333:
11332:
11327:
11326:
11322:"shield": Ic
11321:
11320:
11315:
11313:
11305:
11297:
11285:
11277:
11276:
11273:
11272:
11267:
11266:
11261:
11260:
11255:
11254:
11249:
11248:
11243:
11242:
11235:
11234:
11229:
11228:
11223:
11222:
11215:
11214:
11209:
11208:
11203:
11202:
11197:
11196:
11191:
11190:
11185:
11184:
11179:
11178:
11171:
11170:
11165:
11164:
11159:
11158:
11153:
11152:
11147:
11146:
11141:
11139:
11118:
11103:
11091:
11083:
11082:
11079:
11078:
11073:
11072:
11067:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11044:
11039:
11031:
11030:
11027:
11026:
11021:
11020:
11015:
11014:
11009:
10993:
10980:
10975:
10967:
10966:
10963:
10962:
10957:
10956:
10951:
10950:
10945:
10944:
10939:
10938:
10933:
10931:
10923:
10918:
10910:
10909:
10906:
10905:
10900:
10899:
10894:
10893:
10888:
10887:
10883:"way": Ic/Fa
10882:
10881:
10874:
10873:
10868:
10867:
10862:
10861:
10856:
10855:
10850:
10849:
10844:
10843:
10836:
10835:
10830:
10829:
10824:
10823:
10818:
10817:
10813:"men": Ic/Fa
10812:
10811:
10806:
10804:
10799:
10794:
10786:
10785:
10782:
10781:
10776:
10775:
10770:
10769:
10764:
10763:
10758:
10757:
10750:
10749:
10744:
10743:
10738:
10737:
10732:
10731:
10726:
10724:
10711:
10706:
10698:
10697:
10694:
10693:
10688:
10687:
10682:
10681:
10676:
10675:
10670:
10669:
10664:
10656:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10630:
10629:
10626:
10625:
10620:
10619:
10614:
10613:
10608:
10607:
10602:
10601:
10596:
10595:
10588:
10587:
10582:
10581:
10576:
10575:
10570:
10569:
10564:
10563:
10558:
10557:
10552:
10535:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10509:
10508:
10505:
10504:
10499:
10498:
10493:
10492:
10487:
10486:
10479:
10478:
10473:
10472:
10467:
10466:
10461:
10460:
10453:
10452:
10447:
10446:
10442:"day": Ic/Fa
10441:
10440:
10433:
10432:
10427:
10426:
10421:
10407:
10390:
10376:
10371:
10363:
10362:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10335:
10334:
10323:
10320:
10314:
10308:
10302:
10298:or Old Norse
10296:
10290:
10288:
10284:
10283:Norman French
10279:
10273:
10267:
10257:
10252:
10248:
10245:
10241:
10235:
10229:
10223:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10203:
10198:
10194:
10191:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10168:
10165:
10161:
10156:
10153:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10130:
10127:
10123:
10118:
10114:
10111:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10061:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9972:
9969:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9879:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9797:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9685:
9680:
9676:
9673:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9494:
9489:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9467:
9462:
9459:, cf. lend),
9457:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9379:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9317:
9311:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9233:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9198:
9195:
9194:
9193:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9179:
9174:
9168:
9162:
9156:
9150:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9130:
9111:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9100:
9096:
9093:
9086:
9083:
9078:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9058:
9057:
9045:
9042:
9036:
9022:
9016:
9010:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8988:
8982:
8976:
8971:
8965:
8951:
8949:
8948:Västgötalagen
8945:
8944:
8940:
8935:
8932:
8927:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8916:
8915:
8914:Västgötalagen
8903:
8901:
8896:
8890:
8885:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8863:
8853:
8851:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8837:
8831:
8825:
8819:
8813:
8807:
8801:
8795:
8789:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8772:
8769:
8765:
8761:
8753:
8749:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8733:
8729:
8725:
8712:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8694:
8688:
8678:
8675:
8669:
8663:
8658:
8657:
8652:
8651:
8645:
8639:
8632:
8625:
8618:
8615:
8609:
8604:
8603:
8598:
8597:
8592:
8591:
8586:
8585:
8580:
8579:
8575:("elks") and
8573:
8568:
8567:
8561:
8554:
8547:
8541:
8535:
8529:
8526:
8520:
8514:
8508:
8502:
8496:
8490:
8484:
8478:
8471:
8464:
8457:
8450:
8444:
8441:
8434:
8428:
8421:
8414:
8407:
8400:
8394:
8389:
8388:
8383:
8382:
8377:
8376:
8370:
8364:
8358:
8352:
8346:
8340:
8334:
8328:
8322:
8316:
8310:
8304:
8298:
8292:
8286:
8282:
8275:
8271:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8250:and south of
8249:
8248:Västergötland
8245:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8219:
8213:
8208:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8189:
8185:
8183:
8179:
8174:
8170:
8169:Runic Swedish
8166:
8162:
8155:
8151:
8150:Rök runestone
8146:
8137:
8135:
8131:
8122:
8114:
8112:
8104:
8102:
8098:
8091:
8090:
8086:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8066:
8061:
8050:
8046:
8041:
8034:
8024:
8021:
8015:
7996:
7986:
7983:
7977:
7971:
7965:
7960:
7956:
7943:
7903:
7902:Old Norwegian
7896:Old Norwegian
7893:
7886:
7876:
7870:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7850:
7840:
7830:
7816:
7810:
7801:⟩ for
7780:
7778:
7770:
7758:
7753:
7750:
7744:
7739:
7738:
7722:Old Icelandic
7719:
7716:
7710:
7704:
7698:
7692:
7686:
7680:
7678:
7674:
7662:
7659:
7653:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7631:
7629:
7628:Old Norwegian
7625:
7624:Old Icelandic
7613:
7609:
7605:
7594:
7589:
7586:
7580:
7574:
7568:
7562:
7556:
7551:
7547:
7542:
7536:
7530:
7524:
7518:
7512:
7501:
7496:
7493:
7489:
7486:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7474:
7469:
7466:
7462:
7459:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7447:
7442:
7439:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7422:
7417:
7414:
7410:
7407:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7395:
7390:
7387:
7383:
7380:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7368:
7363:
7360:
7356:
7353:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7336:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7326:
7323:
7317:
7311:
7305:
7299:
7293:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7264:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7233:
7227:
7222:
7214:
7209:
7206:
7203:
7200:
7196:
7195:(Old Gutnish)
7193:
7190:
7185:
7182:
7179:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7163:
7160:
7157:
7152:
7149:
7146:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7130:
7127:
7124:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7097:
7094:
7091:
7086:
7083:
7080:
7075:
7072:
7069:
7064:
7061:
7058:
7053:
7050:
7047:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7031:
7028:
7025:
7020:
7017:
7014:
7009:
7007:
7002:
6999:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6975:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6953:
6947:
6941:
6935:
6929:
6923:
6917:
6914:
6907:
6903:(for example
6902:
6897:
6894:
6888:
6882:
6877:
6870:
6868:
6864:
6863:
6858:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6834:
6832:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6810:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6795:
6794:
6787:
6781:
6769:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6733:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6670:
6662:
6658:
6655:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6636:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6624:
6617:
6616:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6597:
6585:
6581:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6537:
6536:
6532:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6478:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6457:
6445:
6439:
6435:
