New France - Knowledge

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their mercantile powers stripped, their trading network disbanded, and widespread governmental persecutory policies were enacted both within mainland France and Nouvelle France. In 1661, Louis XVI was able to enact self-rule as his regency ended, and he instituted a variety of anti-Protestant conventions throughout the greater French Empire. Under these new rules, Protestant children were forcibly converted to Catholicism, implemented direct governmental jurisdiction over what were formerly Huguenot-controlled trade routes, and labelled the Protestant communities throughout Nouvelle France (specifically Quebec and Acadia) as significant threats to the colonies, as they might sympathise with English Protestants competing in the same areas and trades. Eventually, Protestants were banned from settling in Nouvelle France, and the existing ones were only allowed to "summer" in the colonies, not "winter" there.

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that it ultimately brought benefits to the French settlers. However, Cornelius Jaenen notes that French-Canadian historians remain strongly divided on the subject. One group sees it as a highly negative economic, political and ideological disaster that threatened a way of life with materialism and Protestantism. At the other pole are those historians who see the positive benefit of enabling the preservation of language, and religion and traditional customs under British rule. French-Canadian debates have escalated since the 1960s, as the conquest is seen as a pivotal moment in the history of Québec's nationalism. Francophone historian Jocelyn Létourneau suggested in 2009, that today, "1759 does not belong primarily to a past that we might wish to study and understand, but, rather, to a present and a future that we might wish to shape and control."

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through the winter; the Indigenous people showed them how to survive in the New World. They showed the settlers how to hunt for food and to use the furs for clothing that would protect them during the winter months. Modern historians have highlighted that despite largely functional relations with indigenous peoples, administrators in France viewed co-operation as a wholly irritating task. Geographically removed from the colonies, Parisian courtiers viewed indigenous peoples as '

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Montcalm with a huge force of 7,200 French and Canadian troops and 2,400 Native Americans laid siege to Fort William Henry on the southern shores of Lake George, and after three weeks of fighting the British commander Monroe surrendered. Montcalm gave him honorable terms to return to England and not to fight for 18 months. And yet, when the British force with civilians was three miles from the fort, the Native American allies massacred about 1,100 of the 1,500 strong force.

1689:, the act of acquiring and the selling of the furs, quickly promoted the growth of complementary second and tertiary sectors of the economy. For instance a small number of tanneries was established in Montreal as well as a larger number of inns, taverns and markets that would support the growing number of inhabitants whose livelihood depended on the fur trade. Already by 1683 there were well over 140 families and there may have been as many as 900 people living in Montreal. 3519: 1208: 2669: 2761: 1495: 11594: 9695: 9200: 8585: 2161:

accommodate those of European societies. "In France, women are to be obedient to their masters, their husbands." Jesuits would attempt to justify this to the indigenous women in hopes to enlighten them on proper European behavior. In response, Indigenous women grew worrisome of the presence of these missionaries fearing they would lose power and freedom within their communities. By 1649, both the Jesuit mission and the Huron society were almost destroyed by

3298: 1671: 1468: 2501:) in Quebec City and had only one royal judge, also known as the civil and criminal lieutenant general of Quebec City, who heard both civil and criminal cases, as well as district police. Additionally, a court clerk and a king's attorney were appointed to the court; if either of these two officers could not attend the trials due to illness or other untenable circumstances, the Intendant would appoint a temporary substitute. 3533: 1862: 3505: 1464:, to move to New France. The King paid for their passage and granted goods or money as their dowries upon their marriage to single settlers. Approximately 800 women, primarily from the impoverished Parisian, Norman, and West-Central families, relocated during 1663–1673. By 1672, the population of New France had risen to 6,700 people, a marked increase from the population of 3,200 people in 1663. 3187:

that time, as General James Abercrombie assembled a force of 16,200 British, American, and Iroquois troops. A spirited French defense led the British to withdraw after a fierce battle on the 8th of July, 1758. During the battle, the British suffered 2,200 casualties and lost several artillery pieces, while the French received roughly 104 killed and 273 wounded.

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Huguenot surnames to this day. Huguenots were famous for their large and interconnected trading and communication network that spanned throughout France, and most of her colonies. This network was also known for trading with the Dutch Republic, and the Kingdom of England; two of France's most important rivals, that also happened to be Protestant nations.

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battle, and thus in some sense symbolized the kingdom of France. During the later period of French rule, it would seem that the emblem...was a flag showing the fleur-de-lys on a white ground... as seen in Florida. There were, however, 68 flags authorized for various services by Louis XIV in 1661; and a number of these were doubtless used in New France

1777:. This challenged the coureurs trade because they so easily evaded controls, monopolies, and taxation, and additionally because the coureurs trade was held to debauch both French and various indigenous groups. The coureur debauched Frenchmen by accustoming them to fully live with indigenous, and indigenous by trading on their desire for alcohol. 900:) was built between Montreal and Quebec to encourage faster trade. The shipping industry also flourished as new ports were built and old ones were upgraded. The number of colonists greatly increased. By 1720, Canada had become a self-sufficient colony with a population of 24,594. Mainly due to natural increase and modest immigration from 2418:) was formally set as the main source of law for civil law in France's overseas empire. All royal judges and king's attorneys in New France had to be thoroughly familiar with this compilation of rules. The Custom governed various civil aspects of the daily life in New France, including property, marriage, inheritance, and so on. 2392:) for New France, having the authority to hand down verdicts on final appeal. Initially, the Council convened once every week, and the quorum of the Sovereign Council was seven for criminal matters, or five for civil cases. The council's practices evolved over time. At the Sovereign Council there was a king's attorney-general ( 1894:

culture and solidify alliances, but as the Métis began to emerge as an independent culture around the 1700s, it began to be discouraged by the French. Many Métis families moved to western Canada in response to this, as well as for other reasons, such as fur trading opportunities. One major settlement at this time was in the

1784:, and in 1678, it was confirmed by a General Assembly that the trade was to be made in public so as to better assure the safety of the indigenous population. It was also forbidden to take spirits inland to trade with indigenous groups. However, these restrictions on the coureurs, for a variety of reasons, never worked. The 2558:) was a special court for hearing first instance trials on both religious and secular affairs involving members of the Church. It first appeared in around 1660 but was not officially recognized by state authorities for it was not administered by a bishop, until 1684. Appeals from this court lay with the Sovereign Council. 3488:

The Conquest (referring to the fall of New France to the British, and specifically the events of 1759–60) has always been a central and contested theme of Canadian memory. Some Anglophone historians portray the Conquest as a victory for "British military, political and economic superiority" and argue

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was fought at the fortress of the same name, which is located on a strip of land between Lake Champlain and Lake George, and which was defended by 3,400 French regular troops and marines, with minimal support from militia and indigenous peoples. The battle was the largest seen in North America up to

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drove them off in April 1754. New France claimed this as part of their colony, and the French were anxious to keep the British from encroaching on it. The French built Fort Duquesne here to serve as a military stronghold and as a base for developing trade and strengthening military alliances with the

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It was not until 16 September 1666, that the St-Sulpicians finally handed over the justice of the Island of Montreal to the Intendant of New France. In 1693, the French king commanded the replacement of the ecclesiastical courts in Montreal with a royal court composed of one royal judge, with appeals

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The fur trade benefited Indigenous people as well. They traded furs for metal tools and other European-made items that made their lives easier. Tools such as knives, pots and kettles, nets, firearms and hatchets improved the general welfare of indigenous peoples. At the same time, while everyday life

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people, who are descendants of marriages between French men and Indigenous women. Their name originates from an old French term for “person of mixed parentage.” At the beginning of the fur trade, these relationships were encouraged by the French as a way to encourage the First Nations to adopt French

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in 1718, once again highlighted the economic importance of the fur trade. This merchant association, like its predecessor the Compagnie des Cent Associés, regulated the fur trade to the best of its abilities imposing price points, supporting government sale taxes and combating black market practices.

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of small bulk but high value. Because of this it managed to attract increased attention and/or input capital that would otherwise be intended for other areas of the economy. The Montreal area witnessed a stagnant agricultural sector; it remained for the most part subsistence orientated with little or

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In 1650, New France had seven hundred colonists and Montreal had only a few dozen settlers. Because the First Nations people did most of the work of beaver hunting, the company needed few French employees. The sparsely populated New France almost fell to hostile Iroquois forces completely as well. In

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The Huguenots (a name used to designate French-Speaking Protestants) were a mercantile group, originating from the coastal cities of North-Western France, and had a significant impact on the early development of New France, especially in the regions of Quebec and Acadia, where many people still hold

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The major commercial importance of the Louisiana Purchase territory was the Mississippi River. New Orleans, the largest and most important city in the territory, was the most commercial city in the United States until the Civil War, with most jobs there being related to trade and shipping; there was

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The European population grew slowly under French rule, thus remained relatively low as growth was largely achieved through natural births, rather than by immigration. Most of the French were farmers, and the rate of natural increase among the settlers themselves was very high. The women had about 30

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During the French régime in Canada, there does not appear to have been any French national flag in the modern sense of the term. The "Banner of France", which was composed of fleur-de-lys on a blue field, came nearest to being a national flag, since it was carried before the king when he marched to

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Initially, King Henri IV recognised Protestants as a significant minority within France, and allowed them a certain degree of freedom within their religion. After several years of various skirmishes within Metropolitan France, the Huguenots were deemed to not be "faithful servants of the king", and

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in 1713 for 15 years. After losing four times his investment, Crozat gave up his charter in 1717. Control of Louisiana and its 700 inhabitants was given to the Company of the Indies in 1719. The company conducted a major settlement program by recruiting European settlers to locate in the territory.

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As the fur trade became the dominant economy in the New World, French voyageurs, trappers and hunters often married or formed relationships with Indigenous women. This allowed the French to develop relations with their wives' Indigenous nations, which in turn provided protection and access to their

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By the end of French rule in New France in 1763, the fur trade had significantly lost its importance as the key staple good that supported much of New France's economy for more than the last century. Even so, it did serve as the fundamental force behind the establishment and vast growth of Montreal

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Apart from judicial responsibilities, the Great Seneschal was also in charge of convening local nobility in New France, as well as issuing declarations of war if necessary. However, such alternative role of the Great Seneschal was much weakened soon after by having the rights to declare war and to

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described the symptoms as being severe. Brebeuf stated that the fearlessness of the indigenous peoples towards death upon this disease made them perfect candidates for conversion to Christianity. The indigenous peoples believed that if they did not convert to Christianity, they would be exposed to

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Besides household duties, some women participated in the fur trade, the major source of money in New France. They worked at home alongside their husbands or fathers as merchants, clerks, and provisioners. Some were widows who took over their husbands' roles. Some even became independent and active

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This rapid demographic growth was predicated both on the high demand for children and on the ready supply of natural resources to support them. According to Landry, "Canadians had an exceptional diet for their time. This was due to the natural abundance of meat, fish, and pure water; the good food

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The court of admiralty was created on 12 January 1717 and was the last judicial body set up in Canada during the French colonial period. The court had a judge (also known as the lieutenant-general of the court) appointed by the French admiralty, a king's attorney, a clerk of court, and one or two

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When Canada was settled as part of France and dubbed "New France," two flags gained national status. One was the Royal Banner of France. This featured a blue background with three gold fleurs-de-lis. A white flag of the French Royal Navy was also flown from ships and forts and sometimes flown at

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to the south along the Atlantic coast grew in population from natural increase and more new settlers from Europe. By 1760, almost 1.6 million people lived in the British colonies, a ratio of approximately twenty-three to one compared to New France. The population of the New England colonies

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The presence of Jesuit missionaries in Huron society was nonnegotiable. The Huron relied on French goods to facilitate life and warfare. Because the French would refuse trade to all indigenous societies that denied relations with missionaries, the Huron had more of a propensity towards Christian

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peoples. These lands were full of unexploited and valuable natural resources, which attracted all of Europe. By the 1580s, French trading companies had been set up, and ships were contracted to bring back furs. Much of what transpired between the indigenous population and their European visitors

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against Fort Duquesne, and although they were numerically superior to the French militia and their Indian allies, Braddock's army was routed and Braddock was killed. Later that same year at the Battle of Lake George, the British General William Johnson with a force of 1700 American and Iroquois

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The presence of settlers, of businesses from several European countries harvesting furs, along with the interests of the indigenous people in this new competition for North American resources set the scene for significant military conflicts among all parties in New France beginning in 1642, and

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At the time of New France (1534 to the 1760s), two flags could be viewed as having national status. The first was the banner of France – a blue square flag bearing three gold fleurs-de-lys. It was flown above fortifications in the early years of the colony. For instance, it was flown above the

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The enduring contestation of the legacy of the Conquest can be exemplified by an episode in 2009, when an attempt to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the battle of the Plains of Abraham was cancelled. The explanation for the cancellation was that it was over security concerns, but activist

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did not use typical raiding tactics of moving swiftly and silently. Instead, they captured individuals and brought them back to their own territory. Women and children were made a part of the village, and men encountered slow torturous deaths. In the 1660s, warfare changed, and France began to

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were interested in exploiting the land through the fur trade as well as the timber trade later on. Despite having tools and guns, the French settlers were dependent on Indigenous people to survive in the difficult climate in this part of North America. Many settlers did not know how to survive

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from French territories. By trading with various indigenous populations and securing the main markets its power grew steadily for the next decade. As a result, it was able to set specific price points for furs and other valuable goods, often doing so to protect its economic hegemony over other

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continued from 1755 to 1764. In 1756, a large force of French, Canadians, and their Native American allies led by the Marquis de Montcalm launched an attack against the key British post at Fort Oswego on Lake Ontario from Fort Frontenac and forced the garrison to surrender. The following year

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The natural abundance of furs had passed and it could no longer meet market demand. This eventually resulted in the repeal of the 25 percent sales tax that had previously aimed at curbing the administrative costs New France had accumulated. In addition, dwindling supply increased black market

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European population of Louisiana is estimated at 5,000 by the 1720s. This would dramatically change in the mid-1730s with the loss of 2,000 French settlers and the introduction of African slaves. Enslaved men, women and children represented approximately 65 percent of the 6,000 non-indigenous

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Jesuit missionaries were troubled by the absence of patriarchy in indigenous communities. Indigenous women were highly regarded within their societies and participated in political and military decisions. Jesuits attempted to eliminate the matriarchy and shift the powers of men and women to

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traveled in a small party, starting from Green Bay down the Wisconsin River to the Mississippi River, communicating with the tribes they met en route. Although Spanish trade goods had reached most of the indigenous peoples, these were the first Frenchmen to connect in the area named for the

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homes and crops. Later that Winter, many Iroquois died due to starvation, and the Iroquois finally agreed to peace which lasted roughly twenty years. The encounter between Ormeaux and the Iroquois is of significance because it dissuaded the Iroquois from further attacks against Montreal.

2125:. Trading with the French allowed for larger amounts of decorative goods to be buried during ceremonies as opposed to only a bare minimum. With the growing epidemics and high number of deaths, the Huron could not afford to lose relations with the French, fearing to anger their ancestors. 3777:

lodgings of Pierre Du Gua de Monts at Île Sainte-Croix in 1604. There is some evidence that the banner also flew above Samuel de Champlain's habitation in 1608. ... the completely white flag of the French Royal Navy was flown from ships, forts and sometimes at land-claiming ceremonies.

1611:, the economic development of New France was marked by the emergence of successive economies based on staple commodities, each of which dictated the political and cultural settings of the time. During the 16th and early 17th centuries New France's economy was heavily centered on its 3746:

It is most probable that the Bourbon Flag was used during the greater part of the occupancy of the French in the region extending southwest from the St. Lawrence to the Mississippi, known as New France... The French flag was probably blue at that time with three golden fleur-de-lis

2149:. They kept detailed records of what they saw and the people they met, sketching what they could, and mapped the Mississippi River in 1673. Their travels were described as first contacts with the indigenous peoples, though evidence of contact with Spanish from the south was clear. 2709:, and any other tribes that were in alliance with the French. If the Iroquois could destroy New France and its Indian allies, they would be able to trade freely and profitably with the Dutch and English on the Hudson River. The Iroquois formally attacked the settlement at today's 2713:

in its foundation year of 1642, and in almost every subsequent year thereafter. A militant theocracy maintained Montreal. In 1653 and 1654, reinforcements arrived at Montreal, which allowed the Iroquois to be halted. In that year the Iroquois made peace with the French.

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Nonetheless, by the beginning of the 1700s the economic prosperity the fur trade stimulated slowly transformed Montreal. Economically, it was no longer a town of small traders or of fur fairs but rather a city of merchants and of bright lights. The primary sector of the

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became easier, some traditional ways of doing things were abandoned or altered, and while Indigenous people embraced many of these implements and tools, they also were exposed to less vital trade goods, such as alcohol and sugar, sometimes with deleterious effects. The

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The Civil and Criminal Lieutenant General sat as judge in trials at first instance, whereas appeals would be adjudicated by the Governor, who held the sovereign right to settle final appeals on behalf of the French king. The Great Seneschal also had a magistrate in

2373:) was responsible for inquiring into the facts and preparing the case against the accused. In the districts of Quebec City and Montreal, the royal judges had special lieutenants to substitute them whenever they were absent or sick. Feudal courts heard minor cases. 2012:

little manufacturing. The first commercial shipment to come down the Mississippi River was of deer and bear hides in 1705. The area, always loosely defined in those early times of European claims and settlements, extended as far east as the city that is now

2720:, a colonist and soldier of New France, was a notable figure regarding the Iroquois attacks against Montreal. The Iroquois soon resumed their assaults against Montreal, and the few settlers of Montreal fell almost completely to hostile Iroquois forces. The 2396:) in charge of the similar tasks as the district king's attorneys. He was also responsible for supervising the king's attorneys' daily operations as well as execution of royal edicts and regulations passed by the council in their respective districts. 2368:

In addition to the royal judges, there were other judicial officers in each district. The clerk of court (registrar) was responsible for transcribing all court proceedings as well as other documents relevant to each of the cases. The king's attorney

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as their initial step upon the journey and keeping Montreal as their starting point. The Ottawa River was significant because it offered a route that was practical for Europeans, by taking the traders northward out of the territory dominated by the

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Simultaneously, the English colonies to the south began raiding the St. Lawrence Valley, also capturing and holding Quebec until 1632. Champlain returned to Canada that year and requested that Sieur de Laviolette found another trading post at

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from English attacks. The Civil and Criminal Lieutenant was essentially supervised by the Governor, who held superior judicial authority over the Lieutenant, but for most of the time would let the Lieutenant mediate and decide legal affairs.

