2751:
these texts are relatively short, given their typology (onomastic formulae in funerary texts
Carians were somewhat laconic when writing epitaphs and brief graffiti). The epigraphic material found in Caria itself is far less abundant (approximately 30 inscriptions), but it includes several texts that are more extensive than those discovered in Egypt, particularly the following three: a decree from Kaunos whose precise terms are still unknown (C.Ka 2), the proxeny decree for two Athenian citizens written in Carian and Greek, also from Kaunos (C.Ka 5), and a decree enacted by the Carian satraps Idrieus and Ada, possibly concerning a syngeneia of the temple of the god Sinuri, near Mylasa (C.Si 2). To these three inscriptions now must be added the new inscriptions of Mylasa (C.My 1) and Hyllarima (C.Hy 1), the latter in fact a fragment that completes the inscription already known.
2663:
29:
330:
2497:
890:
2750:
The most direct and important sources of Carian language are obviously the inscriptions in Carian alphabet, although strangely the bulk of this epigraphic corpus does not come from Caria itself, but from various other locations in Egypt... About 170 inscriptions have been found in Egypt to date. All
691:
The sound values of the Carian alphabetic signs are very different from those in the usual Greek alphabets. Only four vowels signs are the same as in Greek (A = α, H = η, O = ο, Y = υ/ου), but not a single consonant is the same. The reason for this might be that the
Carians originally developed an
1212:
In the chart below, the Carian letter is given, followed by the transcription. Where the transcription differs from IPA, the phonetic value is given in brackets. Many Carian phonemes were represented by multiple letter forms in various locations. The Egypto-Carian dialect seems to have preserved
2596:
and spoke a language that was "barbarian", "barbaric" or "barbarian-sounding" (i.e. not Greek). No clue has survived from these writings as to what exactly the Greeks might mean by "barbarian". The reportedly Carian names of the Carian cities did not and do not appear to be Greek. Such names as
2080:
The only texts for which the structure is well understood, are funeral inscriptions from Egypt. Their nucleus is the name of the deceased. Personal names in Carian were usually written as "A, of B" (where B is in the genitive, formally recognizable from its genitival ending -ś). For example:
493:
were able to unambiguously derive the phonetic value of most Carian signs. It turned out that not a single Carian consonant sign has the same phonetic value as signs of similar shape in the Greek alphabet. By 1993 the so-called "Ray-Schürr-Adiego System" was generally accepted, and its basic
1198:
In Caria inscriptions are usually written from left to right, but most texts from Egypt are written right-to-left; in the latter case each character is written mirrorwise. Some, mostly short, inscriptions have word dividers: vertical strokes, dots, spaces or linefeeds.
2076:
Virtually nothing is known of Carian syntax. This is chiefly due to two factors: first, uncertainty as to which words are verbs; second, the longer Carian inscriptions hardly show word dividers. Both factors seriously hamper the analysis of longer Carian texts.
3332:
Hitchman, Richard. "CARIAN NAMES AND CRETE (WITH AN APPENDIX BY N. V. SEKUNDA)." In
Onomatologos: Studies in Greek Personal Names Presented to Elaine Matthews, edited by Catling R. W. V. and Marchand F., by Sasanow M., 45-64. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2010.
2608:
but no earlier Carian writing has survived. When inscriptions, some bilingual, began to appear in the 7th century BCE it was already some hundreds of years after the city-naming phase. The earlier Carian may not have been exactly the same.
2872:
is absent, while 𐊱 occurs several times. A counterargument is that in several other inscriptions 𐊱 and 𐊩 are present both (for example, ibidem p. 151: C.Ka 2, line 7). The photographs of M36 and M37 (ibidem p. 525) are
1988:
No undisputable verbal forms have yet been discovered in Carian. If verbal conjugation in Carian resembles the other
Anatolian languages, one would expect 3rd person singular or plural forms, in both present and
2127:', 'monument'; by the name of the grandfather ("A, of B, of C"); other familial relations ("mother of ..., son of ...", etc.); profession ("astrologer, interpreter"); or ethnicity or city of origin. Example:
2628:
probably represents the pirates mentioned in classical texts. The
Carians who fought for Troy (if they did) were not classical Carians any more than the Greeks there were classical Greeks.
2868:(Handbuch der Orientalistik), pp. 485-486: M36 vs. M37). This would solve the "somewhat strange" fact (Adiego, ibidem, p. 211) that in the Stratonikeia inscriptions the common letter
317:. Whether the correspondences between Luwian, Carian, and Lycian are due to direct descent (i.e. a language family as represented by a tree-model), or are due to the effects of a
2581:
Greeks who enhanced Greek settlements and founded or refounded major cities. They assumed for purposes of collaboration new regional names based on their previous locations:
1837:"mother". A variety of dative singular endings have been proposed, including zero-marked and -i/-e suffixation. No inanimate stem has been securely identified but the suffix
373:(The Caromemphites were descendants of Carian mercenaries who in the first quarter of the sixth century BCE came to Egypt to fight in the Egyptian army, as told by
2601:
and Iassus were puzzling to the Greeks, some of whom attempted to give etymologies in words they said were Carian. For the most part they still remain a mystery.
1700:
and the frequency of dedicatory inscriptions, but its form is quite unclear. All
Anatolian languages also distinguish between animate and inanimate noun genders.
