836:
the original northern sanctuary section submerged under a lake formed by the risen water table and roughly 15 m deep. This part of the site remains under water today, making further work there difficult if not impossible. Their assessment of the approach taken and methods used by their predecessors was less than complimentary. "Unfortunately, much of the emphasis of the early excavators was placed on these religious structures at the expense of the commercial and domestic quarters. Consequently our knowledge of the mercantile character of ancient
Naukratis—the very facet of its early history that made it so exceptional—has suffered greatly. Furthermore, the later historical sequences, such as the Hellenistic and Roman periods, were almost totally neglected." Also discouraging to them was the destruction wrought by the local populace on the site. "Already in Petrie's day about a third of the half-mile by quarter-mile site of Naukratis had been dug away by the local farmers for use as high-phosphate fertilizer (
427:
1271:, p. 361: "The Naukratis Project, therefore, involves: 1) a program of excavation at Naukratis backed by an inter-disciplinary support staff. The primary objectives are the establishment of a stratigraphic sequence against which the results of earlier excavations at the site can be evaluated, and the creation of a typology for the ceramic material; 2) a survey of all ancient sites in the environs of Naukratis in order to assess the character of the visible remains, the state of site preservation, and the extent of modern encroachment caused by cultivation and settlement."
57:
34:
50:
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332:, who cryptically advises him to enlist the aid of the "bronze men" who would "come from the sea." Inspired upon seeing the bronze armor of the shipwrecked pirates, he offers them rewards in return for their aid in his campaign of return to power. Upon the success of this endeavor, he makes good on his word and bestows on the mercenaries two parcels of land (or "camps,"
934:, the finds of Naucratis have turned out to be foundational. "The inscriptions on the pottery have yielded what Mr. Ernest Gardner considers—apparently on firm grounds—to be the oldest Ionic inscriptions, as well as some in the Korinthian, Melian, and Lesbian alphabets." Of particular interest are the several examples of an evolutionary variation from the original
354:
linking the Nile valley with the
Mediterranean, and the most accessible of the Nile's tributaries during the Saite Period. The early settlement then developed into a busy trading port. They exchanged goods with the Greeks and with other Mediterranean states. Greeks traders settled in Naukratis and a large Greek community began to develop.
835:
More recently
American archaeologists W. Coulson and A. Leonard founded "The Naucratis Project" in 1977 carrying out surveys in 1977–1978 and further surveys and excavations to the south of the site from 1980–1982 (under the auspices of the American Research Center in Egypt). Unfortunately they found
353:
Naukratis was the site of an
Egyptian town before the Greeks arrived, later becoming established as a military settlement occupied by mercenaries. Naukratis was located on the Canopic branch of the Nile in the western Delta some 16 km from Sais. The Canopic tributary was one of the major waterways
844:
have totally destroyed this eastern portion of the site." The barrier of the high water table made it impossible for them to find anything older than the
Ptolemaic era. They agreed with Hogarth that the "great temenos" of Petrie was actually an Egyptian building and that indeed the entire south
917:) was first known in Egypt and then passed into Greece, it is now generally accepted by scholars that what the Greeks learned were more like "surveying techniques" and hardly deserve the designation "geometry" in the sense of a purely intellectual mathematical practice. Indeed, Greeks like
239:
The modern villages of Kom Gi'eif, el-Nibeira and el-Niqrash cover the archaeological site, which is of great importance. It is the source of numerous art objects in many of the world's museums, as well as pottery inscribed with some of the earliest known examples of Greek writing.
410:
Amasis indeed converted
Naucratis into a major treaty-port and commercial link with the west. This was done most likely as a means to contain the Greeks and concentrate their activities in one place under his control. It became not the colony of any particular city-state but an
849:) and stone statuettes and scarab seals. These are scattered to museums and collections around the world, the earlier material largely brought to Britain (mostly in the British Museum) and the latter to the Graeco-Roman Museum in Alexandria.
407:. Thus it seems the city was turned over to the Greeks, "chartered," in the years immediately following 570 BC. The earlier date of c. 625 BC put forward by archaeologists may be the actual establishment of a settlement at the site.
