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military force can never bring about by itself a valid transfer of sovereignty. Because occupation does not transfer sovereignty over the territory to the occupying power, international law must regulate the inter-relationships between the occupying force, the ousted government, and the local inhabitants for the duration of the occupation. From the principle of inalienable sovereignty over a territory springs the basic structural constraints that international law imposes upon the occupant. The occupying power is thus precluded from annexing the occupied territory or otherwise unilaterally changing its political status; instead, it is bound to respect and maintain the political and other institutions that exist in that territory for the duration of the occupation. The law authorizes the occupant to safeguard its interests while administering the occupied area, but also imposes obligations on the occupant to protect the life and property of the inhabitants and to respect the sovereign interests of the ousted government.
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80:
2391:
publishing to all living in the district occupied those rules of conduct which will govern the conqueror in the exercise of his authority. Wellington, indeed, as previously mentioned, said that the commander is bound to lay down distinctly the rules according to which his will is to be carried out. But the laws of war do not imperatively require this, and in very many instances it is not done. When it is not, the mere fact that the country is militarily occupied by the enemy is deemed sufficient notification to all concerned that the regular has been supplanted by a military government. (p. 61)
2182:, in The Law of Nations (1758), presented an early codification of the distinction between annexation of territory and military occupation, the latter being regarded as temporary, due to the natural right of states to their "continued existence". According to Eyal Benvenisti's The International Law of Occupation, Second Edition (2012), "The foundation upon which the entire law of occupation is based is the principle of inalienability of sovereignty through unilateral action of a foreign power, springs the basic structural constraints that international law imposes upon the occupant."
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2073:
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2146:, the property rights of the populace, the handling of cultural and art objects, the management of refugees, and other concerns that are highest in importance both before and after the cessation of hostilities during an armed conflict. A country that engages in a military occupation and violates internationally agreed-upon norms runs the risk of censure, criticism, or condemnation. In the contemporary era, the practices of occupations have largely become a part of
2053:
2497:
2426:, occupation can end in a number of ways, such as: "loss of effective control, namely when the occupant is no longer capable of exercising its authority; through the genuine consent of the sovereign (the ousted government or an indigenous one) by the signing of a peace agreement; or by transferring authority to an indigenous government endorsed by the occupied population through referendum and which has received international recognition".
3505:’. A significant number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than two decades, such as the occupations of Namibia by South Africa and of East Timor by Indonesia, as well as the ongoing occupations of Northern Cyprus by Turkey and of Western Sahara by Morocco. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, which is the longest in all occupation's history, has already entered its fifth decade.
2170:
annexation (formal or otherwise) and refusing to recognize itself as an occupant. Additionally, the question of whether a territory is occupied or not becomes especially controversial if two or more powers disagree with each other on that territory's status; such disputes often serve as the basis for armed conflicts in and of themselves.
2317:
Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the
Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive. ... The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts
2271:
states "the law of belligerent occupation generally does not apply to (1) mere invasion; (2) liberation of friendly territory; (3) non-international armed conflict; or (4) post-war situations (except for certain provisions of the GC )." The DOD's statement is consistent with the definitions provided
2400:
The survey of the case-law regarding
Article 42 of the 1907 Fourth Hague Convention reveals that the duration of effective control by the occupying power and its encounter with insurgents, terrorists or guerrillas that are able to exercise control over certain areas of the country are immaterial to
2900:
occupied territory or in the home territory of a belligerent nation if their country of origin has no diplomatic ties. It was never intended to protect such nationals anywhere else in the world. Thus, the protection of neutral nationals who are outside the two locations mentioned in the preceding
2305:
Protected persons who are in occupied territory shall not be deprived, in any case or in any manner whatsoever, of the benefits of the present
Convention by any change introduced, as the result of the occupation of a territory, into the institutions or government of the said territory, nor by any
2288:
In the case of occupied territory, the application of the present
Convention shall cease one year after the general close of military operations; however, the Occupying Power shall be bound, for the duration of the occupation, to the extent that such Power exercises the functions of government in
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The conditions that define when occupation begins also identify when it ends. Obviously, occupation can end in a number of ways: with the loss of effective control, namely when the occupant is no longer capable of exercising its authority; through the genuine consent of the sovereign (the ousted
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No proclamation of part of the victorious commander is necessary to the lawful inauguration and enforcement of military government. That government results from the fact that the former sovereignty is ousted, and the opposing army now has control. Yet the issuing such proclamation is useful as
2377:
submission to the authority" of the occupant. Article 2 of the Geneva
Conventions indicates that the definition applies to "all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a High Contracting party", even if no armed resistance is encountered. The form of administration by which an
3226:
The foundation upon which the entire law of occupation is based is the principle of inalienability of sovereignty through unilateral action of a foreign power, whether through the actual or the threatened use of force, or in any way unauthorized by the sovereign. Effective control by foreign
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The authority of the legitimate power having in fact passed into the hands of the occupant, the latter shall take all the measures in his power to restore, and ensure, as far as possible, public order and safety, while respecting, unless absolutely prevented, the laws in force in the country.