6432:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6408:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6360:
6359:
6352:
6350:
6345:
6343:
6338:
6337:
6330:
6329:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6289:
6279:
6277:
6272:
6266:
6260:
6254:
6251:
6248:
6242:
6236:
6230:
6224:
6218:
6212:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6171:
6168:
6162:
6152:
6146:
6137:
6136:
6130:
6124:
6119:
6111:
6101:
6099:
6094:
6088:
6082:
6075:
6068:
6062:
6056:
6050:
6044:
6038:
6029:
6024:
6021:with English
6019:
6013:
6007:
6003:. Compare ON
5993:
5987:
5981:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5957:
5951:
5935:
5920:
5913:
5906:
5900:
5890:
5887:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5815:
5793:
5783:
5774:
5773:
5767:/Cl,Cs,Cn,Cr/
5761:cannot yield
5757:The clusters
5755:
5752:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5736:
5731:
5730:
5724:
5721:
5714:
5709:(rather than
5708:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5693:
5686:
5681:(rather than
5680:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5665:
5658:
5650:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5635:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5565:
5559:
5532:
5508:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5481:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5439:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5394:
5386:
5378:
5370:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5354:
5348:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5204:
5201:
5200:[œːɳ]
5197:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5094:Transcription
5088:Transcription
5086:
5077:
5067:
5061:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5048:hrøyrr/hreyrr
5043:
5041:
5035:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5018:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4964:
4958:
4957:Old Icelandic
4905:
4851:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4803:labialization
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4774:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4644:Elder Futhark
4639:
4629:
4622:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4592:
4583:
4579:
4576:This section
4574:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4539:to a plosive
4538:
4517:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4295:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4150:
4146:
4114:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4038:"shark" <
4036:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3812:
3800:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3779:"loose" <
3777:
3773:
3768:
3760:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3709:
3697:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3595:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3486:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3441:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3370:
3362:
3357:
3349:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3202:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3181:"great" <
3179:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3113:
3108:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2964:
2956:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2851:
2843:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2788:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2698:
2690:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2642:"lands" <
2640:
2636:
2628:
2623:
2615:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2500:Old Icelandic
2489:
2483:
2473:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2313:
2307:Front vowels
2303:
2290:
2256:
2255:Old Icelandic
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2136:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2047:
2043:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1936:
1930:Front vowels
1926:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1769:Norman French
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:Lowland Scots
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:Norn language
1704:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:Old Norwegian
1581:
1580:Old Icelandic
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1518:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:Old Norwegian
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:Völsung Cycle
1285:
1283:
1282:Tyrfing Cycle
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1062:Norse funeral
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
951:
946:
945:
938:
937:Ask and Embla
935:
933:
930:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
889:
886:
885:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
842:
839:
838:
835:
830:
829:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
770:
765:
764:
757:
754:
753:
752:
749:
748:
747:
746:
741:
740:Eastern Norse
737:
736:Western Norse
733:
727:
723:
722:
719:
716:
715:
711:
707:
706:
696:
691:
689:
684:
682:
677:
676:
674:
673:
670:
667:
666:
658:
652:
651:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
591:
590:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
571:
568:
567:
561:
560:
553:
550:
549:
543:
542:
538:
536:
535:
530:
529:
527:
518:
517:
513:
511:
510:
509:of Icelanders
505:
504:
502:
495:
489:
480:
479:
472:
469:
468:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
453:
450:
449:
443:
440:
438:
434:
433:
431:
425:
422:
421:
415:
414:
407:
404:
403:
397:
394:
392:
388:
387:
385:
379:
373:
372:Old Norwegian
370:
368:
367:Old Icelandic
364:
363:
361:
352:
351:
343:
342:
339:
336:
335:
331:
327:
326:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
300:
294:
290:
286:
284:
283:
278:
274:
270:
267:
262:
257:
252:
249:
244:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
220:
214:
209:
205:
199:
189:
186:
185:
184:
181:
180:
179:
176:
175:
174:
173:Indo-European
170:
166:
160:
156:
152:
149:Evolved from
148:
144:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:Great Britain
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
89:Faroe Islands
86:
82:
79:
75:
69:
62:
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
18:Old icelandic
19384:
19268:Verner's law
19213:
19208:Gotho-Nordic
19206:
19199:
19120:
19113:
19105:
19099:
19089:
19074:Fårö Gutnish
19036:
19029:
18935:
18928:
18919:
18912:
18893:
18886:
18814:
18809:
18804:
18798:
18797:
18790:
18730:
18632:Swiss German
18596:Upper German
18529:Amana German
18503:Volga German
18472:Hunsrückisch
18398:
18352:Unserdeutsch
18347:Berlinerisch
18280:
18273:
18266:
18259:
18219:Cover groups
18175:Mohawk Dutch
18170:Jersey Dutch
18148:East Flemish
18131:West Flemish
18075:Middle Dutch
18029:Low Prussian
17901:
17894:
17860:Terschelling
17844:Clay Frisian
17819:West Frisian
17807:Wiedingharde
17799:
17787:
17747:Heligolandic
17724:
17699:
17692:
17685:
17680:
17663:East Frisian
17650:
17643:
17616:Middle Scots
17614:
17607:
17593:
17586:
17579:
17574:
17563:
17556:
17549:
17542:
17436:
17406:
16885:Vagn Åkesson
16805:Skalla-Grímr
16800:Sitric Caech
16665:Leif Erikson
16645:Ketilsdóttir
16485:Erik the Red
16277:Arms, armour
15667:and colonies
15656:Visby lenses
15646:Viking ships
15539:Raven banner
15528:
15310:
15297:, retrieved
15293:the original
15287:
15245:
15241:Sweet, Henry
15221:
15198:
15195:Byock, Jesse
15170:
15147:, retrieved
15137:
15125:, retrieved
15114:
15090:
15082:, retrieved
15072:
15063:
15057:
15046:
15042:
15036:
15025:
15019:
15008:
15003:
14999:
14991:
14987:
14980:
14971:
14963:, retrieved
14953:
14939:
14921:
14902:
14884:
14867:
14855:
14841:, retrieved
14831:
14823:norroen.info
14822:
14805:
14788:
14776:
14766:
14755:
14738:
14719:
14703:Dictionaries
14684:
14680:
14664:
14653:
14645:
14629:
14621:
14611:
14598:
14586:, retrieved
14566:
14538:
14534:
14522:
14513:
14485:
14456:
14444:
14436:
14428:
14421:
14413:
14401:
14361:
14341:
14329:
14319:17 September
14317:. Retrieved
14313:the original
14307:
14300:
14292:
14285:, retrieved
14273:
14260:
14249:, retrieved
14245:the original
14239:
14232:
14221:, retrieved
14212:
14190:
14181:
14169:. Retrieved
14155:
14149:Codex Regius
14143:
14119:
14115:
14109:
14101:
14093:
14067:
14059:
14048:, retrieved
14039:
14026:
14018:the original
14013:
14004:
13992:
13984:
13976:
13967:
13962:
13946:
13939:Neuter nouns
13930:
13902:
13892:
13882:17 September
13880:. Retrieved
13876:the original
13870:
13863:
13847:
13840:Proto-Nordic
13839:
13831:
13817:Iversen 1961
13785:
13781:
13775:
13763:
13754:
13750:
13744:
13736:
13728:
13716:
13710:, p. 83
13707:
13698:
13686:
13651:
13643:
13635:
13627:
13617:
13607:
13595:. Retrieved
13586:
13576:
13560:
13556:
13550:
13541:
13538:Almqvist, Bo
13531:
13520:, retrieved
13511:
13502:
13486:
13480:
13469:, retrieved
13459:
13452:
13445:Harbert 2007
13440:
13436:
13424:
13412:
13403:
13399:
13393:
13339:
13332:
13320:. Retrieved
13311:
13302:
13277:
13254:
13229:
13221:
13209:. Retrieved
13189:
13182:
13088:
12420:
12384:
12311:
12297:
12291:
12285:
12279:
12273:
12272:"dream": Ic
12267:
12229:
12223:
12217:
12211:
12205:
12199:
12148:
12142:
12136:
12130:
12129:"stone": Ic
12124:
12076:
12070:
12064:
12058:
12010:
12004:
11998:
11992:
11985:
11979:
11973:
11967:
11927:
11921:
11915:
11909:
11903:
11902:"green": Ic
11897:
11862:
11856:
11808:
11802:
11796:
11790:
11784:
11749:
11743:
11737:
11731:
11725:
11719:
11671:
11665:
11659:
11619:
11613:
11607:
11569:
11563:
11557:
11551:
11503:
11497:
11491:
11485:
11475:
11437:
11431:
11425:
11419:
11361:
11355:
11349:
11341:
11335:
11329:
11323:
11317:
11269:
11263:
11257:
11251:
11245:
11239:
11231:
11225:
11219:
11211:
11205:
11199:
11193:
11187:
11181:
11175:
11167:
11161:
11155:
11149:
11143:
11075:
11069:
11063:
11023:
11017:
11011:
10959:
10953:
10947:
10941:
10935:
10902:
10896:
10890:
10884:
10878:
10870:
10864:
10858:
10852:
10846:
10840:
10832:
10826:
10820:
10814:
10808:
10778:
10772:
10766:
10760:
10759:"happy": Ic
10754:
10746:
10740:
10734:
10728:
10690:
10684:
10678:
10672:
10666:
10622:
10616:
10610:
10604:
10598:
10592:
10584:
10578:
10572:
10566:
10560:
10554:
10501:
10495:
10489:
10483:
10475:
10469:
10463:
10457:
10449:
10443:
10437:
10429:
10423:
10291:
10262:
10250:
10246:
10216:
10206:
10196:
10192:
10180:
10170:
10167:Interjection
10166:
10154:
10142:
10132:
10129:Prepositions
10128:
10116:
10112:
10100:
10090:
10080:
10070:
10054:
10044:
10034:
10024:
10014:
10004:
9994:
9984:
9974:
9970:
9958:
9948:
9938:
9928:
9918:
9908:
9898:
9888:
9866:
9856:
9846:
9836:
9826:
9816:
9806:
9784:
9774:
9764:
9754:
9744:
9734:
9724:
9714:
9704:
9694:
9678:
9674:
9662:
9652:
9642:
9632:
9622:
9612:
9602:
9592:
9582:
9578:
9568:
9558:
9542:
9526:
9516:
9506:
9496:
9476:
9460:
9444:
9434:
9424:
9408:
9398:
9388:
9375:, stem also
9366:
9356:
9346:
9336:
9326:
9298:
9288:
9278:
9268:
9252:
9242:
9220:
9210:
9200:
9196:
9136:
9107:
9091:
9088:
9080:
9051:
9048:Text example
8967:
8937:
8929:
8909:
8906:Text example
8883:
8879:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8865:
8847:
8844:pitch accent
8841:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8763:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8739:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8718:merged with
8713:
8696:
8690:
8654:
8648:
8619:
8600:
8594:
8588:
8582:
8576:
8564:
8530:
8445:
8385:
8379:
8373:
8287:
8276:
8209:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8191:The phoneme
8190:
8186:
8178:conservative
8173:Runic Danish
8172:
8168:
8164:
8160:
8159:
8154:Östergötland
8129:
8127:
8115:
8105:
8092:
8049:AM 519 a 4to
8036:
8027:Text example
7998:
7958:
7954:
7944:
7905:
7882:) merged to
7871:
7862:Codex Regius
7826:) merged to
7811:
7785:merged with
7781:
7776:
7756:
7754:
7740:with Danish
7735:
7725:
7681:
7663:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7632:
7590:
7545:
7507:
7288:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7270:
7232:tekið/tekinn
7218:
7211:
7207:
7204:
7201:
7198:
7194:
7191:
7188:
7183:
7180:
7177:
7172:
7169:
7166:
7161:
7158:
7155:
7150:
7147:
7144:
7139:
7136:
7133:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7117:
7114:
7111:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7095:
7092:
7089:
7084:
7081:
7078:
7073:
7070:
7067:
7062:
7059:
7056:
7051:
7048:
7045:
7040:
7037:
7034:
7029:
7026:
7023:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7003:
6918:
6898:
6878:
6875:
6866:
6862:Heimskringla
6860:
6851:
6844:
6831:Dauði Dyggva
6830:
6826:Heimskringla
6824:
6815:
6808:
6793:Heimskringla
6775:
6739:
6729:
6719:
6709:
6699:
6689:
6679:
6671:
6668:
6600:
6346:
6291:
6255:
6252:
6199:
6177:
6142:appeared in
6133:
6107:
6022:
5977:adjacent to
5953:adjacent to
5946:
5938:Phonotactics
5926:rather than
5908:(supposedly
5891:
5868:
5846:
5818:
5756:
5754:, is short.
5725:
5702:
5674:
5644:
5636:
5601:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5568:
5563:
5533:
5510:
5484:
5433:
5426:
5358:
5337:
5319:
5307:
5295:
5272:
5254:
5242:
5230:
5207:
5190:
5180:
5170:
5148:
5130:
5119:
5108:
5059:
5045:
5037:
5029:
5021:
5013:
5006:
5000:
4988:
4980:
4974:
4965:
4906:
4815:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4783:assimilatory
4780:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4741:Strong verbs
4732:
4727:
4703:
4660:
4641:
4599:
4586:
4582:adding to it
4577:
4518:
4459:
4449:
4385:Approximant
4082:
3878:"deep" <
3676:"bone" <
3619:"mice" <
3516:"bird" <
3465:"race" <
3314:"went" <
2663:"song" <
2546:"land" <
2441:
2407:Low/Low-mid
2310:Back vowels
2202:
2170:
1933:Back vowels
1898:
1887:
1866:
1845:
1839:
1809:
1781:
1773:
1766:
1736:(especially
1731:
1727:
1692:
1642:
1578:
1570: Other
1468:
1440:
1435:
1398:
1388:
1377:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1245:Fimbulwinter
1211:
1197:Nithing pole
739:
735:
539:
532:
514:
507:
337:
296:
280:
187:
124:Newfoundland
43:
19283:Kluge's law
19263:Grimm's law
19046:Dalecarlian
19025:Perkerdansk
18998:East Danish
18816:Old Gutnish
18792:Proto-Norse
18732:Langobardic
18724:Vogtlandian
18552:Upper Saxon
18406:Lachoudisch
18367:Lotegorisch
18245:High German
17991:Westphalian
17986:Eastphalian
17950:Achterhooks
17827:Hindeloopen
17762:Bökingharde
17731:Föhr–Amrum
17645:Old Frisian
17609:Early Scots
17544:Old English
17419:Scandinavia
16855:Thorir Hund
16785:Sigurd Ring
16640:Jomsvikings
16337:Yarm helmet
15772:Isle of Man
15726:Kievan Rus'
15559:Skíðblaðnir
15513:ship burial
15432:Brisingamen
15299:4 September
15111:"Gutasagan"
15002:(8 volumes)
14992:Old Gutnish
14988:Old Swedish
14638:1874/296747
14588:4 September
14541:(4): 4–64,
14251:4 September
14223:4 September
14098:Bandle 2005
14014:aveneca.com
13924:Bandle 2005
13836:Bandle 2005
13733:Bandle 2005
13723:, p. 5
13691:Haugen 1950
13675:Bandle 2005
13648:Bandle 2005
13632:Bandle 2005
13557:Diachronica
13522:5 September
13495:1874/296646
13471:5 September
13163:Old Swedish
13153:Old Gutnish
12797:ø > œ(ː)
12403:or (before
12141:, Sw/Da/NB
12075:, Sw/Da/No
12063:"dear": Ic
11670:, Sw/Da/No
11618:, Sw/Da/No
11436:, Sw/Da/No
11360:, Fa/Da/NN
11244:"song": Ic
11230:, Fa/Da/No
11180:"nose": Ic
11148:"hand": Ic
11137:(+ld,rd,ng)
11074:, Sw/Da/No
10940:"knee": Ic
10448:, Sw/Da/No
10405:(+ld,rd,ng)
10155:Conjunction
9170:(to hang),
9138:Old English
9071:Old Gutnish
9028:in initial
8964:Old Gutnish
8958:Old Gutnish
8920:Old Swedish
8862:Old Swedish
8856:Old Swedish
8703:going from
8693:Bandle 2005
8641:versus OWN
8563:versus OWN
8480:versus OWN
8132:printed in
8056: 1280
8051:, is dated
7866:Poetic Edda
7673:Black Death
7669: 1350
7620: 1300
7550:Proto-Norse
7341:Proto-Norse
6786:Norrœnt mál
6780:Dǫnsk tunga
6754:Norse sagas
6482:Accusative
6480:Nominative-
6395:Accusative
6376:Nominative
6328:Urðarbrunnr
6318:partitively
6314:dual number
6276:determiners
6217:heilt barn!
