3737:
4266:
4395:
267:
4224:
the original inscription may be the usual curse for those who would dare to damage it. The poetic middle part seems to claim that the monument was built after consulting a divine oracle, cited between Lydian "quotation marks" ▷...▷, and continues with an appeal to pay as much respect to the builder as to the venerable forefathers.
298:, the Lydian capital, but fewer than 30 of the inscriptions consist of more than a few words or are reasonably complete. Most of the inscriptions are on marble or stone and are sepulchral in content, but several are decrees of one sort or another, and some half-dozen texts seem to be in verse, with a stress-based meter and vowel
4223:
Only one text shows mixed character: a poetical middle part is sandwiched in between a prose introduction and a prose conclusion. Analogous to the bilingual text the introduction tells who built the monument (a certain Karos), and for whom (both his son and his ancestors), while the final sentence of
4220:, after comparing historical metres in various Indo-European languages, concluded that the Lydian metres seem to be compatible with reconstructed common Proto-Indo-European metres. The Lydians probably borrowed these metres from the Greeks; however, the assonance was a unique innovation of their own.
1653:
Lydian, with its many palatal and nasal sounds, must have sounded quite strange to the ears of ancient Greeks, and transcription of Lydian names into Greek would therefore present some difficulties. Recently a case has been made that the Lydian word Qλdãns, pronounced /kʷɾʲ'ðãns/, both meaning 'king'
337:
Within the
Anatolian group, Lydian occupies a unique and problematic position. One reason is the still very limited evidence and understanding of the language. Another reason is a number of features that are not shared with any other Anatolian language. It is still not known whether those differences
3699:
particles that can be affixed to a pivotal word. Examples of such "emphatic" enclitics are -in-, -it-/-iτ-, -t-/-τ-, -at-, and -m-/-um-. When stacked and combined with other suffixes (such as pronomina, or the suffix -k = 'and') veritable clusters are formed. The word ak = 'so..., so if...' provides
831:
as well as its western
Anatolian neighbours, the exact relationship still remaining unclear. The direction of writing in the older texts is either from left to right or right to left. Later texts show exclusively the latter. Use of word-dividers is variable. The texts were found chiefly at the
282:
to decipher the Lydian language. From an analysis of the two parallel texts, he identified the alphabetic signs, most of them correctly, established a basic vocabulary, attempted translation of a dozen unilingual texts, gave an outline of Lydian grammar, and even recognized peculiar poetical
1658:, the last Lydian king, whose kingdom was conquered by the Persians. If the identification is correct it would have the interesting historical consequence that king Croesus was not saved from being burnt at the stake, as Herodotus tells us, but chose suicide and was subsequently deified.
3723:, but constituents may be extraposed to the right of the verb. Like other Anatolian languages, Lydian features clause-initial particles with enclitic pronouns attached in a chain. It also has a number of preverbs and at least one postposition. Modifiers of a noun normally precede it.
1855:: a suffix -li is added to the root of a substantive, and thus an adjective is formed that is declined in turn. However, recently it has been defended that a form ending in -l, formerly thought to be an "endingless" variant of the possessive, was indeed a genitive singular. Of an
338:
represent developments peculiar to pre-Lydian or the retention in Lydian of archaic features that were lost in the other
Anatolian languages. Until more satisfactory knowledge becomes available, the status of Lydian within Anatolian remains a "special" one.
231:
legends from the late 8th century or the early 7th century to the 3rd century BCE, but well-preserved inscriptions of significant length are so far limited to the 5th century and the 4th century BCE, during the period of
1619:
in fact represents the palatal glide /j/, previously considered absent from Lydian. An interdental /ð/ would stand as the only interdental sound in Lydian phonology, whereas a palatal interpretation of
836:
and include decrees and epitaphs, some of which were composed in verse; most were written during the 5th century and the 4th century BCE, but a few may have been created as early as the 7th century.
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
1613:
and interpreted as an interdental /ð/ resulting from the sound change *i̯ > ð or the lenition of Proto-Anatolian *t. However, it has recently been argued that in all contexts
246:
mentions that around his time (1st century BCE), the Lydian language was no longer spoken in Lydia proper but was still being spoken among the multicultural population of
4882:
4629:
5879:
2899:
Just as in other
Anatolian languages verbs in Lydian were conjugated in the present-future and preterite tenses with three persons singular and plural.