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north beyond the French-held territory of New France. In 1670, King Charles II of England issued a charter to Prince Rupert and "the Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson Bay" for an English monopoly in harvesting furs in

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In the 16th century, the lands were used primarily to extract natural resources, such as furs, through trade with the various indigenous peoples. In the seventeenth century, successful settlements began in Acadia and in Quebec. In the

2579:. The court heard first instance trials on maritime affairs, including commerce and seamen's conduct. During wartime, it also commanded maritime police. Before 1717, the Quebec Provostry performed the duties of the admiralty court. 2365:. Each district had its own separate jurisdiction with a judge appointed by the Crown, known as the civil and criminal lieutenants general. They were responsible for all legal matters, civil and criminal, in each of the districts. 1283:

that remained a characteristic feature of the St. Lawrence valley until the 19th century. While Richelieu's efforts did little to increase the French presence in New France, they did pave the way for the success of later efforts.

3012:, but the peace treaty, which restored all colonial borders to their pre-war status, did little to end the lingering enmity between France, Britain, and their respective colonies, nor did it resolve any territorial disputes. 1311:. Communauté des Habitants at the time of Trottier traded fur primarily. On 4 July 1646, by Pierre Teuleron, sieur de Repentigny, granted Trottier land in La Rochelle to build and develop New France, under the authorization 2618:

as a small settlement of around 399 settlers in 1670–71, vulnerable to foreign invasion, courts were minimal, consisting of only a Civil and Criminal Lieutenant and a king's attorney. There was not an official court in

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Francis Parkman : France and England in North America, Pioneers of France in the New World, The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century, La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West, The Old Regime in

1161:. Colonization was slow and difficult. Many settlers died early because of harsh weather and diseases. In 1630, there were only 103 colonists living in the settlement, but by 1640, the population had reached 355. 927:

By 1714, the Acadian population had expanded to over 2,500 and to about 13,000 people by the end of the 1750s. This was mostly from natural increase rather than immigration that affected other French settlements.

880:, between 1665 and 1666. According to Talon's census there were 3,215 people in New France, comprising 538 separate families. The census showed a great difference in the number of men at 2,034 versus 1,181 women. 1906:, which began to recognize the Métis nation as a separate group with various rights and protections, but was not supported by the vast majority of Métis as it removed many from land that was rightfully theirs. 1761:. The coureurs traveled with intermediate trading tribes, and found that they were anxious to prevent French access to the more distant fur-hunting tribes. Still, the coureurs kept thrusting outwards using the 9791: 2694:, which resulted in its trade being easily and frequently interrupted. The Iroquois were in alliance with the Dutch and English, which allowed them to interrupt the French fur trade and send the furs down the 1188:. This military engagement against the Iroquois solidified Champlain's status with New France's Huron and Algonquin allies, enabling him to maintain bonds essential to New France's interests in the fur trade. 1350:

In 1627, Quebec had only eighty-five French colonists and was easily overwhelmed two years later when three English privateers plundered the settlement. In 1663, New France finally became more secure when

3034:. During Father Le Loutre's War, New France established three forts along the border of present-day New Brunswick to protect it from a New England attack from Nova Scotia. The war continued until British 1404:

intending to make more land available to new settlers. Talon's attempts failed since very few settlers arrived and the various industries he established failed to surpass the importance of the fur trade.

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While New Englanders safely settled the land, not until the treaty of 1752 did Massachusetts officially lay claim to the entire Penobscot watershed, and in 1759, the Pownall Expedition, led by Governor

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and his family of Paris. They expressly came to settle and remain in New France so as to make the settlement viable. Waves of recruits came in response to the requests for men with specific skills,

1898:, strategically placed in a significant area for the fur trade. This was the origin of the modern Métis nation, which was legally recognized by modern Canada as a protected Indigenous group in the 2293:, then Governor of New France; judicial functions were in fact carried out by the Seneschal's deputies. These deputies included such officials as the civil and criminal lieutenant general ( 1111:

in 1605. It was abandoned in 1607, re-established in 1610, and destroyed in 1613, after which settlers moved to other nearby locations, creating settlements that were collectively known as

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was in a state of being contested between various European colonists. None of the Euroean countries—France, England, the Netherlands—were able to put in place a stable jurisdiction there.

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led them to invade Iroquois territory. In the spring of 1660, Adam Dollard des Ormeaux led a small militia consisting of 16 men from Montreal against a much larger Iroquois force at the

9784: 2915:, who were allied with New France. New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy defended against the expansion of New England settlements into Acadia, whose border New France defined as the 2519:

served as the judge to the colonists as well as soldiers. He would announce his verdict at the presence of the chiefs of the Company of One Hundred Associates and that would be final.

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The Crown paid for transatlantic passages and offered other incentives to those willing to move to New France as well, after which the population of New France grew to three thousand.

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Throughout the war, the British deported the Acadians to the Thirteen Colonies and Europe, which the Acadian militias resisted with assistance from Mi'kmaq and Malisteet forces. The

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conservation conditions during the winter; and an adequate wheat supply in most years." Consequently, colonial women bore about 30% more children than comparable women in France.

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were created. However, the Seneschal was under the oversight by the Governor, hence the Governor still had rather extensive control over legal matters in New France. In 1651, the

1634:, established on the current island of Montreal, quickly became the economic hub for the French fur trade. It achieved this in great part due to its particular location along the 2776:

began and the English and Iroquois launched a major assault on New France, after many years of small skirmishes throughout the English and French territories. New France and the

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Champlain also arranged to have young French men live with local indigenous people, to learn their language and customs and help the French adapt to life in North America. These

8223: 924:) the population of Canada increased to 55,000 according to the last French census of 1754. This was an increase from 42,701 in 1730. By 1765, the population approached 70,000. 9777: 894:

After the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, New France began to prosper. Industries such as fishing and farming, which had failed under Talon, began to flourish. A "King's Highway" (

5251: 3247:, allowing them to blockade the entrance to the St. Lawrence River. This proved decisive in the war. In 1759, the British besieged Quebec by sea, and an army under General 3570: 2152:

Subsequent to the arrival of French children in Quebec in 1634, measles was also brought along with them, which quickly spread among the indigenous peoples. Jesuit priest

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to invest in New France, promising land parcels to hundreds of new settlers and to turn Canada into an important mercantile and farming colony. He named Champlain as the

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Landry, Yves (Winter 1993). "Fertility in France and New France: The Distinguishing Characteristics of Canadian Behavior in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries".

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in 1762. Louisiana remained under the control of Spain until it was demanded to be turned over to France by Napoleon. Although Louisiana was property of France by the

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Unemployed persons, convicts and prostitutes were also sent to the Louisiana Territory. After the bankruptcy of the company in 1720, control was returned to the king.

6285: 1914:, like most tribes, began to rely on the importation of European goods, like firearms, which contributed significantly to a decrease in the beaver population of the 1533:

La Salle attempted to establish the first southern colony in the new territory in 1685, but inaccurate maps and navigational issues led him to instead establish his

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After the Sovereign Council was established in Quebec in 1663, the Council carried out criminal justice according to the general ordinances of France. In 1670, the

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and virtually all of present-day Maine remained contested territory between New England and New France. To secure New France's claim to the region, it established

3147:. As a result of that defeat, the British decided to prepare the conquest of Quebec City, the capital of New France. The British defeated France in Acadia in the 1791:

As time passed, the Coureurs des bois were partially replaced by licensed fur trading endeavors, and the main canoe travel workers of those endeavors were called

1638:. From here a new economy emerged, one of size and density that provided increased economic opportunities for the inhabitants of New France. In December 1627 the 3493:

Sylvain Rocheleau stated, " they had to cancel the event because it was insulting a majority of Francophones. They had to cancel it because it was a bad idea.".

3476:(French: Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon), consisting of a group of small islands 25 kilometres (16 mi; 13 nmi) off the coast of 4163:

Landry, Yves (1993). "Fertility in France and New France: The Distinguishing Characteristics of Canadian Behavior in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries".

2482:) was established in 1664 and had jurisdiction to try cases at first instance, but then it was abolished in 1674. The Sovereign Council appointed trial judges ( 1233:

and among the Huron tribes who lived there. Ultimately, for the better part of a century, the Iroquois and French clashed in a series of attacks and reprisals.

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French culture and religion remained dominant in most of the former territory of New France until the arrival of British settlers led to the later creation of

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The French (later Spanish) Louisiana Territory was owned by France for a number of years before the money-losing territory was transferred to French banker

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settlement penetrated further into the continental interior. Here French economic interests would shift and concentrate itself on the development of the

5740: 3080:(1756 to 1763). Possessions of Britain (pink), France (blue), and Spain. (White boarder lines mark later Canadian Provinces and US States for reference) 11659: 9251: 2286:

had its special Governor at that time, who also administered justice on the Island, and had not handed over justice to the Grand Seneschal until 1652.

3983: 11065: 9370: 7814: 5407: 3004:, led a counterattack on Louisbourg. Both France and New France were unable to relieve the siege, and Louisbourg fell to the British. With the famed 11649: 9746: 7895: 5680: 281: 2259:'s purview. Under this arrangement, legal disputes were settled in an incoherent fashion due to the Governor's arbitrariness in issuing verdicts. 11664: 10820: 10019: 9596: 8872: 5589:

Native North American spirituality of the eastern woodlands: sacred myths, dreams, visions, speeches, healing formulas, rituals, and ceremonials

11654: 7900: 868:

per cent more children than comparable women who remained in France. Yves Landry says, "Canadians had an exceptional diet for their time." The

11644: 1437:., farmers, architects, and blacksmiths. At the same time, the government encouraged intermarriages with the indigenous peoples and welcomed 1773:

Montreal faced difficulties by having too many coureurs out in the woods. The furs coming down were causing an oversupply on the markets of

11669: 9302: 8849: 3442:

for most of British North America and established French-speaking Quebec (the former Lower Canada) as one of the original provinces of the

1554: 840:

resulted in the relinquishing of French claims to mainland Acadia, the Hudson Bay and Newfoundland, and the establishment of the colony of

810: 7080: 3259:

in September. The garrison in Quebec surrendered on 18 September, and by the next year New France had been conquered by the British after

678:

New France eventually became absorbed within the United States and Canada, with the only vestige of French rule being the tiny islands of

10983: 8634: 3720: 3352:

with a population around 70,000, mainly due to natural increase. The European population had grown slowly under French rule. The British

2737:. They succeeded in turning back the Iroquois invasion and are responsible for saving Montreal from destruction. They were able to take 2430:

was a special case because its judiciary had been previously held by the Society of St-Sulpice. In 1663, Governor-General of New France

1050:

that became important once France began to occupy the land. French merchants soon realized the St. Lawrence region was full of valuable

11310: 11304: 10779: 10512: 9075: 9070: 7910: 7905: 3741:

Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association with the Quarterly Journal: 2nd–21st Annual Meeting with a List of New Members

3135:(which did not technically begin in Europe until 1756). The war began with the defeat of a Virginia militia contingent led by Colonel 2003: 1572:. Forts were also built in the older portions of New France that had not yet been settled. Many of these forts were garrisoned by the 1511: 11679: 10480: 9375: 9339: 9297: 9292: 8643: 3875: 3524: 3458: 2874:

on Île Royale, a French military stronghold intended to protect the approaches to the St. Lawrence River settlements, began in 1719.

2792:) broke out in 1702. Quebec survived the English invasions of both these wars, and during the wars France seized many of the English 2091:, farther up the St. Lawrence. Throughout the 1640s, Jesuit missionaries penetrated the Great Lakes region and converted many of the 4857: 4663:

Pierre Dugua de Mons: gentilhomme royannais, premier colonisateur du Canada, lieutenant général de la Nouvelle-France de 1603 à 1612

4238: 4209: 3178:

In 1758, the French suffered a defeat when the British captured the fortress city of Louisborg in July, while gaining a victory at

891:

with a population around 15,000 to 16,000. The first population figures for Acadia are from 1671, which enumerated only 450 people.

11451: 10889: 9397: 8977: 8003: 3218: 3202:. The dominant population in the region remained Acadian, that is to say, not British. In 1755, the British were successful in the 3104: 2046:

in 1803. Following the American acquisition of the territory, its population tripled between 1803 and Louisiana statehood in 1812.

1296: 1264:

emigrants to New France were forced to convert to Catholicism, prompting many of them to relocate to the English colonies instead.

707: 10919: 8487: 8233: 3565: 3099:, guarded the most important strategic location in the west at the time of the Seven Years' War. It was built to ensure that the 2948: 2340:

administer finances stripped off from the office because the French crown feared that colonial officers held too much authority.

6717: 3939: 579:, France ceded to Great Britain its claims over mainland Acadia, Hudson Bay, and Newfoundland. France established the colony of 11639: 11634: 11629: 10843: 9414: 9244: 9089: 8844: 8709: 8149: 2435: 1963:, and the surrounding lands for England in 1611, English colonists had begun expanding their boundaries across what is now the 996:. Verrazzano's voyage convinced the king to seek to establish a colony in the newly discovered land. Verrazzano gave the names 8198: 7389: 4380:

The Founding of New Societies: Studies in the History of the United States, Latin America, South Africa, Canada, and Australia

1360: 1046:

French fishing fleets continued to sail to the Atlantic coast and into the St. Lawrence River, making alliances with Canadian

11536: 10929: 10864: 10714: 10155: 9060: 8859: 8796: 8099: 7826: 7750: 7731: 7673:

Greer, Allan (2010). "National, Transnational, and hypernational historiographies: New France meets early American history".

7564: 7543: 7445: 7399: 7296: 7209: 7112: 7044: 6997: 6963: 6933: 6906: 6879: 6830: 6775: 6674: 6646: 6577: 6546: 6491: 6464: 6437: 6410: 6340: 6109: 5900: 5873: 5841: 5815: 5785: 5720: 5649: 5624: 5597: 5570: 5308: 5283: 5011: 4930: 4841: 4814: 4777: 4752: 4722: 4670: 4645: 4620: 4573: 4537: 4510: 4483: 4453: 4361: 4292: 4109: 4075: 4043: 3915: 3859: 3349: 3292: 3284: 2462:. The introduction of a royal court on the Montreal Island also resulted in the abolition of the feudal court in the fief of 1591: 1377:, to Quebec. The colonial government was reformed along the lines of the government of France, with the Governor General and 711: 6125: 3468:

The only remnant of the former colonial territory of New France that remains under French control to this day is the French

2631:. It is difficult to trace the judicial history of French Acadia as the relevant archives were destroyed in a fire in 1708. 1184:. He participated decisively in a battle against the Iroquois there, killing two Iroquois chiefs with the first shot of his 11365: 10854: 9739: 9647: 9611: 9491: 9486: 9409: 9317: 8905: 8892: 8807: 8783: 8193: 8081: 7857: 6747: 6293: 1390: 1088:

Other attempts at establishing permanent settlements were also failures. In 1598, a French trading post was established on

695: 4006: 11457: 10894: 10884: 10874: 10869: 10658: 10196: 10045: 9451: 9130: 8936: 8684: 8651: 7880: 2940: 2451: 2439: 2318: 1347:

against a much larger Iroquois force; none of the Canadians survived, although they did turn back the Iroquois invasion.

1073: 306: 249: 3321:) and some were sent to France. Many eventually settled in Quebec or Louisiana, while others returned to the regions of 11262: 9013: 8414: 7336: 5972:"Huguenots and Nouvelle France: Tracing the Impact of the French Protestant Minority on Colonial Development in Canada" 5543: 5391: 3560: 3268: 3238: 3121: 3103:

valley remained under French control. A small colonial force from Virginia began a fort here, but a French force under

3008:, France attempted to retake Acadia and the fortress in 1746 but failed. The fortress was returned to France under the 2438:

the Governor of the Island of Montreal and consolidating a royal jurisdiction on the island, but the plan garnered the

1866: 1623:. It would soon become the new staple good that would strengthen and drive New France's economy, in particular that of 1542: 1445:

sent to New France. As couples married, cash incentives to have large families were put in place and proved effective.

87: 3380:

control since the end of the Seven Years' War, remained off-limits to settlement from the thirteen American colonies.

2954:

The war began on two fronts: when New England pushed its way through Maine and when New England established itself at

2515:

In the early stages of French colonization, the execution of criminal justice in New France was rather arbitrary. The

1770:. It was for this reason that Montreal and the Ottawa River was a central location of indigenous warfare and rivalry. 1729: 11684: 11568: 11495: 10859: 10350: 9621: 9387: 9312: 9307: 9237: 8341: 7655: 7474: 7317: 7251: 7230: 7184: 7163: 7142: 7085: 6701: 4984: 4957: 4388: 2992:

in North America) reached Fort Louisbourg. The French forces went on the attack first in a failed attempt to capture

1356: 1249: 7347: 5862:"The French Monarchy and Protestant Immigration to Canada Before 1760; The Social, Political and Religious Contexts" 3213:

In the meantime the French continued to explore westwards and expand their trade alliances with indigenous peoples.

2526:

was enacted in New France by order of the French king as a codification of the previous criminal laws passed by the

2220:

settled in New France by using socioeconomic pretexts while at the same time concealing their religious background.

1788:

remained dependent on spirits, and increasingly in the hands of the coureurs who journeyed north in search of furs.