1564:
Across the various sites where inscriptions have been found, the two lateral phonemes /l/ and /λ/ contrast but may be represented by different letters of the
1696:
Carian nouns are inflected for at least three cases: nominative, accusative, and genitive. The dative case is assumed to be present also, based on related
490:
486:
1568:𐊣/𐋎, 𐊦, and 𐋃/𐋉 depending on the location. The letter 𐋉 (formerly transcribed <ŕ>) is now seen as an Egyptian variant of 𐋃 <ĺ>.
2048:, 'they gave (?)'. However, to make such nasal endings fit in with the usual Anatolian verb paradigm (with 3rd person plural preterite endings in
1576:
In the chart below, the Carian letter for each vowel is followed by the conventional transcription with the Greek equivalent in parentheses. An
3405:
3221:
3367:
458:
Prior to the late 20th century the language remained a total mystery even though many characters of the script seemed to be from the
3086:
Adiego, I.J.; Chris
Markham, Translator (2007). "Greek and Carian". In Christidis, A.F.; Arapopoulou, Maria; Chriti, Maria (eds.).
2964:
Adiego, I.J.; Chris
Markham, Translator (2007). "Greek and Carian". In Christidis, A.F.; Arapopoulou, Maria; Chriti, Maria (eds.).
2776:
Adiego, I.J.; Chris
Markham, Translator (2007). "Greek and Carian". In Christidis, A.F.; Arapopoulou, Maria; Chriti, Maria (eds.).
517:. A striking feature of Carian is the presence of large consonant clusters, due to a tendency to not write short vowels. Examples:
466:
of letters investigators of the 19th and 20th centuries were unable to make headway and erroneously classified the language as non-
3319:
2616:, was not written in any ancient Aegean scripts, and was not a substrate Aegean language. Its occurrence in various places of
3095:
2973:
2785:
2743:
2612:
The local development of Carian excludes some other theories as well: it was not widespread in the Aegean, is not related to
2569:
found them occupied by a population that did not speak Greek and were generally involved in political relationships with the
2028:, to be the verbal form, 'they decided'. Several more words ending in a nasal are suspected to be verbal forms, for example
2020:, corresponding to Greek ἔδοξε Καυνίοις, 'Kaunos decided' (literally: 'it seemed right to the Kaunians'). The first word,
1979:, nominative) of Kebiomos (genitive), who is 'Myndonian'(?) (inhabitant of the Carian city of Myndos: ethnonym, genitive).
1841:
may be reconstructed based on the inherited pattern. Alternatively, a zero ending may be derived from the historical *
3398:
2544:
498:(Caria) a new Greek-Carian bilingual was discovered, where the Carian names nicely matched their Greek counterparts.
2526:
2518:
1963:, originally 'who, that, which', has in Carian usually developed into a particle introducing complements. Example:
3231:. Istanbul: Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes-Georges Dumézil, 2013. pp. 15–20. (Varia Anatolica, 28)
2522:
3143:
473:
A breakthrough was reached in the 1980s, using bilingual funerary inscriptions (Carian-Egyptian) from Egypt (
2710:
333:
Map showing locations where Carian inscriptions have been found—in Caria proper, Mainland Greece, and Egypt.
227:
3503:
3391:
3153:
1858:
167:
1538:
1526:
1472:
1402:
1363:
1355:
1285:
1277:
283:. Circa 170 Carian inscriptions from Egypt are known, whilst only circa 30 are known from Caria itself.
2161:
3014:
2592:
The writers born in these new cities reported that the people among whom they had settled were called
125:
116:
107:
1829:. The similarity of the basic vocabulary to other Anatolian languages also confirms this e.g. 𐊭𐊺𐊢
501:
The language turned out to be Indo-European, its vocabulary and grammar closely related to the other
2925:
1810:
Features that help identify the language as
Anatolian include the asigmatic nominative (without the
481:). By matching personal names in Carian characters with their counterparts in Egyptian hieroglyphs,
3584:
3530:
2507:
2140:) of Arjom, who is of Mwsat, who is a Myndonian (born at the city of Myndos), who is of Tbridbδ (
172:
3315:"Pre-Greek substrate. At the beginnings of the European civilization"). Leningrad, 263 pp. (1988).