403:)," which seems to indicate the existence (now borne out by archaeological evidence) of a "city" already there. This older city, settlement more likely, was no doubt small and inhabited by a mix of native Egyptians, Greeks and possibly even
941:
Naucratis was not only the first Greek settlement in Egypt but also Egypt's most important harbor in antiquity until the rise of
Alexandria and the shifting of the Nile led to its decline. Nevertheless, the ancient city of
396:
Herodotus stated that "Amasis was partial to the Greeks, and among other favors which he granted them, gave to such as liked to settle in Egypt the city of
Naucratis for their residence." Notice that he says "gave the city
1221:
821:") and just north of that a Greek mud-brick Temple of Aphrodite roughly 14 m × 8 m (curiously not mentioned in Herodotus' list.) Directly east of this temple was unearthed a small factory for faience scarab seals.
509:
Naucratis later became an important center of Greek culture under the Roman Empire, producing several celebrated orators of the Second
Sophistic in the second and early third centuries AD. The third century writer
816:
The archaeological focus fell into two areas of northern and southern quarters. Found farthest south was a large
Egyptian storehouse or treasury (A on sketch at right—originally identified by Petrie as the "great
885:. Naukratis, and the associated Greek "forts" in the general delta area, as demonstrated by accounts given above, became a ready source of mercenary fighting men for the Saite pharaohs, men with superior
845:
section of the town appeared to be non-Greek. Overall most of the finds were vases (some whole, most fragmentary) used as votives in the temples, but also perfume flasks (several in the form of a
236:. Naucratis was the first and, for much of its early history, the only permanent Greek settlement in Egypt, serving as a symbiotic nexus for the interchange of Greek and Egyptian art and culture.
938:
script. Much has also been learned by comparing these alphabets with the forms they assumed a century later, forms that were destined to become universal across the Hellenic world.
1283:, p. 154: "On arriving at Naukratis the visitor may well be disappointed for the entire site of the early excavations is under water, a plight predicted by Petrie in 1886..."
1804:
1173:
274:(c. 1100–750 BC), a "renaissance" of Greek culture flourished in the 7th century BC—with it came renewed contact with the East and its two great river civilizations of
828:
discovered by Hogarth in 1899 (directly east of F). "None of the votive pottery found here need have arrived earlier than the reign of Amasis, so it may well be that the
892:
Naucratis soon became a profound source of inspiration to the Greeks by re-exposing them to the wonders of Egyptian architecture and sculpture lost to them since the
503:
had their own separate sanctuaries. Thus the natives of at least twelve Greek city-states worked in a collaboration that was not only rare but proved to be lasting.
824:
In the northern section were found several temple ruins (E: Temple of Hera, F: Temple of Apollo & G: Temple of Dioscuri) including what may be Herodotus'
1868:
1243:
896:. Egyptian artifacts soon began their flow along the Greek trade routes finding their way into the homes and workshops of the Ionian Greek world and, via
832:
was founded as the result of his reorganization of the status of Naucratis, while the independent sanctuaries ... are of the earlier years of the town."
285:
Map indicating location of Naucratis—the Nile delta has shifted since ancient days; the city was situated directly on the Canopic (westernmost) branch.
102:
1840:
1873:
974:
900:, the city-states of mainland Greece. Although Greek art and ideas in turn came back the other way their absorption into a largely
653:
595:
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921:
were already accomplished geometricians before their travel to Egypt and very likely Herodotus assumed that because the Egyptian
1036:
646:
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556:
1858:
713:
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Leonard, Albert Jr.; Coulson, William D. E. (1979). "A Preliminary Survey of the Naukratis Region in the Western Nile Delta".
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age. This history is strictly one of commerce as no permanent Greek settlements have been found of these cultures to date.
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1785:
1760:
1883:
946:/Thonis also rivalled Naucratis as an important port city of Egypt, especially from the 6th to the 4th century BC.
49:
1815:
1372:
1589:
Leonard, Albert Jr.; Coulson, William D. E. (1982). "Investigations at Naukratis and Environs, 1980 and 1981".
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1139:
1099:
1009: All location designations are according to latest finds, not Petrie's originals which were later revised.
