1119:: "Except in the extreme east, where it is approached from the Maeander valley, Caria seems to be almost totally barren of prehistoric remains; considering the archaeological reconnaissances that have recently been carried out here, this lacuna is noteworthy. Finds of third-millennium date are confined to a very few points on or near the Aegean coast, with the curious exception of one find-spot which seems to be near Yatağan at the head of the Marsyas valley. No second-millennium remains are known apart from the Mycenaean at Miletus, the Submycenaean at Asarlik (Termera) opposite Cos, and the reports of Mycenaean from the vicinity of Mylasa. It is now asserted by some scholars that the Carians were a people, perhaps Indo-European, who inhabited the interior of Anatolia and only descended to Caria and the Aegean at the end of the Bronze Age; but this is far from harmonising with the Greek tradition about them, and the writer for one finds it difficult to explain the Mycenaean in Caria (and perhaps adjacent islands) as being anything other than Carian. Our difficulty with early Caria is that we have no means as yet of distinguishing Carians; archaeologically their culture appears as little more than a reflection of contemporary Greek culture. Excavation of early Carian settlements is urgently needed."
60:
2013:
1301:
communities seem to have been independent, mainly *temple centres for native deities, and Caria came under Lydian control. There was considerable *Hellenistic influence, and already the *pottery of the eighth and seventh centuries BC had a geometric tradition similar to that of east Greece. In 546 BC, Caria was brought under *Persian rule and placed under the Lydian satrapy. By the fourth century BC, its culture was similar to that of a *Greek city-state. The Carian *language is related to Luwian (*Hittite) and is known from inscriptions written in a local form of the Greek *alphabet discovered in Caria and others in Egypt by Carian mercenaries."
535:
1260:, p. 356: "J. M. Cook, after his thorough and exhaustive survey of the area with G. Bean, doubts that the Carians occupied Caria during the second millennium B.C. for, with the exception of Miletus, and Mylasa with its scanty Mycenaean remains, "the coast appears a blank on the map...and the interior of Caria seems to have been virtually uninhabited throughout prehistoric times. Paton and Myres had previously suggested that the lack of Mycenaean remains in Caria, within sight of so many islands which were occupied by Mycenaeans, must have been due to some unknown mainland opposition."
38:
399:"This was particularly the case with the Carians, for, although the other peoples were not yet having very much intercourse with the Greeks nor even trying to live in Hellenic fashion or to learn our language ... yet the Carians roamed throughout the whole of Greece serving on expeditions for pay. ... and when they were driven thence into Asia, even here they were unable to live apart from the Greeks, I mean when the Ionians and Dorians later crossed over to Asia." (Strabo 14.2.28)
1168:: "There has been much archaeological activity in Caria, and there is little doubt that the discoveries made in the last decade, when fully published, will provoke a reappraisal of Carian history at all periods. Mycenaean discoveries at Iasus and elsewhere have already been mentioned (p. 63). Protogeometric and geometric finds have also been abundant. On the coast a tomb at
27:
569:
and Milyan (Lycian B). Although the ancestors of Carian and Lycian must have been very close to Luwian, it is probably incorrect to claim that they are linear descendants of Luwian. It is possible that the speakers of Proto-Carian, or the common ancestor of Carian and Lycian, supplied the elites of
741:
settlers, this is contradicted by the fact that
Neolithic Caria was essentially desolate. Though a very small Neolithic population may have existed in Caria, the people known as "Carians" may in fact have been of Aegean origin that settled in southwestern Anatolia during the second millennium BC.
1300:
A region of south-west Turkey, south of *Lydia, Caria was first settled in the *Neolithic but became a distinctive culture only in the first millennium BC. Carians may originally have been of *Aegean origin and settled in the area in the second millennium BC. The earlier first-millennium BC
1139:
Mycenaean buildings, approximately dated by the presence of LH IIIa ware, have been found below the protogeometric cemetery. Below this again two 'Minoan' levels are reported, the earlier containing local imitations of MM II-LM I ware, the later imported pieces of the Second Palace Period
387:
of
Knossos established a navy with which he established his first colonies by taking control of the Hellenic sea and ruling over the Cyclades. In doing so, Minos expelled the Carians, many of which had turned to piracy as a way of life. During the Athenian purification of
233:
Caria and the
Carians is complicated, despite having western Anatolia as common ground, by the uncertainties regarding the exact location of the former on the map within Hittite geography. Yet, the supposition is suitable from a linguistic point-of-view given that the
59:
678:
remains. According to his reports, third millennium finds were mostly confined to a few areas on or near the Aegean coast. No finds from the second millennium were known aside from the
Submycenean remains at Asarlik and the
1800:
730:
may be attributed to a period of Carian hegemony on the island. Despite this period of increased archaeological activity, the
Carians still appear not to have been an autochthonous group of
352:
recorded that
Carians themselves believed to be aborigines of Caria but they were also, by general consensus of ancient sources, a maritime people before being gradually pushed inland.