3540:
3364:"Digital etymological-philological Dictionary of the Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages (eDiAna)"
2511:
269:
97:
2631:
Being penetrated by larger numbers of Greeks and under the domination from time to time of the
2157:
1811:
467:
3117:
2995:
2807:
3140:
2912:
2426:
1519:
346:
2647:
would lead to the extinction of the Carian language in the 1st century BCE or early in the
697:
349:(however, only for two of them the connection between the Carian and Greek text is evident)
8:
3414:
1845:. The ablative (or locative?) case is suspected in one phrase (𐊠𐊣𐊫𐊰𐊾 𐊴𐊠𐊥𐊵𐊫𐊰𐊾
1697:
1425:
1383:
693:
502:
265:
102:
3443:
2620:
is due only to the travel habits of Carians, who apparently became co-travellers of the
3509:
3312:
3179:
3166:
3105:
2983:
2795:
2100:
In funeral inscriptions the father's name is often accompanied by the relative pronoun
1245:
1240:
2697:
243:
3563:
3497:
3486:
3091:
2969:
2781:
2739:
2720:
2613:
1490:
1270:
1253:
2573:. After the fall of the latter the region became the target of heavy immigration by
2024:, is Carian for 'Kaunos' (or, 'the Kaunians'), so one would expect the second word,
3553:
3481:
3428:
2676:
2617:
2558:
1565:
1263:
686:
352:
Two inscriptions from mainland Greece: a bilingual from Athens and a graffito from
257:
3558:
3548:
3491:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3438:
2733:
2662:
2605:
2566:
1814:
1462:
1348:
1258:
644:
514:
506:
314:
306:
272:
261:
134:
120:
111:
89:
2860:
Koray Konuk has implicitly suggested that 𐊱 (sign '18') may be a variant of 𐊩
2640:
2586:
2570:
1642:
701:
474:
463:
459:
359:
313:(Lycian B), and both are closely related to, though not direct descendants of,
184:
58:
3334:
3578:
3311:Откупщиков, Ю. В. "Догреческий субстрат. У истоков европейской цивилизации" (
2644:
2636:
2632:
2283:
1850:
1818:
1596:
450:
Text in Carian: Kaunusa tiñ árdajós martaša arpandab tarśñpi mašina xrá́m za
397:
393:
220:
191:
2472:
353:
2016:
In a Carian-Greek bilingual from Kaunos the first two words in Carian are
1221:
Two Carian letters have unknown phonetic values: 𐊱 and 𐋆. The letter 𐊶
211:
3282:
3268:
2668:
1616:
1591:
700:
alphabets before them), and later added the vowel signs, borrowed from a
640:
482:
363:
3363:
2648:
2286:
1664:
1601:
1577:
636:
611:
401:
318:
80:
3383:
3348:
3322:
Kadmos. Volume 14, Issue 1, Pages 73–93, DOI 10.1515/kadm.1975.14.1.73
329:
3377:"Word study tool of Ancient languages, including a Carian dictionary"
2941:
I.J. Adiego 2006, The Carian Language (HdO), 2006, Brill pp.7-12, 455
2834:
Koray Konuk, 'Coin legends in Carian', Appendix E in: Adiego (2007),
2715:
1990:
632:
420:
374:
236:
204:
3148:
2904:
2496:
2056:), one would have to assume a non-trivial evolution in Carian from *
3229:
4th Century Karia. Defining a Karian identity under the Hekatomnids
2562:
412:
389:
358:
60 funeral inscriptions of the Caromemphites, an ethnic enclave at
302:
290:
54:
3227:
Adiego, Ignasi-Xavier. "Carian identity and Carian language". In:
362:, five of them bilingual (Carian-Egyptian); two inscriptions from
28:
2621:
2598:
2593:
2578:
2574:
2123:
The formula may then be extended by a substantive like 'grave', '
276:
69:
3320:
LETTRES CARIENNES: ESSAI DE DECHIFFREMENT DE L’ECRITURE CARIENNE
3131:
I.J. Adiego 2006, The Carian Language (HdO), 2006, Brill p. 164.
3433:
3376:
3088:
A History of Ancient Greek From the Beginning to Late Antiquity
3085:
2966:
A History of Ancient Greek From the Beginning to Late Antiquity
2963:
2778:
A History of Ancient Greek From the Beginning to Late Antiquity
2775:
1975:
of Ithoros (Egyptian woman's name, genitive), who the mother (
1880:, 'this', the nominative and accusative are probably attested:
669:
510:
495:
416:
310:
3453:
2625:
2582:
2443:
2407:
2308:
2271:
2238:
2179:
2124:
1580:
408:
342:
298:
294:
286:
280:
1853:(?)"), perhaps originally a clitic derived from the preverb
3306:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
3192:
2471:
is equivalent to τόδε and evidences the Anatolian language
2001:, or a similar sound. A few candidates have been proposed:
478:
3308:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 609–613.
889:
2597:
Andanus, Myndus, Bybassia, Larymna, Chysaoris, Alabanda,
279:. The known corpus is small, and the majority comes from
707:
The Carian alphabet consisted of about 34 characters:
2658:
40:
2738:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Brill. p. 17.
2013:, 'they made', but these are not well established.
2635:, Caria eventually Hellenized and Carian became a
2561:Greeks arriving in small numbers on the coasts of
2780:. Cambridge University press. pp. 759, 761.
692:alphabet consisting of consonants only (like the
3576:
3196:The Carian translates the first Greek line only.
2115:first part of a funeral inscription from Memphis
3047:(Handbuch der Orientalistik), pp. 269-275, 320.
2766:, ed. R. D. Woodard, 46–55 at p. 46. Cambridge.
2458:𐊸𐋅𐊠𐊰 : 𐊰𐊠𐊵 𐊭𐊲𐊥ριστοκλε̂ς ἐπ
2132:arjomś ue, mwsatś k̂i, mwdonś k̂i, tbridbδś k̂i
2475:, parallel to Luwian za-, "this". If 𐊸𐋅𐊠𐊰
1583:to break up clusters may have been unwritten.
3399:
2903:Lajara, Ignasi-Xavier Adiego (January 2018).
426:Words stated to be Carian by ancient authors.
3081:
3079:
2731:
2689:
2456:
34:
3335:http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1cfr8kb.12
3090:. Cambridge University press. p. 762.
2968:. Cambridge University press. p. 760.
2525:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2142:inscription on a funeral stele from Memphis
3406:
3392:
3073:(Handbuch der Orientalistik), pp. 264-311.
3060:(Handbuch der Orientalistik), pp. 321-325.
3034:(Handbuch der Orientalistik), pp. 319-320.
2851:(Handbuch der Orientalistik), pp. 166-204.
2838:(Handbuch der Orientalistik), pp. 471-492.
2643:perhaps served only to delay the process.
494:correctness was confirmed in 1996 when in
27:
3076:
2886:(Handbuch der Orientalistik), p. 235-237.