11371: 10340: 9679: 9664: 9566: 9392: 9345: 9282: 9120: 8508: 8467: 8256: 7117: 3575: 3009: 2623:, although the king's attorney of Acadia performed very similar duties as his counterpart in New France. Yet since 2073: 2055: 1541:. The colony was devastated by disease, and the surviving settlers were killed in 1688, in an attack by the area's 1276: 656: 20: 6007:

Histoire du droit Canadien depuis les origines de la colonie jusqu'à nos jours, Vol. I : Domination Française

5507: 3789: 3229:. This was the furthest westward outpost of the French Empire in North America to be established before its fall. 2963: 1413: 10976: 10310: 9732: 9616: 9511: 9436: 9169: 8627: 8271: 8188: 7932: 7766: 5367: 3256: 2944: 2726: 2598:

In 1670, France regained control of Acadia and appointed Mathieu de Goutin as the Civil and Criminal Lieutenant (

2527: 2459: 2447: 2377: 2182: 690:, although Quebec remains predominately French-speaking. In the United States, the legacy of New France includes 344: 296: 31: 1062:. Eventually, the French crown decided to colonize the territory to secure and expand its influence in America. 10685: 10360: 9827: 9822: 8261: 8178: 7890: 5368:

Walking Together: First Nations, Métis and Inuit Perspectives in Curriculum. FNMI Worldviews: The Métis People.

3965: 3585: 3306: 2985: 2962:

at Norridgewock and the subsequent retreat of the indigenous peoples from the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers to

2510: 2079:

The Catholic Church, which after Champlain's death was the dominant force in New France, wanted to establish a

1176:, as soon as possible. In 1609, Champlain and two French companions accompanied his Algonquin, Montagnais, and 1011: 5454: 4885:"N'être plus la déléguée de personne: une réévaluation du rôle des femmes dans le commerce en Nouvelle-France" 4321: 2431: 11095: 10473: 9421: 9140: 8251: 6742: 3620: 3031: 2411: 2405: 2039: 1992:, frustrated with French license rules. Now both France and England were formally in the Canadian fur trade. 664: 7817:

Bibliothèque nationale de France / Library of Congress site (click on Themes) – text and maps

3759: 1374: 1236:

During the first decades of the colony's existence, only a few hundred French people lived there, while the

10572: 10333: 10086: 9571: 9273: 8451: 8159: 3605: 2185:

in 1656. The Jesuits were forced to abandon the mission by 1658, as hostilities with the Iroquois resumed.

2084: 1534: 1312: 888: 806: 560: 5971: 5916: 3035: 11401: 10653: 10328: 10315: 9674: 9581: 9538: 9466: 8789: 8213: 7122: 4884: 3400: 3392: 3005: 2888: 2332: 2122: 2102: 1854:. Subsequently, the two factions (Iroquois and French) were constantly at war with one another until the 1569: 1146: 24: 11377: 11597: 11107: 11101: 10969: 9998: 9698: 9431: 9404: 9360: 9203: 9125: 9065: 8982: 8620: 8356: 8061: 6871:

The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783

5666: 4035:

The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783

3384: 3263:, which had refused to acknowledge the fall of Canada. The last French governor-general of New France, 3244: 3191: 3164: 2920: 2827: 2523: 519:, the most developed colony, which was divided into the districts of Quebec (around what is now called 7785: 3387:

broke out in the Thirteen Colonies. Many French Canadians would take part in the war, including Major

3152: 2847: 2060:

Before the arrival of European colonists and explorers, First Nations followed a wide array of mostly

1989: 762: 730: 580: 11383: 11207: 11047: 10577: 10438: 10433: 10201: 9441: 8550: 8377: 7798: 6510: 5671: 3816: 3477: 3473: 3396: 3207: 3171: 3148: 3059: 3027: 3021: 2648: 2571:). The admiralty court was located in Quebec City and had jurisdiction over all of New France except 1323: 1100: 869: 679: 648: 609: 453: 348: 93: 7524: 7066: 7019: 4589: 3330: 1289: 625: 11507: 11501: 11189: 11089: 10466: 10420: 9919: 9669: 9551: 9481: 8739: 8444: 8372: 8324: 7960: 7850: 7201: 5408:"Iroquois Confederacy - The Iroquois Confederacy's role in the French-British rivalry | Britannica" 3969: 3252: 3222: 3096: 3038:, which dislodged Father Le Loutre from the region, thereby ending his alliance with the Maliseet, 2831: 2717: 2162: 2061: 1620: 1600: 1364: 1340: 1248:, wished to make New France as significant as the English colonies. In 1627, Richelieu founded the 1108: 856: 816: 742: 540: 493: 405: 373: 2627:

never actually had a court, there was no clerk of court; instead, trials were recorded by a local

1930: 73: 11704: 11250: 11232: 9516: 9268: 9085: 8555: 8183: 8154: 7927: 5477: 4404: 3696: 3590: 3451: 3443: 2793: 2725:

counterattack. Professional French soldiers had arrived in the New World for the first time, and

1977: 1855: 1596: 1456:

sponsored single women, virtuous, physically fit, and aged between 15 and 30 years, known as the

1378: 1300: 1237: 1047: 877: 205: 5642:

Stratégies missionnaires des Jésuites Français en Nouvelle-France et en Chine au XVIIieme siècle

5135:"Selling Beaver Skins in North America and Europe, 1720–1760: The Uses of Fur-Trade Imperialism" 4806: 4423:

Lescarbot, Marc; Percival Biggar, Henry; Grant, William Lawson; Ganong, William Francis (1907).

4293:"Explanatory maps of Saint Croix & Acadia: Acadian Deportation, Migration, and Resettlement" 2450:

had not been able to seize effective control over the legal matters of the Island; instead, the

2076:

dedicated to converting the indigenous population; an effort that eventually proved successful.

11699: 11560: 11463: 11077: 10902: 10392: 10245: 10145: 10135: 10066: 10042: 9800: 9755: 9606: 9561: 9496: 9050: 9008: 8778: 8763: 8729: 8714: 8518: 8503: 8144: 8071: 8051: 8026: 7966: 7917: 7885: 6989: 6983: 3462: 3435: 3302: 3272: 2931:

missions among the three largest indigenous villages in the region: one on the Kennebec River (

2710: 2654: 2640: 2576: 2516: 2388:). The Sovereign Council effectively acted as the functional equivalent of a Council of State ( 2256: 2213: 2142: 1985: 1899: 1734: 1507: 1489: 1449: 1253: 962: 950: 845: 821: 746: 644: 605: 588: 548: 501: 485: 395: 7034: 6820: 6563: 6454: 6005: 5942: 5890: 5775: 5001: 4920: 4831: 4712: 4443: 4378: 4063: 2780:

were able to thwart New England expansion into Acadia, whose border New France defined as the

594:

The population rose slowly but steadily. In 1754, New France's population consisted of 10,000

11407: 11341: 11256: 10552: 10282: 10076: 9576: 8964: 8674: 8523: 8434: 8419: 7631: 6923: 6869: 6796: 6765: 6636: 6616: 6536: 6481: 6427: 6400: 5861: 5831: 5805: 5710: 5614: 5587: 4563: 4527: 4500: 4473: 4099: 4033: 3849: 3580: 3538: 3469: 3447: 3288: 3128: 3073: 3055: 2835: 2823: 2785: 2773: 2755: 2591:'s judicial system was somewhat under-developed during the New France period. Prior to 1670, 2275: 2121:

conversion. The Huron heavily relied on European goods to perform burial ceremonies known as

1674: 1639: 1631: 1519: 1386: 683: 660: 640: 544: 377: 310: 112: 8882: 8612: 7554: 7533: 7492: 7464: 7307: 7286: 7262: 7241: 7220: 7195: 7174: 7153: 6953: 6896: 5560: 5533: 5381: 4351: 3422:

The portions of the former New France that remained under British rule were administered as

1816: 1226: 1092:, off the coast of Acadia, but was unsuccessful. In 1600, a trading post was established at 11477: 11425: 11298: 11220: 11083: 11053: 11003: 10907: 9636: 9626: 9426: 9184: 9080: 9035: 8998: 8993: 8949: 8565: 8533: 8429: 8286: 8203: 8109: 5741:"Inoca Ethnohistory Project: Eye Witness Descriptions of the Contact Generation, 1673–1700" 5173: 5134: 5063: 3552: 3411:. A Franco-Spanish alliance treaty returned Louisiana to France in 1801, but French leader 3334: 3203: 3160: 3140: 2989: 2979: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2883: 2855: 2777: 2730: 2673: 2644: 2544: 2174: 2065: 2035: 1815:. In 1610, the Algonquins continued to solidify their relations with the French by guiding 1573: 1438: 1304: 1245: 946: 884: 629: 564: 7695: 7437: 7425: 3879: 2967: 2013: 8: 11624: 11552: 11413: 11280: 11153: 11113: 11013: 10812: 10748: 10071: 9904: 9865: 9809: 9641: 9591: 9556: 9546: 9471: 8773: 8753: 8719: 8588: 8538: 8528: 8394: 8351: 8066: 8036: 8016: 7954: 7843: 6335:. Moncton, New Brunswick: Chaire d'études acadiennes, Université de Moncton. p. 28. 4861: 4242: 4213: 3653: 3373: 3199: 3132: 3116: 3077: 2923:

in 1710, mainland Nova Scotia was under the control of New England, but both present-day

2871: 2817: 2789: 2768:

in 1702 showing forts, towns and (in solid colors) areas occupied by European settlements

2679: 2357:). Canada was divided into three districts: the district of Quebec City, the district of 2031: 1843: 1827: 1808: 1693: 1523: 1457: 1453: 1418: 1352: 1150: 1069: 1016: 954: 780: 758: 718: 636: 516: 224: 167: 10567: 7155:

The forts of New France : the Great Lakes, the Plains and the Gulf Coast, 1600–1763

6846: 4686: 4264: 3388: 3194:

happened in 1710, the French continued to remain a significant force in the region with

2289:

In practice, though, the Great Seneschal was awarded as an honorary title to the son of

11576: 11489: 11059: 11041: 10413: 10323: 10272: 10178: 10165: 10096: 9894: 9845: 9837: 9631: 9586: 9501: 9476: 9461: 9045: 9040: 8041: 7972: 7720: 7661: 7512: 7376: 7274: 7197:

Frenchmen into peasants : modernity and tradition in the peopling of French Canada

7054: 7007: 6595: 5329:

Nobility Lost: French and Canadian Martial Cultures, Indians, and the End of New France

5234: 5115: 5044: 4799: 4188: 4180: 4145: 3921: 3811: 3431: 3416: 3412: 3183: 3156: 2955: 2851: 2603: 2427: 2322: 2283: 2201: 2043: 2027: 1919: 1903: 1831: 1812: 1635: 1558: 1241: 1200: 1158: 1142: 1077: 1036: 973:

early the following year, he headed north along the coast, eventually anchoring in the

841: 672: 668: 584: 7348:"La invención de la carta de Giovanni da Verrazano y de la 'Nouvelle France' (Canadá)" 4801:

In Its Corporate Capacity: the Seminary of Montreal as a Business Institution, 1816–76

2153: 1028: 11544: 11286: 11171: 11023: 10992: 10695: 10643: 10582: 10387: 10370: 9993: 9988: 9601: 9506: 9355: 9327: 9260: 9055: 8734: 8570: 8513: 8297: 7988: 7922: 7746: 7727: 7665: 7651: 7560: 7539: 7470: 7451: 7441: 7395: 7332: 7313: 7292: 7247: 7226: 7205: 7180: 7159: 7138: 7040: 6993: 6959: 6929: 6902: 6875: 6826: 6771: 6721: 6697: 6693:

Blooding at Great Meadows: young George Washington and the battle that Shaped the Man

6670: 6642: 6573: 6542: 6487: 6460: 6433: 6406: 6336: 6105: 5896: 5869: 5837: 5811: 5781: 5777:

Native Americans and the Christian right: the gendered politics of unlikely alliances

5716: 5712:

The Huron-Wendat Feast of the Dead: Indian-European Encounters in Early North America

5645: 5620: 5593: 5566: 5539: 5489: 5387: 5304: 5279: 5198: 5119: 5007: 4980: 4953: 4926: 4837: 4810: 4773: 4748: 4718: 4666: 4641: 4616: 4569: 4533: 4506: 4479: 4449: 4384: 4357: 4192: 4105: 4071: 4039: 3943: 3911: 3878:[New France: The Territory] (in French). Government of France. Archived from 3855: 3640: 3353: 3318: 3260: 3136: 3092: 2958:. As a result of the war, Maine fell to the New Englanders with the defeat of Father 2209: 2133: 1939: 1746: 1503: 1221: 1093: 901: 796: 792: 659:, which was granted to Spain with the territory to the west. In 1800, Spain returned 652: 568: 552: 477: 365: 361: 161: 145: 10700: 8768: 8031: 7405: 7350:[The invention of the map by Giovanni da Verrazano of New France (Canada)]. 5003:

Captive Histories: English, French, and Native Narratives of the 1704 Deerfield Raid

3925: 2959: 2897: 2672:

Engraving depicting Adam Dollard with a keg of gunpowder above his head, during the

2463: 2358: 2310: 2271: 1035:. It was the first province of New France. The first settlement of 400 people, Fort 788: 766: 524: 11316: 11292: 11226: 11201: 11159: 11018: 10912: 10734: 10562: 10302: 10267: 9947: 9521: 9381: 9153: 9095: 9003: 8560: 8439: 8389: 8329: 8129: 8119: 7978: 7682: 7643: 7618: 7368: 6669:. Goose Lane Editions and The New Brunswick Heritage Military Project. p. 21. 5676: 5188: 5149: 5107: 5078: 5036: 4899: 4172: 4137: 3657: 3600: 3214: 2738: 2628: 2421: 2166: 2129: 1969: 1943: 1895: 1835: 1804: 1705:

trading. A greater number of indigenous groups and fur traders began circumventing

1550: 1272: 1196: 1165: 921: 917: 837: 825: 643:

in America), France ceded the rest of New France to Great Britain and Spain in the

600: 576: 10704: 7820: 4949:

The Forts of New France: The Great Lakes, the Plains and the Gulf Coast, 1600–1763

2241: 985: 984:

The first European to visit the site of present-day New York, Verrazzano named it

913: 515:

consisted of five colonies at its peak in 1712, each with its own administration:

11513: 11431: 11389: 11353: 11195: 11177: 11165: 11071: 11028: 11008: 10924: 10753: 10724: 10489: 10382: 10365: 9899: 9877: 9105: 8830: 8757: 8599: 8281: 8276: 7830: 7802: 7780: 7132: 6129: 5273: 4974: 4947: 4794: 3905: 3739: 3337:

have significant communities. In Louisiana their descendants became known as the

3195: 3112: 3088: 2997: 2993: 2936: 2928: 2487: 2193: 2069: 1948: 1615:

fisheries. This would change in the later half of the 17th and 18th centuries as

1257: 1212: 1127: 1055: 1024: 726: 489: 465: 327: 268: 198: 188: 121: 54: 8104: 1502:

The French extended their territorial claim to the south and to the west of the

1426: 11471: 11445: 11141: 10879: 10740: 10680: 10128: 10119: 10081: 9957: 9882: 9850: 9817: 9365: 8926: 8724: 8404: 8346: 7993: 7433: 6333:

Lieutenant Civil et Criminel: Mathieu de Goutin en Acadie Française (1688–1710)

5478:"Embattled Notions: Constructions of Rupert's Land's Native Sons, 1760 To 1861" 4615:. Translated by Roberts, Phil. Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia: Peninsular Press. 4010: 3684: 2916: 2781: 2290: 2178: 2113: 2092: 2020: 1847: 1710: 1608: 1527: 1332: 1181: 1177: 1032: 800: 717:

New France had five colonies or territories, each with its own administration:

556: 435: 79: 10674: 10277: 7622: 7222:

The Fall of New France: How the French Lost a North American Empire, 1754–1763

6565:

Bitter Feast: Amerindians and Europeans in Northeastern North America, 1600–64

4613:

Pierre Dugua De Mons: Founder of Acadie (1604–05), Co-Founder of Quebec (1608)

4176: 1757:

goods into upper territories while indigenous people were bringing down their

1157:

with 28 men. This was the second permanent French settlement in the colony of

721:(the Great Lakes region, the Ohio Valley, and the St. Lawrence River Valley), 675:

of 1803, permanently ending French colonial efforts on the American mainland.

571:

rivers were means of carrying French influence through much of North America.

11618: 11395: 11147: 11128: 10729: 10635: 10602: 10522: 10377: 9970: 9887: 9860: 9712: 9217: 9030: 8319: 8139: 8114: 7632:"The Historiography of New France, 1960–1974: Jean Hamelin to Louise Dechêne" 6898:

The Fall of New France: How the French Lost a North American Empire 1754–1763

6569: 5493: 5432: 5202: 3692: 3595: 3510: 3408: 3369: 3322: 3317:

were initially dispersed across much of eastern North America (including the

3179: 3084: 3069: 3001: 2924: 2863: 2765: 2543:"Officialité (New France)" redirects here. For the ecclesiastical court, see 2328: 2137: 2083:

community in the colony. In 1642, they sponsored a group of settlers, led by

2030:

saw little value in Louisiana, and to compensate Spain for its losses in the

1915: 1882:', often criticising New French officials for even interacting with nations. 1874: 1389:

as the first Intendant of New France. These reforms limited the power of the

970: 896: 770: 613: 497: 481: 449: 7808: 6667:

The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec

5098:

Innis, H.A. (1937). "Significant Factors in Canadian Economic Development".

3820:. Vol. II. Toronto: University Associates of Canada. pp. 350–351. 3790:"INQUINTE.CA | CANADA 150 Years of History ~ The story behind the flag" 2826:, the colony was occupied by the British during Queen Anne's War. The final 2668: 2007:

Map of Canada (New France) in 1703, showing full length of Mississippi River

1545:. Other parts of Louisiana were settled and developed with success, such as 1275:, became firmly established in the territory. Richelieu also introduced the 11419: 11274: 11268: 10408: 10262: 10254: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9855: 9115: 9022: 9018: 8834: 8124: 7983: 7421: 6949: 3688: 3427: 3423: 3361: 3226: 3144: 2932: 2801: 2734: 2695: 1956: 1762: 1191: 1104: 1089: 978: 883:

By the early 1700s the New France settlers were well established along the

829: 7805:

Internet gateway to everything New France (archives, heritage sites, etc.)