691:. Archaeologically, there was nothing distinguishing about the Carians since the material evidence so far only indicated that their culture was merely a reflection of Greek culture.
383:
prior to the
Minoans. The Middle Bronze Age (MMI–MMII) expansion of the Minoans into this region seems to have come at their expense. Intending to secure revenue in the Cyclades,
953:
Greek Racism? Observations on the
Character and Limits of Greek Ethnic Prejudice' in G.R. Tsetskhladze (ed.), 'Ancient Greeks East and West' ' (Leiden-Boston-Cologne) 1999, 47-75
511:, but the exact nature of the relationship between Carians and Leleges remains mysterious. The two groups seem to have been distinct, but later intermingled with each other.
581:
An important evidence of the
Carians' own belief in their blood ties and cultural affinity with the Lydians and Mysians is the admittance, apart from theirs, exclusively of
1811:
1791:
1787:
167:
It is not clear when the
Carians enter into history. The definition is dependent on corresponding Caria and the Carians to the "Karkiya" or "Karkisa" mentioned in the
1814:
1785:
527:. This confusion of the two peoples is found also in Herodotus, who wrote that the Carians, when they were allegedly living amid the Cyclades, were known as
1702:
1272:, p. 260: "That Neolithic Caria was uninhabited is quite incredible. Hacilar directly east of Caria, was a Neolithic settlement already in 8000 B.C."
1400:
The Cambridge Ancient History Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC
218:. Taken as a whole, Hittite records seem to point at a Luwian ancestry for the Carians and, as such, they would have lost their literacy through the
1810:
1482:
Greater Anatolia and the Indo-Hittite Language Family: Papers Presented at a Colloquium Hosted by the University of Richmond, March 18–19, 2000
1232:, 5, a chamber-tomb of Carian type known as the Ptolemaion, probably belonging to the period of Carian hegemony in the island for which see
1766:
392:, all graves were exhumed and it was found that more than half were Carians (identified by the style of arms and the method of interment).
1844:
1805:
1723:
206:. This they did, allowing Manapa-Tarhunta to take back his kingdom. In 1274 BC, Karkisa are also mentioned among those who fought on the
1732:
1812:
1798:
1797:
1774:
1773:
453:
under the leadership of Nastes, brother of Amphimachos ("he who fights both ways") and son of Nomion. These figures appear only in the
1806:
1769:
1741:
1728:
883:
1747:
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and G.E. Bean conducted exhaustive archaeological surveys in Caria. Cook ultimately concluded that Caria was virtually devoid of any
1794:
1771:
1759:
1752:
1748:
1695:
1640:
Des Courtils, Jacques (2009). "The Findings From A Late Geometric Period Grave Uncovered At Beçin (Yasemin Polat, pp. 133-150)".
1809:
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360:" by the Persians on account of their wearing crests on their helmets; the epithet was expressed in the form of a Persian
1688:
1188:, the fortified site which was presumably the precursor of Mylasa, a geometric cemetery has been excavated by A. Akarca (
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332:. They are sometimes referred to as the "Cari" or "Khari". Carian remnants have been found in the ancient city of
1837:
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1318:
395:
According to Strabo, Carians, of all the "barbarians", had a particular tendency to intermingle with the Greeks,
372:(r. 405/404–359/358 BC) with the honor of leading the Persian army with a golden cock on the point of his spear.
1762:
403:
Indeed, the term barbarian was coined by Homer in reference to the Carians speaking an unintelligible language.
1788:
1772:
1224:: "Carians also made their mark abroad, and recent work sheds light on their presence in Sardis (J. G. Pedley,
1757:
1746:
1729:
1761:
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since both the coastal and interior regions of Caria were virtually unoccupied throughout prehistoric times.
20:
1784:
1802:
2012:
1763:
1737:
820:
305:
293:
1782:
1779:
1616:
Urso, Gianpaolo (2007). "Les Cariens ou la mauvaise conscience du Barbare (Alain Bresson, pp. 209-228)".
848:
710:
material remains (i.e. cemeteries and pottery). Archaeologists also confirmed the presence of Carians in
1803:
1758:
1742:
1730:
1724:
1830:
1764:
1180:, as well as protogeometric ware of a distinct Carian style from the cemetery beneath the Roman agora (
843:
1796:
1789:
1770:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1736:
1542:
Mitchell, S.; McNicoll, A. W. (1978–1979). "Archaeology in Western and Southern Asia Minor 1971-78".