3138:
The significance of the temporary nature of military occupation is that it brings about no change of allegiance. Military government remains an alien government whether of short or long duration, though prolonged occupation may encourage the occupying power to change military occupation into
2336:
In the situation of a territorial cession as the result of war, the specification of a "receiving country" in the peace treaty merely means that the country in question is authorized by the international community to establish civil government in the territory. The military government of the
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for occupied territory to continue to be widely recognized as occupied in cases where the occupant attempts to alter—with or without support or recognition from other powers—the expected temporary duration of the territory's established power structure, namely by making it permanent through
3516:
The majority of the international community (including the UN General
Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, the International Criminal Court, and the vast majority of human rights organizations) considers Israel to be occupying Gaza, the West Bank and East
2949:
Today, the widely accepted definition of occupation is 'the effective control of a power (be it one or more states or an international organization, such as the United
Nations) over a territory to which that power has no sovereign title, without the volition of the sovereign of that
2255:
Nationals of an enemy state not a signatory or acceded to GCIV are not protected by it. Neutral citizens who are in the home territory of a belligerent nation if their country of origin has diplomatic ties or elsewhere outside occupied territory are not protected. Nationals of a
2372:
Article 42 under
Section III of the 1907 Fourth Hague Convention specifies that a "erritory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army." This definition does not rely on a subjective perception, but rather on the "territory's
2910:
According to article 42 of the 1907 Fourth Hague
Convention, "erritory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army. The occupation applies only to the territory where such authority is established, and in a position to assert
3990:
FM 27-10 "The Law of Land
Warfare", Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., 18 July 1956. (This manual supersedes FM 27–10, 1 October 1940, including C 1, 15 November 1944. Changes required on 15 July 1976, have been incorporated within this document.) Chapter 6,
2243:
of the occupying power prior to hostilities who cannot be arrested, prosecuted, or deported from occupied territory except for crimes committed after the conflict or beforehand which are also crimes under the law of the occupied state that would permit peacetime
2103:, is temporary hostile control exerted by a ruling power's military apparatus over a sovereign territory that is outside of the legal boundaries of that ruling power's own sovereign territory. The controlled territory is then known as the
3681:
These are settlements and a military occupation that is the longest in the twentieth and twenty-first century, the longest formerly being the Japanese occupation of Korea from 1910 to 1945. So this is thirty-three years old, pushing the
2189:
codified these customary laws, specifically within "Laws and Customs of War on Land" (Hague IV); October 18, 1907: "Section III Military Authority over the territory of the hostile State". The first two articles of that section state:
3471:
government or an indigenous one) by the signing of a peace agreement; or by transferring authority to an indigenous government endorsed by the occupied population through referendum and which has received international recognition.
2385:
There does not have to be a formal announcement of the beginning of a military government, nor is there any requirement of a specific number of people to be in place, for an occupation to commence. Birkhimer writes:
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those "who ... find themselves ... in the hands of a Party to the conflict or Occupying Power of which they are not nationals". This generally refers to civilians of an enemy state, including refugees, and stateless
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3310:"Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.: Commentary of 1958: Article 70 - Penal legislation. VII. Offences committed before occupation"
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The government of Israel and some supporters have, at times, disputed this. For more details of this terminology dispute, including with respect to the current status of the Gaza Strip, see
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In belligerent occupation the occupying power does not hold enemy territory by virtue of any legal right. On the contrary, it merely exercises a precarious and temporary actual control.
2306:
agreement concluded between the authorities of the occupied territories and the Occupying Power, nor by any annexation by the latter of the whole or part of the occupied territory.
3654:
This is probably the longest occupation in modern international relations, and it holds a central place in all literature on the law of belligerent occupation since the early 1970s
2138:, and various treaties by military scholars provide guidelines on topics concerning the rights and duties of the occupying power, the protection of civilians, the treatment of
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of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts" has additional articles which cover occupation but many countries including the
4029:
2714:
2762:
2758:
4022:
3501:
Although the basic philosophy behind the law of military occupation is that it is a temporary situation, modern occupations have well demonstrated that ‘
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such territory, by the provisions of the following Articles of the present Convention: 1 to 12, 27, 29 to 34, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 59, 61 to 77, 143.
2219:
3096:
2285:
In the territory of Parties to the conflict, the application of the present Convention shall cease on the general close of military operations.
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3808:
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MEMORANDUM FOR THE FILES: Whether Persons Captured and Detained in Afghanistan are "Protected Persons" under the Fourth Geneva Convention
2301:, the first paragraph in Section III: Occupied territories, restricted the territorial gains which could be made through war by stating:
2119:
in that it is a power structure that the occupant intends to keep in place only temporarily. In many cases, the occupant may establish a
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3790:
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principal occupying power will continue past the point in time when the peace treaty comes into force, until it is legally supplanted.
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The Law of Occupation Continuity and Change of International Humanitarian Law, and its Interaction with International Human Rights Law
2401:
the applicability of the law of occupation and do not alter the legal status of the occupied territory. For example, in 1948 the U.S.
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to facilitate the administration of the occupied territory, though this is not a necessary precondition for occupation to take place.
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by the United States (1893). The War Report makes no determination as to whether belligerent occupation is occurring in these cases.
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In 1949 these laws governing the occupation of an enemy state's territory were further extended by the adoption of the
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1981:
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2260:(allied) state which holds diplomatic ties with a belligerent nation are excluded from protection in both locations.
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3929:, legal provisions regarding occupation of territory by hostile power and implications for people protected by IHL.
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The occupation extends only to the territory where such authority has been established and can be exercised.
2039:
1486:
4014:
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Ferraro, Tristan. "Determining the beginning and end of an occupation under international humanitarian law".
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A dominant principle that guided combatants through much of history was "to the victory belong the spoils".
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2877:
2467:
2438:
1976:
680:
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38:
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Israel is the only modern state that has held territories under military occupation for over four decades
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The present Convention shall apply from the outset of any conflict or occupation mentioned in Article 2.