6426:

Ayers, Edward L.; Gould, Lewis L.; Oshinsky, David M.; Soderlund, Jean R.

5111: 4529:

A Savage Empire: Trappers, Traders, Tribes, and the Wars That Made America

1642:

was recognized and given commercial rights to the gathering and export of

1393:, who had held the greatest amount of power after the death of Champlain. 1207: 993: 11359: 11244: 11238: 10952:

Article also discusses colonization in Central and South America and Asia

10592: 10140: 9927: 9799: 9724: 9025: 8545: 7686: 7391:

La Nouvelle-France: the making of French Canada : a cultural history

6743:

Meductic Indian Village / Fort Meductic National Historic Site of Canada

6691: 3610: 3404: 3326: 3248: 3064: 2843: 2706: 2217: 2064:. During the colonial period, the French settled along the shores of the 1935: 1918:. This decline resulted in the fur trade moving further north, along the 1811:

established France's first permanent North American settlement along the

1714: 1678: 1585: 1546: 1308: 1280: 1230: 1154: 1040: 974: 784: 520: 508: 178: 157: 7647: 7359:

Munro, William Bennett (1906). "The Office of Intendant in New France".

5342: 3271:

on 8 September 1760. France formally ceded Canada to the British in the

1494: 11483: 10939: 10791: 10532: 10527: 10114: 8987: 8472: 8134: 7380: 6104:. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press. p. 80. 5027:

Watkins, Melville H. (May 1963). "A Staple Theory of Economic Growth".

4184: 4149: 3100: 3043: 2797: 2255:

In the early stage of French settlement, legal matters fell within the

2080: 1973: 1960: 1934:

1681 French map of the New World above the equator: New France and the

1925: 1738: 1515: 1382: 1261: 873: 860: 734: 532: 381: 10542: 8424: 6925:

What Happened?: An Encyclopedia of Events that Changed America Forever

5565:. Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana. 5048: 3725:

Confirmation of the blazon of a Flag. February 15, 2008 Vol. V, p. 202

3297: 2760: 2270:, which literally means 'sword-bearing judge'), and a jurisdiction in 1425:

The first settler, brought to Quebec by Champlain, was the apothecary

11347: 10934: 10797: 9335: 9110: 8820: 8482: 8477: 8384: 8334: 8303: 8266: 5616:

What Happened? An Encyclopedia of Events That Changed America Forever

5193: 5154: 5083: 4904: 3737: 3615: 3439: 2741:

as a prisoner, and in September 1660, the French returned and burned

2572: 2197: 2146: 1830:

engaged in battle against the Iroquois. Champlain travelled from the

1792: 1785: 1698: 1686: 1660: 1651: 1268: 1081: 1005: 872:

was the first census conducted in North America. It was organized by

738: 651:). Britain acquired Canada, Acadia, and French Louisiana east of the 621: 473: 340: 10961: 9975: 9229: 7606: 7372: 7033:

Létourneau, Jocelyn (2012). Buckner, Phillip; Reid, John G. (eds.).

4141: 3120:

troops defeated a French force of 2800 French and Canadians and 700

2984:

Peace lasted in Canada until 1744, when news of the outbreak of the

2446:

and effectively acted as the island's governor. In other words, the

1670: 1603:

had the same currency value in the colony as minted currency. c.1714

11183: 10287: 10104: 8399: 6791: 5743:. Champaign, Illinois: Center For Social Research, Parkland College 5383:

Commerce by Frozen Sea: Native Americans and the European Fur Trade

5181:

Report of the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Historical Association

5071:

Report of the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Historical Association

5040: 4795:"Chapter 1, Holy Housekeeping: The Company and Business Management" 4422: 3454:, which then included Prince Edward Island, was split off from it. 3314: 3039: 2742: 2721: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2682:

was a noteworthy site for it was the center of defence against the

2362: 2353:

On 13 October 1663, the royal court replaced the Seneschal Office (

2170: 2096: 2088: 2042:

in 1800, Louisiana continued to be administered by Spain until the

1911: 1889:

One specific Indigenous group borne of these relationships are the

1851: 1823: 1767: 1750: 1706: 1624: 1612: 1467: 1185: 1173: 1116: 909: 905: 528: 400: 237: 10124: 8409: 6921: 6822:

The Louisiana Purchase: A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia

6286:"Les structure judiciaire dans la justice sous le Régime français" 5612: 4502:

Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin People of New York

2128:

Jesuit missionaries explored the Mississippi River, including the

1890: 1861: 10785: 10537: 10173: 10109: 9965: 9909: 8664: 8291: 7466:

The Children of Aataentsic. A history of the Huron People to 1660

3984:"Arrival of the Europeans and introduction of English and French" 3365: 2467: 2314: 1664: 1576:, the only regular soldiers in New France between 1683 and 1755. 1344: 966: 595: 7588: 7455: 4706: 4704: 4239:"Tables of census data collected in 1665 and 1666 by Jean Talon" 3457:

In Canada, the legacy of New France can be seen in the enduring

3076:, which was part of the greater worldwide conflict known as the 2911:(1722–1725) was a series of battles between New England and the 2422:

Montreal Island: transition from feudal justice to royal justice

2384:) into existence, which was later renamed the Superior Council ( 11330:

Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States

10150: 10061: 9870: 8704: 7948: 7329:

Women at War in the Borderlands of the Early American Northeast

7176:

The First French Canadians: Pioneers in the St. Lawrence Valley

5807:

Black Robes and Buckskin: A Selection from the Jesuit Relations

4101:

North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent

3670: 3338: 2893: 2859: 2839: 2702: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2607: 2592: 2588: 2301:, acting as assistant royal judge), and the lieutenant fiscal ( 2108: 1964: 1781: 1774: 1754: 1656: 1616: 1471:

Political map of the northeastern part of North America in 1664

1112: 1085:

around that time is not known, for lack of historical records.

1065: 1059: 958: 754: 722: 687: 536: 445: 369: 323: 10244: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6354: 6352: 5644:. Les Presses de l'Université Laval, L'Harmattan. p. 44. 3848:

Francis, R. Douglas; Jones, Richard; Smith, Donald B. (2009).

3718: 3446:. The former French colony of Acadia was first designated the 2473: 612:

from 1755 to 1764, and their descendants are dispersed in the

343:

integrates New France into the royal domain, endows it with a

10292: 10183: 8642: 7835: 7795: 7531: 5965: 5963: 5715:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 95. 4701: 3377: 2867: 2830:

happened in 1710. In 1713, peace came to New France with the

1538: 774: 617: 7556:

The Conquest of New France: A Chronicle of the Colonial Wars

7535:

The Chronicles of Canada: Volume II – The Rise of New France

6364: 3972:. Linguistic History of Canada. University of Ottawa online. 3970:"Arrival of the Europeans: Canada at the Time of New France" 3571:

List of North American cities founded in chronological order

2497:

The Provostry of Quebec was located in the Hall of Justice (

1902:. Its prior legal history has its roots in acts such as the 1396:

Talon tried reforming the seigneurial system by forcing the

844:, now called Cape Breton Island, where the French built the 608:; 69,000 in total. The British expelled the Acadians in the 6720:. The Fortress Louisbourg Association. 2008. Archived from 6376: 6349: 5738: 5538:(reprint ed.). Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing. 4714:

God's Mercies: Rivalry, Betrayal and the Dream of Discovery

2443: 1839: 1758: 1643: 1565: 1506:

late in the 17th century, naming it for King Louis XIV, as

1381:

subordinate to the French Minister of the Marine. In 1665,

1169: 989: 10842: 10041: 7607:"North America From the Top Down: Visions from New France" 6126:"Exhibitions/Administration/The Administration of Justice" 5960: 4747:. Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited. p. 165. 4590:"Fort Charlesbourg Royal National Historic Site of Canada" 3907:

Control and Order in French Colonial Louisbourg, 1713–1758

3419:

in 1803, ending French colonial efforts in North America.

2245:

A chart showing the political organization of New France,

1709:

and New France altogether; many began trading with either

1659:. This was a prime example of the handicapping effect the 969:

with 50 men. After exploring the coast of the present-day

6243: 6241: 6228: 6226: 6224: 5799: 5797: 3124:

led by Baron Dieskau (Military commander of New France).

2822:

While Acadia defeated an English invasion attempt during

2348: 2236: 1946:

and the mouth of the river (and future New Orleans) then

1051: 144:

New France’s territory at its height in 1712, before the

7127:

scholarly biographies of all major figures in New France

7081:"Organizers cancel mock Battle of the Plains of Abraham" 6767:

The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760

6151: 6149: 6147: 6083: 6081: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6036: 6034: 6021: 6019: 6017: 5866:

French-Speaking Protestants in Canada: Historical Essays

3383:

Twelve years after the British defeated the French, the

3265:

Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal

1318: 1292:, which Laviolette did in 1634. Champlain died in 1635. 7591:

Women in New France: Extracts from the Jesuit Relations

7243:

Habitants and merchants in seventeenth-century Montreal

6425: 5029:

The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science

4353:

Ethnonationalism in a Federal State: The Case of Canada

3430:, 1791–1841, and then those regions were merged as the 3403:

gave all former British claims in New France below the

2846:) over to Great Britain, France remained in control of 2157:

the evil magic of the priests that caused the illness.

1355:

made it a royal province, taking control away from the

957:

to commission an expedition to find a western route to

7134:

The Forts of New France in Northeast America 1600–1763

6915: 6621:. Vol. II. Glazier, Masters & Co. p. 27. 6312: 6300: 6253: 6238: 6221: 6209: 5794: 4976:

The Forts of New France in Northeast America 1600–1763

4805:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 4418: 4416: 3727:. The Office of the Secretary to the Governor General. 2177:, to New France, and an expedition of Jesuits, led by 1846:

allies, and managed to kill three Iroquoian chiefs on

19:"Nouvelle France" redirects here. For other uses, see 6597:

Fur Trade In Canada: Focus On Canadian History Series

6197: 6185: 6173: 6161: 6144: 6078: 6061: 6051: 6049: 6031: 6014: 5606: 1749:

were responsible for starting the flow of trade from

1400:

to reside on their land and limiting the size of the

863:, count of Orsainville, first intendant of New France 492:

in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to

11127:

Other British colonial entities in the contemporary

6952:; Anderton, Douglas L.; Barrett, Richard E. (2010). 6948: 5755: 4091: 4004: 3942:. Fortress of Louisbourg Association. Archived from 3500: 3301:

Map showing British territorial gains following the

2663: 2606:

was set up and his job was primarily the defense of

2087:, who founded Ville-Marie, precursor to present-day 1926:

Formal entry of England in New France area fur trade

1697:

However, by the middle half of the 18th century the

1385:

Minister of the Marine accepted an appointment from

1299:, Le Cardinal arrived to Quebec with Jules (Gilles) 1043:), was attempted in 1541 but lasted only two years. 30:"French Quebec" redirects here. For other uses, see 7331:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 6555: 5836:. University of Toronto Press. 1987. pp. 84–. 5500: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5064:"The Evolution of Montreal under the French Regime" 4413: 4406:

Annual Report of Department of Public Works, Canada

4171:(4). Université de Montréal: 577–592, quote p 586. 4104:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 72. 3719:The Governor General of Canada (12 November 2020). 3127:The fight for control over Ohio Country led to the 2200:facing legal restrictions to enter the colony when 2169:). In 1653, a peace invitation was extended by the 1122: 932:population of Louisiana by the end of French rule. 8604: 7719: 7273: 6942: 6594: 6405:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. p. 99. 6046: 5386:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 5331:. New York: Cornell University Press. p. 164. 5252:"La Rochelle, 1641 | Virtual Museum of New France" 5233: 5174:"The Illegal Fur Trade out of New France, 1713–60" 5167: 5165: 5006:. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 207. 4798: 4738: 4736: 4734: 3639:Lesser version of the coat of arms as used by the 2701:This also put the Iroquois at warfare against the 2486:) to adjudicate cases at first instance until the 1724: 1267:The Catholic Church, and missionaries such as the 1240:to the south were much more populous and wealthy. 1229:, extended French influence south and west to the 725:(the Gaspé Peninsula, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, 7589:Lawn, Katherine; Salvucci, Claudio, eds. (2005). 7394:. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. 6847:"Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present" 6770:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 51, 54. 5810:. Toronto: Fordham University Press. p. 98. 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 4925:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 539–540. 4687:"Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present" 4431:] (in French). Champlain Society. p. 21. 4265:"Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present" 4098:McIlwraith, Thomas F.; Muller, Edward K. (2001). 3847: 3305:in pink, and Spanish territorial gains after the 3131:, which began as the North American phase of the 1647:trading partners and other areas of the economy. 1303:and his family. Le Cardinal, commissioned by the 940: 11616: 7740: 7700:Common-Place: The Journal of Early American Life 6982:Jaenen, Cornelius J. (1982). Muise, D.A. (ed.). 6955:The Population of the United States: 3rd Edition 6867: 5780:. New York: Duke University Press. p. 116. 5585: 5343:"metis | Etymology, origin and meaning of metis" 5301:Native Peoples in Canada: Contemporary Conflicts 5216: 4860:. Musée de la civilisation. 1998. Archived from 4833:American Colonies: The Settling of North America 4638:Pierre Dugua, sieur de Mons, fondateur de Québec 4467: 4465: 4097: 2870:, remained contested territory. Construction of 2335:performing a tribal dance with indigenous allies 2216:in 1685. In spite of that, approximately 15,000 961:(China). Late that year, Verrazzano set sail in 11311:Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island 7494:The History of Canada: Canada under French rule 7432:. In their own words (1st ed.). New York: 6641:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 61. 6459:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 211. 5527: 5525: 5162: 4731: 4326:Quebec History: Statistical Material and Charts 3899: 3897: 3660:" was the most commonly used flag in New France 3030:(1749–1755) began with the British founding of 2996:, the capital of British Nova Scotia. In 1745, 2095:. The missionaries came into conflict with the 1568:were built there, under the orders of Governor 1373:In 1665, Louis XIV sent a French garrison, the 9175:Areas disputed by Canada and the United States 7604: 7532:Wrong, George M.; Langton, H.H., eds. (1914). 6894: 6610: 6608: 6446: 5855: 5853: 5695: 5303:. Scarborough: Ontario: Prentice-Hall Canada. 5142:Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 4999: 4057: 4055: 3738:New York State Historical Association (1915). 3731: 2892:An 1850s depiction of the death of the French 2478:In the Quebec City district, the lower court ( 2442:' disapproval, who held the Island as its own 1995: 1865:Map showing the approximate location of major 1408: 1172:peoples in the area, who were at war with the 1096:, but only five settlers survived the winter. 11695:States and territories disestablished in 1763 10977: 10828: 10474: 10230: 10027: 9785: 9740: 9245: 8628: 7851: 7312:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 7246:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 6922:John E. Findling; Frank W. Thackeray (2011). 6630: 6628: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5734: 5732: 5613:John E. Findling; Frank W. Thackeray (2010). 4836:. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 365–366. 4462: 4297:Canadian-American Center, University of Maine 2660:ending with the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763. 1180:allies south from the St. Lawrence Valley to 427:8,000,000 km (3,100,000 sq mi) 9180:Proposed provinces and territories of Canada 7824:(List of Governors, Intendants, and Bishops) 7821:Chronologie de l'histoire du Québec (French) 7469:. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press. 7039:. University of Toronto Press. p. 279. 6861: 6839: 6660: 6658: 6387: 6370: 6358: 6330: 6010:. Montréal, Quebec: A. Périard. p. 244. 5535:Beautiful Crescent: A History of New Orleans 5531: 5522: 4912: 4717:. Random House of Canada. pp. 240–242. 4038:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 43. 4025: 3894: 2208:in 1627. Protestantism was then outlawed in 1807:first encountered one another in 1603 after 851: 811:Hudson Bay conflicts 17th and 18th centuries 701: 109: 46: 10624: 7717: 7605:Desbarats, Catherine; Greer, Allan (2015). 7225:. Toronto: James Lorimer and Company, Ltd. 7172: 6759: 6757: 6605: 6528: 6511:"Our Proud History | Algonquins of Ontario" 6419: 5888: 5882: 5850: 5379: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4343: 4315: 4313: 4052: 3841: 3159:) (which also administered Île Saint-Jean ( 2854:) (which also administered Île Saint-Jean ( 2474:Quebec: founding of the Provostry of Quebec 1483: 1295:On 23 September 1646, under the command of 1279:, a semi-feudal system of farming based on 1195:A map of western New France, including the 11690:States and territories established in 1534 11675:French exploration in the Age of Discovery 10984: 10970: 10835: 10821: 10481: 10467: 10237: 10223: 10034: 10020: 9792: 9778: 9754: 9747: 9733: 9252: 9238: 8635: 8621: 7858: 7844: 7032: 6977: 6975: 6901:. James Lorimer & Company. p. 2. 6888: 6625: 6614: 6473: 5990: 5892:Encyclopedia of North American Immigration 5729: 5579: 5455:"Explorers: Radisson and des Groseilliers" 5433:"Hudson's Bay Company is born May 2, 1670" 4383:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 231. 4068:Encyclopedia of North American Immigration 3932: 3868: 3721:"Royal Banner of France – Heritage Emblem" 3434:during 1841–1867, when the passage of the 3225:in what is today the Canadian province of 2231: 1522:, and he claimed the entire territory for 11660:Colonization history of the United States 10501: 8644:Former colonies and territories in Canada 7741:Lahaise, Robert; Vallerand, Noël (1999). 7538:(2009 reissue ed.). Fireship Press. 7490: 7264:Canadian Society during the French Regime 7193: 7151: 7130: 6818: 6655: 6634: 6452: 6393: 5917:"The first Canadian colony : Acadia" 5739:Stelle, Lenville J.; et al. (2005). 5192: 5153: 5082: 4972: 4945: 4903: 4498: 4471: 4397: 4370: 4241:. Statistics Canada. 2009. Archived from 4212:. Statistics Canada. 2009. Archived from 4123: 4121: 3525:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal 3015: 2919:in southern Maine. After the New England 2834:. Although the treaty turned Hudson Bay, 2204:transferred the control of the colony to 2188:The second article of the charter of the 2034:, he transferred Louisiana to his cousin 1826:and the French first began in 1609, when 16:Area colonized by France in North America 7693: 7497:. Vol. 4. Roswell & Hutchinson. 7291:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 6754: 6664: 5664: 5658: 5380:Carlos, Ann M.; Lewis, Frank D. (2010). 5271: 4892:Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française 4592:. Canada's Historic Places: Parks Canada 4561: 4546: 4441: 4356:. Queen's University. p. 6 note 5. 4319: 4310: 4233: 4231: 3986:. University of Ottawa. 1 September 2024 3903: 3296: 3219:Louis de la Corne, Chevalier de la Corne 3063: 3049: 2887: 2759: 2667: 2327: 2240: 2212:and all its overseas possessions by the 2101: 2002: 1929: 1860: 1728: 1669: 1655:no trade purposes outside of the French 1595: 1579: 1493: 1466: 1412: 1322: 1206: 1190: 1126: 1010: 855: 708:List of towns and villages in New France 484:, beginning with the exploration of the 11650:1763 disestablishments in North America 7696:"How (and Why) to Read Francis Parkman" 7642:(1). University of Toronto Press: 80+. 7593:. Bristol, Penn.: Evolution Publishing. 7501: 7462: 7326: 7239: 6972: 6763: 6689: 6102:The French in North America (1500–1783) 5803: 5639: 5532:Garvey, Joan; Widmer, Mary Lou (2012). 5298: 5026: 4979:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 6–8. 4918: 4761: 4525: 4290: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4031: 3964: 3810: 3566:List of French possessions and colonies 3267:, surrendered to British Major General 2538: 2343: 1512:René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle 551:. It extended from Newfoundland to the 11665:European colonization of North America 11617: 10844:European colonization of North America 7718:Havard, Gilles; Vidal, Cécile (2003). 7629: 7420: 7309:The Seigneurial System in Early Canada 7305: 7271: 7260: 6981: 6592: 6561: 6505: 6503: 6318: 6306: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6259: 6247: 6232: 6215: 6203: 6191: 6179: 6167: 6155: 6099: 6087: 6072: 6055: 6040: 6025: 6003: 5895:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 101–. 5761: 5708: 5558: 5488:. Manitoba Historical Society: 10–17. 5326: 5000:Haefeli, Evan; Sweeney, Kevin (2006). 4829: 4742: 4710: 4635: 4610: 4445:Champlain: The Birth of French America 4349: 4204: 4202: 4162: 4127: 4118: 4061: 3760:"Background: The First National Flags" 3232: 2436:Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve 2399: 2349:Royal judges and the Sovereign Council 2237:Early history in New France (pre-1663) 1972:, a portion of the land draining into 1938:in the north, with a dark line as the 1780:The issues caused a great rift in the 11655:Colonial settlements in North America 11537:Discourse Concerning Western Planting 10991: 10965: 10816: 10623: 10500: 10462: 10218: 10015: 9773: 9728: 9259: 9233: 8616: 8603: 8100:List of French forts in North America 7839: 7672: 7552: 7387: 7367:(1). Oxford University Press: 15–38. 7358: 7346:Maura, Juan Francisco (4 June 2020). 7345: 7284: 7173:Charbonneau, H.; et al. (1993). 6534: 6479: 5859: 5773: 5683:from the original on 27 February 2014 5508:"Our History: People - Samuel Hearne" 5475: 5469: 5322: 5320: 5097: 5061: 4850: 4792: 4660: 4448:. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 115. 4376: 4228: 3461:of its descendants, which has led to 3350:French settlers were well established 3293:Colonial history of the United States 3285:Canada under British Imperial control 2749: 2634: 2192:stated that New France could only be 1798: 1663:had on its neighbouring areas of the 1592:List of French forts in North America 1319:Royal takeover and attempts to settle 1099:In 1604, a settlement was founded at 712:List of French forts in North America 11645:1534 establishments in North America 11366:Captaincy General of the Philippines 9597:Northwest Territories capital cities 7426:"Chapter 21: The Fall of New France" 7218: 6784: 6748:Canadian Register of Historic Places 5665:Miquelon, Dale (16 December 2013) . 5510:. HBC Heritage, Hudson's Bay Company 5457:. HBC Heritage, Hudson's Bay Company 5435:. HBC Heritage, Hudson's Bay Company 5240:. Montreal: McGill University Press. 5231: 5171: 5132: 4882: 4279: 4070:. Infobase Publishing. p. 203. 3976: 3904:Johnston, Andrew John Bayly (2001). 3415:sold it to the United States in the 2973: 2877: 2454:administered justice on the island. 2295:lieutenant général civil et criminel 2099:, who frequently attacked Montreal. 2016:, begun by French settlers in 1702. 1650:The fur trade itself was based on a 1225:("runners of the woods"), including 1031:and claimed the land in the name of 671:sold it to the United States in the 11670:French colonization of the Americas 10488: 10197:French colonization of the Americas 7881:French colonization of the Americas 7598: 6874:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 43. 6615:Williamson, William Durkee (1832). 6500: 6486:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 52. 6265: 6128:. Champlain2004.org. Archived from 4767: 4568:. Infobase Publishing. p. 36. 4478:. Infobase Publishing. p. 27. 4475:Opening Up North America, 1497–1800 4472:Cox, Caroline; Albala, Ken (2009). 4320:Bélanger, Claude (23 August 2000). 4199: 3876:"La Nouvelle France: Le Territoire" 3407:into the possession of the nascent 3105:Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur 3087:, located at the confluence of the 2907:In Acadia, however, war continued. 2811: 2504: 2319:Society of Priests of Saint Sulpice 1008:(Mexico) and English Newfoundland. 965:, crossing the Atlantic on a small 13: 7582: 7507:. Vol. 2. Library of America. 7306:Harris, Richard Colebrook (1966). 7267:. Canadian Historical Association. 7104: 5940: 5562:The French Experience in Louisiana 5317: 5244: 4532:. St. Martin's Press. p. 50. 4007:"Canada at the Time of New France" 3561:French presence in the Ohio Valley 3357:alone in 1760 was nearly 450,000. 3251:defeated the French under General 3239:Conquest of New France (1758-1760) 2698:to the Dutch and English traders. 2561: 2282:) the chief justice. However, the 1448:To further strengthen the nascent 1164:Champlain allied himself with the 271:(first; as Governor of New France) 14: 11716: 11569:Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 11050:(1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776) 7811:, Canadian Museum of Civilization 7760: 7611:Journal of Early American History 7484: 7280:. Toronto: Holt Rinehart Winston. 6958:. Simon and Schuster. p. 6. 6665:Campbell, William Edward (2005). 6618:The history of the state of Maine 5278:. W. W. Norton. pp. 15, 26. 4505:. Council Oak Books. p. 21. 4291:Hornsby, Stephen J., ed. (2005). 3483: 3436:British North America Act of 1867 3395:. After the British surrender at 2788:ended in 1697, but a second war ( 2664:Iroquois attacks against Montreal 2602:) of Acadia. Simultaneously, the 2533: 2434:originally considered appointing 2173:, one of the five nations of the 1357:Company of One Hundred Associates 1260:to live there. Consequently, any 1250:Company of One Hundred Associates 1054:-bearing animals, especially the 11680:Former colonies in North America 11593: 11592: 11372:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico 9706: 9694: 9693: 9211: 9199: 9198: 9170:Territorial evolution after 1867 8584: 8583: 8509:Military history of the Acadians 8257:Seigneurial system of New France 7809:The Virtual Museum of New France 7722:Histoire de l'Amérique française 7276:The Canadian Frontier, 1534–1760 7179:. University of Delaware Press. 7118:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 7073: 7026: 6812: 6736: 6710: 6683: 6586: 6432:. Cengage Learning. p. 78. 6324: 5969: 4922:Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples 4328:. Montreal: Marianopolis College 4322:"Population of Quebec 1605–1844" 3854:. Cengage Learning. p. 51. 3836:Histoire de l’Amérique française 3676: 3576:Seigneurial system of New France 3545: 3531: 3517: 3503: 3206:and immediately after began the 3108:indigenous peoples of the area. 2056:Jesuit missions in North America 1123:Foundation of Quebec City (1608) 822:Louisiana (1682–1763, 1801–1803) 138: 86: 72: 21:Nouvelle France (disambiguation) 10691:French domains of the Holy Land 9376:Former colonies and territories 7933:History of the French-Americans 7694:Peterson, Mark (October 2002). 6985:Canada during the French regime 6792:"The Battle of the Monongahela" 6541:. Scarecrow Press. p. 27. 6538:Historical Dictionary of Canada 6118: 6093: 5934: 5921:Musée virtuel du protestantisme 5909: 5824: 5767: 5633: 5552: 5447: 5425: 5400: 5373: 5360: 5335: 5327:Crouch, Christian Ayne (2014). 5292: 5265: 5126: 5091: 5055: 5020: 4993: 4966: 4939: 4876: 4823: 4786: 4679: 4654: 4629: 4604: 4582: 4519: 4492: 4435: 4257: 4156: 3998: 3958: 3257:Battle of the Plains of Abraham 3026:Within Acadia and Nova Scotia, 2690:, at the forefront against the 2378:Sovereign Council of New France 1725:Coureurs des bois and voyageurs 647:of 1763 (except the islands of 10686:French domains of Saint Helena 9803:in Africa and the Indian Ocean 8605:Articles related to New France 8262:Criminal justice in New France 7891:Timeline of New France history 7865: 7745:. Outremont, Québec: Lanctôt. 6751:. Retrieved 20 December 2011. 6402:Native Peoples of the Americas 6331:Vanderlinden, Jacques (2004). 5370:" . Accessed November 9, 2022. 4952:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 51. 4772:. Tuckwell Press. p. 21. 4425:Histoire de la Nouvelle-France 4210:"North America's First Census" 3828: 3814:(1948). "Flag of New France". 3804: 3782: 3752: 3712: 3663: 3646: 3633: 3586:Timeline of New France history 3243:In 1758, British forces again 2986:War of the Austrian Succession 2511:Criminal justice in New France 1886:hunting and trapping grounds. 1819:into the interiors of Canada. 1557:in these areas long after the 1361:Société Notre-Dame de Montréal 1058:, which were becoming rare in 941:Early exploration (1523–1650s) 604:, and about 4,000 settlers in 1: 11640:18th century in North America 11635:17th century in North America 11630:16th century in North America 11211: 8252:Custom of Paris in New France 7036:What is to be done with 1759? 6819:Rodriguez, Junius P. (2002). 6696:. Running Press. p. 62. 5592:. Paulist Press. p. 20. 5275:The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire 4005:University of Ottawa (2004). 3851:Journeys: A History of Canada 3706: 3621:French ship Inflexible (1755) 3341:, a corruption of the French 3068:Map of territorial claims in 2406:Custom of Paris in New France 2305:, acting as tax magistrate). 2246: 2040:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 1980:, ironically aided by French 1822:The relationship between the 1363:ceded its possessions to the 1313:Jacques Le Neuf de la Poterie 1132: 282:Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil 11317:Province of British Columbia 10421:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa) 9351:Crown and Indigenous peoples 9076:British Columbia (1866–1871) 9071:British Columbia (1858–1866) 7786:Resources in other libraries 7743:La Nouvelle-France 1524–1760 7711: 6453:Otterbein, Keith F. (2004). 5978:. Thompson Rivers University 5476:Fuchs, Denise (March 2002). 3606:Louis Juchereau de St. Denis 3278: 2935:); one further north on the 2600:lieutenant civil et criminel 2376:The reform also brought the 2107:Le Grand Voyage du Pays des 2085:Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve 1850:with the first shots of his 1327:The Merchant Flag of France 1015:A map of New France made by 694:as well as small pockets of 632:. Some also went to France. 624:, with small populations in 563:. The continent-traversing 561:Great Lakes of North America 7: 10661: and Antarctic Lands 7636:Journal of Canadian Studies 7491:Kingsford, William (1890). 7352:Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos 7123:University of Toronto Press 6601:. Toronto: Grolier Limited. 5864:. In Zuidema, Jason (ed.). 5804:Randall, Catherine (2011). 5347:Online Etymology Dictionary 4562:Riendeau, Roger E. (2007). 4499:Pritchard, Evan T. (2002). 4442:Litalien, Raymonde (2004). 4338:Year 1765 Population 69,810 3910:. MSU Press. pp. 8–9. 3496: 3450:but shortly thereafter the 3393:Louis-Philippe de Vaudreuil 3275:, signed 10 February 1763. 3095:at the site of present-day 2804:, which the French renamed 2494:) was created in May 1677. 2432:Augustin de Saffray de Mésy 2297:), the special lieutenant ( 2206:Compagnie des Cent-Associés 2190:Compagnie des Cent-Associés 2123:The Huron Feast of the Dead 2049: 1976:. This is the start of the 1570:Louis de Buade de Frontenac 1409:Settlers and their families 1147:Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons 663:to France under the secret 555:and from Hudson Bay to the 25:New France (disambiguation) 10: 11721: 11496:Brandenburger Saint Thomas 11305:Colony of British Columbia 8983:British Arctic Territories 8199:Governor of Trois-Rivières 7675:Canadian Historical Review 7361:American Historical Review 7194:Choquette, Leslie (1997). 