534:
1765:
1780:
1777:
1775:
361:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1768:
1316:
Bass, George F. (Oct 1963). "Mycenaean and Protogeometric Tombs in the Halicarnassus Peninsula".
300:, literally "like fat sheep/goat", contextually "noble" or "honored"), and perhaps alluded to in
207:
1776:
2037:
1760:
1749:
515:
wrote that they were so intermingled that they were often confounded with each other. However,
115:
1767:
643:, who was the lover of the Moon and fathered fifty children. Endymion slept eternally, in the
1795:
1783:
694:
During the 1970s, further archaeological excavations in Caria revealed Mycenean buildings at
268:'s writing about the golden armour or ornaments of the Carian captain Nastes, the brother of
1192:
xxxv , 1-52). These finds and the Carian geometric style are discussed by J. N. Coldstream,
899:
445:
and that the Carians, qualified by the poet as being of incomprehensible speech, joined the
1641:
1617:
640:
492:
8:
1711:
699:
609:, where they worshipped their supreme god, called "the Carian Zeus" by Herodotus. Unlike
558:
412:
219:
1284:, p. 260: "In short, the population of Neolithic Caria may have been very small..."
1790:
1567:
1559:
1464:
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and son of Nomion, reflects the reputation of Carian wealth that may have preceded the
264:
The Carians next appear in records of the early centuries of the first millennium BC;
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365:
1610:
Lykier und Karer. Zwei autochthone Ethnien Kleinasiens zwischen Orient und Okzident.
1240:, 122-3), and above all in Egypt as mercenaries in the Pharaonic armies (O. Masson,
2042:
1646:. Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient Adrien Misonneuve, Jean Maisonneuve Successeur.
1551:
1448:
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85:
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329:
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42:
1962:
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37:
423:, also eponymous founders respectively of Lydians and Mysians and all sons of
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761:
707:
695:
424:
369:
184:
795:
Some versions refer to "captains", others to "the Carites" or "the Carians".
1476:
441:
and the crests of Mount Mycale were held by the Carians at the time of the
285:
1002:
Hekate: Studien zu Wesen u. Bilde der Göttin in Kleinasien u. Griechenland
437:(later an Ionian city), together with the mountain of Phthries, the river
1977:
1972:
1967:
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269:
253:
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180:
72:
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was able to write to Karkiya for them to provide asylum for the deposed
1942:
1867:
675:
620:, the patron of pathways and crossroads, originated among the Carians.
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and says that her priestess would grow a beard when disaster pended.
621:
516:
349:
211:
68:
1822:
1439:
Cook, J. M. (1959–1960). "Greek Archaeology in Western Asia Minor".
726:. In Rhodes, specifically, a type of Carian chamber-tomb known as a
650:
There is at least one named priestess known to us from this region,
247:
1917:
1892:
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1877:
1555:
1452:
1331:
731:
659:
496:
438:
380:
353:
230:
203:
168:
141:
52:
1176:
40 , 3 ff.) and there is geometric pottery from the settlement at
411:
According to Herodotus, the Carians were named after an eponymous
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309:
196:
162:
1619:
Tra Oriente e Occidente: Indigeni, Greci e Romani in Asia Minore
1382:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
519:
stated that the Leleges stood in relation to the Carians as the
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1144:, 177-8). Middle and Late Minoan ware has also occurred at
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610:
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446:
337:
100:
97:
1403:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
26:
737:
As for the assumption that the Carians descended from
557:
The Carian language belongs to the Luwic group of the
507:
The Carians were often linked by Greek writers to the
308:; כְּרֵתִי, probably unrelated due to the "t", may be
1541:
1217:
1161:
1128:
106:
103:
91:
1424:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
487:
possibly originated among the Carians. Indeed, most
88:
1172:produced eighth century B.C. pottery (C. Özgünel,
30:Location of Caria within the classical regions of
1375:
1293:
19:"Karian" redirects here. For places in Iran, see
2024:
1196:(1977), 258-60. Since then a group of geometric
468:Classical Greeks would often claim that part of
175:Karkisa are first mentioned as having aided the
1376:Bienkowski, Piotr; Millard, Alan Ralph (2000).
647:devoted to him, which lasted into Roman times.