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1986:
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384:
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Some examples of military occupation came into existence as an outcome of World War I and World War II:
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3254:"The Avalon Project – Laws of War : Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907"
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prohibits the forced mass movement of protected civilians out of or into occupied state's territory:
2196:
Territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army.
1560:
1068:
417:
291:
145:
3952:
What Constitutes Occupation? Israel as the occupying power in the Gaza Strip after the Disengagement
3551:
The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is the longest military occupation in modern times.
2962:
Roberts, Adam (1990). "Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967".
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2186:
2127:
2011:
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3585:...longest official military occupation of modern history—currently entering its thirty-fifth year
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by Article 42 of the 1907 Fourth Hague Convention and Article 4 of the Fourth Geneva Convention.
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1964:
1946:
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3987:, by William E. Birkhimer, 3rd ed., rev. (1914), Kansas City, MO, Franklin Hudson Publishing Co.
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3214:. Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 6.
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4011:- Interdisciplinary hub for the global community of scholars working on military occupation
2134:, and also by long-established state practice. The relevant international conventions, the
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118:
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Cole, Babaloba (1974). "Property and the Law of Belligerent Occupation: A Reexamination".
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is a specific section covering the issue. Under GCIV, protected civilians in general are:
8:
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4194:
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Eyal Benvenisti. The international law of occupation. Princeton University Press, 2004.
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The rules of occupation are delineated in various international agreements—primarily the
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44:"Occupied zone" redirects here. For the Occupied Zone in France during World War II, see
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Transitional Justice for Israel/Palestine: Truth-Telling and Empathy in Ongoing Conflict
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Examples of occupation which took place in the second half of the 20th century include:
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2297:(June 26, 1945) had prohibited war of aggression (See articles 1.1, 2.3, 2.4) and GCIV
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1996:
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Effective provisional control of one sovereign power over another sovereign's territory
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during 1917–1920 – separated to French (OETA North) and British (OETA South) domains;
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1941:
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On whether the definition of military occupation applies to anywhere else, the 2023
2001:
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4391:
4242:
4103:
4098:
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A number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than 20 years, such as those of
2434:
2340:"Military government continues until legally supplanted" is the rule, as stated in
2006:
1971:
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106:
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3760:"UNTEA and UNRWI: United Nations Involvement in West New Guinea During the 1960's"
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2937:. Springer series in transitional justice. Springer International Publishing AG.
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occupying power exercises government authority over occupied territory is called
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1816:
1801:
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101:
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Occupation of Justice: The Supreme Court of Israel and the Occupied Territories.
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45:
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4177:
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135:
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37:"Occupied territories" redirects here. For a list of occupied territories, see
30:
This article is about territorial occupation. For the ranks and positions, see
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Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza
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31:
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1218:
1133:
881:
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313:
217:
2555:/Malvinas, claimed by Argentina, by the United Kingdom (1833–present), of
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of GCIV restricts the length of time that most of the convention applies:
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4262:
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2822:
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2245:
2116:
1936:
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1652:
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207:
202:
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Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (24 February – 7 April 2022)
2551:
Other prolonged occupations that have been alleged include those of the
2052:
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4358:
4323:
4214:
4209:
4146:
4113:
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3034:
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2602:
2533:
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2322:
2151:
2112:
1893:
1863:
1585:
954:
3486:
The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law
3377:
Department of Defense Law of War Manual: June 2015 (Updated July 2023)
2496:
4401:
4353:
3967:
2406:
1883:
1707:
1657:
1607:
1597:
1592:
1457:
1248:
1243:
1208:
650:
336:
303:
192:
2975:
4396:
4267:
4093:
3809:"Israel's Occupation of the Golan Heights Is Illegal and Dangerous"
2901:
sentence are governed by the 1907 Fifth and 13th Hague Conventions.
2656:
2637:
1898:
1873:
1506:
1138:
1113:
731:
286:
160:
3623:"The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel"
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2240:
2061:
1908:
1868:
1632:
1466:
1462:
809:
794:
670:
331:
326:
296:
235:
197:
3035:"Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail"
4252:
4182:
2706:
2702:
2459:
1415:
816:
633:
369:
3846:"Saharan provinces – Taking Cherry Blossom Case as an Example"
2530:
Israel's occupation of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem
2528:
by Morocco. One of the world's longest ongoing occupations is
2318:
of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.
2293:
GCIV emphasised an important change in international law. The
2235:
citizens in occupied territory regardless of diplomatic status
3090:"Living with the enemy: the ethics of belligerent occupation"
2361:
891:
427:
422:
2681:
2648:
2347:
187:
182:
3827:"Cyprus may have missed its last chance for reunification"
3666:
Culture and Resistance: Conversations with Edward W. Said
60:
3791:"Freedom of the press in Indonesian-occupied West Papua"
3612:...longest-lasting military occupation of the modern age
3151:
Roberts, Adam (1985). "What is a Military Occupation?".
2896:
GCIV only applies the protection of neutral citizens in
2417:
3521:
International views on the Israeli-occupied territories
2652:
2142:, the coordination of relief efforts, the issuance of
3981:, Judge Advocate General's School, United States Army
3326:
2644:
Examples of occupation in the 21st century include:
3211:
The International Law of Occupation, Second Edition
2709:in Ukraine by Russia since 2014, followed by its
2173:
4434:
3975:Michal N. Schmitt (regarding occupation of Iraq)
3736:Remembering the Fall of Portuguese India in 1961
2500:An Israeli soldier managing Palestinians at the
3451:
2970:(1). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 44–103.