6635:Griffiths, N.E.S. (2005). 6572:. UBC Press. p. 277. 6480:Adams, Charles E. (2013). 5833:Historical Atlas of Canada 5299:Friders, James S. (1993). 5272:Jennings, Francis (1984). 5236:Montreal And The Fur Trade 5100:Canadian Historical Review 4611:Grenon, Jean-Yves (2000). 4032:Preston, David L. (2009). 3838:, Flammarion, 2003, p. 67. 3817:The Encyclopedia of Canada 3463:institutional bilingualism 3385:American Revolutionary War 3282: 3236: 3165:Siege of Louisbourg (1758) 3053: 3036:victory at Fort Beausejour 3019: 2977: 2881: 2815: 2753: 2652: 2638: 2550:The ecclesiastical court ( 2542: 2508: 2403: 2278:made the Great Seneschal ( 2053: 1589: 1583: 1498:Map of New Orleans in 1728 1487: 1375:Carignan-Salières Regiment 1365:Seminaire de Saint-Sulpice 1211:1592 map of New France by 935: 745:(south Newfoundland), and 705: 166:Viceroyalty under British 29: 18: 11588: 11532: 11523: 11466:, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803 11384:Captaincy General of Cuba 11337: 11326: 11208:New England Confederation 11137: 11123: 11037: 10999: 10948: 10850: 10774: 10713: 10669: 10652: 10634: 10630: 10619: 10591: 10578:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 10551: 10511: 10507: 10496: 10455: 10439:French East India Company 10429: 10401: 10349: 10301: 10253: 10214: 10202:French West India Company 10192: 10164: 10095: 10052: 10011: 9984: 9956: 9918: 9836: 9808: 9769: 9762: 9688: 9657: 9537: 9487:Newfoundland and Labrador 9450: 9326: 9267: 9193: 9162: 9139: 8958: 8935: 8914: 8891: 8858: 8806: 8683: 8650: 8610: 8579: 8551:Expulsion of the Acadians 8496: 8460: 8365: 8342:Company of 100 Associates 8312: 8244: 8168: 8155:Fort St. Louis (Illinois) 8092: 8002: 7941: 7873: 7801:12 September 2017 at the 7781:Resources in your library 7623:10.1163/18770703-00502008 7559:. Yale University Press. 7553:Wrong, George M. (1918). 7502:Parkman, Francis (1983). 7327:Martino, Gina M. (2018). 7137:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 6868:David L. Preston (2009). 6849:. Statistics Canada. 2009 6825:. ABC-CLIO. p. 272. 5947:The Canadian Encyclopedia 5672:The Canadian Encyclopedia 5586:Elizabeth Tooker (1979). 5559:Conrad, Glenn R. (1995). 4919:Magocsi, Paul R. (1999). 4858:"Le peuplement d'un pays" 4689:. Statistics Canada. 2009 4565:A Brief History of Canada 4350:Leslie, Peter M. (1988). 4267:. Statistics Canada. 2009 4177:10.1017/S0145553200016928 3799:land-claiming ceremonies. 3764:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3669:An overseas territory of 3474:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3208:expulsion of the Acadians 3149:Battle of Fort Beausejour 3060:Expulsion of the Acadians 3010:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 2858:)). The northern part of 2582: 2262:Since 1640, a Seneschal ( 1343:led a Canadian and Huron 870:1666 census of New France 852:Growth of the settlements 702:Settlements of New France 680:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 649:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 606:upper and lower Louisiana 454:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 441: 431: 424: 419: 415: 392: 376:as well as its claims on 358: 349:French West India Company 337: 320: 316: 302: 292: 288: 275: 262: 258: 248: 244: 231: 218: 214: 204: 194: 184: 174: 153: 137: 110: 102: 68: 63: 41: 11685:Pre-Confederation Canada 11378:Santa Fe de Nuevo México 11190:Massachusetts Bay Colony 10717: the Indian Ocean 8546:French and Iroquois Wars 7388:Moogk, Peter N. (2000). 7288:The people of New France 7240:Dechêne, Louise (1992). 7219:Dale, Ronald J. (2004). 7202:Harvard University Press 7152:Chartrand, René (2008). 7131:Chartrand, René (2008). 6928:. ABC-CLIO. p. 38. 6535:Gough, Barry M. (2010). 5709:Seeman, Erik R. (2011). 5619:. ABC-CLIO. p. 52. 5366:Government of Alberta. " 4973:Chartrand, René (2013). 4946:Chartrand, René (2010). 4711:Hunter, Douglas (2007). 3626: 3253:Louis-Joseph de Montcalm 3223:Saskatchewan River Forks 3097:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 3006:Duc d'Anville Expedition 2718:Adam Dollard des Ormeaux 2614:Due to the situation in 2394:procureur général du roi 2183:Sainte Marie de Ganentaa 2072:, including a number of 1717:merchants to the south. 1677:building in present-day 1627:, for the next century. 1621:North American fur trade 1601:Card money in New France 1520:Mississippi River Valley 1484:Settlements in Louisiana 1450:France's colonial empire 1341:Adam Dollard des Ormeaux 1305:Communauté des Habitants 661:its portion of Louisiana 374:Kingdom of Great Britain 11508:Scottish Darien Company 11452:Hospitaller Saint Croix 11251:Dominion of New England 11233:North-Western Territory 10625:Uninhabited territories 10136:Saint Kitts & Nevis 9340:Persons of significance 9086:North-Western Territory 9061:Queen Charlotte Islands 8556:Great Peace of Montreal 8357:Compagnie de l'Occident 7928:History of the Acadians 7463:Trigger, Bruce (1976). 6895:Ronald J. Dale (2004). 6718:"History of Louisbourg" 6638:From Migrant to Acadian 6004:Lareau, Edmond (1881). 4640:. Paris: Le Croît vif. 3591:Natchitoches, Louisiana 3452:Colony of New Brunswick 3307:Treaty of Fontainebleau 2796:fur trading centres on 2552:tribunal ecclésiastique 2232:Judiciary of New France 1990:Médard des Groseilliers 1856:Great Peace of Montréal 1721:and the French colony. 1701:was in a slow decline. 1421:arrives at Quebec, 1667 1359:. In the same year the 1131:Champlain's Habitation 1027:planted a cross in the 878:Intendant of New France 817:Terre-Neuve (1662–1713) 665:Treaty of San Ildefonso 587:, where they built the 185:Official languages 129:"Mountjoy Saint Denis!" 11561:Of Plymouth Plantation 11283:(1779–1783; 1814–1815) 11192:(1629–1686; 1689–1691) 11168:(1620–1686; 1689–1691) 11080:(1664–1673; 1702–1776) 10555: collectivities 10393:Sanjak of Alexandretta 10246:Former French colonies 10043:Former French colonies 9801:Former French colonies 9756:French overseas empire 9371:Events of significance 8504:Military of New France 8430:Gens de couleur libres 8160:Fort St. Louis (Texas) 8145:Fortress of Louisbourg 7969:(1682–1763, 1801–1803) 7886:French colonial empire 7630:Gagnon, Serge (1978). 7272:Eccles, W. J. (1969). 7261:Eccles, W. J. (1968). 6764:Grenier, John (2008). 6690:Axelrod, Alan (2007). 6593:Wilson, Keith (1980). 6562:Delâge, Denys (1995). 5860:Larin, Robert (2011). 5774:Smith, Andrea (2008). 5667:"Ville-Marie (Colony)" 4526:Axelrod, Alan (2011). 4165:Social Science History 4130:Social Science History 3465:in Canada as a whole. 3331:Chéticamp, Nova Scotia 3310: 3261:the attack on Montreal 3217:was built in 1753, by 3081: 3028:Father Le Loutre's War 3022:Father Le Loutre's War 3016:Father Le Loutre's War 2904: 2769: 2727:Alexandre de Prouville 2676: 2655:Military of New France 2649:Father Le Loutre's War 2641:French and Indian Wars 2517:Governor of New France 2361:, and the district of 2336: 2299:lieutenant particulier 2257:Governor of New France 2252: 2214:Edict of Fontainebleau 2117: 2008: 1986:Pierre-Esprit Radisson 1952: 1900:Constitution Act, 1982 1870: 1869:tribes and settlements 1742: 1681: 1604: 1499: 1490:Louisiana (New France) 1472: 1422: 1335: 1331:, inspiration for the 1254:Governor of New France 1216: 1204: 1138: 1115:, and the settlers as 1107:), which was moved to 1020: 992:, the former count of 951:Giovanni da Verrazzano 864: 846:Fortress of Louisbourg 751: 626:Chéticamp, Nova Scotia 589:Fortress of Louisbourg 577:1713 Treaty of Utrecht 486:Gulf of Saint Lawrence 469: 322:• Exploration of 47: 11342:Columbian Viceroyalty 10502:Inhabited territories 10434:France–Asia relations 9989:Somaliland (Djibouti) 9492:Northwest Territories 9437:Territorial evolution 7796:Electronic New France 7726:. Paris: Flammarion. 7285:Greer, Allan (1997). 6797:World Digital Library 6100:Eccles, W.J. (1998). 5941:Jaenen, Cornelius J. 5868:. Brill. p. 17. 5133:Wien, Thomas (1990). 5112:10.3138/CHR-018-04-02 5062:Adair, E. R. (1942). 4830:Taylor, Alan (2001). 4793:Young, Brian (1986). 4768:Fry, Michael (2001). 4743:Knecht, R.J. (1991). 4636:Liebel, Jean (1999). 4429:History of New France 4409:. 1891. pp. 3–4. 4377:Hartz, Louis (1969). 4062:Powell, John (2009). 3581:Slavery in New France 3539:Modern history portal 3470:overseas collectivity 3448:Colony of Nova Scotia 3348:By the mid-1700s the 3300: 3289:Louisiana (New Spain) 3237:Further information: 3129:French and Indian War 3074:French and Indian War 3067: 3056:French and Indian War 3050:French and Indian War 2891: 2763: 2671: 2653:Further information: 2331: 2276:Company of New France 2244: 2105: 2006: 1933: 1864: 1834:, accompanied by his 1732: 1675:Company of New France 1673: 1640:Company of New France 1599: 1580:Fur trade and economy 1543:indigenous population 1497: 1470: 1416: 1387:Jean-Baptiste Colbert 1326: 1210: 1194: 1130: 1014: 1004:to that land between 859: 715: 706:Further information: 684:overseas collectivity 641:French and Indian War 311:French and Indian War 250:Viceroy of New France 113:Montjoie Saint Denis! 11478:Dutch Virgin Islands 11426:Spanish West Florida 11420:Spanish East Florida 11299:Stickeen Territories 11004:New England Colonies 10908:Fridtjof Nansen Land 10780:overseas departments 10715:Scattered Islands in 10596: collectivity 10054:French North America 9512:Prince Edward Island 9185:Population of Canada 9036:Prince Edward Island 8204:Governor of Montreal 8110:Fort Michilimackinac 7918:1763 Treaty of Paris 7687:10.3138/chr.91.4.695 6483:Assault on a Culture 5889:John Powell (2009). 5640:Shenwen, Li (2001). 5232:Rich, E. E. (1966). 3926:10.14321/j.ctt7zt68f 3882:on 20 September 2008 3652:The Royal Banner of 3553:North America portal 3459:Francophone identity 3401:Treaty of Versailles 3204:Battle of Beausejour 3161:Prince Edward Island 3141:troupes de la marine 3072:by 1750, before the 2913:Wabanaki Confederacy 2856:Prince Edward Island 2794:Hudson's Bay Company 2778:Wabanaki Confederacy 2731:Battle of Long Sault 2674:Battle of Long Sault 2545:Ecclesiastical court 2539:Ecclesiastical court 2344:Legal reforms (1663) 2175:Iroquois Confederacy 2066:Saint Lawrence River 1978:Hudson's Bay Company 1692:The founding of the 1630:The trading post of 1574:Troupes de la Marine 1526:as far south as the 885:Saint Lawrence River 692:numerous place names 639:(which included the 559:, including all the 404:cedes New France to 11414:Provincias Internas 11390:Spanish Saint Croix 11014:Chesapeake Colonies 10903:Erik the Red's Land 10749:Juan de Nova Island 10636:North Pacific Ocean 10248:in Asia and Oceania 9427:Population history 9398:Chinese immigration 8978:Newfoundland (1583) 8352:Mississippi Company 7829:14 May 2011 at the 7648:10.3138/jcs.13.1.80 7121:(online ed.). 6388:Vanderlinden (2004) 6371:Vanderlinden (2004) 6359:Vanderlinden (2004) 5675:(online ed.). 5172:Lunn, Jean (1939). 4770:The Scottish Empire 4661:Binot, Guy (2004). 3812:Wallace, W. Stewart 3744:. The Association. 3654:early modern France 3374:Louisiana Territory 3245:captured Louisbourg 3233:Treaties of cession 3200:Fortress Louisbourg 2872:Fortress Louisbourg 2784:in southern Maine. 2400:The Custom of Paris 2196:. This resulted in 2062:animistic religions 1942:to the west in the 1832:St. Lawrence Valley 1828:Samuel De Champlain 1809:Samuel de Champlain 1694:Compagnie des Indes 1553:, leaving a strong 1439:indentured servants 1309:La Rochelle, France 1307:, had arrived from 1151:Samuel de Champlain 1070:Canada (New France) 1017:Samuel de Champlain 755:Acadia (1604–1713) 168:military occupation 11577:Quintipartite Deed 11490:Danish West Indies 11458:French Saint Croix 10654:Overseas territory 10179:France Antarctique 10166:Equinoctial France 10129:Dominican Republic 9009:Nova Scotia (1710) 8873:Nova Scotia (1621) 8675:L'Anse aux Meadows 8524:King William's War 8519:Intercolonial Wars 7158:. Bloomsbury USA. 7089:. 17 February 2009 5412:www.britannica.com 4883:Noel, Jan (2009). 4864:on 1 November 2013 4245:on 2 December 2010 3444:Dominion of Canada 3432:Province of Canada 3417:Louisiana Purchase 3413:Napoleon Bonaparte 3311: 3192:Conquest of Acadia 3190:While the British 3184:Battle of Carillon 3157:Cape Breton Island 3093:Monongahela Rivers 3082: 2956:Canso, Nova Scotia 2921:Conquest of Acadia 2905: 2852:Cape Breton Island 2828:Conquest of Acadia 2824:King William's War 2786:King William's War 2774:King William's War 2770: 2756:King William's War 2750:King William's War 2677: 2635:Military conflicts 2604:Governor of Acadia 2524:Criminal Ordinance 2480:tribunal antérieur 2466:(then held by the 2428:Island of Montreal 2337: 2333:Governor Frontenac 2323:Island of Montreal 2284:Island of Montreal 2253: 2202:Cardinal Richelieu 2163:Iroquois invasions 2118: 2044:Louisiana Purchase 2009: 1953: 1920:St. Lawrence River 1904:Manitoba Act, 1870 1871: 1813:St. Lawrence River 1799:Indigenous peoples 1743: 1682: 1636:St. Lawrence River 1605: 1559:Louisiana Purchase 1500: 1473: 1423: 1336: 1277:seigneurial system 1242:Cardinal Richelieu 1217: 1205: 1201:Vincenzo Coronelli 1155:the city of Quebec 1139: 1103:on Baie François ( 1078:Algonquian peoples 1072:were inhabited by 1037:Charlesbourg-Royal 1021: 986:Nouvelle-Angoulême 865: 781:Canada (1608–1763) 673:Louisiana Purchase 669:Napoleon Bonaparte 614:Maritime provinces 585:Cape Breton Island 539:in the northeast; 500:in 1763 under the 345:new administration 11612: 11611: 11606: 11605: 11581: 11573: 11565: 11557: 11549: 11545:Mayflower Compact 11541: 11526:Related Documents 11408:Spanish Louisiana 11287:Columbia District 11210:(1643–1654; 1675– 11096:Massachusetts Bay 11024:Southern Colonies 10993:Thirteen Colonies 10959: 10958: 10810: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10770: 10769: 10766: 10765: 10762: 10761: 10705:Amsterdam Islands 10696:Kerguelen Islands 10644:Clipperton Island 10615: 10614: 10611: 10610: 10583:Wallis and Futuna 10451: 10450: 10447: 10446: 10351:Mandate for Syria 10341:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan 10303:Indochinese Union 10210: 10209: 10007: 10006: 9920:Equatorial Africa 9722: 9721: 9713:Canada portal 9283:18000 BCE–1500 CE 9261:History of Canada 9227: 9226: 9218:Canada portal 9056:Columbia District 8883:Port Royal Colony 8850:Pacific Northwest 8660:Named territories 8597: 8596: 8534:King George's War 8514:Acadian Civil War 8461:Missionary groups 8452:Intellectual life 8189:Sovereign Council 7923:History of Quebec 7815:France In America 7767:Library resources 7752:978-2-89485-060-2 7733:978-2-08-210045-8 7566:978-1-58057-276-7 7545:978-1-934757-45-1 7447:978-0-399-52390-8 7401:978-0-87013-528-6 7298:978-0-8020-7816-2 7211:978-0-674-32315-5 7200:. Cambridge, MA: 7046:978-1-4426-9924-3 6999:978-0-8020-6442-4 6965:978-1-4516-0312-5 6935:978-1-59884-621-8 6908:978-1-55028-840-7 6881:978-0-8032-2549-7 6832:978-1-5760-7188-5 6777:978-0-8061-3876-3 6676:978-0-8649-2426-1 6648:978-0-7735-2699-0 6579:978-0-7748-4282-2 6548:978-0-8108-7504-3 6515:www.tanakiwin.com 6493:978-1-4836-1293-5 6466:978-1-60344-637-2 6439:978-1-111-80846-4 6429:American Passages 6412:978-1-61535-365-1 6342:978-0-9192-4116-9 6111:978-1-5504-1076-1 5902:978-1-4381-1012-7 5875:978-90-04-21176-6 5843:978-0-8020-2495-4 5817:978-0-8232-3262-8 5787:978-0-8223-4163-5 5722:978-0-8018-9854-9 5651:978-2-7475-1123-0 5626:978-1-59884-622-5 5599:978-0-8091-2256-1 5572:978-0-9409-8497-4 5310:978-0-1301-2204-9 5285:978-0-393-01719-9 5013:978-1-55849-543-2 4932:978-0-8020-2938-6 4843:978-0-14-200210-0 4816:978-0-7735-0554-4 4779:978-1-84158-259-7 4754:978-0-582-43757-9 4724:978-0-3856-6058-7 4672:978-2-9144-6313-3 4647:978-2-9079-6748-8 4622:978-0-9682-0162-6 4575:978-1-4381-0822-3 4539:978-1-4299-9070-7 4512:978-1-57178-107-9 4485:978-1-60413-196-3 4455:978-0-7735-7256-0 4363:978-0-88911-456-2 4111:978-1-4616-3960-2 4077:978-1-4381-1012-7 4045:978-0-8032-2549-7 3917:978-0-8701-3570-5 3861:978-0-17-644244-6 3641:French Government 3354:Thirteen Colonies 3319:Thirteen Colonies 3221:just east of the 3137:George Washington 3111:In 1755, General 2990:King George's War 2980:King George's War 2974:King George's War 2968:Becancour, Quebec 2943:) and one on the 2909:Father Rale's War 2902:Father Rale's War 2884:Father Rale's War 2878:Father Rale's War 2832:Treaty of Utrecht 2645:Father Rale's War 2528:Sovereign Council 2499:palais de justice 2492:prévôté de Québec 2460:Sovereign Council 2448:Sovereign Council 2386:Conseil supérieur 2382:Conseil souverain 2303:lieutenant fiscal 2134:Jacques Marquette 1982:coureurs des bois 1940:Mississippi River 1747:coureurs des bois 1607:According to the 1551:southern Illinois 1504:American colonies 1462:les filles du roi 1460:, or, in French, 1222:coureurs des bois 988:in honour of the 945:Around 1523, the 889:Acadian Peninsula 838:Treaty of Utrecht 727:St. John's Island 655:, except for the 653:Mississippi River 616:of Canada and in 553:Canadian Prairies 543:on the island of 459: 458: 362:Treaty of Utrecht 354:18 September 1663 277:• 1755–1760 264:• 1534–1541 233:• 1715–1763 220:• 1534–1547 162:Kingdom of France 146:Treaty of Utrecht 11712: 11596: 11595: 11579: 11571: 11563: 11555: 11553:Mourt's Relation 11547: 11539: 11464:French Louisiana 11293:Red River Colony 11216: 11213: 11160:Berkeley Hundred 11019:Tobacco Colonies 10986: 10979: 10972: 10963: 10962: 10913:Sverdrup Islands 10837: 10830: 10823: 10814: 10813: 10735:Glorioso Islands 10716: 10667: 10666: 10660: 10656: 10632: 10631: 10621: 10620: 10595: 10568:Saint Barthélemy 10563:French Polynesia 10554: 10514: 10509: 10508: 10498: 10497: 10483: 10476: 10469: 10460: 10459: 10268:Coromandel Coast 10239: 10232: 10225: 10216: 10215: 10097:French Caribbean 10077:Terre Neuve 10036: 10029: 10022: 10013: 10012: 9794: 9787: 9780: 9771: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9749: 9742: 9735: 9726: 9725: 9711: 9710: 9709: 9697: 9696: 9648:Name etymologies 9528:Name etymologies 9467:British Columbia 9382:Heritage Minutes 9254: 9247: 9240: 9231: 9230: 9216: 9215: 9214: 9202: 9201: 9154:Sverdrup Islands 9150: 9102: 9066:Vancouver Island 8974: 8946: 8923: 8902: 8879: 8869: 8841: 8827: 8817: 8750: 8694: 8671: 8661: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8614: 8613: 8601: 8600: 8587: 8586: 8566:Schenectady Raid 8539:Seven Years' War 8529:Queen Anne's War 8395:King's Daughters 8347:Crozat's Company 8330:Coureur des bois 8272:Superior Council 8194:Bishop of Quebec 8179:Governor General 8120:Fort de Chartres 7979:Illinois Country 7860: 7853: 7846: 7837: 7836: 7756: 7737: 7725: 7707: 7690: 7669: 7626: 7594: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7549: 7528: 7522: 7518: 7516: 7508: 7498: 7480: 7459: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7408:on 5 August 2011 7404:. Archived from 7384: 7355: 7342: 7323: 7302: 7281: 7279: 7268: 7257: 7236: 7215: 7190: 7169: 7148: 7126: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7064: 7060: 7058: 7050: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7017: 7013: 7011: 7003: 6979: 6970: 6969: 6950:Bogue, Donald J. 6946: 6940: 6939: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6892: 6886: 6885: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6761: 6752: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6662: 6653: 6652: 6632: 6623: 6622: 6612: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6568:. translated by 6559: 6553: 6552: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6507: 6498: 6497: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6397: 6391: 6385: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6347: 6346: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6296:on 3 March 2016. 