16:Ancient inhabitants of south-western Asia-Minor
574:, the population of which partly consisted of
364:when a Carian soldier responsible for killing
356:mentions the Carians as being referred to as "
1838:
1696:
1417:
1063:
379:, it was largely the Carians who settled the
1639:
1091:, p. 356 : "G. E. Bean and J. M. Cook,
343:
1845:
1831:
1703:
1689:
1578:
1051:
415:, a legendary early king and a brother of
1438:
1112:
538:Archaeologists studying a Carian tomb in
472:to the north was originally colonized by
1520:
1396:
1039:
911:
722:where they served as mercenaries of the
533:
195:", one of the principalities within the
58:
36:
25:
1710:
1582:Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language
973:
2025:
1500:Lajara, Ignacio-Javier Adiego (2007).
1499:
1418:Burkert, Walter; Raffan, John (1987).
1361:. London: John Murray Publishers Ltd.
864:
702:" levels underneath them), as well as
502:
151:
1852:
1826:
1684:
1475:
1421:Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical
1281:
1269:
981:Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical
605:One of the Carian ritual centers was
276:and thus recalled in oral tradition.
1615:
1354:
1315:
1257:
1088:
246:script and they were referred to as
1379:Dictionary of the Ancient Near East
13:
1601:
1585:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
1527:. Leiden, The Netherlands: BRILL.
1506:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
1485:. Institute for the Study of Man.
1204:has been published by C. Özgünel,
825:
593:" in their first capital that was
406:
136:) were the ancient inhabitants of
14:
2054:
1662:
1218:Mitchell & McNicoll 1978–1979
1162:Mitchell & McNicoll 1978–1979
1129:Mitchell & McNicoll 1978–1979
316:in inscriptions found in ancient
67:of a local goddess hellenized as
2011:
939:History of the Peloponnesian War
616:It is possible that the goddess
561:. Other Luwic languages besides
279:
179:League against the Hittite King
84:
1669:Livius – Caria (Jona Lendering)
1319:American Journal of Archaeology
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1228:, 96-9), Rhodes (P. M. Fraser,
1211:
1155:
1122:
1106:
1082:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1033:
1020:
1007:
994:
945:
288:, the Carians are mentioned in
229:"Karkiya" or "Karkisa" and the
1608:Benda-Weber, Isabella (2005).
930:
917:
905:
889:
870:
858:
814:
789:
665:
1:
1625:. Pisa, Italy: Edizione ETS.
1294:Bienkowski & Millard 2000
983:, p. 171. Oxford, Blackwell.
802:
589:to the temple of the "Carian
559:Anatolian family of languages
495:or Hecatomnus, the father of
336:or modern Takht-e-Jamshid in
225:The relationship between the
45:
1579:Yakubovich, Ilya S. (2010).
1242:Bull. Soc. Fr. d'Egyptologie
902:, accessed on 30 August 2024
807:
248:
7:
2033:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
1521:Melchert, H. Craig (2003).
1355:Bean, George Ewart (1989).
745:
600:
546:
10:
2059:
1308:
1244:lvi , 25-36; A. B. Lloyd,
1230:Rhodian Funerary Monuments
833:
613:, this was a warrior god.
570:the Bronze Age kingdom of
550:
312:). They are also named as
160:
156:
128:
119:
18:
2009:
1860:
1718:
1358:Turkey beyond the Meander
1064:Burkert & Raffan 1987
639:, the Carians worshipped
499:, are attested in Caria.
491:invoking Hecate, such as
344:Greek and Roman Antiquity
324:, dated to the reigns of
183:. Later in 1323 BC, King
1612:Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt.
1133:Mycenaeans in Asia Minor
782:
304:8:18, 15:18, and 20:23 (
284:In some translations of
259:
1397:Boardman, John (1991).
1184:, 464 ff.). Inland, at
979:Walter Burkert, (1987)
849:A Greek–English Lexicon
1544:Archaeological Reports
1441:Archaeological Reports
670:Throughout the 1950s,
543:
401:
75:
56:
41:Carian soldier of the
34:
1643:Anatolia Antiqua XVII
840:Liddell, Henry George
537:
397:
161:Further information:
62:
40:
29:
660:Thea Maeter Adrastos
348:The Greek historian
220:Dark Age of Anatolia
191:of "the land of the
63:Ancient copy of the
1712:History of Anatolia
1503:The Carian Language
1296:, pp. 65–66: "
1220:, p. 79 under
1164:, p. 79 under
1131:, p. 63 under
1115:, p. 50 under
1042:, pp. 175–177.
1017:, 7.321 and 13.611.
821:Achaemenid soldiers
503:Carians and Leleges
202:complex in western
152:Historical accounts
1674:2015-01-01 at the
1028:The Deipnosophists
662:and of Aphrodite.