2591:Israeli occupation of the Western Golan Heights
2395:
2333:are not signatory to this additional protocol.
3920:Understanding Resistance to Foreign Occupation
3539:. University of California Press. p. 96.
3445:
3420:
3418:
3416:
2868:List of countries with overseas military bases
4030:
3687:
3246:
2344:, by William E. Birkhimer, 3rd edition 1914.
2033:
3597:Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation
3424:
3413:
3387:. July 31, 2023. p. 771-772 & 778.
2107:territory, with the ruling power being the
4037:
4023:
3998:. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
3936:State University of New York Press, 2002.
3688:Alexandrowicz, Ra'anan (24 January 2012),
3207:
3176:
3174:
3126:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 44.
2445:
2040:
2026:
3032:
3617:
3562:"Editorial: Scurrying Towards Bethlehem"
3556:
3525:Status of territories captured by Israel
3362:International Committee of the Red Cross
3314:International Committee of the Red Cross
3285:International Committee of the Red Cross
2807:United Arab Emirates takeover of Socotra
2715:Russian military intervention in Ukraine
2611:, followed by the annexation (1975–1999)
2495:
2449:
2428:
2351:
2348:Qualification of a territory as occupied
2136:International Committee of the Red Cross
2071:
2051:
1004:List of military strategies and concepts
3590:
3489:. Oxford University Press. p. 22.
3355:"THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT: Neutrality"
3275:
3273:
3171:
3150:
2961:
2692:Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine
2603:Somali occupation of Ogaden in Ethiopia
2477:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
14:
4435:
3996:The War Report: Armed Conflict in 2014
3532:
2930:
2858:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
2576:Indian occupation of Goa, followed by
2218:civilians in occupied territories and
4018:
3927:Occupied territory – the legal issues
3843:
3733:
3630:International Review of the Red Cross
3482:
3153:British Yearbook of International Law
3119:
2964:American Journal of International Law
2597:Turkish occupation of Northern Cyprus
2454:German postage stamp inscribed with "
2418:End of occupation and authority shift
3861:
3659:
3452:Eyal Benvenisti (23 February 2012).
3270:
3180:
3028:
3026:
2797:Turkish occupation of northern Syria
2749:partial annexation of occupied areas
2628:, followed by its annexation as the
2325:(1977): "Protocol Additional to the
2214:(GCIV). Much of GCIV is relevant to
4009:Occupation Studies Research Network
3985:Military Government and Martial Law
3973:"The Law of Belligerent Occupation"
3954:, Leiden: Jongbloed 2008, 110 pp.,
3455:The International Law of Occupation
3397:
3385:United States Department of Defense
3341:United States Department of Justice
3123:The Politics of Military Occupation
3006:
2609:Indonesian occupation of East Timor
2587:, followed by its annexation (1963)
2342:Military Government and Martial Law
2265:United States Department of Defense
2111:. Occupation is distinguished from
24:
3923:. PhD thesis, Columbia University.
3911:
3902:The Presidential Office of Ukraine
3898:"УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ №32/2019"
3864:"Ethiopia ends Somalia occupation"
25:
4464:
4002:
3139:something else, namely annexation
3087:
3023:
2544:, which was occupied in 1967 and
2479:(OETA), encompassing much of the
2220:Section III: Occupied territories
2165:, it has been common practice in
3734:Couto, Francisco Cabral (2006).
3503:rien ne dure comme le provisoire
2843:Intervention (international law)
78:
4045:Autonomous types of first-tier
3890:
3855:
3837:
3819:
3801:
3783:
3752:
3727:
3703:
3510:
3476:
3402:
3391:
3368:
3347:
3320:
3302:
3291:
2904:
2890:
2873:Lists of military installations
2667:Ethiopian occupation of Somalia
2661:Coalition Provisional Authority
3600:. W. W. Norton & Company.
3201:
3144:
3113:
3081:
2955:
2924:
2753:Former partial occupations of
2684:occupied by Russia during the
2489:(1945–49) in the aftermath of
2174:Occupation and the laws of war
13:
1:
3979:Law of Belligerent Occupation
3711:"The War Report 2014 | Rulac"
2918:
2674:Russian occupation of Georgia
2634:Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District
2583:Indonesian occupation of the
2366:Prussian occupation of France
2161:and the establishment of the
3994:Bellal, A. (editor). (2015)
3917:Simon Collard-Wexler. 2013.
3033:Edelstein, David M. (2004).
2878:List of military occupations
2620:most areas by its annexation
2468:List of military occupations
2439:Syrian occupation of Lebanon
2396:Concept of effective control
39:List of military occupations
7:
3690:"The Justice of Occupation"
3669:. Pluto Press. p. 33.
2816:
2726:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2571:Egyptian occupation of Gaza
2559:by PR China (1950), and of
2433:Lebanese protesters of the
2148:customary international law
1497:Military–industrial complex
976:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
4469:
3458:. OUP Oxford. p. 56.
2863:Status of forces agreement
2848:Interventionism (politics)
2626:Iraqi occupation of Kuwait
2465:
2086:Allied occupation of Japan
43:
36:
29:
4372:
4316:
4235:
4160:
4137:
4129:List of federal countries
4054:
3950:Sander D. Dikker Hupkes,
3642:10.1017/S1816383112000446
3208:Benvenisti, Eyal (2012).
2150:, and form a part of the
1561:Loss-of-strength gradient
418:Combat information center
3862:Rice, Xan (2009-01-26).
