Nivelle offensive - Knowledge

202: 141: 1366:, which faced north between Oulches and Missy, took place from Oulches to Soupir and had less success than the Fifth Army; the II Colonial Corps advanced for 0.80 km (0.5 mi) in the first thirty minutes and was then stopped. The XX Corps attack from Vendresse to the Oise–Aisne Canal had more success, the 153rd Division on the right flank reached the Chemin des Dames south of Courtecon after a second attack, managing an advance of 2.01 km (1.25 mi). The VI Corps advanced on its west of the Oise–Aisne Canal with its right wing but the left wing was held up. On the northern flank which faced east near Laffaux, I Colonial Corps was able to penetrate only a few hundred yards into the defences of the 1983: 1359:

canal was crossed further north and Bermericourt was captured against a determined German defence. From Bermericourt to the Aisne the French attack was repulsed and south of the river French infantry were forced back to their start-line. On the north bank of the Aisne the French attack was more successful, the 42nd and 69th divisions reached the German second position between the Aisne and the Miette, the advance north of Berry penetrating 4.0 km (2.5 mi). Russian troops participated in the attack and the 1st Russian Brigade captured the village of Kursi; the Russian commander was wounded and the brigade lost more than half of its troops but captured 635 prisoners and held the village.

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offensive began so that the positions of the heaviest French guns, advanced batteries and areas not under French bombardment could be reported quickly along with the accuracy of German return-fire. Ground communication with the German artillery was made more reliable by running telephone lines along steep slopes and deep valleys which were relatively free of French artillery-fire; wireless control stations had been set up during the winter to link aircraft to the guns.

1289:(Hindenburg Line) in preliminary operations. The main attack on 13 April made very little progress, against a German defence relying mainly on machine-gun fire and local counter-attacks. On 9 April the British Third Army attacked to the east of Arras from Croisilles to Ecurie, against Observation Ridge, north of the Arras–Cambrai road and then towards Feuchy and the German second and third lines. To the south of the road the initial objective was Devil's Wood to 1567:

infantry had reached the ridge. Tunnels and caves under the ridge nullified much of the destructive effect of the French artillery, which was also hampered by poor visibility and by German air superiority, which made French artillery-observation aircraft even less effective. The rear edge of the German battle zone along the ridge had been reinforced with machine-gun posts; the German divisional commanders chose to fight in the front line and few of the

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the Californie plateau between Hurtebise and Craonne, beyond the east end of the Chemin des Dames and against the Moronvilliers Heights east of Reims, which lasted throughout June. German attacks on 30 to 31 May prompted a French counter-attack on 18 June and another German attack on 21 June. The main German effort was made in the centre, with five attacks against the Californie plateau from 3 to 6 June, followed by another German attack on 17 June.

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individual incidents of insubordination occurred in the 17th Division. Over the next two days spokesmen were elected in two regiments of the 69th Division to petition for an end of the offensive. By 28 May, mutinies had occurred in the 9th Division, 158th Division, 5th Division and the 1st Cavalry Division. By the end of May more units of the 5th, 6th, 13th, 35th, 43rd, 62nd, 77th and 170th divisions mutinied; revolts occurred in

168: 1584: 1299:(Monchy switch line) between Wancourt and Feuchy. The Third Army attack on the German defences either side of the Scarpe river penetrated 6,000 yd (3.4 mi; 5.5 km), the furthest advance achieved since the beginning of trench warfare. Most of the objectives had been reached by the evening of 10 April, except for the line between Wancourt and Feuchy around 1321:

positions. The British engaged in several general attacks and limited attacks, which took more ground but became increasingly costly, against a German defence which recovered from the defeats of 9 April and organised reverse-slope defences, which were much easier to hold. By 16 May the British had made significant advances and captured

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mid-May but Uffindell called this politically convenient, since it excluded the Battle of La Malmaison, in October, making it easier to blame Nivelle for a disaster. Uffindel wrote that the exclusion of La Malmaison was artificial, since the attack was begun from the ground taken from April to May. General

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and a large amount of equipment. The operation had been planned as a decisive blow to the Germans but by 20 April it was clear that the strategic intent of the offensive had not been achieved and by 25 April most of the fighting had ended. On 3 May the French 2nd Division refused to follow orders to

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In 2015, Andrew Uffindell wrote that retrospective naming and dating of events can affect the way in which the past is understood. The Second Battle of the Aisne began on 16 April but the duration and extent of the battle have been interpreted differently. The ending of the battle is usually given as

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in an advance which penetrated about 4,000 yd (2.3 mi; 3.7 km) during the day. German reserves had been held too far back from the front and did not begin to reach the battlefield until the evening, when they were able only to reinforce the survivors of the front defences in improvised

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The army, politicians and public were stunned by the chain of events and on 16 May, Nivelle was sacked and moved to North Africa. He was replaced by the considerably more cautious Pétain, with Foch as chief of the General Staff; the new commanders abandoned the strategy of decisive battle for one of

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was identified in reconnaissance photographs. On 6 April a division was seen encamped near Arras, troop and transport columns crowded the streets, more narrow-gauge railways and artillery were seen to have moved closer to the front. British aerial activity opposite the 6th Army greatly increased and

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in the initial attack. When the infantry advanced over the far edge of the ridge, German artillery and machine-guns on the valley floor had direct observation and the British artillery was less able to provide covering fire. Fighting continued on the lower slopes on the east side of the ridge until

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German air reconnaissance was possible close to the front although longer-range sorties were impossible to protect because of the greater number of Allied aircraft. The qualitative superiority of German fighters enabled German air observers on short-range sorties, to detect British preparations for

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The ground at Brimont began to rise to the west towards Craonne and then reached a height of 180 m (590 ft) along a plateau which continued westwards to Fort Malmaison. The French held a bridgehead 20 km (12 mi) wide on the north bank of the Aisne, south of the Chemin des Dames,

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plateau but was not able to cross the Ailette River. An attack by the Tenth Army took Vauclair and the I Colonial Corps took the ruins of Laffaux Mill, before operations were suspended again on 8 May. The Germans began a counter-offensive from Vauxaillon at the west end of the Chemin des Dames, to

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suited the German defensive dispositions, since much of the new construction had taken place on reverse slopes. The speed of attack and the depth of the French objectives meant that there was no time to establish artillery observation posts overlooking the Ailette valley, in the areas where French

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divisions,) the 23rd Division and one regiment between Nauroy and Moronvilliers. On the west bank, the Moroccan Division was repulsed on the right and captured Mont sans Nom on the left. To the north-east of the hill the advance reached a depth of 2.4 km (1.5 mi) and next day the advance

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which dawned misty and overcast. From the beginning German machine-gunners were able to engage the French infantry and inflict many casualties, although German artillery-fire was far less destructive. Courcy on the right flank was captured but the advance was stopped at the Aisne–Marne canal. The

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and an eventual link with the British. The plan had been in development since December 1916 but the preparations were plagued by delays and information leaks. By April 1917, the plans were well known to the German army, which made extensive defensive preparations, by adding fortifications to the

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The British conducted a series of attacks in Flanders, beginning with the Battle of Pilckem Ridge (31 July – 2 August), followed by the Battle of Langemarck (16–18 August), The Battle of the Menin Road Ridge (20–25 September), The Battle of Polygon Wood (26 September – 3 October), The Battle of

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On the second day Nivelle ordered the Fifth Army to attack north-eastwards to reinforce success, believing that the Germans intended to hold the ground in front of the Sixth Army. The Fifth Army was not able substantially to advance on 17 April but the Sixth Army, which had continued to attack

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Verdun cost the French nearly 400,000 casualties and the conditions undermined morale, leading to a number of incidents of indiscipline. Although relatively minor, they reflected a belief among the rank and file that their sacrifices were not appreciated by their government or senior officers.