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became Pharaoh (reigning 570–526 BC). Amasis shut down the "camps" and moved the Greek soldiers to
1863:
1755:(Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. xvii + 290 pp.,
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In terms of our modern understanding of the Greeks, and in particular the early use of their nascent
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412:
1810:
1714:
Ancient Naukratis: Excavations at a Greek Emporium in Egypt. Part II: The Excavations at Kom Hadid
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Ancient Naukratis: Excavations at a Greek Emporium in Egypt. Part I: The Excavations at Kom Ge'if
1202:
369:(Wahibre, reigned 589–570 BC) led the descendants of his mercenary army made up of 30,000
1369:: "The Egyptians are adverse to adopt Greek customs, or, in a word, those of any other nation."
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1330:"Faience aryballos (oil flask) in the form of a hedgehog | East Greek | Archaic"
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1203:"Ath�n�e de Naucratis : Deipnosophistes : livre IV: texte grectraduction"
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1353:: "The Egyptians adhere to their own national customs, and adopt no foreign usages."
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At present these sites remain uncertain but this may be a reference to the city of
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Seated sphinx plate, Eastern Greek Orientalizing, 6th century BC, from Naukratis
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1852:
1844:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 276–277.
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times (1600–1100 BC) and more likely even further back into the proto-Greek
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1741:, Bulletin de la Société Royale d'Archéologie d'Alexandrie 39 (1951) 32–82
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Petrie, W. M. Flinders (1890). "The Egyptian Bases of Greek History".
1610:
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American Research Center in Egypt, 1988 xiv + 210 pages + 85 plates,
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was a co-operative enterprise financed by nine eastern Greek cities:
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The first report of Greeks in 7th century BC Egypt is a story in the
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840:) in their fields.... In the intervening 100 years or so, the
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381:. Although fighting valiantly, the mercenaries suffered defeat and
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After the collapse of Mycenaean Greek civilization and the ensuing
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Mots et Noms de l'Egypte Ancienne: Volume 1: Egyptien - Français
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armor and tactics, also possessing invaluable naval expertise.
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Ancient Naukratis Vol. 2, The Survey at Naukratis and Environs
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16:
City of Ancient Egypt, on the Canopic branch of the Nile river
1286:
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1224:. British Museum. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019
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801:, in 1899 and 1903. Hogarth was assisted in the 1903 dig by
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1123:"Naukratis | ancient Greek settlement, Egypt | Britannica"
968:, originally known as the 'Stele of Naukratis'. Issued by
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where they were employed "to guard him against the native
1778:
Greek Painted Pottery from Naukratis in Egyptian Museums.
255:
Archaeological evidence suggests that the history of the
320:
overthrown and in desperation seeking the advice of the
1485:
Gardner, Ernest A. (1886). "The Early Ionic Alphabet".
1824:
1716:. Atlanta, GA: American Schools of Oriental Research.
1630:. Atlanta, GA: American Schools of Oriental Research.
1388:
1019: This is known as the "corn-for-coin" hypothesis.
434:
According to Herodotus the walled shrine known as the
1400:
1310:
518:, he writes that in Naucratis the people dine in the
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against a former general turned rebel by the name of
338:) on either side of the Pelusian branch of the Nile.
243:
The sister port of Naucratis was the harbour town of
211:
1466:
The Greeks Overseas: Their Early Colonies and Trade
1155:
927:was older, the Greeks must have got it from there.
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1242:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
793:who dug there in 1884–1885. He was followed by
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857:The Egyptians supplied the Greeks with mostly
312:. It relates the plight of the Saite Pharaoh
204:
1869:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Egypt
1805:Naukratis: a city and trading port in Egypt
1174:Naukratis: a city and trading port in Egypt
32:
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975:List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities
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904:Egyptian culture was strictly minimal.
308:forced by storm to land on or near the
1851:
1811:Kom Gi'eif archaeological information:
1667:
1406:
1799:The American Research Center in Egypt
1734:Cambridge Philological Society, 1970.
1644:
1539:
1394:
1161:
1059:
1732:Greece and Egypt in the Archaic Age.
1470:. New York City: Thames and Hudson.
1046:
1219:
419:, the largest market port of north
13:
1753:Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece
1705:
1430:
1086:
1041:Perseus Digital Library Dictionary
357:
14:
1900:
1792:
869:while the Greeks bartered mostly
812:Petrie's sketch plan of Naucratis
216:) was a city and trading-post in
56:
1874:Former populated places in Egypt
1769:A. Leonard Jr., W.D.E. Coulson,
1535:. London: William Heinemann Ltd.