6211:heill maðr!
5620:instead of
5417:to Swedish
5076:Old Swedish
5008:*sankwijaną
4743:ablaut the
4739:of a word.
4661:As for the
4632:Orthography
4553:Danish stød
4476:or perhaps
4183:Labiovelar
4127:or another
2983:"ten" <
2921:"six" <
2594:"men" <
2298: 13th
1850:Rus' people
1822:. Russian,
1748:(including
1746:Early Scots
1657:Kievan Rus'
1653:Volga River
1634:settlements
1627:Kievan Rus'
1615:Isle of Man
1595:settlements
1554:Old English
1478:norrœnt mál
1471:dansk tunga
1464:dǫnsk tunga
1445:state that
1431:Old Gutnish
1417:, although
1407:Old Gutnish
1361:Scandinavia
1272:Poetic Edda
1207:Norse clans
1107:Runic magic
1092:Vé (shrine)
1087:Heathen hof
1017:Urðarbrunnr
1007:Mímisbrunnr
987:Ginnungagap
932:Jörmungandr
811:Norse–Gaels
751:Scandinavia
738:in red and
734:in CE 900:
600:Dalecarlian
594:Descendants
582:Proto-Norse
534:Poetic Edda
424:Orthography
406:Old Gutnish
396:Old Swedish
311:instead of
210:(attested)
208:Proto-Norse
151:Proto-Norse
116:Isle of Man
81:Scandinavia
68:norrǿnt mál
61:dǫnsk tunga
19411:Categories
19115:Burgundian
19031:Old Danish
19020:Gøtudanskt
19003:Bornholmsk
18865:Vestlandsk
18845:Kebabnorsk
18582:Halcnovian
18547:Thuringian
18210:Limburgish
18180:Stadsfries
18153:Brabantian
17880:Low German
17726:Eiderstedt
17581:Fingallian
16914:Runestones
16430:Berle-Kari
16395:Airdeconut
15589:Viking art
15584:Viking Age
15254:alt source
15009:Old Danish
14673:Torp, Arne
14396:, p.1, "A"
14287:27 January
14274:inss.ku.dk
13981:Zoëga 1910
13757:: 146–147.
13721:Sweet 1895
13654:, p. 1859.
13377:Adams 1899
12464:Norwegian
11307:(j)œ/(j)øː
9971:Adjectives
9186:Viking Age
9127:See also:
8760:epenthetic
8701:isoglosses
8681:Old Danish
8647:("beds"),
8402:; from PN
8007:merged to
7600: 900
7421:ain(a)kjōn
6344:of Loki).
6302:accusative
6298:nominative
6282:Morphology
6110:epenthetic
6104:Epenthesis
5614:) becomes
5505:See also:
5475:root nouns
5473:nouns and
5083:Icelandic
5032:gler, heri
4997:*garwijaną
4923:, and all
4844:, and all
4811:allophones
4771:See also:
4621:lærisveinn
4616:/ˈhyr.jar/
4608:, so that
4589:April 2010
4551:See also:
4288:Fricative
4097:allophones
4079:Consonants
3987:vėtr/vėttr
2954:(+u/w-mut)
2613:(+u/w-mut)
2446:phonemes:
2321:Unrounded
2315:Unrounded
2251:Ovansiljan
2243:Prose Edda
2221:Old Danish
1944:Unrounded
1938:Unrounded
1921: 9th
1912:phonemes.
1894:gemination
1832:Lithuanian
1828:Belarusian
1455:Icelanders
1451:Norwegians
1369:Viking Age
1363:and their
1349:Old Nordic
1297:Runestones
1277:Prose Edda
1032:Jötunheimr
1022:Yggdrasill
1012:Hvergelmir
997:Muspelheim
806:Viking Age
730:Extent of
541:Prose Edda
483:Literature
471:Morphology
391:Old Danish
202:Early form
54:Old Nordic
19417:Old Norse
19395:varieties
19387:indicate
19201:Northwest
19146:Philology
19051:Elfdalian
18986:Jutlandic
18908:Icelandic
18883:(written)
18877:(written)
18855:Trøndersk
18835:Norwegian
18799:Old Norse
18620:Coloniero
18604:Alemannic
18577:Wymysorys
18445:Colognian
18440:Ripuarian
18362:Rotwelsch
18192:Midslands
18143:Zeelandic
18124:Hollandic
18098:Afrikaans
18070:Old Dutch
17896:Old Saxon
17795:Karrharde
17777:Goesharde
17758:Mainland
17491:philology
17407:Old Norse
17299:Greenland
16875:Turgesius
16750:Reginheri
16720:Palnatoke
16505:Freygeirr
16287:Berserker
15811:Pomerania
15806:Rhineland
15735:Expansion
15684:Greenland
15665:Homelands
15609:Yggdrasil
15529:Old Norse
15484:Hnefatafl
15452:Einherjar
15357:Arne Torp
15043:Old Norse
14854:(1977) ,
14679:(2014) ,
14437:Masculine
14346:Lass 1993
13842:, p.1853.
13739:, p.1855.
13441:See, e.g.
13211:7 January
13169:Citations
12449:Icelandic
12444:Old Norse
12339:obstruent
10359:Examples
10341:Icelandic
10336:Old Norse
10307:Þunresdæg
10186:ves hæill
9593:slaughter
9190:loanwords
9092:All-thing
8363:mø̄dōmber
8087:spelling
8085:Icelandic
7953:and that
7608:Trøndelag
7588:"goose".
7500:sankwijan
7453:to sprint
7428:to shrink
7276:Old Norse
6690:the troll
6630:Genitive
6610:Singular
6599:(English
6553:Singular
6526:Singular
6523:Genitive
6485:Singular
6414:Genitive
6368:Singular
6336:Lokasenna
6184:morphemes
6180:inflected
5807:, nor as
5803:, nor as
5695:); while
5637:The verb
5593:-variant
5028:with OWN
4733:ablauted,
4606:word stem
4537:fortition
4174:Alveolar
4102:veðrabati
4003:"winter"
3897:(+dental)
3835:lausijaną
3732:kwaikwaną
3230:slingwaną
2721:garwijaną
2458:(spelled
2444:diphthong
2285:(spelled
2277:(spelled
2269:(spelled
2261:(spelled
2247:Elfdalian
2207:(spelled
1879:Phonology
1824:Ukrainian
1758:loanwords
1703:Norwegian
1695:Icelandic
1599:Greenland
1494:Norwegian
1486:Icelandic
1438:Icelandic
1399:Old Norse
1345:Old Norse
1254:Wild Hunt
1212:Old Norse
1187:Mead hall
1142:Berserker
1077:Midsummer
982:Fólkvangr
962:Vanaheimr
950:Cosmology
900:Einherjar
641:Norwegian
635:(extinct)
628:Icelandic
617:(extinct)
564:Ancestors
516:Legendary
464:Phonology
338:Old Norse
282:Glottolog
266:ISO 639-3
248:ISO 639-2
188:Old Norse
135:Ethnicity
93:Greenland
49:Old Norse
39:Old North
19122:Vandalic
19065:Gutnish
18870:Vikværsk
18850:Sognamål
18840:Bergensk
18690:Cimbrian
18658:Bavarian
18615:Alsatian
18562:Lusatian
18498:Palatine
18188:Amelands
18065:Frankish
17955:Sallaans
17937:Gronings
17788:Southern
17781:Northern
17772:Halligen
17721:Insular
17538:dialects
17438:Category
17402:Norsemen
17395:See also
17329:Svalbard
16900:Uí Ímair
16680:Náttfari
16660:Lagertha
16620:Hvitserk
16352:Ingelrii
16347:Ulfberht
16327:Dane axe
15799:Normandy
15794:Brittany
15777:Scotland
15721:Jomsborg
15694:Shetland
15641:Longship
15579:Valkyrie
15574:Valhalla
15504:Norsemen
15494:Leysingi
15489:Holmgang
15437:Danegeld
15366:original
15270:Archived
15257:Archived
15243:(1895),
15197:(2013),
15143:archived
15121:archived
15078:archived
15056:(2006),
15035:(2004),
15018:(1972).