2695:
2545:Learn how and when to remove this message
1556:Phonemes attested in Egypto-Carian only.
1217:lost or left unwritten in other varieties
1941:
1935:
1804:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1783:
1780:
1772:
1769:
1750:
1744:
1185:
1182:
1153:
1146:
429:Personal names with a suffix of -ασσις (
328:
3413:
2704:
3577:
3368:Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
2902:
680:
305:sources. Carian is closely related to
3387:
3008:
3006:
2954:(Handbuch der Orientalistik), p. 319.
2937:
2935:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
1691:
301:, a name possibly first mentioned in
3452:
3012:
2523:adding citations to reliable sources
2490:
2453:— "the Carian, the son of Scylax" ()
366:in the Nile delta are also bilingual
337:Carian is known from these sources:
2764:The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor
2762:Melchert, H. C. 2008. 'Lycian'. In
2732:Lajara, I.J.A.; Chatty, D. (2007).
2486:
13:
3326:
3003:
2932:
2889:
2438:The Athenian Bilingual Inscription
2369:Examples of Greek names in Carian
2255:Examples of Carian names in Greek
33:Inscription in Carian of the name
14:
3596:
3341:
2479:is not exactly the same as Σε̂μα
1781:-s(?), -Ø(?), -e(?), -o(?), -i(?)
1559:
3273:An approach to the Carian script
2661:
2495:
2402:𐊣𐊿𐊰𐊹𐊼𐊥𐊠𐊭𐊠𐊰 Lùsikratas
888:
3185:
3172:
3159:
3134:
3125:
3063:
3050:
3037:
3024:
2957:
2944:
2905:"A kingdom for a Carian letter"
2876:
1233:
1228:may have been equivalent to 𐋇
453:
293:between the ancient regions of
35:
3253:Giannotta, M.E., Gusmani, R.,
2854:
2841:
2828:
2815:
2769:
2756:
2725:
2090:= Psammetikhos of Imbarsis (
2044:), 'they vowed, offered (?)',
1968:iturowś / kbjomś / k̂i en / mw
1872:Of the demonstrative pronouns
445:
419:, and elsewhere in Caria, and
16:Ancient Indo-European language
1:
3149:Searchable Greek Inscriptions
2825:(Handbuch der Orientalistik).
2682:
2113:= Irōw who is of Pigres (
1686:
1207:
3287:An outline of Carian grammar
3203:
3154:Packard Humanities Institute
1952:
1949:
1938:
1932:
1761:
1758:
1747:
1741:
1517:
1460:
1423:
1381:
1346:
1311:
1268:
1202:
345:including five Carian-Greek
341:Nearly 40 inscriptions from
41:
7:
3318:THOMAS W. KOWALSKI (1975),
2812:. Translator Chris Markham.
2654:
2639:. The interludes under the
2604:Writing disappeared in the
2156:Carian glosses attested in
2150:
1983:
1867:
10:
3601:
3296:Melchert, H. Craig. 2004.
2483:it is roughly equivalent.
2457:
2445:Σε̂μα τόδε : Τυρ
2444:
2408:
2391:𐊣𐊿𐊰𐊹𐊼𐊣𐊠𐊰 Lùsiklas
2309:
2272:
2239:
2180:
1681:
684:
324:
3539:
3523:
3421:
3263:La decifrazione del Cario
2624:. The Carian cemetery of
2071:
2009:, 'he brings / brought',
1902:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1817:ending *-s) but -s for a
1711:
1708:
1705:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1571:
1420:
1376:
234:
218:
202:
197:
181:
160:
86:
79:attested 7th–3rd century
75:
65:
49:
26:
21:
3209:Adiego, Ignacio-Javier.
3178:Written in the Athenian
3015:"Carian Noun Inflection"
2698:"The Carian word qlaλiś"
2464:— "Made by Aristocles."
626:(Egyptian personal name)
620:Psmaśk, Pismaśk, Pismašk
536:
531:
404:, and elsewhere in Egypt
2431:𐊷𐊹𐋃𐊹𐊷𐊲𐊰 Pilipus
2418:𐊫𐊭𐊫𐊵𐊫𐊰𐊵 Otonosn
2396:Λυσικράτους (genitive)
2351:𐊮𐊠𐊥𐊲𐊸𐊫𐊦 Šaruśoλ
1799:Ablative / Instrumental
659:(name of a Carian city)
381:, II.152-154, 163-169.)
289:is a region of western
3234:Blümel, W., Frei, P.,
3224:, Leiden: Brill, 2007.
3220:. With an appendix by
2920:Cite journal requires
2423:Φίλιππος (nominative)
2385:Λυσικλέους (genitive)
2158:Stephanus of Byzantium
610:Greek Hekatomnos (cf.
605:(Carian personal name)
334:
3300:in Roger D. Woodard,
2292:𐊴𐊭𐊪𐊳𐊫𐊸 K̂tmñoś
1959:The relative pronoun
1767:Genitive / Possessive
1213:semivowels w, j, and
332:
53:Ancient southwestern
3379:. Palaeolexicon.com.
3313:Otkupschikov, Yu. V.
2519:improve this section
2340:𐊷𐊵𐊲𐊸𐊫𐊦 Pnuśoλ
612:Hecatomnus of Mylasa
3415:Anatolian languages
3351:. SIL International
3218:The Carian Language
3071:The Carian Language
3058:The Carian Language
3045:The Carian Language
3032:The Carian Language
2952:The Carian Language
2884:The Carian Language
2866:The Carian Language
2864:(in Adiego (2007),
2849:The Carian Language
2836:The Carian Language
2823:The Carian Language
2735:The Carian Language
2370:
2256:
2164:
2092:graffito from Buhen
1698:Anatolian languages
711:
681:The Carian alphabet
631:Psamtik (cf. Greek
523:
503:Anatolian languages
168:Proto-Indo-European
3244:Colloquium Caricum
3213:. Barcelona, 1993.