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arranged to meet the attack but it was cancelled. Dawn reconnaissance had been ordered, to scrutinise French preparations and they gave the first warning of attack on 16 April. German artillery-observation aircraft crews were able to range guns on terrain features, areas and targets before the

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On 25 June, a French attack by the 164th Division, supported by flame-throwers, captured the 70 ft (21 m)-deep Dragon's Cave shelter at Hurtebise and adjacent positions, from which they repulsed a German counter-attack at the end of June. The capture of the Dragon's Cave marked the

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there were disturbances in a Chasseur battalion of the 127th Division and a regiment of the 18th Division. Two days later a battalion of the 166th Division staged a demonstration and on 20 May, the 128th Regiment of the 3rd Division and the 66th Regiment of the 18th Division refused orders;

1036:(23–27 October), a limited-objective attack on the west end of the Chemin-des-Dames, which forced the Germans to abandon their remaining positions on the ridge and retire across the Ailette valley. The British remained on the offensive for the rest of the year fighting the battles of 1410:

Brimont was to be captured, which would have been of great tactical value to the French; the attack was postponed on the orders of the French government and was then cancelled. The Tenth Army captured the Californie plateau on the Chemin des Dames and the Sixth Army captured the

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system. While this ensured units were withdrawn before their ability to fight was significantly eroded, it meant that a high proportion of the French army was affected by the battle. By the beginning of 1917, morale was questionable, even in divisions with good combat records.

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to the north. The main French offensive on the Aisne began on 16 April and also achieved considerable tactical success but the attempt to force a strategically decisive battle on the Germans was a costly failure and by 25 April the main offensive had been suspended.

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by 6 April Ludendorff was certain that an attack was imminent. By early April German air reinforcements had arrived the Arras front, telephone networks had been completed and a common communications system for the air and ground forces built.

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beginning of the Battle of the Observatories proper, which lasted all summer as both sides fought for possession of the high ground on the Chemin des Dames. At Vauxaillon at the west end of the Chemin des Dames, German attacks took place on

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Broodseinde (4 October) The Battle of Poelcappelle (9 October) The First Battle of Passchendaele (12 October) and The Second Battle of Passchendaele (26 October – 10 November) for control of the ridges south and east of the Belgian city of

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German attacks on 27 May had temporary success before French counter-attacks recaptured the ground around Mont Haut; lack of troops had forced the Germans into piecemeal attacks instead of a simultaneous attack along all of the front.

1099:, the new French Prime Minister supported the plan. Nivelle offered his resignation but it was refused, despite Nivelle's authority having been undermined. Preparing the Nivelle Offensive was a huge and costly undertaking, involving 979:(the Third Battle of Champagne). The final stage of the offensive was to follow the meeting of the British and French armies, having broken through the German lines, to pursue the defeated German armies towards the German frontier. 1462:

in cold rain alternating with snow showers. The right flank guard to the east of Suippes was established by the 24th Division and Aubérive on the east bank of the river and the 34th Division took Mont Cornillet and Mont Blond. The

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and the adoption of a defensive strategy by the French, while their armies recuperated and rearmed. Fighting known as the Battle of the Observatories continued for local advantage all summer on the Chemin des Dames and along the

1372:(Condé Switch Line). To the east of Vauxaillon at the north end of the Sixth Army, Mont des Singes was captured with the help of British heavy artillery but then lost to a German counter-attack. The Sixth Army operations took 2049:

captured Passchendaele. The German submarine bases on the coast remained but the objective of diverting the Germans from the French further south, while they recovered from the failure of the Nivelle Offensive, succeeded.

2891:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. 2910:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. 1325:

guns but had been unable to achieve a breakthrough. New tactics had been used, particularly in the first phase and had demonstrated that set-piece assaults against elaborately fortified positions could be successful.

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divisions were distributed in battalions along the front line and caught in the French bombardments, where the infantry shelters had been identified by French air reconnaissance and systematically destroyed.

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14 June. The attack prepared the way for the main attack later in the summer, by removing the Germans from the dominating ground on the southern face of the Ypres salient, which they had held for two years.

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and the likelihood of a declaration of war by the US, made some assumptions of the plan obsolete. At a meeting on 6 April, despite the doubts of other politicians, the army group commanders and the British,

927:, the commander-in-chief of the French metropolitan armies, who led the offensive. The French part of the offensive was intended to be strategically decisive by breaking through the German defences on the 2033:, to close the German-controlled railway running through Roulers and Thourout. Further operations and a British supporting attack along the Belgian coast from Nieuwpoort, combined with an 1417:

for 4.0 km (2.5 mi) along the Chemin des Dames and advanced at the salient opposite Laffaux. By the end of 5 May the Sixth Army had reached the outskirts of Allemant and taken

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Combatants on both sides claimed the battle was the most psychologically exhausting of the war; recognising this, Pétain frequently rotated divisions, in a process known as the

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near St Quentin from 1 to 4 April, before further attacks were repulsed. The British Third and First armies achieved the deepest advance since trench warfare began, along the

1883:. Gas bombardments on low-lying land near the canal dispersed very slowly and became so dense that the carriage of ammunition and supplies to the front was made impossible. 2045:(24 October – 19 November) allowed the Germans to avoid a general withdrawal, which had seemed inevitable to them early in October. The campaign ended in November when the 5648: 1877:

and control of the Chemin des Dames ridge. Boehn chose to defend the front positions, rather than treat them as an advanced zone and conduct the main defence north of the

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After the substitution of limited objectives in favour of breakthrough attempts, a French attack on 4 and 5 May by two regiments captured Craonne and took the edge of the

319: 1279:(GAR) had been reduced to one army with three corps and began French operations with preliminary attacks by the Third Army on German observation points at St. Quentin on 5103: 4740: 4564: 3904: 1560:

shot as examples and introduced reforms to improve the welfare of French troops, which had a significant effect in restoring morale. The French tactic of assault

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forward between the Fifth and Sixth armies on 21 April and local operations were continued on the fronts of the Fourth and Fifth armies with little success. On

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was reached. In four days the French advanced 9.7 km (6 mi) and forced the Germans off the Chemin des Dames, back to the north bank of the

1713: 2041:, unusually wet weather, the onset of winter and the diversion of British and French resources to Italy, following the Austro-German victory at the 5653: 5638: 1607:

casualties and French medical services were overwhelmed when the offensive began. In 1919, Pierrefeu gave French casualties from 16 to 25 April as

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304, Samogneux and Régnieville fell and on 26 August the French reached the southern outskirts of Beaumont. By 26 August the French had captured

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soon spread throughout the army. Towards the end of the offensive, the 2nd Division arrived on the battlefield drunk and without weapons. From

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taken prisoner, the casualty rate being the worst since November 1914. From 16 April to 10 May the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Tenth armies took

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On the Aisne front German intelligence had warned that an attack on 15 April against German airfields and observation balloons by the

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On 4 July, a German attack began on a 11 mi (17 km) front between Craonne and Cerny, followed by French counter-attacks on

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beginning a period of attack and counter-attack which continued into July and August. From 20 to 26 August the French conducted the

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Deutschlands Krieg in der Luft: ein Rückblick auf die Entwicklung und die Leistungen unserer Heeres-Luftstreitkräfte im Weltkriege

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To the north the First Army attacked from Ecurie north of the Scarpe to Vimy Ridge. The crest of the ridge was captured at about

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and XXI Corps took Allemant and Vaudesson. On 25 October the village and forest of Pinon were captured and the line of the

5245: 4569: 4197: 3702: 5459: 5444: 4734: 4136: 3894: 3025:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. 505: 5319: 5013: 4829: 4101: 3572: 3359: 1137: 458: 17: 4499: 3537: 874: 1982: 1530:

The offensive advanced the front line by 6–7 km (3.7–4.3 mi) on the front of the Sixth Army, which took

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Germany's War in the Air: A Review of the Development and Performance of our Army Air Force during the World War

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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras

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in December. Nivelle claimed that a massive barrage on German lines would bring France victory in 48 hours. The

5370: 5365: 5360: 5350: 5044: 3689: 3664: 3562: 2037:, an amphibious landing, were then to reach Bruges the Dutch frontier via Bruges. The resistance of the German 5345: 5340: 5304: 5238: 5130: 4976: 4559: 4411: 3949: 3877: 3808: 3577: 3547: 3542: 598: 1781:(Second Offensive Battle of Verdun). The French captured Bois d'Avocourt, Mort-Homme, Bois Corbeaux and the 1527:

called La Malmaison "the decisive phase of the Battle...that began on 16 April and ended on 2 November...".