907:Although Herodotus claimed that
259:in Egypt dates back at least to
247:, which was discovered in 2000.
55:
48:
1773:, 1983, NARCE 125, 1984, 28–40.
1670:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
1649:Herodotus Book II, Introduction
1591:American Journal of Archaeology
1487:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
1322:
1195:
1820:, London 1886. Digital edition
1334:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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1115:
1080:
1030:
537:
316:(Psamtik) (c. 664–610) of the
1:
1859:Archaeological sites in Egypt
1011:
318:Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt
250:
224:(western-most) branch of the
1748:, pt.1. Oxford: Oxbow. 1996.
1712:Leonard, Albert Jr. (2001).
1626:Leonard, Albert Jr. (1997).
1562:Journal of Field Archaeology
1024:
1001:
514:came from Naucratis. In the
430:Hedgehog vase from Naukratis
212:
195:
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7:
949:
789:The site was discovered by
10:
1905:
1574:10.1179/009346979791489302
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1305:Leonard & Coulson 1979
1293:Leonard & Coulson 1979
1281:Leonard & Coulson 1979
1269:Leonard & Coulson 1982
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1089:"Kom Gi'eif (Naukratis)"
990:
522:on the natal day of the
1884:Ancient Greeks in Egypt
1841:Encyclopædia Britannica
1816:W. M. Flinders Petrie:
1645:Lloyd, Alan B. (1975).
1060:Chaby, Richard (2014).
1826:Gardner, Ernest Arthur
956:Cleomenes of Naucratis
813:
431:
286:
1771:The Naukratis Project
1542:"Naukratis Revisited"
1540:James, Peter (2003).
1222:"Hogarth photographs"
996:Explanatory footnotes
966:Decree of Nectanebo I
961:Colonies in antiquity
936:Phoenician alphabetic
811:
795:Ernest Arthur Gardner
429:
284:
118:30.90111°N 30.59250°E
1307:, pp. 153, 159.
986:Notes and references
980:Proclus of Naucratis
803:Campbell Cowan Edgar
799:David George Hogarth
362:In 570 BC, the
147:Associated with
1737:F. W. von Bissing,
1437:Sunken civilisation
1421:, pp. 222–223.
1259:, pp. 120–121.
1087:Su (3 March 2009).
532:Ἑστίας Πρυτανίτιδος
177:, "Naval Command";
114: /
77:Beheira Governorate
21:
1801:– archived webpage
1220:Spencer, Jeffrey.
1127:www.britannica.com
1093:egyptian monuments
814:
432:
287:
123:30.90111; 30.59250
64:Shown within Egypt
19:
1864:Milesian colonies
1831:"Naucratis"
1723:978-0-897-57025-1
1660:978-90-04-04179-0
1653:. Leiden: Brill.
1637:978-0-788-50392-4
1477:978-0-500-27233-6
1397:, pp. 52–53.
1073:978-2-322-03658-5
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1597:(3): 361–380.
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1409:, p. 271.
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1363:Herodotus 1920
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987:
984:
983:
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977:
972:
963:
958:
951:
948:
932:Greek alphabet
854:
851:
785:
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781:
780:
777:
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773:
772:
763:
762:
759:
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755:
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584:
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507:
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480:
458:
359:
356:
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314:Psammetichus I
278:and the Nile.
257:ancient Greeks
252:
249:
154:
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148:
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98:
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1786:0-936770-19-8
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1765:(Book Review)
1762:
1761:0-19-815284-1
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1555:(2): 235–264.
1554:
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1532:The Histories
1528:
1527:Godley, A. D.
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1319:, p. 14.
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1257:Boardman 1980
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528:Ancient Greek
525:
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494:
491:
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470:Halicarnassus
467:
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442:Four Ionian:
441:
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227:
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218:ancient Egypt
214:
202:
197:
191:
185:
180:
168:
167:Ancient Greek
164:
160:
152:
149:
145:
140:
136:
132:
127:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
51:
42:
35:
30:
23:
1839:
1817:
1777:
1776:M. S. Venit—
1770:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1730:M.M. Austin—
1713:
1673:
1669:
1648:
1627:
1594:
1590:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1548:
1530:
1490:
1486:
1465:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:
1433:"Heracleion"
1426:
1419:Gardner 1886
1414:
1402:
1390:
1374:
1358:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1317:Leonard 1997
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1226:. Retrieved
1215:
1206:
1197:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1141:
1130:. Retrieved
1126:
1117:
1101:
1092:
1082:
1062:
1040:
1032:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1002:
1000:
940:
929:
906:
891:
856:
841:
837:
834:
829:
825:
823:
815:
797:and finally
788:
729:
572:
526:Prytanitis (
508:
435:
433:
409:
395:
361:
352:
340:
288:
269:
254:
242:
238:
162:
158:
157:
1889:Naucratians
1676:: 271–277.