544:
483:The Greek goddess
476:Greeks before the
461:'s epitome of the
238:were calling them
76:
57:
35:
2020:
2019:
1854:Anatolian peoples
1820:
1819:
1653:978-2-906053-96-0
1632:978-88-467-1826-6
1592:978-90-04-17791-8
1513:978-90-04-15281-6
1095:47 (1952) 171ff;
1054:, pp. 86–96.
1004:(Heidelberg) 1960
457:and in a list in
366:Cyrus the Younger
210:side against the
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459:Dares of Phrygia
368:was rewarded by
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216:Battle of Kadesh
144:, who spoke the
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927:, "Artaxerxes".
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748:
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409:
407:Greek mythology
346:
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274:Greek Dark Ages
262:
189:Manapa-Tarhunta
165:
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146:Carian language
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43:Achaemenid army
24:
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1208:(1977), 8-13."
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432:
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367:
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182:
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140:in southwest
139:
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49: 480 BC
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1009:
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980:
975:
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952:
947:
937:
936:Thucydides.
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900:2 Kings 4:19
891:
877:
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867:, p. 1.
860:
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736:
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669:
649:
633:Mount Latmos
630:
615:
604:
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123:
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21:Karian, Iran
1978:Philistines
1968:Pamphylians
1524:The Luwians
1248:, 107-10)."
1075:Herodotus.
1026:Athenaeus.
1015:Geographica
966:Herodotus.
951:Tuplin, C,
884:2.858–2.875
865:Lajara 2007
698:(with two "
683:remains at
676:prehistoric
666:Archaeology
565:proper are
314:mercenaries
292::4 and 19 (
270:Amphimachus
254:Old Persian
236:Phoenicians
181:Tudhaliya I
73:Aphrodisias
2027:Categories
1943:Mariandyni
1918:Lycaonians
1878:Cataonians
1282:Drews 2001
1270:Drews 2001
942:, 1.4–1.8.
923:Plutarch,
803:References
728:Ptolemaion
624:calls her
463:Trojan War
443:Trojan War
377:Thucydides
334:Persepolis
290:2 Kings 11
227:Bronze Age
193:Seha River
173:Bronze Age
65:cult image
51:. Tomb of
32:Asia Minor
1993:Telchines
1983:Pisidians
1937:Maeonians
1908:Leucosyri
1898:Isaurians
1888:Cilicians
1572:163403864
1550:: 59–90.
1469:246046881
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1258:Bass 1963
1089:Bass 1963
1077:Histories
968:Histories
808:Citations
739:Neolithic
718:, and in
708:Geometric
687:and near
681:Mycenaean
672:J.M. Cook
656:priestess
645:sanctuary
622:Herodotus
517:Athenaeus
493:Hecataeus
362:privilege
350:Herodotus
242:in their
212:Egyptians
171:records.
69:Aphrodite
1927:Termilae
1893:Hittites
1883:Caucones
1672:Archived
1479:(2001).
1190:Belleten
1174:Belleten
1152:, 321)."
1079:, 8.104.
1030:, 6.271.
1013:Strabo.
970:, 1.171.
746:See also
732:Anatolia
654:who was
641:Endymion
601:Religion
547:Language
542:, Beçin.
497:Mausolus
451:Achaeans
439:Maeander
381:Cyclades
354:Plutarch
306:/kɽɛˈti/
302:2 Samuel
231:Iron Age
204:Anatolia
142:Anatolia
53:Xerxes I
2043:Luwians
1998:Trojans
1988:Sidians
1958:Mysians
1948:Milyans
1933:Lydians
1923:Lycians
1913:Luwians
1903:Leleges
1873:Carians
1861:Peoples
1309:Sources
1202:Euromus
1198:kotylai
876:Homer.
852:at the
777:Lycians
772:Lydians
767:Mysians
724:Pharaoh
685:Miletus
637:Miletus
587:Mysians
583:Lydians
576:Lydians
529:Leleges
509:Leleges
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712:Sardis
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626:Athena
618:Hecate
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595:Mylasa
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567:Lycian
563:Luwian
521:Helots
513:Strabo
485:Hecate
474:Ionian
298:Hebrew
200:Arzawa
197:Luwian
177:Assuwa
1623:(PDF)
1568:S2CID
1560:JSTOR
1465:S2CID
1457:JSTOR
1344:S2CID
1336:JSTOR
1222:Caria
1200:from
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1166:Caria
1137:Iasus
1117:Caria
879:Iliad
783:Notes
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720:Egypt
696:Iasus
635:near
540:Milas
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385:Minos
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318:Egypt
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260:Homer
244:abjad
240:"KRK"
138:Caria
124:Kares
120:Κᾶρες
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