1382: 522: 5294: 4921: 4861: 4758: 4663: 4426: 4212: 3916: 3755: 3654: 2889:

Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: 7 June – 10 November. Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele)

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24 September and 1 October. Ludendorff wrote that the French army had "quickly overcome its depression".

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in the first few days but that the effect on military and civilian morale was worse than the casualties.

1173: 1083: 1016: 956: 952: 948: 916: 897: 869: 849: 682: 437: 43: 4141: 1452:(GAC) began the subsidiary attack in Champagne from Aubérive to the east of Reims which became known as 539: 5673: 5628: 5512: 5469: 4746: 4504: 4489: 4391: 4260: 3828: 3740: 3697: 1697:

The advance of the Sixth Army was one of the largest made by a French army since trench warfare began.

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but no break-through as achieved and at only one point had the German second position been reached.

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The Nivelle Offensive and the Battle of the Aisne 1917: A Battlefield Guide to the Chemin des Dames

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was pressed beyond Mont Haut and Mont Cornet was captured on 5 May. The Fourth Army attacks took

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Clayton, A. (1991). "Robert Nivelle and the French Spring Offensive, 1917". In Bond, B. (ed.).

1849: 1504: 1259: 1179: 1033: 1004: 963:, to capture high ground and divert German reserves from the French fronts on the Aisne and in 839: 807: 768: 736: 667: 635: 608: 581: 490: 376: 346: 1458:, with the VIII, XVII and XII Corps on an 11 km (6.8 mi) front. The attack began at 618: 5257: 4911: 4800: 4576: 4539: 4469: 4416: 4338: 4306: 4280: 4230: 4161: 4063: 4016: 3800: 3669: 3552: 3133: 3034: 1041: 854: 829: 687: 569: 473: 201: 146: 5607: 5522: 4202: 4176: 4126: 3483: 3450: 2884: 1914: 1510: 1263: 976: 964: 944: 741: 351: 240: 4151: 8: 5589: 4728: 4592: 4544: 4421: 4381: 4376: 4321: 4004: 3998: 3899: 3099: 2780: 2042: 2000: 1441: 1403: 1363: 1351: 1066: 940: 751: 707: 702: 517: 495: 363: 5542: 1897:

but the French intercepted a German message ordering the front garrisons to be ready at

1225: 5549: 5464: 4823: 4687: 4669: 4634: 4598: 4431: 4396: 4348: 4333: 4220: 4171: 4010: 3969: 3649: 3413: 3370: 2927: 1651: 1146: 1087: 724: 564: 485: 1514: 1194:). Forty-nine infantry and five cavalry divisions were massed on the Aisne front with 1020: 463: 5582: 5576: 5537: 5439: 5272: 4855: 4710: 4693: 4494: 4316: 4296: 4131: 4116: 4046: 4034: 3735: 3712: 3659: 3419: 3395: 3376: 3355: 3349: 3334: 3315: 3285: 3266: 3247: 3225: 3201: 3181: 3157: 3137: 3109: 3084: 3065: 3026: 3002: 2983: 2955: 2949: 2934: 2911: 2892: 2870: 2862: 2848: 2829: 2806: 1993: 1556:

recuperation and defence, to avoid high casualties and to restore morale. Pétain had

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Les cahiers de la victoire. L'offensive du 16 avril. La vérité sur l'affaire Nivelle

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The failure of the Nivelle strategy and the high number of French casualties led to

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Pétain: A Crisis of Morale in the French Nation at War, 16 April – 23 October 1917

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tunnels, which had connected the German front lines to the rear at Mort-Homme and

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overnight, forced a German withdrawal from the area of Braye–Condé–Laffaux to the

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The Victory Notebooks. The April 16 Offensive: The truth about the Nivelle Affair

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under the German positions on the ridge. Nineteen mines were fired on 7 June at

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reached the German second position according to plan; the 38th Division captured

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held out for several more days. The Third Army consolidated and then advanced on

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The Road to Passchendaele: The Flanders Offensive 1917, A Study in Inevitability

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The Franco-British attacks were tactically successful; the French Third Army of

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344, part of Bois Fosse, Bois Chaume and Mormont Farm were captured. Next day

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The German Army in the Spring Offensives 1917: Arras, Aisne & Champagne

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were held against a German counter-attack on 19 April by the 5th and 6th (

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divisions were needed to intervene in the battle in the first few days.

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After the costly fighting at Verdun and on the Somme in 1916, General

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were destroyed by artillery fire. In 2005, Doughty quoted figures of

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Fallen Stars: Eleven Studies of Twentieth Century Military Disasters

3156:(trans. 1920 ed.). Clermont Ferrand: Michelin & cie. 1919. 990:(GAN, Northern Army Group) captured the German defences west of the 5109: 1570: 1145:) with divisions released by the retreat to the Hindenburg Line in 2982:]. Translated by Larned, J. Hawley. Nashville: Battery Press. 1631:

taken prisoner. In 1920, Hayes wrote that British casualties were

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soldiers deserted in 1917; the offensive was suspended on 9 May.

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Pyrrhic victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War

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from 5 May the Germans attacked seventy times in eighty days.

967:. The main offensive was to be delivered by the French on the 915:(16 April – 9 May 1917) was a Franco-British operation on the 5277: 2467: 2465: 2018: 1241: 1114: 1029: 960: 3456: 2619: 2617: 2304: 2302: 2167: 1873:

1917) led to the French capture of the village and fort of

2869:. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University. 2713: 2689: 2641: 2629: 2554: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2462: 2203: 2155: 2025:. The next stage of the Allied strategy was an advance to 2566: 2386: 2119: 2095: 2071: 1588:

Soupir N° I National Cemetery, near the Chemin des Dames.

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an attack on both sides of the Scarpe; accommodation for

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from Berry-au-Bac to Fort Condé on the road to Soissons.

2828:] (repr. Kessinger ed.). Berlin: Eisenschmidt. 2725: 2614: 2513: 2477: 2450: 2314: 2299: 2287: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2227: 2701: 2653: 2578: 2525: 2362: 2350: 2107: 1917:

tanks many bogged down in mud. The French infantry and

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whom were fit to return to their units by 30 April and

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which took some of the German defences in front of the

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Since mid-1915, the British had been covertly digging

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Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

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If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West