14959:archived
14951:(1923),
14937:(1879),
14912:Grammars
14895:Archived
14843:6 August
14837:archived
14815:Archived
14798:Archived
14748:Archived
14731:Archived
14717:(1874),
14654:Volume 2
14582:archived
14535:Language
14278:archived
14217:archived
14189:(1986),
14165:Archived
14116:Language
14044:archived
13856:Lesson 5
13782:Language
13706:(1993),
13615:(1910),
13597:5 August
13591:Archived
13516:archived
13465:archived
13400:Historia
13322:5 August
13316:Archived
13205:Archived
13078:See also
12441:Spelling
12347:/aaːiiː/
12290:, Da/NB
11984:, Da/No
11920:, Da/NN
11795:, Sw/No
11736:, Da/No
11562:, Sw/No
11502:, Da/NB
11496:, Sw/NN
11340:, Da/No
11331:skjøldur
11325:skjöldur
11262:, Da/NB
11192:, Sw/NN
11166:, Da/NB
11160:, Sw/NN
11022:, Sw/Da
10946:, Fa/Da
10857:, Da/NB
10777:, Da/No
10609:, Da/NB
10500:, Da/No
10468:, Sw/Da
10388:(+ng,nk)
9944:þrífa(s)
9852:rannsaka
9668:væ(i)ngʀ
9658:vindauga
9538:sweostor
9352:húsbóndi
9294:dræggiaʀ
9164:(full),
9158:(land),
9152:(foot),
9104:Gutasaga
9056:Guta lag
8791:(cake),
8709:Svealand
8546:drængiaʀ
8406:faigijaz
8252:Bohuslän
8236:Blekinge
8214:phoneme
7564:and not
7473:sprintan
7352:s(v)ǫppr
7347:mushroom
6901:breaking
6893:fullijan
6772:Dialects
6710:the hall
6322:kennings
6306:genitive
6294:declined
6214:" but, "
6120:, as in
6040:remains
5919:Steinarʀ
5905:Steinarr
5501:Breaking
5395:⟩
5391:⟨
5371:⟩
5367:⟨
5069:Meaning
5056:U-umlaut
4850:i-umlaut
4799:u-umlaut
4795:ʀ-umlaut
4791:i-umlaut
4751:becomes
4693:and the
4600:Primary
4191:Plosive
4186:Glottal
4177:Palatal
4149:sibilant
3798:(+i-mut)
3695:(+w-mut)
3593:(+i-mut)
3534:murganaz
3484:(+a-mut)
3439:(+i-mut)
3347:(+i-mut)
3200:(+w-mut)
3002:(broken)
2939:brestaną
2841:(+u-mut)
2823:mēlijaną
2786:(+i-mut)
2565:(+i-mut)
2324:Rounded
2318:Rounded
1947:Rounded
1941:Rounded
1820:Estonian
1788:Scottish
1776:phonemic
1715:Shetland
1673:language
1619:Normandy
1611:Scotland
1391:dialects
1249:Ragnarök
1177:Holmgang
1027:Valhalla
1002:Niflheim
925:Valkyrie
718:Norsemen
710:a series
708:Part of
442:Medieval
355:Dialects
330:a series
328:Part of
317:Help:IPA
289:oldn1244
228:, later
178:Germanic
139:Norsemen
120:Normandy
19385:Italics
19008:Scanian
18954:Swedish
18903:Faroese
18881:Nynorsk
18860:Valdris
18695:Mòcheno
18651:Swabian
18517:Hessian
18477:Hunsrik
18389:Western
18384:Eastern
18379:Yiddish
18329:creoles
18226:Bergish
17942:Drèents
17932:Tweants
17784:Central
17766:Mooring
17629:Frisian
17588:Kildare
17533:English
17351:Related
17212:Iceland
17199:Finland
17186:Denmark
17105:Related
16675:Naddodd
16600:Hastein
16575:Hagrold
16545:Guthrum
16540:Guthred
16425:Bagsecg
16322:Skeggöx
16312:Halberd
15840:Battles
15816:Estonia
15752:Danelaw
15714:Vinland
15679:Iceland
15604:Wergeld
15569:Tyrfing
15554:Seeress
15499:Mjölnir
15457:Futhark
15420:Culture
15413:Vikings
15336:at the
15149:17 July
15084:10 June
14500:Sources
14050:1 March
14036:"stark"
13770:, Ch. 1
12459:Swedish
12454:Faroese
12351:/aauɪi/
12320:Nynorsk
12281:dreymur
12275:draumur
12138:steinur
11772:jʏ/jʉuː
11694:jœ/jɔuː
11487:morgunn
11481:morgunn
11477:morginn
11319:skjǫldr
10904:veg/vei
10529:(j)ɛ(ː)
10524:ja/jɛaː
10351:Swedish
10346:Faroese
10181:wassail
10113:Adverbs
10010:líklígʀ
9924:sprinta
9875:, stem
9847:ransack
9807:glitter
9638:tíðindi
9633:tidings
9469:, stem
9417:, stem
9347:husband
9261:, stem
9178:English
9146:(arm),
8970:Gotland
8968:Due to
8886:, e.g.
8870:before
8705:Zealand
8631:bækkiaʀ
8602:drängar
8566:drengir
8560:bænkiaʀ
8393:meydómr
8372:; OWN:
8357:hø̄gher
8333:møydōmʀ
8260:Dalarna
8244:Halland
8240:Småland
8017:became
7730:before
7688:became
7480:to sink
7465:sprinta
7458:spretta
7446:krimpan
7394:brantaz
7367:swampuz
7331:English
7253:sterkur
7118:Haursa,
7115:Haursa,
7112:Haursa,
7063:Gunnarr
7060:Gunnarr
7057:Gunnarr
6931:) into
6881:umlauts
6730:the arm
6725:armrinn
6685:trollit
6680:a troll
6661:trollum
6649:Dative
6613:Plural
6572:Plural
6550:Dative
6538:Plural
6504:Plural
6459:(OWN),
6426:Dative
6371:Plural
6324:(e.g.,
6174:Grammar
6132:(older
5912:Ragnarʀ
5899:Ragnarr
5867:), and
5036:(later
4737:nucleus
4735:in the
4669:called
4171:Dental
4168:Labial
4165:
4143:was an
4070:junhizą
4056:unseraz
4000:wintruz
3977:kwemaną
3936:beudaną
3725:kveykva
3578:drūpaną
3527:morginn
3223:slyngva
3185:mikilaz
3094:skelduz
3087:skjǫldr
3035:geldaną
2816:mālijan
2673:sangwaz
2456:/øy~ɛy/
2436:
2281:) with
2265:) with
2253:). See
1836:Latvian
1816:Finnish
1790:and/or
1742:Danelaw
1723:Swedish
1699:Faroese
1669:Swedish
1649:Vinland
1638:Gotland
1607:Ireland
1502:Swedish
1490:Faroese
1427:Denmark
1266:Sources
1182:Leidang
1135:Society
977:Bifröst
972:Vígríðr
967:Midgard
868:Sigmund
816:Normans
769:History
756:History
646:Swedish
623:Gutnish
610:Faroese
459:Grammar
313:Unicode
112:Ireland
85:Iceland
19101:Gothic
18971:Danish
18875:Bokmål
18374:Yenish
18184:Bildts
17967:Veluws
17962:Urkers
17801:Strand
17525:Anglic
17339:
17326:
17296:
17283:
17270:
17238:Sweden
17235:
17225:Norway
17222:
17209:
17196:
17183:
17171:States
16890:Veborg
16610:Hervor
16420:Auisle
16317:Atgeir
16297:Hersir
15826:Dublin
15821:Iberia
15789:France
15782:Wessex
15762:Mercia
15757:Anglia
15564:Thrall
15230:
15205:
15127:16 May
14965:9 June
14812:e-text
14745:e-text
14728:e-text
14691:
14656:, 2005
14574:
14555:522272
14553:
14171:21 May
14136:409955
14134:
14080:
13802:411124
13800:
13406:, 1994
13347:
13290:
13242:
13197:
12462:Modern
12457:Modern
12452:Modern
12447:Modern
12316:Bokmål
12269:draumr
12132:steinn
12126:steinn
11911:grønur
11792:djúpur
11776:(j)ɪkv
11706:jɵ/jʉː
11698:(j)ɛkv
11689:jou(ː)
11615:fullur
11505:morgen
11499:morgon
11493:morgun
11343:skjold
11299:jœ/jøː
11253:songur
11247:söngur
11132:(+r);
10624:hjarte
10618:hjarta
10612:hjerte
10606:hjärta
10600:hjarta
10594:hjarta
10586:hjelpa
10580:hjelpe
10574:hjælpe
10568:hjälpa
10562:hjálpa
10556:hjalpa
10491:langur
10465:harður
10356:Danish
10354:Modern
10349:Modern
10344:Modern
10339:Modern
10106:vrangʀ
10066:rutinn
10060:rotinn
10055:rotten
10005:likely
9954:þrysta
9949:thrust
9939:thrive
9919:sprint
9904:skrapa
9899:scrape
9894:skirra
9884:rinnan
9812:glitra
9802:giefan
9770:gæispa
9740:krafla
9730:klippa
9700:blanda
9653:window
9648:traust
9623:thrift
9574:skyrta
9532:systir
9527:sister
9491:, cf.