1549:Hyperboreus
1493:: 220–239.
1407:Petrie 1890
1207:remacle.org
1037:"Naukratis"
970:Nectanebo I
770:hieroglyphs
670:hieroglyphs
612:hieroglyphs
538:Archaeology
405:Phoenicians
276:Mesopotamia
121: /
97:Coordinates
91:Lower Egypt
1879:Nile Delta
1853:Categories
1442:2013-06-06
1395:Lloyd 1975
1162:James 2003
1132:2022-05-25
944:Heracleion
902:xenophobic
894:Bronze Age
520:Prytaneion
448:Klazomenai
335:στρατόπεδα
310:Nile Delta
251:Background
245:Heracleion
234:Alexandria
137:Settlement
109:30°35′33″E
106:30°54′04″N
1818:Naukratis
1739:Naukratis
1698:163971916
1619:193055485
1523:Herodotus
1515:161533507
1025:Citations
924:γεωμετρία
914:γεωμετρία
879:olive oil
873:but also
861:but also
830:Hellenion
826:Hellenion
608:njwt-kꜣrṯ
512:Athenaeus
436:Hellenion
391:Egyptians
383:Amasis II
295:Herodotus
291:Histories
261:Mycenaean
184:njwt-kꜣrṯ
173:Ναύκρατις
163:Naukratis
159:Naucratis
151:Athenaeus
26:Ναύκρατις
20:Naucratis
1828:(1911).
1525:(1920).
1462:(1980).
1238:cite web
1228:19 April
950:See also
909:geometry
847:hedgehog
842:sebakhin
488:Mytilene
478:Phaselis
413:emporion
179:Egyptian
73:Location
1838:(ed.).
1529:(ed.).
1453:Sources
887:hoplite
867:papyrus
819:temenos
766:pr-mryt
493:Miletus
484:Aeolian
456:Phocaea
417:Al Mina
387:Memphis
375:Ionians
371:Carians
364:Pharaoh
349:History
343:Daphnae
306:pirates
222:Canopic
196:pr-mryt
142:History
1784:
1759:
1720:
1696:
1690:623432
1688:
1657:
1634:
1617:
1611:504426
1609:
1582:529361
1580:
1513:
1507:623643
1505:
1474:
1070:
1015:
1005:
919:Thales
898:Aegina
875:timber
871:silver
853:Impact
838:sebakh
666:nskꜣrṯ
524:Hestia
501:Aegina
474:Knidos
466:Rhodes
462:Dorian
379:Amasis
367:Apries
322:Oracle
303:Carian
299:Ionian
265:Minoan
213:Piemro
207:Ⲡⲓⲉⲙⲣⲱ
201:Coptic
190:nskꜣrṯ
87:Region
1834:. In
1694:S2CID
1686:JSTOR
1615:S2CID
1607:JSTOR
1578:JSTOR
1545:(PDF)
1511:S2CID
1503:JSTOR
1383:2.109
1190:2.178
1150:2.154
1110:2.152
991:Notes
863:linen
859:grain
497:Samos
460:Four
444:Chios
421:Syria
400:πόλῐν
81:Egypt
1782:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1655:ISBN
1632:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1367:2.91
1351:2.79
1244:link
1230:2021
1068:ISBN
883:wine
881:and
865:and
534:).
499:and
482:One
476:and
454:and
452:Teos
373:and
330:Buto
326:Leto
301:and
226:Nile
134:Type
1678:doi
1599:doi
1570:doi
1495:doi
1017:ii:
768:in
668:in
610:in
393:."
328:at
324:of
297:of
293:of
161:or
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1674:11
1672:.
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1605:.
1595:86
1593:.
1576:.
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1501:.
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1435:.
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730:or
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1246:)
1232:.
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1076:.
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911:(
397:(
165:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