2338: 1805:304. On the right bank, Bois Talou, Champneuville, 1293:and Bois des Boeufs, with a final objective of the 2926: 1833:fighting continued with German counter-attacks on 939:A preliminary attack was to be made by the French 5620: 3284:(repr. ed.). Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 3108:] (in French). Paris: Renaissance du livre. 1962: 1724:Panorama showing the view from the Dragon's Cave 1345:French infantry advance on the Chemin des Dames. 151: 4452:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 1829:By 9 September, the French had taken more than 1700: 1019:, the dismissal of Nivelle, his replacement by 3200:. Clermont Ferrand: Michelin & cie. 1919. 1705: 1639:In 1939, Wynne wrote that the French suffered 1157: 3491: 1082:as the commander of the French armies on the 975:). A subsidiary attack was to be made by the 421: 313: 2765: 2759: 2753: 1928: 1922: 1884: 1878: 1865: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1762: 1731: 1654:, the Canadian official historian, recorded 1593: 1568: 1561: 1470: 1464: 1453: 1447: 1412: 1394: 1367: 1304: 1294: 1284: 1274: 1268: 1223: 1217: 1171: 1163: 1135: 1032:. In late October, the French conducted the 994: 983: 4942: 3347: 3127: 2719: 1987:German trench destroyed by a mine explosion 1446:On 17 April the Fourth Army on the left of 327: 27:Franco-British operation in First World War 5659:Battles of World War I involving Australia 5634:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 3498: 3484: 3418:(online ed.). London: Jonathan Cape. 1665:French casualties. Most of the new French 428: 414: 320: 306: 3260: 3194: 3153:Rheims and the Battles for its Possession 3097: 3081:The Defeat of Imperial Germany, 1917–1918 3052: 3015: 2924: 2659: 2647: 2623: 2519: 2483: 2368: 2281: 2113: 1843: 1056: 177: 5644:Battles of World War I involving Germany 4741:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 3238: 3219: 3150: 3078: 2973: 2783:or the Battle of the Hills of Champagne. 2707: 2584: 2572: 2548: 2536: 2420: 2416: 2404: 2392: 2332: 2173: 2161: 2011: 1981: 1853: 1582: 1503: 1381: 1339: 137: 5654:Battles of World War I involving Canada 5639:Battles of World War I involving France 5118:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 3389: 3375:. Devizes, Wiltshire: Select Editions. 3328: 3175: 2883: 2861: 2845:Paths of Glory, The French Army 1914–18 2842: 2803:The First World War: A complete History 2797: 2695: 2683: 2671: 2635: 2608: 2560: 2471: 2444: 2432: 2380: 2209: 2185: 2149: 2137: 2125: 2101: 2089: 2077: 1859:Malmaison and the Laffaux Salient, 1917 1513:tank ("Teddy") with a 75 mm field gun, 14: 5621: 3451:Pierrfeu Nivelle Offensive (in French) 3408: 3394:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 3307: 3265:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 3019:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 1761:German attacks were conducted against 1202: 935:with casualties expected to be around 5071:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 4407:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 3479: 3368: 3279: 2996: 2947: 2929:Passchendaele: the Sacrificial Ground 2905: 2819: 2731: 2596: 2507: 2495: 2456: 2356: 2344: 2320: 2308: 2293: 2269: 2257: 2245: 2233: 2221: 2197: 2060:Russian Expeditionary Force in France 1432:had been taken by the French armies. 1362:The attack on the right flank of the 409: 301: 5475:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 2822:Entwickelung der Taktik im Weltkrige 1253: 5404:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 4198:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 3314:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. 1329: 24: 4137:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 3300: 3197:Soissons Before and During the War 3083:. Cambridge Mass.: Da Capo Press. 1959:casualties from 23 to 26 October. 1162:Nivelle left Petain in command of 25: 5695: 3439: 3224:. Vol. I. New York: Viking. 3180:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. 1778:2ème Bataille Offensive de Verdun 435: 5664:World War I in the Pas-de-Calais 4500:Second Battle of the Piave River 4122:Russian invasion of East Prussia 3348:Eggenberger, D. (January 1985). 3178:The German Army at Passchendaele 2951:A Brief History of the Great War 1712: 1130:Aisne front and reinforcing the 234: 223: 211: 200: 179: 166: 153: 139: 54: 5571:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 4771:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 3505: 3130:Passchendaele: The Untold Story 2755:La bataille du Chemin des Dames 1745:with French counter-attacks on 1090:, the German withdrawal to the 5394:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 5253:Deportations from East Prussia 5050:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 3128:Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (1996). 2773: 2767:Doppelschlacht Aisne-Champagne 2747: 1190:) and the Tenth Army (General 923:which was named after General 13: 1: 5305:Ukrainian Canadian internment 3457:"Les Offensives d'avril 1917" 3433:– via Internet Archive. 3064:]. St.Petersburg: Piter. 2974:Hoeppner, E. W. von (1994) . 2790: 1963:Subsequent British operations 1953: 1673:casualties on the Aisne from 1655: 1601: 1578: 1418: 1373: 1100: 1051: 285: 257: 5684:Wilhelm, German Crown Prince 5460:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 4759:Estonian War of Independence 4427:Southern Palestine offensive 3222:The First World War: To Arms 3016:Nicholson, G. W. L. (1962). 2925:Hart, P.; Steel, N. (2001). 2065: 1864:The Battle of La Malmaison ( 1701:Subsequent French operations 1488: 1435: 1170:(GAC) and established a new 7: 5414:USA against Austria-Hungary 4813:Turkish War of Independence 4765:Latvian War of Independence 4490:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 4081:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 2761:Seconde bataille de l'Aisne 2053: 1967: 1893:Zero hour had been set for 1706:Battle of the Observatories 1493: 1186:), the Sixth Army (General 1158:Franco-British preparations 898:Western Front tactics, 1917 10: 5700: 5497:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 5045:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 4505:Second Battle of the Marne 4392:Second battle of the Aisne 4261:Second Battle of Champagne 4102:German invasion of Belgium 3351:An Encyclopedia of Battles 3001:(1993 ed.). Penguin. 1971: 1847: 1497: 1439: 1336:Second Battle of the Aisne 1333: 1276:Groupe d'armées de Reserve 1257: 1174:Groupe d'armées de Reserve 1152: 1127:Second Battle of the Aisne 1060: 973:Second Battle of the Aisne 5603: 5562: 5483: 5422: 5384: 5328: 5317: 5278:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 5221: 5193: 5141: 5063: 5037: 4989: 4882: 4875: 4807:Irish War of Independence 4703: 4585: 4550:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4535:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 4460: 4362: 4289: 4190: 4147:First Battle of the Marne 4094: 4056: 3991: 3982: 3925: 3799: 3788: 3754: 3726: 3688: 3640: 3593: 3586: 3513: 1974:Battle of Messines (1917) 1930:Canal de l'Oise à l'Aisne 1901:and changed zero hour to 1880:Canal de l'Oise à l'Aisne 1756: 1500:1917 French Army mutinies 1449:Groupe d'armées de Centre 1273:on the northern flank of 1248: 1234: 1166:Groupe d'armées de Centre 445: 364:The Hills (3rd Champagne) 339: 266: 246: 193: 131: 64: 53: 41: 36: 5430:Constantinople Agreement 4723:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 4586:Co-belligerent conflicts 4555:Second Romanian campaign 4525:Third Transjordan attack 4236:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 4142:Battle of Grand Couronné 3062:Russia-Shield of Entente 3057: 2997:Horne, Alistair (1964). 