9440:hlænkʀ
9332:félagi
9327:fellow
9173:standa
9131:, and
8898:. The
8836:gæstir
8830:tungur
8818:gäster
8812:tungor
8800:gæster
8794:tunger
8668:bäckar
8662:bäddar
8650:bekkir
8638:wæfiaʀ
8624:bæðiaʀ
8614:bänkar
8584:drenge
8578:bekkir
8553:ælgiaʀ
8507:hamnar
8489:hafnir
8470:hamnaʀ
8463:hafnaʀ
8420:haugaz
8413:gaizaz
8345:fēgher
8303:øy, au
8134:uncial
7852:(with
7842:(with
7749:wrangʀ
7746:, OEN
7737:rangur
7706:, OIC
7694:, ONW
7671:, the
7492:sænkwa
7485:søkkva
7438:krimpa
7432:kreppa
7413:ænkija
7386:brantʀ
7379:brattr
7359:swampʀ
7301:, and
7241:slagen
7237:slagit
7162:hialpi
7159:hialpi
7156:hjalpi
7074:raistu
7071:ræistu
7068:reistu
6977:, and
6949:) and
6906:hiarta
6756:, the
6720:an arm
6705:hǫllin
6700:a hall
6654:trolli
6642:trolla
6635:trolls
6584:hallum
6577:hǫllum
6531:hallar
6516:hallar
6509:hallir
6342:gibing
6340:, the
6310:dative
6308:, and
6190:Gender
6118:Bergen
6070:. The
6055:sjǫ́um
6046:, and
5809:*/Cʀː/
5805:*/Crʀ/
5797:*/Crʀ/
5792:wintrʀ
5741:jǫtunn
5611:Óðin-ʀ
5605:Óðin-r
5581:, the
5471:i-stem
5461:o-stem
5002:søkkva
4947:, and
4900:, and
4880:, and
4767:Umlaut
4729:Ablaut
4724:Ablaut
4709:acutes
4691:voiced
4681:, and
4611:hyrjar
4602:stress
4559:, and
4547:Accent
4500:, and
4468:, and
4359:Trill
4246:Nasal
4180:Velar
4109:(e.g.
4042:hanhaz
3882:deupaz
3783:lausaz
3520:fuglaz
3380:mōdriz
3274:lītaną
3178:mikill
3028:gjalda
2932:bresta
2768:lētaną
2598:manniz
2273:) and
1952:Close
1884:Vowels
1861:Rootsi
1855:Ruotsi
1846:Russia
1784:Gaelic
1744:) and
1719:Danish
1711:Orkney
1631:Danish
1613:, the
1603:Faroes
1601:, the
1568:
1561:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1534:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1498:Danish
1457:, and
1447:Swedes
1423:Sweden
1415:Norway
1371:, the
1234:Events
1222:Thrall
1157:Erilaz
957:Asgard
905:Fenrir
878:Vættir
863:Sigurd
858:Jötunn
712:on the
605:Danish
488:Poetry
126:, the
100:Region
19215:South
19166:North
18776:North
18760:North
18102:Kaaps
18093:Dutch
17740:Amrum
17681:Weser
17603:Scots
17342:Sápmi
17273:Åland
16770:Rusla
16765:Rorik
16760:Rollo
16715:Ottir
16342:Sword
15831:Italy
15636:Knarr
15627:Ships
15549:Skald
15544:Sagas
15479:Gothi
15447:Eddas
15267:e-ext
14683:[
14551:JSTOR
14281:(PDF)
14270:(PDF)
14132:JSTOR
13985:hungr
13983:, H:
13798:JSTOR
13402:, §§
13062:øy(ː)
13027:ɔɪ(ː)
13009:ɛ/ɛɪː
13004:ei(ː)
12979:aɪ(ː)
12974:ei(ː)
12954:ʊɪ(ː)
12902:ʏ/ʉuː
12753:œ/ɔuː
12748:ou(ː)
12688:ʊɪ(ː)
12641:jɛ(ː)
12572:a/ɛaː
12567:ai(ː)
12517:ɔ/ɔaː
12512:au(ː)
12485:a/ɛaː
12299:draum
12296:, NN
12284:, Sw
12278:, Fa
12259:ɛt͡ʃː
12252:ɛ/ɛɪː
12247:øy(ː)
12228:, No
12222:, Da
12216:, Sw
12213:oyggj
12210:, Fa
12178:ɔt͡ʃː
12171:ɔɪ(ː)
12166:ei(ː)
12150:stein
12147:, No
12135:, Fa
12103:at͡ʃː
12099:aɪ(ː)
12094:ei(ː)
12072:dýrur
12069:, Fa
12037:ʊt͡ʃː
12033:ʊɪ(ː)
12012:fylle
12009:, No
12006:fylde
12003:, Da
12000:fylla
11994:fylla
11978:, Sw
11929:grønn
11926:, No
11914:, Sw
11908:, Fa
11905:grænn
11899:grœnn
11884:ai(ː)
11882:>
11828:>
11807:, NB
11801:, Da
11786:djúpr
11767:ju(ː)
11748:, No
11742:, NN
11733:bjuda
11730:, Sw
11727:bjóða
11721:bjóða
11642:ʏ/ʉuː
11609:fullr
11568:, Da
11526:œ/ɔuː
11521:ou(ː)
11490:, Fa
11398:œ/ɔuː
11391:ɔ/ɔaː
11383:au(ː)
11381:>
11363:bjørn
11357:björn
11351:bjǫrn
11337:sköld
11334:, Sw
11328:, Fa
11291:jœ(ː)
11289:>
11268:, NN
11256:, Sw
11250:, Fa
11241:sǫngr
11210:, NN
11204:, NB
11198:, Da
11186:, Fa
11154:, Fa
11095:>
11050:ʊt͡ʃː
11046:ʊɪ(ː)
10958:, No
10952:, Sw
10925:a/ɛaː
10920:jɛ(ː)
10901:, No
10895:, Da
10889:, Sw
10886:vegur
10863:, NN
10851:, Sw
10831:, No
10825:, Da
10819:, Sw
10771:, Sw
10768:sælur
10765:, Fa
10745:, No
10739:, Sw
10713:a/ɛaː
10708:ai(ː)
10689:, No
10683:, Da
10677:, Sw
10645:ɔ/ɔaː
10640:au(ː)
10615:, NN
10603:, Sw
10583:, NN
10577:, No
10571:, Da
10565:, Sw
10519:ja(ː)
10494:, Sw
10485:langr
10474:, No
10459:harðr
10445:dagur
10419:(+rd)
10378:a/ɛaː
10313:earun
10287:Latin
10278:beide
10234:hiera
10212:þæiʀa
10207:their
10176:hæill
10122:þvert
10101:wrong
10096:væikʀ
10086:sløgʀ
10076:skamt
10071:scant
10040:miúkʀ
10020:lauss
10015:loose
9985:happy
9980:flatr
9964:vanta
9889:scare
9872:rinna
9862:ryðia
9842:ræisa
9837:raise
9832:lyfta
9822:hitta
9760:døyia
9735:crawl
9720:kasta
9710:kalla
9695:blend
9675:Verbs
9643:trust
9628:þrift
9618:stæik
9613:steak
9608:snara
9603:snare
9598:slátr
9579:shirt