3180:epichoric alphabet
3167:Leiden Conventions
3116:has generic name (
2994:has generic name (
2806:has generic name (
2368:
2254:
2155:
1692:Nominal declension
710:
522:
441:) in Greek records
407:Coin legends from
335:
3572:
3571:
3564:Phrygian alphabet
3519:
3518:
3349:"Carian keyboard"
3097:978-0-521-83307-3
3013:Melchert, Craig.
2975:978-0-521-83307-3
2787:978-0-521-83307-3
2745:978-90-04-15281-6
2721:the Linguist List
2555:
2554:
2547:
2451:Karos to Skylakos
2435:
2434:
2366:
2365:
2362:𐊿𐊣𐊹𐊠𐊭 Wliat
2329:𐊷𐊹𐊼𐊥𐊺 Pikre
2303:𐊼𐊬𐊢𐊿𐊵 Kbdwn
2252:
2251:
2109:irow | pikraś k̂i
2104:, "who, who is":
1957:
1956:
1821:ending: 𐊿𐊸𐊫𐊦
1808:
1807:
1679:
1678:
1554:
1553:
1196:
1195:
676:
675:
491:Ignacio J. Adiego
250:
249:
3592:
3554:Carian alphabets
3450:
3449:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3374:Palaeolexicon -
3371:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3279::150-162 (1981).
3197:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3176:
3170:
3163:
3157:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3101:
3083:
3074:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3048:
3041:
3035:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3010:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2979:
2961:
2955:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2887:
2880:
2874:
2858:
2852:
2845:
2839:
2832:
2826:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2791:
2773:
2767:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2729:
2723:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2677:Carian alphabets
2671:
2666:
2665:
2618:Classical Greece
2550:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2530:
2499:
2491:
2487:Language history
2467:The word 𐊰𐊠𐊵
2462:Aristokles epoie
2459:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2411:
2410:
2371:
2367:
2312:
2311:
2275:
2274:
2257:
2253:
2242:
2241:
2183:
2182:
2165:
2154:
2005:, 'he offered',
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1883:
1882:
1857:"in, into" <
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1703:
1702:
1586:
1585:
1540:
1528:
1474:
1404:
1365:
1357:
1287:
1279:
1234:
1128:interchangeable?
892:
712:
709:
687:Carian alphabets
524:
521:
275:, spoken by the
266:Anatolian branch
264:subgroup of the
258:extinct language
246:
230:
214:
207:
187:
92:
57:and the city of
44:
38:
37:
31:
19:
18:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3585:Carian language
3575:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3559:Lycian alphabet
3549:Lydian alphabet
3535:
3531:Proto-Anatolian
3524:Reconstructions
3515:
3448:
3417:
3412:
3375:
3362:
3354:
3352:
3347:
3344:
3329:
3327:Further reading
3206:
3201:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3177:
3173:
3164:
3160:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3113:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3084:
3077:
3069:Adiego (2007),
3068:
3064:
3056:Adiego (2007),
3055:
3051:
3043:Adiego (2007),
3042:
3038:
3030:Adiego (2007),
3029:
3025:
3017:
3011:
3004:
2991:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2962:
2958:
2950:Adiego (2007),
2949:
2945:
2940:
2933:
2921:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2890:
2882:Adiego (2007),
2881:
2877:
2859:
2855:
2847:Adiego (2007),
2846:
2842:
2833:
2829:
2821:Adiego (2007),
2820:
2816:
2803:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2757:
2746:
2730:
2726:
2709:
2705:
2696:Palaeolexicon.
2694:
2690:
2685:
2667:
2660:
2657:
2606:Greek Dark Ages
2567:Late Bronze Age
2551:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2516:
2500:
2489:
2455:
2454:
2442:
2377:Transliterated
2281:
2276:
2263:Transliterated
2171:Transliterated
2153:
2074:
1986:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1870:
1833:"father"; 𐊺𐊵
1792:-o (?), -δ (??)
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1574:
1562:
1448:
1226:
1210:
1205:
943:
934:(rare variants)
689:
683:
464:phonetic values
456:
448:
327:
321:, is disputed.
273:language family
254:Carian language
242:
226:
223:
210:
203:
188:
183:
177:
173:Proto-Anatolian
163:
156:
93:
90:Language family
88:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3598:
3588:
3587:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3372:
3360:
3343:
3342:External links
3340:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3294:
3293::54-73 (1990).