2948:Hayes, C. J. H. (1920). 2740: 2435:, pp. 354, 359–360. 2407:, pp. 94, 100, 109. 1867:Bataille de la Malmaison 1354:attacked on 16 April at 5493:Modus vivendi of Acroma 5445:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 4753:Greater Poland Uprising 4653:National Protection War 4530:Meuse–Argonne offensive 4480:German spring offensive 4475:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 4251:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 4226:Second Battle of Artois 4107:Battle of the Frontiers 3354:(2nd ed.). Dover. 2954:. New York: Macmillan. 2720:Prior & Wilson 1996 1978:Battle of Passchendaele 1937:valley by the night of 1422: 4,000 prisoners, 1270:Groupe d'armées du Nord 986:Groupe d'armées du Nord 786:German spring offensive 331:Nivelle Offensive, 1917 60:The Western Front, 1917 5518:Paris Peace Conference 5506:Ukraine–Central Powers 5300:Massacres of Albanians 5268:Late Ottoman genocides 5075:Bulgarian occupations 4783:Third Anglo-Afghan War 4747:Hungarian–Romanian War 4565:Naval Victory Bulletin 4560:Armistice with Germany 4510:Hundred Days Offensive 4437:Battle of La Malmaison 4387:Second battle of Arras 4354:Battle of Transylvania 4208:Second Battle of Ypres 4076:Sarajevo assassination 3965:South African Republic 3372:Battles of World War I 3280:Wynne, G. C. (1976) . 3261:Uffindell, A. (2015). 3246:. London: Leo Cooper. 3098:Pierrefeu, J. (1919). 2826:Development of Tactics 2766: 2760: 2754: 1989: 1929: 1923: 1885: 1879: 1866: 1861: 1850:Battle of La Malmaison 1844:Battle of La Malmaison 1813: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1763: 1732: 1661:German casualties and 1596:Grand Quartier Général 1594: 1590: 1569: 1562: 1519: 1471: 1465: 1454: 1448: 1413: 1395: 1389: 1377: 3,500 prisoners 1368: 1347: 1305: 1295: 1285: 1275: 1269: 1260:Battle of Arras (1917) 1224: 1219:Aéronautique Militaire 1218: 1172: 1164: 1138:General der Infanterie 1136: 1057:Strategic developments 1034:Battle of La Malmaison 995: 984: 194:Commanders and leaders 5528:Treaty of St. Germain 5501:Russia–Central Powers 5455:Sykes–Picot Agreement 5283:Pontic Greek genocide 5258:Destruction of Kalisz 5234:Eastern Mediterranean 4795:Polish–Lithuanian War 4577:Armistice of Belgrade 4540:Armistice of Salonica 4470:Operation Faustschlag 4417:Third Battle of Oituz 4339:Baranovichi offensive 4307:Lake Naroch offensive 4281:Battle of Robat Karim 4256:Vistula–Bug offensive 4231:Battles of the Isonzo 4162:First Battle of Ypres 3369:Evans, M. M. (2004). 3333:. London: Brassey's. 3220:Strachan, H. (2003). 3134:Yale University Press 3079:Paschall, R. (1994). 2660:Hart & Steel 2001 2648:Hart & Steel 2001 2012:Third Battle of Ypres 1985: 1857: 1586: 1507: 1498:Further information: 1385: 1343: 1291:Tilloy-lès-Mofflaines 1281:1–4, 10 and 13 April, 267:Casualties and losses 254:7,000 guns, 128 tanks 72:16 April – 9 May 1917 5523:Treaty of Versailles 5239:Mount Lebanon famine 5154:in the United States 5122:Russian occupations 4836:Turkish–Armenian War 4777:Polish–Ukrainian War 4717:Ukrainian–Soviet War 4664:Central Asian Revolt 4447:Armistice of Focșani 4177:Battle of Sarikamish 4127:Battle of Tannenberg 3523:Military engagements 3390:Sheldon, J. (2015). 3176:Sheldon, J. (2007). 2843:Clayton, A. (2003). 2805:. Moscow: Квадрига. 1905:It began to rain at 1402:Nivelle ordered the 1264:Battle of Vimy Ridge 893:French Army mutinies 888:1914 Christmas truce 658:Hohenzollern Redoubt 241:Crown Prince Wilhelm 5590:They shall not pass 5513:Treaty of Bucharest 5470:Treaty of Bucharest 5409:USA against Germany 5386:Declarations of war 5090:German occupations 5003:British casualties 4862:Soviet–Georgian War 4789:Egyptian Revolution 4729:Armeno-Georgian War 4593:Somaliland campaign 4545:Armistice of Mudros 4422:Battle of Caporetto 4412:Battle of Mărășești 4382:Zimmermann telegram 4377:February Revolution 4322:Battle of the Somme 4246:Bug-Narew Offensive 4221:Battle of Gallipoli 4213:Sinking of the RMS 4005:Scramble for Africa 3999:Franco-Prussian War 3655:Sinai and Palestine 3308:Berton, P. (1986). 2933:. London: Cassell. 2906:Falls, C. (1992) . 2847:. London: Cassell. 2820:Balck, W. (2008) . 2781:Battle of the Hills 2734:, pp. 214–215. 2698:, pp. 124–125. 2638:, pp. 384–389. 2563:, pp. 381–382. 2474:, pp. 353–354. 2459:, pp. 187–188. 2323:, pp. 500–501. 2311:, pp. 497–498. 2296:, pp. 496–497. 2272:, pp. 494–495. 2260:, pp. 541–552. 2248:, pp. 348–352. 2236:, pp. 236–243. 2212:, pp. 122–123. 2176:, pp. 101–102. 2128:, pp. 344–346. 2104:, pp. 327–344. 2080:, pp. 434–435. 2043:Battle of Caporetto 2001:British Summer Time 1635:Russian casualties 1442:Battle of the Hills 1203:German preparations 1113:on a front between 1067:Battle of the Somme 996:(Siegfriedstellung) 882:Associated articles 599:Hartmannswillerkopf 459:Invasion of Belgium 384:Associated articles 292:(15,000–20,780 POW) 100: / 5550:Treaty of Lausanne 5465:Paris Economy Pact 5399:UK against Germany 5329:Entry into the war 5295:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 5014:Ottoman casualties 4824:Franco-Turkish War 4704:Post-War conflicts 4688:Russian Revolution 4670:Invasion of Darfur 4635:Kelantan rebellion 4623:Kurdish rebellions 4599:Mexican Revolution 4432:October Revolution 4397:Kerensky offensive 4372:Capture of Baghdad 4349:Monastir offensive 4334:Brusilov offensive 4172:Battle of Kolubara 4011:Russo-Japanese War 3415:Prelude to Victory 3410:Spears, Sir Edward 3058:Россия-щит Антанты 2999:The Price of Glory 2359:, pp. 99–100. 2164:, pp. 99–100. 1990: 1913:Schneider CA1 and 1862: 1743:20, 22 and 23 June 1641:117,000 casualties 1591: 1525:Franchet d'Espèrey 1520: 1455:Bataille des Monts 1390: 1348: 1147:Operation Alberich 1104: 1.2 million 1088:Russian Revolution 5674:April 1917 events 5629:Conflicts in 1917 5616: 5615: 5599: 5598: 5583:The Golden Virgin 5577:Mutilated victory 5558: 5557: 5538:Treaty of Trianon 5533:Treaty of Neuilly 5440:Damascus Protocol 5313: 5312: 5273:Armenian genocide 5230:Allied blockades 5202:Belgian refugees 4985: 4984: 4895:Strategic bombing 4871: 4870: 4856:Franco-Syrian War 4830:Greco-Turkish War 4818:Anglo-Turkish War 4801:Polish–Soviet War 4735:German Revolution 4711:Russian Civil War 4694:Finnish Civil War 4520:Battle of Megiddo 4495:Battle of Goychay 4442:Battle of Cambrai 4402:Battle of Mărăști 4317:Battle of Jutland 4297:Erzurum offensive 4152:Siege of Przemyśl 4132:Siege of Tsingtao 4117:Battle of Galicia 4047:Second Balkan War 4035:Italo-Turkish War 3992:Pre-War conflicts 3978: 3977: 3868:Portuguese Empire 3784: 3783: 3746:German New Guinea 3728:Asian and Pacific 3401:978-1-78346-345-9 3382:978-1-84193-226-2 3340:978-0-08-040717-3 3321:978-0-7710-1339-3 3291:978-0-8371-5029-1 3272:978-1-78303-034-7 3253:978-0-436-51732-7 3231:978-1-4352-9266-6 3187:978-1-84415-564-4 3143:978-0-300-07227-3 3090:978-0-306-80585-1 3071:978-5-496-01795-4 3054:Oleynikov, Alexei 3040:on 26 August 2011 3008:978-0-14-017041-2 2989:978-0-89839-195-4 2940:978-0-304-35975-2 2917:978-0-89839-180-0 2898:978-0-89839-166-4 2876:978-0-674-01880-8 2854:978-0-304-35949-3 2835:978-1-4368-2099-8 2812:978-5-389-08465-0 2650:, pp. 41–44. 