9569:skirt
9564:skinn
9548:skial
9543:skill
9512:skrap
9507:scrap
9430:læggʀ
9404:knífʀ
9399:knife
9378:kial-
9372:kiǫlʀ
9289:dregs
9274:byrðr
9269:birth
9264:bark-
9258:bǫrkʀ
9238:bæiti
9232:bæita
9216:baggi
9201:anger
9197:Nouns
9167:hanga
9161:fullr
9035:biera
9021:veita
8993:waita
8821:(OEN
8746:and -
8730:and -
8674:vävar
8656:vefir
8644:beðir
8636:*
8629:*
8622:*
8608:älgar
8596:bænke
8572:elgir
8558:*
8551:*
8513:vågar
8501:solar
8495:vágir
8483:sólir
8477:wāgaʀ
8475:*
8468:*
8461:*
8456:sōlaʀ
8454:*
8440:diuza
8438:*
8433:dōmaz
8427:mawi-
8425:*
8418:*
8411:*
8404:*
8387:haugr
8381:geirr
8375:feigr
8327:haugʀ
8321:gæiʀʀ
8315:fæigʀ
8306:>
8294:>
8232:Skåne
8182:runes
8060:sigla
8043:, an
8020:Tortr
8014:Þórðr
7982:allum
7973:>
7970:ǫllum
7849:grænn
7839:grœnn
7743:vrang
7712:>
7700:>
7652:hnefi
7555:tanþu
7553:*
7498:*
7471:*
7444:*
7419:*
7406:ekkja
7401:widow
7392:*
7374:steep
7365:*
7261:stark
7257:sterk
7249:tagen
7245:tagit
7219:Some
7178:hans.
7140:sinn.
7137:sinn.
7134:sinn.
7129:faður
7126:faður
7123:fǫður
7096:þenna
7093:þenna
7090:þenna
7085:stain
7082:stæin
7079:stein
6955:into
6913:hertō
6911:*
6909:from
6890:from
6887:fylla
6742:runic
6736:Texts
6675:troll
6623:troll
6601:troll
6596:troll
6565:hallu
6558:hǫllu
6543:halla
6444:armum
6438:ǫrmum
6388:armar
6271:hungr
6247:kráka
6241:hrafn
6167:aftær
6161:after
6151:after
6145:aftir
6129:aftor
6123:aftur
6079:*
6072:*
6064:>
6061:sjǫ́m
6058:>
6049:sjáum
6043:klæði
6028:klæði
5932:*/ʀː/
5928:*/rʀ/
5917:*
5910:*
5894:*/rʀ/
5886:jarlʀ
5884:*
5879:jarll
5877:*
5864:botnʀ
5862:*
5857:botnn
5855:*
5842:laksʀ
5840:*
5835:lakss
5833:*
5801:/Crː/
5790:*
5782:vetrr
5780:*
5746:giant
5718:*
5711:*
5692:skínʀ
5690:*
5685:skínr
5683:*
5677:skínn
5670:skína
5664:blæsʀ
5662:*
5657:blæsr
5647:blæss
5640:blása
5631:Óðinʀ
5629:*
5624:Óðinr
5622:*
5617:Óðinn
5589:- or
5577:, or
5548:/jɔː/
5544:/jaː/
5534:Some
5527:, or
5365:uses
5224:Earth
5165:Eagle
5005:<
4991:geyra
4983:gjǫra
4907:Some
4852:from
4816:Some
4745:lemma
4648:runic
4111:*
4068:*
4063:ø̇́rȧ
4054:*
4049:ȯ́rar
4040:*
3998:*
3996:<
3993:vintr
3990:<
3975:*
3973:<
3934:*
3929:bjúða
3923:bjóða
3880:*
3875:djúpr
3833:*
3828:leysa
3781:*
3776:lauss
3752:>
3730:*
3680:bainą
3678:*
3643:>
3623:mūsiz
3621:*
3576:*
3571:drúpa
3532:*
3518:*
3469:kunją
3467:*
3424:unaną
3422:*
3378:*
3330:*
3316:*
3272:*
3228:*
3183:*
3139:*
3092:*
3068:>
3054:eo/io
3033:*
2987:teguz
2985:*
2937:*
2923:*
2879:*
2877:<
2872:*
2821:*
2819:<
2814:*
2766:*
2719:*
2671:*
2669:<
2666:sǫngr
2660:sǫngr
2653:landō
2651:*
2649:<
2646:landu
2644:*
2596:*
2550:landą
2548:*
2329:High
1910:nasal
1869:Irish
1792:Irish
1732:Both
1592:Norse
1459:Danes
1351:, or
1217:Thing
1162:Félag
1117:Galdr
1097:Gothi
1082:Hörgr
1057:Seiðr
920:Norns
851:Vanir
633:Norn
501:Sagas
230:Latin
226:Runic
128:Volga
19176:West
19171:East
19091:East
18947:East
18937:Norn
18828:West
18764:East
18762:and
18327:and
18322:Non-
17752:Sylt
17735:Föhr
17670:Ems
17595:Yola
17504:West
16895:Ubba
16465:Cnut
16302:Hird
15767:York
15427:Blót
15351:and
15301:2018
15276:via
15228:ISBN
15203:ISBN
15151:2011
15129:2007
15086:2021
14990:and
14967:2020
14901:via
14845:2021
14821:via
14689:ISBN
14590:2018
14572:ISBN
14321:2018
14289:2016
14253:2018
14225:2018
14173:2023
14147:See
14078:ISBN
14052:2012
13884:2018
13823:help
13679:/øy/
13599:2020
13524:2018
13473:2018
13345:ISBN
13324:2020
13288:ISBN
13240:ISBN
13213:2021
13195:ISBN
12949:i(ː)
12932:ʏ/yː
12927:ɪ/iː
12922:ɪ(ː)
12897:u(ː)
12880:ʉ(ː)
12875:ɵ/ʉː
12870:ʊ/uː
12865:ʏ(ː)
12833:œ/øː
12825:œ/øː
12803:œ/øː
12731:ɔ/oː
12722:ɔ/oː
12718:ʊ/uː
12713:ɔ/oː
12708:ɔ(ː)
12683:i(ː)
12666:ɪ/iː
12661:ɪ(ː)
12624:æ(ː)
12616:ɛ/eː
12611:e/eː
12606:ɛ/eː
12601:ɛ(ː)
12584:ɛ/eː
12580:æ(ː)
12550:ɔ/oː
12535:ɛ/ɛː
12495:ɑ(ː)
12490:a/ɑː
12480:a(ː)
12426:*/u/
12293:drøm
12287:dröm
12186:œ/øː
12144:sten
12111:e(ː)
12060:dýrr
12045:ʏ/yː
12028:i(ː)
11981:dörr
11969:dyrr
11950:ɪ/iː
11945:ɪ(ː)
11923:grøn
11917:grön
11864:göra
11858:gøra
11846:œ/øː
11838:œ/øː
11830:œ(ː)
11798:djup
11745:byda
11739:byde
11637:u(ː)
11621:full
11597:ɵ/ʉː
11592:ʊ/uː
11587:ʏ(ː)
11538:ʊ/uː
11465:ɔ/oː
11460:ɔ/oː
11455:ɔ(ː)
11406:ɔ/oː
11271:song
11265:sang
11259:sång
11213:nase
11207:nese
11201:næse
11169:hånd
11163:hand
11157:hond
11151:hönd
11145:hǫnd
11112:ɔ/oː
11105:œ/øː
11097:œ(ː)
11041:i(ː)
11025:kind
11019:kinn
11013:kinn