3280:
3266:
3251:
3232:
3225:
3214:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3184:
3171:
3158:
3133:
3124:
3114:|author2=
3096:
3075:
3062:
3049:
3036:
3023:
3002:
2992:|author2=
2974:
2956:
2943:
2931:
2922:|journal=
2888:
2875:
2853:
2840:
2827:
2814:
2804:|author2=
2786:
2768:
2755:
2744:
2724:
2703:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2656:
2653:
2641:Persian Empire
2571:Hittite Empire
2553:
2552:
2503:
2501:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2318:𐊼𐊬𐊹𐊢 Kbid
2316:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2278:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2073:
2070:
2064:(and possibly
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1869:
1866:
1847:alosδ k̂arnosδ
1806:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1573:
1570:
1561:
1560:Lateral sounds
1558:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1497:𐊣, 𐋎, 𐋃 l
1495:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1224:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
970:
967:
964:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
949:
947:
945:
940:
937:
935:
931:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
819:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
702:Greek alphabet
685:Main article:
682:
679:
678:
677:
674:
673:
662:
660:
657:
655:
649:
648:
633:Psammetikhos I
629:
627:
624:
622:
616:
615:
608:
606:
603:
601:
595:
594:
583:
581:
578:
576:
570:
569:
558:
556:
553:
551:
545:
544:
537:
535:
532:
530:
487:Diether Schürr
462:. Using Greek
460:Greek alphabet
455:
452:
447:
444:
443:
442:
427:
424:
405:
385:
384:
383:
382:
368:
367:
360:Memphis, Egypt
356:
350:
326:
323:
248:
247:
240:
232:
231:
224:
219:
216:
215:
208:
200:
199:
198:Language codes
195:
194:
189:
185:Writing system
182:
179:
178:
176:
175:
166:
164:
161:
158:
157:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
96:
94:
87:
84:
83:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
51:
47:
46:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3597:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:. Rome. 1994.
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:Adiego, I.J.
3215:
3212:
3211:Studia Carica
3208:
3207:
3194:
3188:
3181:
3175:
3168:
3162:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3128:
3119:
3107:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3066:
3059:
3053:
3046:
3040:
3033:
3027:
3016:
3009:
3007:
2997:
2985:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2947:
2938:
2936:
2927:
2914:
2906:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2885:
2879:
2873:inconclusive.
2871:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2850:
2844:
2837:
2831:
2824:
2818:
2809:
2797:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2759:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2699:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:Hellenization
2642:
2638:
2637:dead language
2634:
2633:Ionian League
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2549:
2546:
2538:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2504:This section
2502:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2452:
2440:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2412:(accusative)
2406:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2277:"Hecatomnid"
2270:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2247:
2244:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:psmaśk iβrsiś
2084:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1946:
1945:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:Halicarnassus
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1825:, 𐊿𐊸𐊫𐊦𐊰
1824:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1812:Indo-European
1798:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1754:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1566:Carian script
1557:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1453:
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1449:
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1437:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1398:
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1391:
1387:
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1378:
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1371:
1366:
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1352:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1313:Prenasalized
1312:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:Postalveolar
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1180:
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1176:
1174:
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1168:
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1160:
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1144:
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1137:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
971:
968:
965:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
950:
948:
946:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
891:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
820:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
715:transcription
714:
713:
708:
705:
703:
699:
695:
688:
671:
667:
663:
661:
658:
656:
654:
651:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
628:
625:
623:
621:
618:
617:
613:
609:
607:
604:
602:
600:
599:Ktmno, k̂tmño
597:
596:
592:
588:
584:
582:
579:
577:
575:
572:
571:
567:
563:
559:
557:
554:
552:
550:
547:
546:
542:
538:
533:
529:
526:
525:
520:
519:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
468:Indo-European
465:
461:
451:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:
380:
376:
372:
371:
370:
369:
365:
361:
357:
355:
351:
348:
344:
340:
339:
338:
331:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
282:
278:
274:
271:
270:Indo-European
267:
263:
259:
255:
245:
241:
239:
238:
233:
229:
225:
222:
221:Linguist List
217:
213:
209:
206:
201:
196:
193:
192:Carian script
190:
186:
180:
174:
171:
170:
169:
165:
159:
141:
138:
137:
136:
132:
131:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
118:
115:
114:
113:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:
99:
98:Indo-European
95:
91:
85:
82:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
30:
25:
20:
3476:
3353:. Retrieved
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3286:
3283:Ray, John D.
3276:
3272:
3269:Ray, John D.
3262:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3217:
3210:
3187:
3174:
3161:
3147:
3136:
3127:
3087:
3070:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3044:
3039:
3031:
3026:
2965:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2913:cite journal
2883:
2878:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2848:
2843:
2835:
2830:
2822:
2817:
2777:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2749:
2734:
2727:
2714:
2706:
2691:
2630:
2611:
2603:
2591:
2556:
2541:
2532:
2517:Please help
2505:
2480:
2476:
2473:assibilation
2468:
2466:
2461:
2450:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2399:Lysikratous
2348:Sarussōllos
2345:Σαρυσσωλλος
2337:Ponussōllos
2334:Πονυσσωλλος
2174:Translation
2141:
2137:
2131:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:kbidn uiomλn
2017:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:, to end in
1987:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1960:
1958:
1893:
1888:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1809:
1695:
1648:
1634:
1622:
1575:
1563:
1555:
1545:
1537:
1525:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1471:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1416:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1389:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1354:
1340:
1333:
1323:
1317:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1284:
1276:
1229:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1197:
706:
698:Hieroglyphic
690:
665:
652:
619:
598:
590:
586:
573:
565:
561:
548:
540:
527:
500:
472:
457:
454:Decipherment
449:
438:
437:) or -ωμος (
434:
430:
378:
354:Thessaloniki
336:
285:
253:
251:
235:
139:
36:𐊨𐊣𐊠𐊦𐊹𐊸
3504:Cappadocian
3222:Koray Konuk
2669:Asia portal
2388:Lysikleous
2050:-(n)t/-(n)d
1673:𐊠 a (α)
1659:𐊫 o (ω)
1628:𐊤 y (υ)
1520:Approximant
1505:𐋃, 𐋉 ĺ ?