2575:, pp. 23–24. 2395:, pp. 49–50. 1943:11,157 prisoners, 1924:Fort de Malmaison 1831:10,000 prisoners; 1827:242 machine-guns. 1563:brutal et continu 1548:in May. A record 1414:Siegfriedstellung 1396:Siegfriedstellung 1286:Siegfriedstellung 1254:St. Quentin–Arras 1222:was planned. The 913:Nivelle offensive 906: 905: 732:Nivelle offensive 506:Trouée de Charmes 403: 402: 371:Other engagements 296: 295: 127: 126: 37:Nivelle offensive 18:Nivelle Offensive 16:(Redirected from 5691: 5543:Treaty of Sèvres 5435:Treaty of London 5326: 5325: 5104:Northeast France 5035: 5034: 5007:Parliamentarians 4940: 4939: 4902:Chemical weapons 4880: 4879: 4641:Senussi campaign 4611:Muscat rebellion 4605:Maritz rebellion 4573: 4515:Vardar offensive 4344:Battle of Romani 4312:Battle of Asiago 4302:Battle of Verdun 4266:Kosovo offensive 4041:First Balkan War 3989: 3988: 3888:Russian Republic 3797: 3796: 3591: 3590: 3533:Economic history 3500: 3493: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3405: 3386: 3365: 3344: 3325: 3295: 3276: 3257: 3235: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3191: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3147: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3094: 3075: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3039: 3033:. 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1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1766: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1735: 1716: 1696: 1692: 1691:28,500 prisoners 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1652:Gerald Nicholson 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1574: 1565: 1559: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1535:attack and this 1533: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1468: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1431: 1427: 1426:28,500 prisoners 1423: 1420: 1416: 1409: 1398: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1357: 1330:Chemin des Dames 1324: 1319: 1308: 1301:Neuville-Vitasse 1298: 1288: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1229: 1226:Luftstreitkräfte 1221: 1211: 1197: 1177: 1169: 1141: 1123:Chemin des Dames 1112: 1110:artillery pieces 1105: 1102: 1063:Battle of Verdun 1028:heights east of 998: 989: 969:Chemin des Dames 947:and the British 938: 934: 845:St Quentin Canal 440: 430: 423: 416: 407: 406: 334: 332: 322: 315: 308: 299: 298: 290: 287: 262: 259: 239: 238: 230:Erich Ludendorff 228: 227: 216: 215: 205: 204: 189: 185: 183: 182: 171: 170: 163: 159: 157: 156: 149: 145: 143: 142: 115: 114: 112: 111: 110: 105: 104:49.500°N 3.500°E 101: 98: 97: 96: 93: 66: 65: 58: 34: 33: 21: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5679:May 1917 events 5619: 5618: 5617: 5612: 5595: 5554: 5486: 5479: 5450:Treaty of Darin 5418: 5380: 5336:Austria-Hungary 5322: 5309: 5290:Rape of Belgium 5217: 5189: 5137: 5131:Western Armenia 5126:Eastern Galicia 5059: 5033: 4997: 4996:Civilian impact 4995: 4981: 4938: 4867: 4699: 4629:Ovambo Uprising 4581: 4567: 4456: 4358: 4285: 4203:Battle of Łomża 4186: 4182:Christmas truce 4157:Race to the Sea 4090: 4052: 3974: 3945:Austria-Hungary 3921: 3856:Empire of Japan 3793: 3791: 3780: 3764:U-boat campaign 3750: 3722: 3684: 3636: 3582: 3563:Popular culture 3509: 3504: 3466: 3464: 3455: 3442: 3437: 3428: 3426: 3402: 3383: 3362: 3341: 3322: 3303: 3301:Further reading 3298: 3292: 3273: 3254: 3232: 3210: 3208: 3188: 3166: 3164: 3144: 3118: 3116: 3091: 3072: 3059: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3022: 3009: 2990: 2964: 2962: 2941: 2918: 2899: 2877: 2855: 2836: 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1822: 1818: 1773:29 and 30 June, 1772: 1759: 1750: 1747:21 and 24 June. 1746: 1742: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1717: 1708: 1703: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1675:16 to 25 April, 1674: 1670: 1667:Schneider tanks 1662: 1658: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1589: 1581: 1558:40–62 mutineers 1557: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1532:5,300 prisoners 1531: 1518: 1515:Condé-sur-Aisne 1502: 1496: 1491: 1481: 1478:3,550 prisoners 1477: 1459: 1444: 1438: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1407: 1388: 1387:St.Chamond tank 1376: 1355: 1346: 1338: 1332: 1322: 1317: 1311:Monchy-le-Preux 1280: 1266: 1258:Main articles: 1256: 1251: 1237: 1209: 1205: 1195: 1180:Joseph Micheler 1160: 1155: 1107: 1103: 1097:Alexandre Ribot 1092:Hindenburg Line 1069: 1061:Main articles: 1059: 1054: 1021:Philippe Pétain 1005:Battle of Arras 992:Hindenburg Line 936: 932: 921:First World War 909: 908: 907: 902: 879: 683:Vimy Ridge 1916 560:Race to the Sea 528:1st St. Quentin 450: 441: 436: 434: 404: 399: 381: 368: 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5243: 5242: 5241: 5227: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5211:United Kingdom 5208: 5199: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5171: 5165:POW locations 5163: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5147: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5120: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5073: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5041: 5039: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5016: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5000: 4998: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4965:United Kingdom 4962: 4960:Ottoman Empire 4957: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4937: 4936: 4934:Trench warfare 4931: 4930: 4929: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4886: 4884: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4650: 4647:Volta-Bani War 4644: 4638: 4632: 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France. 2003 3453: 3448: 3441: 3440:External links 3438: 3436: 3435: 3406: 3400: 3387: 3381: 3366: 3360: 3345: 3339: 3326: 3320: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3290: 3277: 3271: 3258: 3252: 3236: 3230: 3217: 3192: 3186: 3173: 3148: 3142: 3132:. Cumberland: 3125: 3095: 3089: 3076: 3070: 3050: 3013: 3007: 2994: 2988: 2971: 2945: 2939: 2922: 2916: 2903: 2897: 2885:Edmonds, J. E. 2881: 2875: 2863:Doughty, R. A. 2859: 2853: 2840: 2834: 2817: 2811: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2772: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2736: 2724: 2722:, p. 179. 2712: 2710:, p. 299. 2700: 2688: 2676: 2664: 2652: 2640: 2628: 2624:Michelin 1919a 2613: 2611:, p. 388. 2601: 2599:, p. 101. 2589: 2587:, p. 235. 2577: 2565: 2553: 2541: 2539:, p. 349. 2524: 2522:, p. 243. 2520:Nicholson 1962 2512: 2510:, p. 188. 2500: 2498:, p. 276. 2488: 2486:, p. 147. 2484:Pierrefeu 1919 2476: 2461: 2449: 2447:, p. 368. 2437: 2425: 2423:, p. 247. 2409: 2397: 2385: 2383:, p. 351. 2373: 2369:Uffindell 2015 2361: 2349: 2337: 2325: 2313: 2298: 2286: 2284:, p. 209. 2282:Oleynikov 2016 2274: 2262: 2250: 2238: 2226: 2224:, p. 485. 2214: 2202: 2200:, p. 224. 2190: 2188:, p. 132. 2178: 2166: 2154: 2142: 2130: 2118: 2114:Uffindell 2015 2106: 2094: 2092:, p. 325. 