3238:: CS1 maint: location (
3051:10.1162/0162288041762913
2883:
2540:, as well as the Syrian
2212:Fourth Geneva Convention
2187:Hague Convention of 1907
2128:Hague Convention of 1907
1879:Military science fiction
1364:Technology and equipment
785:List of military tactics
3738:. Tribuna da Historia.
3431:. BRILL. pp. 6–8.
2828:Allied-occupied Germany
2724:Occupations during the
2701:Occupation of parts of
2614:Moroccan occupation of
2538:Palestinian territories
2532:(1967–present) and the
2487:Allied-occupied Germany
2446:Examples of occupations
2078:5th Royal Gurkha Rifles
1947:Wartime sexual violence
1703:Full-spectrum dominance
1514:Supply-chain management
4448:Military dictatorships
4079:Corporative federalism
4074:Cooperative federalism
3968:Belligerent Occupation
3483:Weill, Sharon (2014).
3165:10.1093/bybil/55.1.249
3039:International Security
2838:German-occupied Europe
2781:, in early 2022 (See:
2676:since 1992/2008 (See:
2509:
2463:
2456:Soviet Occupation Zone
2442:
2415:
2393:
2369:
2320:
2308:
2295:United Nations Charter
2291:
2208:
2200:
2097:belligerent occupation
2089:
2069:
2056:American tanks at the
1859:Awards and decorations
1832:Peace through strength
1807:Low-intensity conflict
1441:Conscientious objector
1314:Area of responsibility
4064:Asymmetric federalism
3533:Hajjar, Lisa (2005).
3328:Howard C. Nielson Jr.
3120:Stirk, Peter (2009).
2787:Snake Island campaign
2747:oblasts, followed by
2536:(1967–present), both
2499:
2453:
2432:
2411:
2388:
2356:German troops at the
2355:
2315:
2303:
2280:
2201:
2192:
2076:Indian troops of the
2075:
2055:
451:Torpedo data computer
441:Ship gun fire-control
4124:Symmetric federalism
3560:(July–August 2001).
3425:Yutuka Arai (2009).
2777:oblasts, as well as
2516:by South Africa, of
1977:Military occupations
1812:Military engineering
1714:Unrestricted Warfare
1571:Force multiplication
469:Military manoeuvrers
4443:Military occupation
4364:Territorial dispute
4344:Military occupation
4258:Dependent territory
4220:Supranational union
4195:Multinational state
3281:"Protected persons"
3258:avalon.law.yale.edu
2931:Bracka, J. (2021).
2809:in 2018 during the
2696:Russo-Ukrainian War
2659:of 2003–2011 (See:
2546:effectively annexed
2380:military government
2121:military government
2093:Military occupation
1663:Penal military unit
1648:Rules of engagement
1324:Command and control
949:Operations research
413:Director (military)
403:Fire-control system
173:Command and control
54:Part of a series on
4453:Military sociology
4422:Tribal sovereignty
4168:Composite monarchy
3844:Matsumoto, Shoji.
3815:. 5 February 2019.
3694:The New York Times
3330:(August 5, 2005).
2799:in support of the
2686:Russo-Georgian War
2630:Kuwait Governorate
2510:
2506:occupied West Bank
2464:
2443:
2370:
2327:Geneva Conventions
2132:Geneva Conventions
2090:
2070:
2066:occupation of Iraq
1772:Counter-insurgency
1693:Command of the sea
1638:Jewish laws on war
1613:Geneva Conventions
1149:Divide and conquer
944:Military operation
909:Tactical objective
408:Fire-control radar
385:Electronic-warfare
4430:
4429:
4225:Continental union
4119:Fiscal federalism
4089:Ethnic federalism
3960:978-90-70062-45-3
3465:978-0-19-163957-9
3438:978-90-04-18062-8
3221:978-0-19-958889-3
3018:978-0-691-12130-7
2944:978-3-030-89435-1
2833:Ex parte Milligan
2801:Syrian opposition
2711:Crimea annexation
2524:by Turkey and of
2520:by Indonesia, of
2502:Huwara checkpoint
2458:" in the city of
2403:Military Tribunal
2269:Law of War Manual
2248:as defined under
2167:international law
2050:
2049:
1942:Horses in warfare
1889:Anti-war movement
1792:Gunboat diplomacy
1782:Disaster response
1730:Philosophy of war
1725:Principles of war
1698:Deterrence theory
1643:Right of conquest
1566:Lanchester's laws
1334:Principles of war
1024:Counter-offensive
1009:Military campaign
914:Target saturation
837:Counterinsurgency
446:Gun data computer
380:Close air support
342:Aircraft carriers
16:(Redirected from
4460:
4407:Stateless nation
4392:Decentralization
4243:Associated state
4104:Federal republic
4099:Federal monarchy
4039:
4032:
4025:
4016:
4015:
3932:David Kretzmer,
3906:
3905:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3765:. Archived from
3764:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3684:
3656:
3636:(885): 207–236.
3627:
3614:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3572:. Archived from
3553:
3529:See for example:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3422:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3382:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3359:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3343:. p. 14-16.