822:Carian sign
664:cf. Lycian
653:Kbid-, Kbd-
593:, 'mother'
585:cf. Lycian
568:, 'father'
560:cf. Lycian
539:cf. Milyan
483:John D. Ray
446:Sample Text
433:), -ωλλος (
162:Early forms
130:Lyco-Carian
3355:2023-03-09
2683:References
2649:Common Era
2415:Athēnaion
2287:patronymic
2162:Eustathius
1947:Accusative
1930:Nominative
1815:nominative
1756:Accusative
1739:Nominative
1687:Morphology
1578:epenthetic
1544:𐊻,𐋈,𐋐
1409:𐊮,𐊯,𐤭
1264:Labiovelar
1208:Consonants
1154:ℓ-variants
694:Phoenician
580:= 'mother'
555:= 'father'
402:Abu Simbel
347:bilinguals
319:sprachbund
3541:Alphabets
3510:Lycaonian
3444:Kalasmaic
3422:Languages
3291:Kadmos 29
3277:Kadmos 20
3248:Kadmos 38
3106:cite book
2984:cite book
2796:cite book
2716:MultiTree
2535:June 2018
2506:does not
2427:Philippos
2280:Hekatomnō
2136:= stele (
1991:preterite
1924:inanimate
1914:inanimate
1903:Singular
1849:"from/in
1770:-ś, -s(?)
1733:inanimate
1723:inanimate
1709:Singular
1426:Affricate
1384:Fricative
1203:Phonology
589:, Lydian
564:, Lydian
421:Telmessos
379:Histories
375:Herodotus
237:Glottolog
205:ISO 639-3
103:Anatolian
66:Ethnicity
3579:Category
3498:Isaurian
3487:Pisidian
2655:See also
2614:Etruscan
2563:Anatolia
2409:Ἀθηναῖον
2359:Uliatos
2356:Υλιατος
2300:Kaunios
2297:Καύνιος
2273:Ἑκατόμνω
2245:soua(n)
2200:victory
2151:Examples
2052:, from *
1984:The verb
1961:k̂j, k̂i
1942:ann (?)
1900:Singular
1868:Pronouns
1819:genitive
1789:Locative
1773:-τ (??)
1745:-Ø (-n?)
1647:𐊺, 𐋏
1643:Open-mid
1499:𐊦, 𐊣
1361:𐊵, 𐊜
1293:𐊴, 𐊛
1246:Alveolar
1241:Bilabial
543:, 'and'
423:in Lycia
413:Kasolaba
390:graffiti
291:Anatolia
244:cari1274
61:in Egypt
55:Anatolia
3482:Sidetic
3429:Hittite
3250:(1998).
3204:Sources
3152:of the
3144:I³ 1344
2622:Ionians
2599:Plarasa
2594:Carians
2565:in the
2559:Achaean
2527:removed
2512:sources
2460:Greek:
2449:Greek:
2380:Carian
2326:Pigrēs
2323:Πιγρης
2315:Kaunos
2266:Carian
2240:σοῦα(ν)
2042:uio-mλn
1971:onś k̂i
1953:an (?)
1919:animate
1909:animate
1784:-τ (?)
1751:-Ø (?)
1728:animate
1718:animate
1712:Plural
1682:Grammar
1597:Central
1550:
1491:Lateral
1485:
1482:
1467:
1392:
1388:𐊬, Λ
1339:𐋀,𐋁
1299:𐊼,𐊽
1271:Plosive
1254:Palatal
1237:
834:𐊢,<
668:(Greek
534:= 'and'
475:Memphis
325:Sources
303:Hittite
277:Carians
268:of the
260:of the
133:Carian–
70:Carians
59:Memphis
3492:Trojan
3477:Carian
3472:Milyan
3467:Lycian
3462:Luwian
3439:Lydian
3434:Palaic
3298:Carian
3255:et al.
3236:et al.
3094:
2972:
2784:
2742:
2711:Carian
2579:Dorian
2575:Ionian
2374:Greek
2310:Καῦνος
2260:Greek
2233:sheep
2222:stone
2219:gissa
2216:γίσσα
2197:banda
2194:βάνδα
2189:horse
2168:Greek
2072:Syntax
2062:-n, -ñ
2026:uiomλn
1939:an (?)
1827:wśoλ-s
1802:-δ (?)
1778:Dative
1748:-š (?)
1572:Vowels
1060:/l:~d/
1042:/ᵑkʷ/?
942:𐋋,𐋌,
670:Kaunos
566:taada-
515:Lydian
511:Milyan
507:Lycian
496:Kaunos
489:, and
435:-ōllos
431:-assis
417:Kaunos
409:Mylasa
398:Thebes
394:Abydos
315:Luwian
311:Milyan
307:Lycian
256:is an
140:Carian
135:Milyan
121:Palaic
112:Lydian
50:Region
42:qlaλiś
22:Carian
3454:Luwic
3146:. At
3018:(PDF)
2626:Delos
2587:Doris
2583:Ionia
2248:tomb
2230:koon
2227:κόον
2211:king
2208:gela
2205:γέλα
2125:stele
2060:into
2058:-onto
2054:-onto
2040:(cf.
2034:mlane
2030:mδane
2022:kbidn
1889:s(a)-
1874:s(a)-
1862:*endo
1706:case
1637:(ου)
1617:Close
1592:Front
1581:schwa
1463:Trill
1349:Nasal
1259:Velar
1063:/rʲ/?