10987:ɪ/iː
10982:ɪ/iː
10977:ɪ(ː)
10880:vegr
10872:bere
10866:bera
10860:bære
10854:bära
10848:bera
10842:bera
10834:menn
10828:mænd
10816:menn
10810:menn
10801:ɛ/eː
10796:ɛ(ː)
10774:säll
10762:sæll
10756:sæll
10748:mæle
10742:mäla
10736:mæla
10730:mæla
10718:ɛ(ː)
10686:lade
10680:låta
10674:láta
10668:láta
10658:ɔ/ɒ:
10650:ɔ/oː
10550:(+r)
10503:lang
10497:lång
10477:hard
10471:hård
10439:dagr
10431:land
10425:land
10414:ɔ/ɔː
10400:ɔ/oː
10392:a/ɑː
10373:a(ː)
10319:aron
10301:buli
10295:bula
10251:same
10222:þæim
10217:them
10202:þæiʀ
10197:they
10171:hail
10133:till
10091:weak
10050:odda
10035:meek
10030:lágʀ
10000:illr
9990:happ
9975:flat
9959:want
9934:taka
9929:take
9914:søma
9909:seem
9827:lift
9796:gefa
9790:gifa
9785:give
9780:geta
9765:gasp
9750:kuta
9725:clip
9715:cast
9705:call
9690:sind
9663:wing
9559:skin
9554:skil
9522:sæti
9517:seat
9502:sala
9497:sale
9493:wort
9488:wyrt
9477:root
9472:rás-
9461:race
9445:loan
9435:link
9420:lag-
9384:kil-
9367:keel
9362:kaka
9357:cake
9284:drit
9279:dirt
9253:bark
9248:band
9243:band
9226:bæit
9221:bait
9206:angr
9155:land
9149:fótr
9143:armr
9106:, §
9052:The
9041:bera
9030:/wɾ/
9018:and
9015:þeir
9009:eigu
8990:and
8987:þair
8981:aigu
8895:hlýʀ
8878:and
8849:stød
8824:kaka
8815:and
8806:kaka
8788:kage
8777:and
8716:/hɾ/
8590:elge
8556:and
8492:and
8369:diūr
8339:diūʀ
8300:and
8210:The
8148:The
7940:/C̥/
7936:/hC/
7834:/ɛː/
7824:/œː/
7820:/øː/
7773:/aː/
7765:/ɔː/
7658:nefi
7645:and
7610:and
7579:gǫ́s
7573:gǫ́s
7567:tann
7561:tǫnn
7538:and
7322:-kk-
7319:and
7316:-tt-
7310:-pp-
7304:-nk-
7298:-nt-
7292:-mp-
7255:and
7243:and
7229:and
7184:hans
7181:hans
7041:Þegn
7038:Þegn
7035:Þegn
7019:Weðr
7016:Weðr
7013:Veðr
6998:-kk-
6995:and
6992:-tt-
6986:-pp-
6980:-nk-
6974:-nt-
6968:-mp-
6722:) –
6715:armr
6702:) –
6695:hǫll
6682:) –
6497:hall
6490:hǫll
6462:hall
6456:hǫll
6431:armi
6419:arms
6407:arma
6381:armr
6358:armr
6265:mund
6262:and
6244:and
6229:kona
6223:karl
6135:aptr
6090:and
6077:and
6067:sjám
6012:úlfr
5924:/rː/
5871:jarl
5849:botn
5828:laks
5814:vetr
5772:vetr
5729:vinr
5720:kelʀ
5713:kelr
5705:kell
5698:kala
5556:/eː/
5554:and
5542:and
5540:/jɔ/
5536:/ja/
5493:mark
5486:mörk
5480:mǫrk
5466:jord
5456:land
5450:lönd
5447:and
5444:lond
5438:land
5381:and
5289:Milk
5151:rður
5122:rþer
5097:IPA
5091:IPA
5040:héri
4976:gøra
4961:/ɔː/
4953:/aː/
4945:/eː/
4937:/iː/
4929:/ɔː/
4921:/øː/
4913:/yː/
4902:/au/
4898:/aː/
4890:/uː/
4882:/ai/
4878:/au/
4874:/aː/
4866:/oː/
4858:/uː/
4846:/ɛi/
4842:/øy/
4838:/ɛː/
4830:/øː/
4822:/yː/
4793:and
4775:and
4757:sung
4753:sang
4749:sing
4701:use
4671:vend
4667:wynn
4541:/kv/
4529:/hʷ/
4525:/xʷ/
4490:/n̥/
4488:and
4486:/r̥/
4482:/l̥/
4135:and
4091:and
4035:hȧ́r
3970:komȧ
3673:bain
3669:Gut.
3664:bein
3616:mýss
3513:fugl
3507:fogl
3373:mœðr
3332:mōtą
3267:líta
3217:y(ː)
3141:lē₂t
2980:tøgr
2925:seks
2881:mēlō
2874:mālu
2867:mǫ́l
2809:mæla
2761:láta
2714:gøra
2639:lǫnd
2591:menn
2543:land
2480:/øː/
2478:and
2476:/eː/
2452:/ɔu/
2448:/ɛi/
2368:Mid
2267:/ɛː/
2259:/øː/
2021:Mid
1858:and
1844:and
1834:and
1818:and
1721:and
1713:and
1378:The
1292:Saga
1172:Hird
1152:Ergi
1147:Earl
1067:Yule
1052:Blót
846:Æsir
841:Gods
526:Edda
15442:Dís
15355:by
14634:hdl
14543:doi
14124:doi
13790:doi
13565:doi
13491:hdl
12405:/r/
12266:ON
12198:ON
12123:ON
12078:dyr
12066:dýr
12057:ON
11991:ON
11987:dør
11975:dyr
11966:ON
11896:ON
11855:ON
11810:dyp
11804:dyb
11783:ON
11759:juː
11718:ON
11681:joː
11673:hus
11667:hús
11661:hús
11658:ON
11646:ɪkv
11606:ON
11571:bog
11565:bok
11559:bók
11553:bók
11550:ON
11530:ɛkv
11474:ON
11427:tǫ́
11418:ON
11348:ON
11316:ON
11238:ON
11233:ørn
11227:örn
11221:ǫrn
11218:ON
11195:nos
11189:nøs
11183:nös
11177:nǫs
11174:ON
11142:ON
11077:tid
11071:tíð
11065:tíð
11062:ON
11010:ON
10961:kne
10955:knä
10949:knæ
10943:hné
10937:kné
10934:ON
10898:vej
10892:väg
10877:ON
10839:ON
10822:män
10807:ON
10780:sæl
10753:ON
10727:ON
10665:ON
10591:ON
10553:ON
10545:jæ:
10537:jɛ:
10482:ON
10456:ON
10451:dag
10436:ON
10422:ON
10285:or
10256:sam
10240:him
10228:híe
10215:),
10205:),
10179:),
10148:frá
10143:fro
10141:),
10138:til
10099:),
10089:),
10081:sly
10079:),
10069:),
10053:),
10045:odd
10043:),
10033:),
10025:low
10023:),
10013:),
10003:),
9995:ill
9993:),
9983:),
9957:),
9947:),
9937:),
9927:),
9917:),
9907:),
9897:),
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