3338:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3306:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3277:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3229:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3095:. Archived from
3094:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3030:
3021:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2928:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2894:
2811:Yemeni Civil War
2728:(2022–present):
2698:(2014–present):
2669:during 2006–2009
2553:Falkland Islands
2435:Cedar Revolution
2144:travel documents
2140:prisoners of war
2042:
2035:
2028:
1797:Humanitarian aid
1735:Security dilemma
1556:Power projection
1339:Economy of force
1319:Chain of command
1034:Defence in depth
1019:Commerce raiding
842:Defeat in detail
178:Defense ministry
82:
73:
72:
63:
51:
50:
21:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4385:Autonomous area
4368:
4312:
4303:Tributary state
4293:Satellite state
4231:
4205:Political union
4188:Colonial empire
4156:
4133:
4109:Federated state
4084:Dual federalism
4050:
4043:
4005:
3914:
3912:Further reading
3909:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3882:
3880:
3860:
3856:
3848:
3842:
3838:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3797:. 22 July 2019.
3789:
3788:
3784:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3732:
3728:
3719:
3717:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3685:
3677:
3657:
3625:
3621:(Spring 2012).
3619:Kretzmer, David
3615:
3608:
3588:
3579:
3577:
3566:New Left Review
3558:Anderson, Perry
3554:
3547:
3530:
3528:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3497:
3481:
3477:
3466:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3423:
3414:
3409:Article 2, GCIV
3407:
3403:
3396:
3392:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3336:
3325:
3321:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3298:Article 4, GCIV
3296:
3292:
3279:
3278:
3271:
3262:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3231:
3230:
3222:
3206:
3202:
3179:
3172:
3149:
3145:
3134:
3118:
3114:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3088:Fabre, Cécile.
3086:
3082:
3031:
3024:
3011:
3007:
2976:10.2307/2203016
2960:
2956:
2945:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2819:
2585:West New Guinea
2522:Northern Cyprus
2470:
2448:
2424:Eyal Benvenisti
2420:
2398:
2360:in the city of
2350:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2176:
2080:in the city of
2060:in the city of
2046:
2017:
2016:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1854:
1844:
1843:
1817:Multilateralism
1802:Law enforcement
1762:
1752:
1751:
1720:Just war theory
1678:
1668:
1667:
1618:Geneva Protocol
1588:
1578:
1577:
1551:
1541:
1540:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1379:
1369:
1368:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1264:
1254:
1253:
1184:Network-centric
1104:
1094:
1093:
1001:
991:
990:
939:
929:
928:
877:Rapid dominance
782:
772:
771:
727:Electromagnetic
636:
626:
625:
612:
565:
513:
489:
479:
478:
474:Combat training
455:
432:
398:Combat systems:
394:
356:
352:Auxiliary ships
318:
278:
274:Military police
240:
163:
153:
152:
92:
66:
65:
64:
59:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Occupying power
15:
12:
11:
5:
4466:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4200:Personal union
4197:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4180:
4178:Dynastic union
4175:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4152:Regional state
4149:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:administration
4042:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4004:
4003:External links
4001:
4000:
3999:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3965:
3948:
3930:
3924:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3889:
3854:
3836:
3833:. 9 July 2017.
3818:
3813:Foreign Policy
3800:
3782:
3751:
3744:
3726:
3702:
3675:
3606:
3592:Makdisi, Saree
3546:978-0520241947
3545:
3509:
3495:
3475:
3464:
3444:
3437:
3412:
3401:
3390:
3367:
3346:
3319:
3301:
3290:
3269:
3245:
3220:
3200:
3170:
3143:
3132:
3112:
3080:
3022:
3005:
2954:
2943:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2759:Dnipropetrovsk
2751:
2722:
2713:in 2014 (See:
2689:
2670:
2664:
2642:
2641:
2623:
2616:Western Sahara
2612:
2606:
2600:
2599:(1974–present)
2594:
2593:(1967–present)
2588:
2581:
2578:its annexation
2574:
2573:, 1949/59–1967
2526:Western Sahara
2494:
2493:
2484:
2466:Main article:
2447:
2444:
2419:
2416:
2397:
2394:
2358:Champs-Élysées
2349:
2346:
2258:co-belligerent
2253:
2252:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2228:
2180:Emer de Vattel
2175:
2172:
2163:United Nations
2095:, also called
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1982:Military terms
1979:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1740:Tripwire force
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1262:Administrative
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1189:New generation
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1164:Fleet in being
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1102:Grand strategy
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:Scorched earth
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1002:
997:
996:
993:
992:
989:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
966:Deep operation
963:
958:
951:
946:
940:
935:
934:
931:
930:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
895:
894:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
813:
812:
807:
802:
792:
783:
778:
777:
774:
773:
770:
769:
767:Unconventional
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
715:
713:Disinformation
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
684:
683:
678:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
637:
632:
631:
628:
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610:
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586:
581:
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564:
563:
562:
561:
560:
559:
549:
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524:
512:
511:
510:
509:
504:
499:
490:
485:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
471:
466:
464:Basic training
461:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
431:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
393:
392:
390:Reconnaissance
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
355:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
317:
316:
311:
309:Special forces
306:
301:
300:
299:
289:
284:
277:
276:
271:
266:
264:Reconnaissance
261:
256:
251:
246:
239:
238:
229:
224:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
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159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
149:
148:
143:
133:
132:
131:
126:
116:
115:
114:
107:Post-classical
104:
99:
93:
88:
87:
84:
83:
75:
74:
56:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4465:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4423:
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4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
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4390:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4273:Indirect rule
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
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4234:
4226:
4223:
4222:
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4218:
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4213:
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4208:
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4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4173:Dual monarchy
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4139:Unitary state
4136:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4069:Confederation
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4010:
4007:
4006:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3946:0-7914-5337-5
3943:
3942:0-7914-5338-3
3939:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3858:
3847:
3840:
3832:
3831:The Economist
3828:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3772:on 2018-02-05
3768:
3761:
3755:
3747:
3745:972-8799-53-5
3741:
3737:
3730:
3716:
3715:www.rulac.org
3712:
3706:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3683:
3678:
3676:9780745320175
3672:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3609:
3607:9780393338447
3603:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3586:
3576:on 2018-10-01
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3526:
3522:
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3506:
3504:
3498:
3496:9780199685424
3492:
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3448:
3440:
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3405:
3394:
3386:
3379:
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3363:
3356:
3350:
3342:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3241:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3183:World Affairs
3177:
3175:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3135:
3133:9780748636716
3129:
3125:
3124:
3116:
3102:on 2018-11-30
3098:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
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3048:
3044:
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3027:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3001:
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2973:
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2958:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2907:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2853:Police action
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:War in Donbas
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:Golan Heights
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2422:According to
2414:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
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2343:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:Warrior caste
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1839:Show of force
1837:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:Peacebuilding
1825:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:Air supremacy
1681:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1623:Islamic rules
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:Court-martial
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1502:Arms industry
1500:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
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1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1295:
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1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
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1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
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1237:
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1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:Broken-backed
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
994:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
961:Expeditionary
959:
957:
956:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
938:
933:
932:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
893:
890:
889:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
832:Counterattack
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
786:
781:
776:
775:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
757:Psychological
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
693:Combined arms
691:
689:
686:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
635:
630:
629:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
605:
602:
601:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
570:
567:
566:
558:
555:
554:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
532:Fortification
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
518:
515:
514:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
492:
491:
488:
483:
482:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
353:
350:
348:
347:Landing craft
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
298:
295:
294:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
237:
233:
232:Standing army
230:
228:
225:
223:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
162:
157:
156:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
130:
127:
125:
124:pike and shot
122:
121:
120:
117:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
91:
86:
85:
81:
77:
76:
70:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
47:
40:
33:
32:Military rank
19:
4412:Subsidiarity
4343:
4308:Vassal state
4288:Puppet state
4283:Protectorate
4248:Client state
3951:
3933:
3918:
3901:
3892:
3881:. Retrieved
3869:The Guardian
3867:
3857:
3839:
3830:
3821:
3812:
3803:
3795:The Guardian
3794:
3785:
3774:. Retrieved
3767:the original
3754:
3735:
3729:
3718:. Retrieved
3714:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3680:
3665:
3661:Said, Edward
3653:
3633:
3629:
3611:
3596:
3584:
3578:. Retrieved
3574:the original
3569:
3565:
3550:
3535:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3485:
3478:
3469:
3454:
3447:
3427:
3404:
3393:
3376:
3370:
3349:
3332:
3322:
3304:
3293:
3261:. Retrieved
3257:
3248:
3225:
3210:
3203:
3189:(1): 66–85.
3186:
3182:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3137:
3122:
3115:
3104:. Retrieved
3097:the original
3083:
3045:(1): 49–91.
3042:
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2897:
2892:
2779:Snake Island
2741:Zaporizhzhia
2651:occupied by
2643:
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2511:
2491:World War II
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2058:Victory Arch
1952:Fifth column
1932:War resister
1927:Women in war
1822:Peacekeeping
1767:Arms control
1712:
1401:Mobilization
1396:Conscription
1354:Intelligence
1307:Organization
953:
882:Encirclement
762:Radiological
698:Conventional
552:Subterranean
459:Development:
458:
435:
397:
359:
322:Naval units:
321:
314:Signal corps
281:
259:Intelligence
244:Specialties:
243:
168:Organization
119:Early modern
46:Zone occupée
4339:Irredentism
4317:Development
4298:Trusteeship
4263:Direct rule
4236:Subordinacy
4047:subdivision
3159:: 249–305.
2823:Banana Wars
2705:region and
2694:during the
2655:during the
2640:(1990–1991)
2636:during the
2618:, followed
2605:(1977–1978)
2481:Middle East
2437:during the
2409:held that:
2364:during the
2246:extradition
2117:colonialism
2084:during the
2064:during the
1937:War studies
1760:Non-warfare
1688:Appeasement
1653:Martial law
1492:War economy
1431:Transgender
1384:Recruitment
1144:Containment
1029:Culminating
937:Operational
857:Envelopment
800:Air assault
681:Air cavalry
641:Air defence
621:Information
522:Cold-region
487:Battlespace
436:Historical:
282:Land units:
208:Space force
203:Coast guard
136:Late modern
97:Prehistoric
4437:Categories
4417:Suzerainty
4359:Separatism
4334:Detachment
4324:Annexation
4215:Superstate
4210:Real union
4147:Devolution
4114:Federation
4056:Federalism
3991:Occupation
3883:2024-06-21
3776:2021-02-11
3720:2022-06-30
3580:2015-10-05
3517:Jerusalem.
3263:2022-06-30
3106:2018-11-30
2950:territory'
2919:References
2803:since 2016
2534:Gaza Strip
2518:East Timor
2323:Protocol I
2311:Article 49
2299:Article 47
2250:Article 70
2152:law of war
2113:annexation
2101:occupation
2099:or simply
1997:War crimes
1987:Operations
1894:Foot drill
1864:Battle cry
1777:deterrence
1436:Harassment
1411:Specialism
1234:Technology
1229:Succession
1174:Liberation
1109:Asymmetric
1044:Empty fort
955:Blitzkrieg
924:Withdrawal
887:Investment
666:Camouflage
661:Biological
599:Underwater
574:Amphibious
493:Aerospace
360:Air units:
337:Submarines
146:fourth-gen
141:industrial
129:napoleonic
4402:Home rule
4354:Secession
4349:Partition
3963:Openacces
3878:0261-3077
3234:cite book
3059:0162-2889
3000:145514740
2984:0002-9300
2755:Chernihiv
2731:Parts of
2548:in 1981.