1057:/l~r/
995:𐊮,𐊯
969:𐋏,𐋎
944:𐋍,𐊡
917:𐊤,𐋈
902:𐤧,𐤭
852:𐊼,𐊽
840:𐊺,𐋏
666:χbide
562:tedi-
513:, or
505:like
439:-ōmos
392:from
343:Caria
299:Lydia
295:Lycia
287:Caria
281:Egypt
262:Luwic
126:Luwic
3193:N.B.
3165:See
3118:help
3092:ISBN
2996:help
2970:ISBN
2926:help
2808:help
2782:ISBN
2740:ISBN
2577:and
2557:The
2510:any
2508:cite
2481:Sēma
2477:śjas
2284:gen.
2186:ala
2160:and
2068:?).
2046:pisñ
1876:and
1823:wśoλ
1665:Open
1651:(η)
1633:𐊲
1625:(ι)
1621:𐊹
1602:Back
1536:𐋅
1524:𐊿
1470:𐊥
1443:𐊶
1438:𐋇
1415:𐊸
1395:𐊢
1353:𐊪
1332:𐋄
1322:𐊾
1316:𐋌
1305:𐊨
1283:𐊭
1275:𐊷
1117:/ts/
1102:/tʃ/
1084:/kʷ/
1075:/ᵑk/
1036:/ⁿd/
1033:/ð/?
1030:/ᵐb/
998:Ρ,𐊬
911:𐊲,V
885:ʘ,𐊨
855:𐊴,+
828:Λ,𐊩
696:and
591:ẽnaś
541:sebe
479:Sais
477:and
388:130
364:Sais
309:and
297:and
252:The
117:Luwo
108:Luwo
3512:(?)
3506:(?)
3500:(?)
3494:(?)
3302:ed.
3259:ed.
3240:ed.
2719:on
2713:at
2521:by
2469:san
2181:ἄλα
2102:k̂i
2066:-ne
2038:mλn
2011:ait
2007:not
2003:ýbt
1997:or
1950:snn
1936:san
1859:PIE
1843:-od
1831:ted
1762:-š
1656:-
1611:+R
1608:-R
1432:𐋂
1400:𐊰
1368:𐊳
1186:ý→y
1183:w→u
1147:j→i
1142:e→a
1131:a←e
1114:/ɥ/
1111:/y/
1108:/w/
1105:/u/
1099:/t/
1096:/ʃ/
1093:/ç/
1090:/s/
1087:/r/
1081:/p/
1078:/o/
1072:/ɲ/
1069:/n/
1066:/m/
1054:/c/
1051:/k/
1048:/j/
1045:/i/
1039:/e/
1027:/β/
1024:/a/
1021:IPA
966:𐋎?
939:𐊱?
929:𐋆
893:,𐊥
817:39
641:III
587:ẽni
549:ted
228:xcr
212:xcr
81:BCE
76:Era
3581::
3366:.
3304:,
3289:,
3285:,
3275:,
3271:,
3261:,
3257:,
3246:=
3242:,
3238:,
3141:IG
3110::
3108:}}
3104:{{
3078:^
3005:^
2988::
2986:}}
2982:{{
2934:^
2917::
2915:}}
2911:{{
2891:^
2800::
2798:}}
2794:{{
2748:.
2651:.
2589:.
2585:,
2289:)
2138:ue
2036:,
2032:,
1999:-d
1995:-t
1977:en
1933:sa
1894:a-
1878:a-
1864:.
1839:-n
1835:en
1759:-n
1742:-Ø
1450:?
1343:?
1336:?
1295:k̂
1230:τ.
1123:?
1008:𐋐
1001:𐊶
972:𐋉
959:𐤴
954:𐋁
951:𐊧
926:𐊱
923:𐋂
920:𐊻
914:𐊿
908:𐋇
905:𐊭
899:𐊸
896:𐊰
882:𐊷
879:𐊫
876:𐋄
873:𐊳
870:𐊵
867:𐊪
864:𐋃
861:𐊦
858:𐊣
849:𐋅
846:𐊹
843:𐋀
837:𐊾
831:𐋊
825:𐊠
814:18
748:k̂
704:.
672:)
647:)
645:IV
643:,
639:,
637:II
635:,
614:)
574:en
528:sb
509:,
485:,
470:.
415:,
411:,
400:,
396:,
377:,
39:,
3407:e
3400:t
3393:v
3370:.
3358:.
3337:.
3182:.
3169:.
3156:.
3122:.
3120:)
3100:.
3020:.
3000:.
2998:)
2978:.
2928:)
2924:(
2907:.
2870:b
2862:b
2810:)
2790:.
2700:.
2548:)
2542:(
2537:)
2533:(
2529:.
2515:.
2282:(
2144:)
2117:)
2094:)
1855:δ
1649:e
1635:u
1623:i
1546:ý
1539:j
1527:w
1501:λ
1473:r
1447:2
1445:τ
1440:τ
1434:z
1417:ś
1411:š
1403:s
1397:d
1390:b
1370:ñ
1364:n
1356:m
1341:γ
1334:ŋ
1324:δ
1318:β
1307:q
1301:k
1286:t
1278:p
1225:2
1223:τ
1219:.
1215:ý
1120:?
811:z
808:ý
805:y
802:w
799:u
796:τ
793:t
790:š
787:ś
784:s
781:r
778:q
775:p
772:o
769:ŋ
766:ñ
763:n
760:m
757:Í
754:λ
751:l
745:k
742:j
739:i
736:γ
733:e
730:δ
727:d
724:β
721:b
718:a
119:-
110:-
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