6292:. Archived from 6282: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6236: 6230: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6076: 6070: 6059: 6053: 6044: 6038: 6029: 6023: 6012: 6011: 6001: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5967: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5857: 5848: 5847: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5801: 5792: 5791: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5736: 5727: 5726: 5706: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5677:Historica Canada 5662: 5656: 5655: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5529: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5482:Manitoba History 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5377: 5371: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5324: 5315: 5314: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5229: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5196: 5194:10.7202/300187ar 5178: 5169: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155:10.7202/031021ar 5139: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084:10.7202/300228ar 5068: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5024: 5018: 5017: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905:10.7202/044453ar 4889: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4804: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4740: 4729: 4728: 4708: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4665:. : Bonne anse. 4658: 4652: 4651: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4559: 4544: 4543: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4420: 4411: 4410: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4317: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4288: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4235: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4206: 4197: 4196: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4125: 4116: 4115: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4059: 4050: 4049: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4013:on 25 March 2017 4009:. Archived from 4002: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3966:Leclerc, Jacques 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3901: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3845: 3839: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3773: 3771: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3716: 3700: 3697:Stockton Springs 3680: 3674: 3667: 3661: 3650: 3644: 3637: 3601:Anne des Cadeaux 3555: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3541: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3527: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3389:Clément Gosselin 3335:Magdalen Islands 3215:Fort de la Corne 3151:(1755) and then 3133:Seven Years' War 3122:Native Americans 3078:Seven Years' War 2945:Saint John River 2862:, what is today 2818:Queen Anne's War 2812:Queen Anne's War 2790:Queen Anne's War 2739:Chief Canaqueese 2505:Criminal justice 2484:juges inférieurs 2416:coutume de Paris 2371:procureur du roi 2251: 2248: 2167:Canadian Martyrs 2145:, including the 2130:Illinois Country 2032:Seven Years' War 1944:Illinois Country 1896:Red River Valley 1555:French influence 1535:Fort Saint Louis 1458:King's Daughters 1419:King's Daughters 1391:Bishop of Quebec 1330: 1297:Pierre LeGardeur 1256:and forbade non- 1238:English colonies 1197:Illinois Country 1137: 1134: 922:Pays de la Loire 918:Poitou-Charentes 902:Northwest France 826:Illinois Country 637:Seven Years' War 630:Magdalen Islands 411:10 February 1763 403: 297:Superior Council 142: 130: 125: 117: 116: 90: 76: 58: 50: 39: 38: 11720: 11719: 11715: 11714: 11713: 11711: 11710: 11709: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11608: 11607: 11602: 11584: 11528: 11519: 11514:Russian America 11432:Alta California 11402:Las Californias 11354:Spanish Florida 11333: 11322: 11214: 11133: 11119: 11033: 11029:United Colonies 11009:Middle Colonies 10995: 10990: 10960: 10955: 10944: 10846: 10841: 10811: 10802: 10784:Claimed by the 10758: 10754:Tromelin Island 10725:Bassas da India 10709: 10659:French Southern 10648: 10626: 10607: 10587: 10547: 10515: regions 10503: 10492: 10490:Overseas France 10487: 10443: 10425: 10397: 10383:Greater Lebanon 10353:and the Lebanon 10352: 10345: 10297: 10249: 10243: 10206: 10188: 10160: 10091: 10048: 10046:in the Americas 10040: 10003: 9980: 9952: 9914: 9832: 9804: 9798: 9758: 9753: 9723: 9718: 9707: 9705: 9684: 9653: 9533: 9454:and territories 9453: 9446: 9322: 9271: 9263: 9258: 9228: 9223: 9212: 9210: 9189: 9158: 9148: 9135: 9101:Important sites 9100: 8972: 8963: 8954: 8944: 8931: 8921: 8910: 8906:Russian America 8900: 8887: 8877: 8867: 8854: 8839: 8831:Fort San Miguel 8826:Important sites 8825: 8815: 8802: 8758:Annapolis Royal 8749:Important sites 8748: 8692: 8679: 8669: 8659: 8646: 8641: 8606: 8598: 8593: 8575: 8492: 8468:Jesuit missions 8456: 8405:Casquette girls 8361: 8308: 8277:Admiralty court 8240: 8164: 8088: 8005: 7998: 7937: 7896:Beginnings–1533 7869: 7864: 7831:Wayback Machine 7803:Wayback Machine 7792: 7791: 7790: 7775: 7774: 7770: 7763: 7753: 7734: 7714: 7658: 7601: 7585: 7583:Primary sources 7580: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7546: 7520: 7519: 7510: 7509: 7487: 7477: 7448: 7411: 7409: 7402: 7373:10.2307/1832882 7339: 7320: 7299: 7254: 7233: 7212: 7187: 7166: 7145: 7111: 7107: 7105:Further reading 7102: 7092: 7090: 7079: 7078: 7074: 7062: 7061: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7031: 7027: 7015: 7014: 7005: 7004: 7000: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6947: 6943: 6936: 6920: 6916: 6909: 6893: 6889: 6882: 6866: 6862: 6852: 6850: 6845: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6817: 6813: 6803: 6801: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6778: 6762: 6755: 6741: 6737: 6727: 6725: 6724:on 23 July 2010 6716: 6715: 6711: 6704: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6633: 6626: 6613: 6606: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6560: 6556: 6549: 6533: 6529: 6519: 6517: 6509: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6478: 6474: 6467: 6451: 6447: 6440: 6424: 6420: 6413: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6386: 6377: 6369: 6365: 6357: 6350: 6343: 6329: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6284: 6283: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6246: 6239: 6231: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6202: 6198: 6190: 6186: 6178: 6174: 6166: 6162: 6154: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6132:on 11 June 2011 6124: 6123: 6119: 6112: 6098: 6094: 6086: 6079: 6071: 6062: 6054: 6047: 6039: 6032: 6024: 6015: 6002: 5991: 5981: 5979: 5970:Fish, Malcolm. 5968: 5961: 5951: 5949: 5939: 5935: 5925: 5923: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5903: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5802: 5795: 5788: 5772: 5768: 5760: 5756: 5746: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5707: 5696: 5686: 5684: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5638: 5634: 5627: 5611: 5607: 5600: 5584: 5580: 5573: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5530: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5394: 5378: 5374: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5270: 5266: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5230: 5217: 5207: 5205: 5176: 5170: 5163: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5096: 5092: 5066: 5060: 5056: 5025: 5021: 5014: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4917: 4913: 4887: 4881: 4877: 4867: 4865: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4741: 4732: 4725: 4709: 4702: 4692: 4690: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4609: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4560: 4547: 4540: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4440: 4436: 4421: 4414: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4348: 4344: 4331: 4329: 4318: 4311: 4301: 4299: 4289: 4280: 4270: 4268: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4216:on 16 June 2012 4208: 4207: 4200: 4161: 4157: 4142:10.2307/1171305 4126: 4119: 4112: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4060: 4053: 4046: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3946:on 23 July 2010 3938: 3937: 3933: 3918: 3902: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3846: 3842: 3834:Havard, Vidal, 3833: 3829: 3809: 3805: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3769: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3736: 3732: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3703: 3695:in what is now 3681: 3677: 3668: 3664: 3651: 3647: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3537: 3532: 3530: 3523: 3518: 3516: 3509: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3486: 3303:Treaty of Paris 3295: 3283:Main articles: 3281: 3273:Treaty of Paris 3269:Jeffery Amherst 3241: 3235: 3196:Fort Beausejour 3113:Edward Braddock 3062: 3054:Main articles: 3052: 3024: 3018: 2998:William Shirley 2994:Annapolis Royal 2982: 2976: 2937:Penobscot River 2886: 2880: 2820: 2814: 2758: 2752: 2666: 2657: 2651: 2639:Main articles: 2637: 2587:Unlike Canada, 2585: 2564: 2562:Admiralty court 2548: 2541: 2536: 2513: 2507: 2476: 2424: 2412:Custom of Paris 2408: 2402: 2351: 2346: 2313:, as well as a 2249: 2239: 2234: 2171:Onondaga Nation 2154:Jean de Brébeuf 2068:, specifically 2058: 2052: 2014:Mobile, Alabama 2001: 1996:The economy of 1949:terra incognita 1928: 1867:Native American 1803:The French and 1801: 1733:The arrival of 1727: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1564:Many strategic 1537:in what is now 1518:Valley and the 1492: 1486: 1480:entrepreneurs. 1411: 1328: 1321: 1213:Petrus Plancius 1153:as founders of 1135: 1125: 1101:Île-Saint-Croix 1029:Gaspé Peninsula 1025:Jacques Cartier 953:convinced King 943: 938: 854: 733:-Cape Breton), 714: 704: 696:French-speaking 645:Treaty of Paris 502:Treaty of Paris 490:Jacques Cartier 470:Nouvelle-France 452: 448: 408: 399: 396:Treaty of Paris 385: 351: 347:and founds the 330: 328:Jacques Cartier 278: 269:Jacques Cartier 265: 234: 221: 165: 149: 133: 128: 119: 98: 97: 96: 91: 83: 82: 77: 59: 52: 48:Nouvelle-France 44: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11718: 11708: 11707: 11705:Eastern Canada 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11610: 11609: 11604: 11603: 11601: 11600: 11589: 11586: 11585: 11583: 11582: 11574: 11566: 11558: 11550: 11542: 11533: 11530: 11529: 11524: 11521: 11520: 11518: 11517: 11511: 11505: 11499: 11493: 11487: 11481: 11475: 11472:New Netherland 11469: 11468: 11467: 11461: 11455: 11449: 11446:French Florida 11437: 11436: 11435: 11429: 11423: 11417: 11411: 11405: 11399: 11393: 11387: 11381: 11375: 11369: 11363: 11357: 11345: 11338: 11335: 11334: 11332: 11331: 11327: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11320: 11314: 11308: 11302: 11296: 11290: 11284: 11278: 11272: 11266: 11260: 11257:Indian Reserve 11254: 11248: 11242: 11236: 11230: 11224: 11218: 11205: 11199: 11193: 11187: 11181: 11175: 11169: 11163: 11157: 11151: 11145: 11138: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11131: 11124: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11117: 11111: 11108:South Carolina 11105: 11102:North Carolina 11099: 11093: 11087: 11081: 11075: 11069: 11063: 11057: 11051: 11045: 11038: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11000: 10997: 10996: 10989: 10988: 10981: 10974: 10966: 10957: 10956: 10954: 10953: 10949: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10916: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10851: 10848: 10847: 10840: 10839: 10832: 10825: 10817: 10808: 10807: 10804: 10803: 10801: 10800: 10794: 10788: 10782: 10778:Also known as 10775: 10772: 10771: 10768: 10767: 10764: 10763: 10760: 10759: 10757: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10745: 10744: 10741:Banc du Geyser 10732: 10727: 10721: 10719: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10707: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10681:Crozet Islands 10678: 10670: 10664: 10650: 10649: 10647: 10646: 10640: 10638: 10628: 10627: 10617: 10616: 10613: 10612: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10605: 10599: 10597: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10559: 10557: 10549: 10548: 10546: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10519: 10517: 10505: 10504: 10494: 10493: 10486: 10485: 10478: 10471: 10463: 10457: 10453: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10441: 10436: 10430: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10423: 10418: 10417: 10416: 10405: 10403: 10399: 10398: 10396: 10395: 10390: 10388:Jabal al-Druze 10385: 10380: 10375: 10374: 10373: 10368: 10361:State of Syria 10357: 10355: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10343: 10338: 10337: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10318: 10313: 10307: 10305: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10259: 10257: 10251: 10250: 10242: 10241: 10234: 10227: 10219: 10212: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10199: 10193: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10170: 10168: 10162: 10161: 10159: 10158: 10156:Virgin Islands 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10120:Saint-Domingue 10117: 10115:The Grenadines 10112: 10107: 10101: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10089: 10084: 10082:French Florida 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10058: 10056: 10050: 10049: 10039: 10038: 10031: 10024: 10016: 10009: 10008: 10005: 10004: 10002: 10001: 9999:Isle de France 9996: 9991: 9985: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9962: 9960: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9924: 9922: 9916: 9915: 9913: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9891: 9890: 9880: 9875: 9874: 9873: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9842: 9840: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9814: 9812: 9806: 9805: 9797: 9796: 9789: 9782: 9774: 9764: 9760: 9759: 9752: 9751: 9744: 9737: 9729: 9720: 9719: 9717: 9716: 9702: 9689: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9670:Historiography 9667: 9661: 9659: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9543: 9541: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9531: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9458: 9456: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9418: 9417: 9412: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9390: 9388:Historic Sites 9385: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9346:Constitutional 9343: 9332: 9330: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9279: 9277: 9265: 9264: 9257: 9256: 9249: 9242: 9234: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9221: 9207: 9194: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9166: 9164: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9156: 9151: 9145: 9143: 9137: 9136: 9134: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8969: 8967: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8952: 8947: 8941: 8939: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8929: 8927:Oregon Country 8924: 8918: 8916: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8908: 8903: 8897: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8864: 8862: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8812: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8800: 8793: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8769:Trois-Rivières 8766: 8761: 8751: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8737: 8735:Pays d'en Haut 8732: 8727: 8725:Domaine du roy 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8695: 8689: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8656: 8654: 8648: 8647: 8640: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8617: 8611: 8608: 8607: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8591: 8580: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8571:Deerfield Raid 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8500: 8498: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8464: 8462: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8381: 8380: 8369: 8367: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8338: 8337: 8332: 8322: 8316: 8314: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8248: 8246: 8242: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8237: 8236: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8218: 8217: 8216: 8208: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8172: 8170: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8084: 8076: 8075: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8046: 8045: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8032:Trois-Rivières 8029: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8010: 8008: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7996: 7994:Domaine du roy 7991: 7989:Pays d'en Haut 7986: 7981: 7976: 7970: 7964: 7958: 7952: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7888: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7863: 7862: 7855: 7848: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7818: 7812: 7806: 7789: 7788: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7761:External links 7759: 7758: 7757: 7751: 7738: 7732: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7691: 7681:(4): 695–724. 7670: 7656: 7627: 7617:(2): 109–136. 7600: 7599:Historiography 7597: 7596: 7595: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7578: 7565: 7550: 7544: 7529: 7499: 7486: 7485:Older classics 7483: 7482: 7481: 7475: 7460: 7446: 7430:The Colonizers 7424:, ed. (1998). 7418: 7400: 7385: 7356: 7343: 7338:978-1469640990 7337: 7324: 7318: 7303: 7297: 7282: 7269: 7258: 7252: 7237: 7231: 7216: 7210: 7191: 7185: 7170: 7164: 7149: 7143: 7128: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7100: 7072: 7045: 7025: 6998: 6971: 6964: 6941: 6934: 6914: 6907: 6887: 6880: 6860: 6838: 6831: 6811: 6783: 6776: 6753: 6735: 6709: 6702: 6682: 6675: 6654: 6647: 6624: 6604: 6585: 6578: 6554: 6547: 6527: 6499: 6492: 6472: 6465: 6445: 6438: 6418: 6411: 6392: 6375: 6373:, p. 201. 6363: 6348: 6341: 6323: 6321:, p. 269. 6311: 6309:, p. 268. 6299: 6290:Justice Québec 6264: 6262:, p. 282. 6252: 6250:, p. 286. 6237: 6235:, p. 264. 6220: 6218:, p. 261. 6208: 6206:, p. 254. 6196: 6194:, p. 253. 6184: 6182:, p. 252. 6172: 6170:, p. 251. 6160: 6158:, p. 248. 6143: 6117: 6110: 6092: 6090:, p. 249. 6077: 6075:, p. 247. 6060: 6045: 6043:, p. 245. 6030: 6028:, p. 246. 6013: 5989: 5959: 5933: 5908: 5901: 5881: 5874: 5849: 5842: 5823: 5816: 5793: 5786: 5766: 5754: 5728: 5721: 5694: 5657: 5650: 5632: 5625: 5605: 5598: 5578: 5571: 5551: 5545:978-1455617425 5544: 5521: 5499: 5468: 5446: 5424: 5399: 5393:978-0812204827 5392: 5372: 5359: 5334: 5316: 5309: 5291: 5284: 5264: 5243: 5215: 5161: 5148:(1): 293–317. 5125: 5106:(4): 374–384. 5090: 5054: 5041:10.2307/139461 5035:(2): 141–158. 5019: 5012: 4992: 4985: 4965: 4958: 4938: 4931: 4911: 4898:(2): 209–241. 