2082: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2055: 2052: 2047:Canadian Corps 2035:Operation Hush 2013: 2010: 1986: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1858: 1848:Main article: 1845: 1842: 1835:21, 22, 27 and 1758: 1755: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1671:134,000 French 1659: 163,000 1587: 1580: 1577: 1508: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1440:Main article: 1437: 1434: 1386: 1344: 1334:Main article: 1331: 1328: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1236: 1233: 1204: 1201: 1188:Charles Mangin 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1125:ridge, in the 1073:Robert Nivelle 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 925:Robert Nivelle 904: 903: 901: 900: 895: 890: 878: 877: 875:Lys and Escaut 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 816: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 777: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 755: 754: 749: 744: 739: 729: 722: 711: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 644: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 622: 621: 611: 606: 604:Neuve Chapelle 601: 596: 585: 584: 579: 577:Winter actions 574: 573: 572: 567: 557: 552: 547: 542: 540:Grand Couronné 537: 532: 531: 530: 525: 520: 510: 509: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 478: 477: 476: 471: 466: 456: 446: 443: 442: 433: 432: 425: 418: 410: 401: 400: 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4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4927:Convoy system 4925: 4924: 4923: 4922:Naval warfare 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4878: 4874: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4682:Kaocen revolt 4680: 4677: 4676:Easter Rising 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 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3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3632:Italian Front 3630: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3621: 3620:Eastern Front 3618: 3616: 3615:Western Front 3613: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3573:Puppet states 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3496: 3494: 3489: 3487: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3462: 3461:chtimiste.com 3458: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3367: 3363: 3361:0-486-24913-1 3357: 3353: 3352: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3293: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3020: 3014: 3010: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2931: 2930: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2782: 2776: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2716: 2709: 2708:Terraine 1977 2704: 2697: 2692: 2686:, p. 87. 2685: 2680: 2674:, p. 28. 2673: 2668: 2662:, p. 55. 2661: 2656: 2649: 2644: 2637: 2632: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2610: 2605: 2598: 2593: 2586: 2585:Terraine 1977 2581: 2574: 2573:Michelin 1919 2569: 2562: 2557: 2551:, p. 83. 2550: 2549:Terraine 1977 2545: 2538: 2537:Terraine 1977 2533: 2531: 2529: 2521: 2516: 2509: 2504: 2497: 2492: 2485: 2480: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2421:Strachan 2003 2418: 2417:Terraine 1977 2413: 2406: 2405:Terraine 1977 2401: 2394: 2393:Paschall 1994 2389: 2382: 2377: 2371:, p. 17. 2370: 2365: 2358: 2353: 2347:, p. 99. 2346: 2341: 2335:, p. 12. 2334: 2333:Michelin 1919 2329: 2322: 2317: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2295: 2290: 2283: 2278: 2271: 2266: 2259: 2254: 2247: 2242: 2235: 2230: 2223: 2218: 2211: 2206: 2199: 2194: 2187: 2182: 2175: 2174:Hoeppner 1994 2170: 2163: 2162:Hoeppner 1994 2158: 2151: 2146: 2139: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2115: 2110: 2103: 2098: 2091: 2086: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2023:West Flanders 2020: 2009: 2002: 1995: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1960: 1957: 10,000 1939:1/2 November. 1936: 1931: 1925: 1916: 1915:Saint-Chamond 1891: 1887: 1881: 1876: 1871:23–27 October 1868: 1856: 1851: 1841: 1821:thirty guns, 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1770: 1765: 1754: 1751:7 and 9 July; 1738: 1734: 1721: 1715: 1698: 1681:were killed, 1668: 1653: 1648: 1645:32,000 killed 1605: 10,000 1598: 1597: 1585: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1564: 1553: 1550:27,000 French 1541:16 to 17 May, 1538: 1528: 1526: 1516: 1512: 1511:Saint-Chamond 1506: 1501: 1486: 1473: 1467: 1456: 1450: 1443: 1433: 1415: 1405: 1400: 1397: 1384: 1380: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1353: 1342: 1337: 1327: 1314: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1277: 1271: 1265: 1261: 1246: 1243: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1220: 1214: 1200: 1193: 1192:Denis Duchêne 1189: 1185: 1184:Olivier Mazel 1181: 1176: 1175: 1168: 1167: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1143:Max von Boehn 1140: 1139: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1084:Western Front 1081: 1080:Joseph Joffre 1078: 1074: 1068: 1064: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1026:Moronvilliers 1022: 1018: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 993: 988: 987: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 931:front within 930: 926: 922: 918: 917:Western Front 914: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 885: 884: 883: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 850:Meuse-Argonne 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 793: 789: 788: 787: 784: 783: 782: 781: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 764:Passchendaele 762: 760: 757: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 734: 733: 730: 728: 727: 723: 721: 718: 717: 716: 715: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 650: 649: 648: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 626:2nd Champagne 624: 620: 617: 616: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 594:1st Champagne 592: 591: 590: 589: 583: 580: 578: 575: 571: 568: 566: 563: 562: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 515: 514: 513:Great Retreat 511: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 483: 482: 479: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 461: 460: 457: 455: 452: 451: 449: 444: 439: 438:Western Front 431: 426: 424: 419: 417: 412: 411: 408: 396: 393: 391: 388: 387: 386: 385: 378: 375: 374: 373: 372: 365: 362: 360: 357: 353: 350: 349: 348: 345: 344: 343: 338: 333: 323: 318: 316: 311: 309: 304: 303: 300: 284: 279: 274: 271: 270: 265: 256: 251: 250: 245: 242: 237: 231: 226: 221: 219: 214: 208: 203: 198: 197: 192: 188: 176: 174: 169: 162: 148: 136: 135: 130: 122: 119: 118: 113: 109:49.500; 3.500 84: 79: 76: 75: 71: 68: 67: 63: 57: 52: 49: 45: 44:Western Front 40: 35: 30: 19: 5588: 5581: 5569: 5176: / 5108: 4943:Conscription 4907:Cryptography 4844:Iraqi Revolt 4271:Siege of Kut 4214: 3792:participants 3741:German Samoa 3675:South Arabia 3465:. Retrieved 3460: 3427:. Retrieved 3414: 3391: 3371: 3350: 3330: 3310: 3281: 3262: 3243: 3240:Terraine, J. 3221: 3209:. Retrieved 3196: 3177: 3165:. Retrieved 3152: 3129: 3117:. Retrieved 3105: 3100: 3080: 3061: 3042:. Retrieved 3035:the original 3018: 2998: 2979: 2975: 2963:. Retrieved 2950: 2928: 2907: 2888: 2866: 2844: 2825: 2821: 2802: 2775: 2749: 2727: 2715: 2703: 2696:Edmonds 1991 2691: 2684:Edmonds 1991 2679: 2672:Sheldon 2007 2667: 2655: 2643: 2636:Doughty 2005 2631: 2609:Doughty 2005 2604: 2592: 2580: 2568: 2561:Doughty 2005 2556: 2544: 2515: 2503: 2491: 2479: 2472:Doughty 2005 2452: 2445:Doughty 2005 2440: 2433:Doughty 2005 2428: 2412: 2400: 2388: 2381:Doughty 2005 