2407:Nuremberg
2276:Article 6
2216:protected
2203:Art. 43.
2194:Art. 42.
1884:War novel
1787:Grey-zone
1747:War games
1708:Overmatch
1658:War crime
1608:Desertion
1598:Ceasefire
1593:Armistice
1480:Logistics
1458:Mercenary
1446:Volunteer
1377:Personnel
1349:Engineers
1294:Sociology
1249:World war
1244:Total war
1224:Strategic
1214:Religious
1199:Political
1194:Perpetual
1169:Irregular
1084:Offensive
1059:Defensive
1054:Deception
1014:Attrition
867:Guerrilla
862:Formation
805:Airbridge
737:Loitering
651:Artillery
304:Artillery
254:Engineers
222:Irregular
193:Air force
4397:Hegemony
4380:Autonomy
4373:See also
4268:Dominion
4094:Federacy
3663:(2003).
3650:32105258
3594:(2010).
3195:20671544
3075:57571525
2911:itself."
2817:See also
2775:Zhytomyr
2745:Mykolaiv
2657:Iraq War
2638:Gulf War
2632:and the
2375:de facto
2267:(DOD)'s
2241:refugees
2227:persons.
2109:occupant
2105:occupied
1899:War song
1874:War film
1507:Materiel
1426:Children
1406:Training
1344:Medicine
1329:Doctrine
1284:Training
1219:Resource
1204:Princely
1154:Economic
1139:Conquest
1134:Colonial
1129:Cold war
1114:Blockade
999:Strategy
971:Maneuver
732:Infantry
688:Chemical
542:Mountain
502:Airborne
365:Fighters
332:Warships
287:Infantry
213:Reserves
161:Military
4329:Cession
4278:Mandate
3682:record.
3067:4137547
3020:, p. 43
2992:2203016
2763:Poltava
2737:Kherson
2733:Kharkiv
2514:Namibia
2504:in the
2233:neutral
2062:Baghdad
2012:Writers
2007:Weapons
1972:Battles
1921:Related
1909:Wargame
1904:Uniform
1852:Culture
1633:Perfidy
1628:Justice
1549:Science
1534:Outpost
1487:History
1467:Warrior
1463:Soldier
1451:foreign
1389:counter
1289:Service
1239:Theater
1179:Limited
1159:Endemic
1074:Nuclear
847:Foxhole
822:Cavalry
810:Airdrop
795:Airlift
780:Tactics
752:Nuclear
742:Missile
671:Cavalry
656:Barrage
634:Weapons
594:Surface
375:Command
370:Bombers
327:Frogman
297:Cavalry
269:Medical
236:Militia
218:Regular
198:Marines
112:castles
102:Ancient
90:History
69:outline
4253:Colony
4183:Empire
4161:Unions
3958:
3940:
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3604:
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3016:
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2982:
2941:
2898:either
2707:Crimea
2703:Donbas
2622:(1975)
2580:(1961)
2561:Hawaii
2508:, 2006
2462:, 1948
2460:Berlin
2441:, 2005
2368:, 1871
2157:Since
2130:, the
2088:, 1946
2068:, 2003
1992:Sieges
1676:Theory
1416:Morale
1274:Policy
1269:Branch
1049:Mosaic
1039:Fabian
986:Covert
919:Trench
904:Screen
827:Charge
817:Battle
790:Aerial
708:Denial
676:Horses
604:Seabed
557:Tunnel
537:Jungle
527:Desert
497:Aerial
3849:(PDF)
3770:(PDF)
3763:(PDF)
3646:S2CID
3626:(PDF)
3381:(PDF)
3358:(PDF)
3337:(PDF)
3191:JSTOR
3100:(PDF)
3093:(PDF)
3071:S2CID
3063:JSTOR
2996:S2CID
2988:JSTOR
2884:Notes
2557:Tibet
2362:Paris
1965:Lists
1421:Women
1359:Ranks
1279:Staff
1209:Proxy
1124:Class
1079:Naval
1064:Depth
899:Swarm
892:Siege
872:Naval
852:Drone
747:Music
722:Robot
718:Drone
703:Cyber
646:Armor
616:Cyber
589:Green
584:Brown
547:Urban
507:Space
428:Radar
423:Sonar
292:Armor
249:Staff
227:Ranks
3956:ISBN
3938:ISBN
3874:ISSN
3740:ISBN
3671:ISBN
3602:ISBN
3541:ISBN
3523:and
3491:ISBN
3460:ISBN
3433:ISBN
3240:link
3216:ISBN
3128:ISBN
3055:ISSN
3014:ISBN
2980:ISSN
2939:ISBN
2773:and
2771:Sumy
2767:Kyiv
2743:and
2682:Poti
2680:and
2678:Gori
2672:The
2649:Iraq
2331:U.S.
2185:The
2115:and
2082:Kure
2002:Wars
1519:Base
1069:Goal
981:Raid
579:Blue
517:Land
188:Navy
183:Army
3638:doi
3187:137
3161:doi
3047:doi
2972:doi
2405:in
1586:Law
1529:FOB
1524:MOB
569:Sea
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