4875: 4849: 4842: 4822: 4815: 4785: 4778: 4760: 4753: 4730: 4723: 4700: 4678: 4671: 4653: 4646: 4628: 4621: 4603: 4581: 4574: 4545: 4538: 4518: 4511: 4491: 4484: 4461: 4454: 4434: 4412: 4396: 4389: 4369: 4362: 4342: 4309: 4278: 4256: 4227: 4198: 4155: 4117: 4110: 4090: 4076: 4051: 4044: 4024: 3997: 3975: 3957: 3931: 3916: 3893: 3867: 3860: 3840: 3827: 3803: 3781: 3751: 3730: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3687:, established 3685:Thomas Pownall 3675: 3662: 3645: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3542: 3528: 3514: 3498: 3495: 3485: 3484:Historiography 3482: 3280: 3277: 3234: 3231: 3182:in July. The 3172:Great Upheaval 3139:by the French 3051: 3048: 3020:Main article: 3017: 3014: 3000:, governor of 2978:Main article: 2975: 2972: 2960:Sébastien Rale 2917:Kennebec River 2898:Sébastien Rale 2882:Main article: 2879: 2876: 2816:Main article: 2813: 2810: 2782:Kennebec River 2754:Main article: 2751: 2748: 2665: 2662: 2636: 2633: 2584: 2581: 2563: 2560: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2534:Special courts 2532: 2509:Main article: 2506: 2503: 2475: 2472: 2464:Trois-Rivières 2423: 2420: 2404:Main article: 2401: 2398: 2390:Conseil d'État 2359:Trois-Rivières 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2317:formed by the 2311:Trois-Rivières 2291:Jean de Lauson 2280:Grand Sénéchal 2272:Trois-Rivières 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2181:, established 2179:Simon Le Moyne 2114:Gabriel Sagard 2054:Main article: 2051: 2048: 2021:Antoine Crozat 2000: 1994: 1927: 1924: 1848:Lake Champlain 1800: 1797: 1726: 1723: 1609:staples thesis 1584:Main article: 1581: 1578: 1528:Gulf of Mexico 1488:Main article: 1485: 1482: 1410: 1407: 1339:1660, settler 1333:flag of Quebec 1320: 1317: 1290:Trois-Rivières 1182:Lake Champlain 1141:In 1608, King 1124: 1121: 1080:and sedentary 1033:King Francis I 942: 939: 937: 934: 853: 850: 834: 833: 819: 814: 804: 801:Domaine du roy 797:Pays d'en Haut 789:Trois-Rivières 778: 767:Île Saint-Jean 703: 700: 610:Great Upheaval 565:Saint Lawrence 557:Gulf of Mexico 525:Trois-Rivières 457: 456: 443: 439: 438: 436:Livre tournois 433: 429: 428: 425: 422: 421: 417: 416: 413: 412: 409: 394:• By the 393: 390: 389: 386: 368:cedes most of 360:• By the 359: 356: 355: 352: 338: 335: 334: 331: 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 304: 303:Historical era 300: 299: 294: 290: 289: 286: 285: 279: 276: 273: 272: 266: 263: 260: 259: 256: 255: 252: 246: 245: 242: 241: 235: 232: 229: 228: 222: 219: 216: 215: 212: 211: 208: 206:King of France 202: 201: 196: 192: 191: 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 171: 155: 151: 150: 143: 135: 134: 132: 131: 126: 106: 100: 99: 92: 85: 84: 78: 71: 70: 69: 66: 65: 61: 60: 45: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11717: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11700:Viceroyalties 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11622: 11620: 11599: 11591: 11590: 11587: 11578: 11575: 11570: 11567: 11562: 11559: 11554: 11551: 11546: 11543: 11538: 11535: 11534: 11531: 11527: 11522: 11515: 11512: 11509: 11506: 11503: 11500: 11497: 11494: 11491: 11488: 11485: 11482: 11479: 11476: 11473: 11470: 11465: 11462: 11459: 11456: 11453: 11450: 11447: 11443: 11442: 11441: 11438: 11433: 11430: 11427: 11424: 11421: 11418: 11415: 11412: 11409: 11406: 11403: 11400: 11397: 11396:Spanish Texas 11394: 11391: 11388: 11385: 11382: 11379: 11376: 11373: 11370: 11367: 11364: 11361: 11358: 11355: 11351: 11350: 11349: 11346: 11343: 11340: 11339: 11336: 11329: 11328: 11325: 11318: 11315: 11312: 11309: 11306: 11303: 11300: 11297: 11294: 11291: 11288: 11285: 11282: 11279: 11276: 11273: 11270: 11267: 11264: 11261: 11258: 11255: 11252: 11249: 11246: 11243: 11240: 11237: 11234: 11231: 11228: 11227:Rupert's Land 11225: 11222: 11219: 11209: 11206: 11203: 11200: 11197: 11194: 11191: 11188: 11185: 11182: 11179: 11176: 11173: 11170: 11167: 11164: 11161: 11158: 11155: 11152: 11149: 11146: 11143: 11140: 11139: 11136: 11130: 11129:United States 11126: 11125: 11122: 11115: 11112: 11109: 11106: 11103: 11100: 11097: 11094: 11091: 11088: 11085: 11082: 11079: 11076: 11073: 11070: 11067: 11064: 11061: 11058: 11055: 11052: 11049: 11048:New Hampshire 11046: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11036: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11001: 10998: 10994: 10987: 10982: 10980: 10975: 10973: 10968: 10967: 10964: 10951: 10950: 10947: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10852: 10849: 10845: 10838: 10833: 10831: 10826: 10824: 10819: 10818: 10815: 10799: 10795: 10793: 10789: 10787: 10783: 10781: 10777: 10776: 10773: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10743: 10742: 10738: 10737: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10730:Europa Island 10728: 10726: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10718: 10712: 10706: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10676: 10672: 10671: 10668: 10665: 10662: 10655: 10651: 10645: 10642: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10622: 10618: 10604: 10603:New Caledonia 10601: 10600: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10560: 10558: 10556: 10550: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10523:French Guiana 10521: 10520: 10518: 10516: 10510: 10506: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10484: 10479: 10477: 10472: 10470: 10465: 10464: 10461: 10458: 10454: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10431: 10428: 10422: 10419: 10415: 10412: 10411: 10410: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10400: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10378:Alawite State 10376: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10363: 10362: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10354: 10348: 10342: 10339: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10304: 10300: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10256: 10252: 10247: 10240: 10235: 10233: 10228: 10226: 10221: 10220: 10217: 10213: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10191: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10163: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10146:Saint Vincent 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10123: 10122: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10102: 10100: 10098: 10094: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10044: 10037: 10032: 10030: 10025: 10023: 10018: 10017: 10014: 10010: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9986: 9983: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9971:Grande Comore 9969: 9967: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9917: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9889: 9888:Four Communes 9886: 9885: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9872: 9871:Arguin Island 9869: 9868: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9846:Côte d'Ivoire 9844: 9843: 9841: 9839: 9835: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9811: 9807: 9802: 9795: 9790: 9788: 9783: 9781: 9776: 9775: 9772: 9768: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9750: 9745: 9743: 9738: 9736: 9731: 9730: 9727: 9715: 9714: 9703: 9701: 9700: 9691: 9690: 9687: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9649: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9622:Richmond Hill 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9552:Charlottetown 9550: 9548: 9545: 9544: 9542: 9540: 9536: 9529: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9482:New Brunswick 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9449: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9406: 9403: 9399: 9396: 9395: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9383: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9341: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9329: 9325: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9255: 9250: 9248: 9243: 9241: 9236: 9235: 9232: 9220: 9219: 9208: 9206: 9205: 9196: 9195: 9192: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9161: 9155: 9152: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9138: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9111:Avalon (1620) 9109: 9107: 9104: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9051:New Caledonia 9049: 9047: 9046:United Canada 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9031:New Brunswick 9029: 9027: 9024: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9004:Rupert's Land 9002: 9000: 8999:New Yorkshire 8997: 8995: 8992: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8961: 8957: 8951: 8948: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8934: 8928: 8925: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8913: 8907: 8904: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8890: 8884: 8881: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8857: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8829: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8805: 8799: 8798: 8797:List of forts 8794: 8792: 8791: 8790:List of towns 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8747: 8746: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8700: 8696: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8682: 8676: 8673: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8638: 8633: 8631: 8626: 8624: 8619: 8618: 8615: 8609: 8602: 8590: 8582: 8581: 8578: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8495: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8459: 8453: 8450: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8364: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8327: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8320:Chemin du Roy 8318: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8299: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8243: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8215: 8212: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8140:Fort Duquesne 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8130:Fort Carillon 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8115:Fort de Buade 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8091: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8053: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8018: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7974: 7971: 7968: 7965: 7962: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7861: 7856: 7854: 7849: 7847: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7819: 7816: 7813: 7810: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7754: 7748: 7744: 7739: 7735: 7729: 7724: 7723: 7716: 7715: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7657:9780887720260 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7603: 7602: 7592: 7587: 7586: 7568: 7562: 7558: 7557: 7551: 7547: 7541: 7537: 7536: 7530: 7526: 7514: 7506: 7500: 7496: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7478: 7476:9780773506275 7472: 7468: 7467: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7434:Perigee Books 7431: 7427: 7423: 7422:Stiles, T. J. 7419: 7407: 7403: 7397: 7393: 7392: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7357: 7354:(in Spanish). 7353: 7349: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7330: 7325: 7321: 7319:9780773504349 7315: 7311: 7310: 7304: 7300: 7294: 7290: 7289: 7283: 7278: 7277: 7270: 7266: 7265: 7259: 7255: 7253:9780773509511 7249: 7245: 7244: 7238: 7234: 7232:9781550288407 7228: 7224: 7223: 7217: 7213: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7198: 7192: 7188: 7186:9780874134544 7182: 7178: 7177: 7171: 7167: 7165:9781846035043 7161: 7157: 7156: 7150: 7146: 7144:9781472803184 7140: 7136: 7135: 7129: 7124: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7110: 7109: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7076: 7068: 7056: 7048: 7042: 7038: 7037: 7029: 7021: 7009: 7001: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6986: 6978: 6976: 6967: 6961: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6945: 6937: 6931: 6927: 6926: 6918: 6910: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6891: 6883: 6877: 6873: 6872: 6864: 6848: 6842: 6834: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6815: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6787: 6779: 6773: 6769: 6768: 6760: 6758: 6750: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6723: 6719: 6713: 6705: 6703:9780762432271 6699: 6695: 6694: 6686: 6678: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6659: 6650: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6631: 6629: 6620: 6619: 6611: 6609: 6599: 6598: 6589: 6581: 6575: 6571: 6570:Jane Brierley 6567: 6566: 6558: 6550: 6544: 6540: 6539: 6531: 6516: 6512: 6506: 6504: 6495: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6476: 6468: 6462: 6458: 6457: 6456:How War Began 6449: 6441: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6422: 6414: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6396: 6390:, p. 69. 6389: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6372: 6367: 6361:, p. 55. 6360: 6355: 6353: 6344: 6338: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6319:Lareau (1881) 6315: 6308: 6307:Lareau (1881) 6303: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6261: 6260:Lareau (1881) 6256: 6249: 6248:Lareau (1881) 6244: 6242: 6234: 6233:Lareau (1881) 6229: 6227: 6225: 6217: 6216:Lareau (1881) 6212: 6205: 6204:Lareau (1881) 6200: 6193: 6192:Lareau (1881) 6188: 6181: 6180:Lareau (1881) 6176: 6169: 6168:Lareau (1881) 6164: 6157: 6156:Lareau (1881) 6152: 6150: 6148: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6113: 6107: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6088:Lareau (1881) 6084: 6082: 6074: 6073:Lareau (1881) 6069: 6067: 6065: 6057: 6056:Lareau (1881) 6052: 6050: 6042: 6041:Lareau (1881) 6037: 6035: 6027: 6026:Lareau (1881) 6022: 6020: 6018: 6009: 6008: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5977: 5976:PHP Dialogues 5973: 5966: 5964: 5948: 5944: 5937: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5904: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5885: 5877: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5854: 5845: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5827: 5819: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5800: 5798: 5789: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5770: 5764:, p. 50. 5763: 5762:Seeman (2011) 5758: 5742: 5735: 5733: 5724: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5653: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5628: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5609: 5601: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5582: 5574: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5555: 5547: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5528: 5526: 5509: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5456: 5450: 5434: 5428: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5395: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5376: 5369: 5363: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5330: 5323: 5321: 5312: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5268: 5253: 5247: 5238: 5237: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5166: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5015: 5009: 5005: 5004: 4996: 4988: 4986:9781472803184 4982: 4978: 4977: 4969: 4961: 4959:9781846035043 4955: 4951: 4950: 4942: 4934: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4915: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4845: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4826: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4796: 4789: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4756: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4726: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4707: 4705: 4688: 4682: 4674: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4624: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4591: 4585: 4577: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4541: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4522: 4514: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4495: 4487: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4468: 4466: 4457: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4417: 4408: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4390:0-547-97109-5 4386: 4382: 4381: 4373: 4365: 4359: 4355: 4354: 4346: 4339: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4314: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4266: 4260: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4232: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4203: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4122: 4113: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4094: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4056: 4047: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4028: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3985: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3900: 3898: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3844: 3837: 3831: 3824: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3807: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3778: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3748: 3743: 3742: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3711: 3698: 3694: 3693:Cape Jellison 3690: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3666: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3596:Isle Brevelle 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3543: 3540: 3529: 3526: 3515: 3512: 3511:France portal 3501: 3494: 3490: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3409:United States 3406: 3402: 3399:in 1781, the 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3370:New Brunswick 3367: 3363: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3323:New Brunswick 3320: 3316: 3313:The expelled 3308: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3180:Fort Carillon 3176: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3123: 3118: 3117:an expedition 3114: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3085:Fort Duquesne 3079: 3075: 3071: 3070:North America 3066: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3002:Massachusetts 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2925:New Brunswick 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2864:New Brunswick 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2766:North America 2762: 2757: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2670: 2661: 2656: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2458:going to the 2455: 2453: 2452:St-Sulpicians 2449: 2445: 2441: 2440:St-Sulpicians 2437: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2410:In 1664, the 2407: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2341: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2243: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2138:Louis Jolliet 2136:and explorer 2135: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2104: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970:Rupert's Land 1966: 1962: 1958: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1916:Hudson Valley 1913: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1881: 1876: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1817:Étienne Brûlé 1814: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1702: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1587: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1514:explored the 1513: 1509: 1505: 1496: 1491: 1481: 1477: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1420: 1417:One group of 1415: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1334: 1329:(1689 design) 1325: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1244:, adviser to 1243: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1227:Étienne Brûlé 1224: 1223: 1214: 1209: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1129: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1048:First Nations 1044: 1042: 1039:(present-day 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 933: 929: 925: 923: 919: 915: 914:Île-de-France 911: 907: 903: 899: 898: 897:Chemin du Roy 892: 890: 886: 881: 879: 875: 871: 862: 858: 849: 847: 843: 839: 831: 827: 823: 820: 818: 815: 812: 808: 805: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 783:—(districts, 782: 779: 776: 772: 771:New Brunswick 768: 764: 760: 756: 753: 752: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 713: 709: 699: 698:communities. 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 657:Île d'Orléans 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 602: 597: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 494:Great Britain 491: 487: 483: 482:North America 479: 476:colonized by 475: 471: 467: 463: 455: 451: 450:United States 447: 444: 442:Today part of 440: 437: 434: 430: 426: 423: 418: 414: 410: 407: 406:Great Britain 402: 397: 391: 388:11 April 1713 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 357: 353: 350: 346: 342: 336: 332: 329: 325: 319: 315: 312: 308: 305: 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In 1682, 1301:Trottier II 1231:Great Lakes 1136: 1608 1041:Quebec City 1002:Nova Gallia 743:Terre-Neuve 569:Mississippi 541:Terre-Neuve 521:Quebec City 509:viceroyalty 293:Legislature 199:Catholicism 170:(1760–1763) 164:(1534–1760) 158:Viceroyalty 11625:New France 11619:Categories 11484:New Sweden 11440:New France 11078:New Jersey 10920:Portuguese 10899:Norwegian 10792:Madagascar 10701:Saint Paul 10533:Martinique 10528:Guadeloupe 10283:Pondichéry 9994:Madagascar 9866:Mauritania 9675:Historians 9612:Saint John 9577:Lethbridge 9410:Operations 8988:New Albion 8950:Nova Dania 8779:Louisbourg 8754:Port Royal 8715:Île Royale 8699:New France 8488:Sulpicians 8445:card money 8373:Population 8267:Intendancy 8230:Louisiane 8135:Fort Condé 8058:Louisiane 8052:Louisbourg 8017:Port Royal 7973:Île Royale 7867:New France 7772:New France 6988:. p. 6520:9 November 5982:9 November 5952:9 November 5926:9 November 5352:9 November 5257:9 November 4136:(4): 586. 3886:16 January 3707:References 3480:, Canada. 3333:, and the 3153:Île Royale 3101:Ohio River 2848:Île Royale 2800:including 2798:Hudson Bay 2577:Louisbourg 2567:bailiffs ( 1974:Hudson Bay 1961:Hudson Bay 1840:Montagnais 1805:Algonquins 1739:Amerindian 1590:See also: 1516:Ohio River 1383:Jean Talon 1262:Protestant 1246:Louis XIII 1170:Montagnais 1145:sponsored 1109:Port-Royal 1074:indigenous 949:navigator 947:Florentine 874:Jean Talon 861:Jean Talon 842:Île Royale 807:Hudson Bay 763:Île-Royale 759:Port Royal 735:Hudson Bay 731:Île Royale 635:After the 628:, and the 581:Île Royale 533:Hudson Bay 513:New France 472:) was the 462:New France 43:New France 11348:New Spain 11202:New Haven 11154:Jamestown 10798:Mauritius 10657: ( 10067:Louisiana 9948:Cameroons 9637:Vancouver 9627:Saskatoon 9452:Provinces 9366:Etymology 9336:Canadians 9313:1960–1981 9308:1945–1960 9303:1914–1945 9298:1867–1914 9293:1763–1867 9288:1534–1763 9269:Year list 9141:Norwegian 9096:Red River 9090:districts 8821:New Spain 8784:Plaisance 8730:Louisiana 8483:Ursulines 8478:Grey Nuns 8473:Récollets 8390:Canadiens 8385:Habitants 8335:Voyageurs 8325:Fur trade 8304:Code Noir 8184:Intendant 8082:Plaisance 8004:Towns and 7967:Louisiana 7911:1663–1759 7906:1608–1662 7901:1534–1607 7712:In French 7666:152109936 7523:ignored ( 7513:cite book 7065:ignored ( 7055:cite book 7018:ignored ( 7008:cite book 6853:26 August 5494:0226-5044 5203:0317-0594 5120:162329527 4868:3 October 4745:Richelieu 4693:26 August 4271:26 August 4193:147651557 3940:"History" 3616:Los Adaes 3440:home rule 3309:in yellow 3279:Aftermath 3089:Allegheny 2941:Penobscot 2772:In 1688, 2573:Louisiana 2569:huissiers 2488:Provostry 2198:Huguenots 2147:Kaskaskia 2132:. 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