2376: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2328: 2316: 2289: 2277: 2265: 2253: 2241: 2229: 2217: 2210:Clayton 2003 2205: 2193: 2186:Clayton 2003 2181: 2169: 2157: 2150:Clayton 2003 2145: 2138:Clayton 2003 2133: 2126:Doughty 2005 2121: 2109: 2102:Doughty 2005 2097: 2090:Doughty 2005 2085: 2078:Gilbert 2023 2073: 2015: 1991: 1952:mortars for 1909:and a force 1892: 1875:La Malmaison 1863: 1825:mortars and 1760: 1739: 1729: 1685:wounded and 1683:100,000 were 1649: 1592: 1554: 1546:21 divisions 1529: 1521: 1517:, 3 May 1917 1445: 1401: 1391: 1369:Condé-Riegel 1361: 1349: 1315: 1306:Monchyriegel 1296:Monchyriegel 1267: 1238: 1215: 1206: 1161: 1070: 1014: 1001:Scarpe river 981: 912: 910: 881: 880: 840:Saint-Mihiel 808:Belleau Wood 791: 779: 778: 769:La Malmaison 731: 725: 713: 712: 678:Kink Salient 646: 645: 641:Gas: Wieltje 587: 586: 447: 383: 382: 377:La Malmaison 370: 369: 341: 329: 277: 272: 218:Douglas Haig 132:Belligerents 42:Part of the 29: 5206:Netherlands 5183:Switzerland 5064:Occupations 5055:Spanish flu 4832:(1919–1922) 4826:(1918–1921) 4820:(1918–1923) 4809:(1919–1921) 4803:(1919–1921) 4797:(1919–1920) 4773:(1918–1920) 4767:(1918–1920) 4761:(1918–1920) 4743:(1918–1920) 4725:(1918–1920) 4719:(1917–1921) 4713:(1917–1921) 4660:(1916-1918) 4658:Arab Revolt 4649:(1915–1917) 4643:(1915–1917) 4631:(1914-1917) 4625:(1914–1917) 4619:(1914–1921) 4613:(1913–1920) 4601:(1910–1920) 4595:(1900–1920) 4568: [ 4086:July Crisis 4007:(1880–1914) 3670:Mesopotamia 3548:Home fronts 3507:World War I 3044:24 February 2031:Couckelaere 2021:(Ieper) in 2005:50 per cent 1633:160,000 and 1621:80,000 were 1619:of wounds, 1613:28,000 were 1609:118,000, of 1210:150,000 men 1196:5,300 guns. 1106:troops and 977:Fourth Army 971:ridge (the 937:10,000 men. 860:2nd Cambrai 698:Boar's Head 688:Mont Sorrel 107: / 5623:Categories 5423:Agreements 5223:War crimes 5099:Luxembourg 4992:Casualties 3863:Montenegro 3698:South West 3578:Technology 3568:Propaganda 3558:Opposition 3167:11 October 3119:11 October 2965:12 October 2791:References 2732:Wynne 1976 2597:Balck 2008 2508:Wynne 1976 2496:Hayes 1920 2457:Wynne 1976 2357:Balck 2008 2345:Balck 2008 2321:Falls 1992 2309:Falls 1992 2294:Falls 1992 2270:Falls 1992 2258:Falls 1992 2246:Falls 1992 2234:Falls 1992 2222:Falls 1992 2198:Horne 1964 1838:28 August, 1823:100 trench 1769:Mort Homme 1733:Californie 1687:4,000 were 1679:30,000 men 1643:including 1637:5,183 men. 1629:5,000 were 1617:5,000 died 1579:Casualties 1424:by 10 May 1408:4 to 5 May 1404:Tenth Army 1364:Sixth Army 1356:6:00 a.m., 1352:Fifth Army 1323:254 German 1052:Background 1009:Vimy Ridge 959:armies at 945:St Quentin 941:Third Army 673:Wulverghem 636:3rd Artois 614:2nd Artois 582:1st Artois 352:Vimy Ridge 123:Indecisive 5320:Diplomacy 5027:Olympians 4950:Australia 4917:Logistics 4850:Vlora War 4779:(1918–19) 4755:(1918–19) 4749:(1918–19) 4737:(1918–19) 4684:(1916–17) 4666:(1916–17) 4617:Zaian War 4607:(1914–15) 4327:first day 4215:Lusitania 4043:(1912–13) 4037:(1911–12) 4025:(1908–09) 4019:(1905–06) 4001:(1870–71) 3790:Principal 3650:Gallipoli 3553:Memorials 3538:Geography 3528:Aftermath 3424:459267081 3206:470759519 3114:491611806 3056:(2016). 2960:364900996 2887:(1991) . 2779:Also the 2066:Footnotes 1998:3:10 a.m. 1950:220 heavy 1907:6:00 a.m. 1903:5:15 a.m. 1899:5:30 a.m. 1895:5:45 a.m. 1790:Kronprinz 1695:187 guns. 1650:In 1962, 1625:20,000 of 1623:wounded, 1509:A French 1489:Aftermath 1460:4:45 a.m. 1436:Champagne 1318:1:00 p.m. 1075:replaced 1042:3rd Ypres 965:Champagne 933:48 hours, 855:5th Ypres 835:2nd Somme 813:2nd Marne 803:3rd Aisne 752:The Hills 747:2nd Aisne 708:Fromelles 703:1st Somme 653:The Bluff 619:Hébuterne 609:2nd Ypres 570:1st Ypres 550:1st Aisne 545:1st Marne 518:Le Cateau 496:Charleroi 481:Frontiers 359:2nd Aisne 275:: 187,000 81:Northern 5608:Category 5195:Refugees 5161:Italians 5150:Germans 5110:Ober Ost 4890:Aviation 3984:Timeline 3955:Bulgaria 3736:Tsingtao 3713:Togoland 3660:Caucasus 3595:European 3587:Theatres 3412:(1939). 3242:(1977). 3031:59609928 2865:(2005). 2801:(2023). 2054:See also 2039:4th Army 1968:Messines 1946:200 guns 1919:21 tanks 1886:Eingreif 1796:Gallwitz 1784:Bismarck 1767:304 and 1677:of whom 1615:killed, 1571:Eingreif 1494:Analysis 1482:27 guns. 1472:Eingreif 1430:187 guns 1132:7th Army 1038:Messines 1017:mutinies 865:Courtrai 820:Soissons 759:Messines 726:Alberich 535:Maubeuge 491:Ardennes 486:Lorraine 454:Moresnet 390:Mutinies 282:32 tanks 247:Strength 77:Location 5346:Germany 5246:Germany 5174:Germany 5094:Belgium 5079:Albania 5038:Disease 5018:Sports 4970:Ireland 4883:Warfare 4876:Aspects 4064:Origins 4057:Prelude 3960:Senussi 3940:Germany 3935:Leaders 3873:Romania 3814:Belgium 3809:Leaders 3708:Kamerun 3690:African 3625:Romania 3603:Balkans 3518:Outline 3162:5361169 2027:Torhout 1935:Ailette 1663:187,000 1153:Prelude 1077:Marshal 1046:Cambrai 1003:in the 919:in the 830:Ailette 798:The Lys 792:Michael 774:Cambrai 668:Hulluch 663:St Eloi 555:Antwerp 342:Battles 280:: 5,183 278:Russian 187:Germany 95:03°30′E 92:49°30′N 46:of the 5366:Russia 5341:France 5169:Canada 5084:Serbia 4955:Canada 4912:Horses 4864:(1921) 4858:(1920) 4852:(1920) 4846:(1920) 4838:(1920) 4791:(1919) 4785:(1919) 4731:(1918) 4696:(1918) 4690:(1917) 4678:(1916) 4672:(1916) 4637:(1915) 4049:(1913) 4031:(1911) 4013:(1905) 3970:Darfur 3895:Serbia 3878:Russia 3841:Greece 3829:France 3819:Brazil 3665:Persia 3608:Serbia 3467:5 July 3429:13 May 3422: 3398: 3379: 3358: 3337: 3318: 3288: 3269: 3250: 3228: 3211:5 July 3204: 3184: 3160: 3140: 3112: 3087: 3068: 3029: 3005: 2986: 2958: 2937: 2914: 2895: 2873: 2851: 2832: 2809: 1757:Verdun 1537:mutiny 1249:Battle 1235:Morale 1178:(GAR, 1108:7,000 870:Sambre 825:Amiens 693:Verdun 523:Étreux 469:Dinant 395:Verdun 273:French 184: 173:Russia 158: 147:France 144: 120:Result 83:France 5563:Other 5356:Japan 5351:Italy 5178:camps 5022:Rugby 4572:] 3851:Japan 3846:Italy 3824:China 3718:North 3104:[ 3060:[ 3038:(PDF) 3023:(PDF) 2978:[ 2824:[ 2741:Notes 2019:Ypres 1994:mines 1911:of 63 1611:whom 1466:Monts 1242:noria 1115:Reims 1030:Reims 961:Arras 957:Fifth 953:Third 949:First 929:Aisne 737:Arras 720:Ancre 474:Namur 464:Liège 347:Arras 5143:POWs 4462:1918 4364:1917 4290:1916 4191:1915 4095:1914 3900:Siam 3703:East 3469:2014 3431:2017 3420:OCLC 3396:ISBN 3377:ISBN 3356:ISBN 3335:ISBN 3316:ISBN 3311:Vimy 3286:ISBN 3267:ISBN 3248:ISBN 3226:ISBN 3213:2014 3202:OCLC 3182:ISBN 3169:2013 3158:OCLC 3138:ISBN 3121:2013 3110:OCLC 3085:ISBN 3066:ISBN 3046:2018 3027:OCLC 3003:ISBN 2984:ISBN 2967:2013 2956:OCLC 2935:ISBN 2912:ISBN 2893:ISBN 2871:ISBN 2849:ISBN 2830:ISBN 2807:ISBN 2764:and 1976:and 1948:and 1814:Côte 1808:Côte 1802:Côte 1793:and 1764:Côte 1693:and 1480:and 1428:and 1350:The 1262:and 1119:Roye 1117:and 1065:and 1044:and 955:and 911:The 780:1918 742:Vimy 714:1917 647:1916 631:Loos 588:1915 565:Yser 501:Mons 448:1914 69:Date 1771:on 943:at 5625:: 4570:It 3459:. 3136:. 2758:, 2616:^ 2527:^ 2464:^ 2301:^ 1954:c. 1787:, 1656:c. 1602:c. 1419:c. 1374:c. 1313:. 1149:. 1101:c. 1048:. 1040:, 951:, 286:c. 258:c. 4994:/ 3499:e 3492:t 3485:v 3471:. 3404:. 3385:. 3364:. 3343:. 3324:. 3294:. 3275:. 3256:. 3234:. 3215:. 3190:. 3171:. 3146:. 3123:. 3093:. 3074:. 3048:. 3011:. 2992:. 2969:. 2943:. 2920:. 2901:. 2879:. 2857:. 2838:. 2815:. 2770:. 2029:– 1134:( 429:e 422:t 415:v 321:e 314:t 307:v 20:)

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Index