288:
4686:
1666:
2907:
forms have not been found yet. Singular forms are often hard to distinguish from plural forms in the third person present active (both ending in
4170:
in the last syllable. Littmann sensationally labeled these assonances "the earliest rhyme in the history of human literature", though the word '
5395:
4084:
sources, without negative connotations, for the late 8th century or early 7th century BCE. It is possibly derived from the native town of King
5685:
4561:
4029:
Only a small fraction of the Lydian vocabulary is clearly of Indo-European stock. Gusmani provides lists of words that have been linked to
5416:
1573:
Voicing was likely not distinctive in Lydian. However /p t k/ are voiced before nasals and apparently before /r/. The palatal affricate (
1136:
Lydian is notable for its extensive consonant clusters, which resulted from the loss of word-final short vowels, together with massive
1148:(Note: until recently the Buckler (1924) transliteration scheme was often used, which may lead to confusion. This older system wrote
287:
presented a collection of 51 inscriptions then known. The 109 inscriptions known by 1986 have been treated comprehensively by
5565:
5530:
5495:
5370:
5343:
5316:
5132:
5080:
4980:
4850:
4451:
4441:
310:("this grave"). The short texts are mostly graffiti, coin legends, seals, potter's marks, and the like. The language of the
4635:
4888:
1561:
1493:
180:
4126:"dark". All of those loanwords confirm a strong cultural interaction between the Lydians and the Greeks since the Creto-
5874:
5149:
1503:
4652:
Sasseville, David; Euler, Katrin (2019). "Die
Identität des lydischen Qλdãns und seine kulturgeschichtlichen Folgen".
5678:
4532:
4589:
1468:
1417:
4841:
Yakubovich, Ilya (2019). "Showing
Reverence in Lydian". In Catt, Adam Alvah; Kim, Ronald I.; Vine, Brent (eds.).
4138:
In his seminal decipherment of Lydian texts
Littmann noted that at least five of them show two poetical aspects:
1438:
913:
657:
170:
4254:, 'land and water, property and estate') are absent in the poetical texts, but do occur in the prose bilingual.
2911:): the plural form seems to be in principle nasalized, but this could not always be expressed in the writing.
3771:
The first line of the Lydian text has been destroyed, but can be reconstructed from its
Aramaic counterpart.
143:
5869:
5783:
5671:
5156:
3741:
1458:
1401:
944:
925:
275:
4373:
4340:
3707:
akmsin (= ak-m-s-in) - 'so if he...' (-s- = 'he'), or (= ak-ms-in) - 'so if to them...' (-ms- = 'to them')
5160:
884:
5308:
4774:
Yakubovich, Ilya (2017). "An agreement between the
Sardians and the Mermnads in the Lydian language?".
4539:
1335:
1317:
1256:
329:
Lydian can be officially studied at
Marburg University, Germany, within the Hittitology minor program.
4687:
Sasseville, D. (2021). Rhotacism in 1st Millennium BC Anatolia Comparative Luwian and Lydian Phonology
1669:
developed rules to determine which syllable in a word has the stress accent. In short, the rules are:
78:
4210:
1820:
1586:
1407:
5864:
5810:
5423:
4995:
896:
5478:
Oettinger, Norbert (2021). "Language Contact between Lydian and Greek or the Origin of Lydian K".
5820:
5413:"Digital etymological-philological Dictionary of the Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages (eDiAna)"
4572:
4568:
2942:
1448:
1353:
1341:
1323:
1070:
284:
68:
5605:
5285:
5124:
5114:
4867:
4217:
4045:
Labrys (Greek: λάβρυς, lábrys) is the term for a symmetrical double-bitted axe originally from
201:
4700:"Phonetic value of Lydian letter <d> revisited and development of PIE dentals in Lydian"
5643:
5331:
4815:
1827:: animate (or 'common') and inanimate (or 'neuter'). Only three cases are securely attested:
1528:
1282:
1270:
1228:
4200:
before the fifth or sixth syllable from the end. The twelve-syllable lines often sound like
1196:(𐤮). The modern system renders the sibilants more naturally and prevents confusion between
5335:
5072:
4201:
1369:
1359:
1292:
8:
5694:
5120:
4093:
4018:
3839:𐤡𐤷𐤯𐤠𐤭𐤥𐤬𐤣 𐤠𐤨𐤠𐤣 𐤪𐤠𐤫𐤤𐤩𐤦𐤣 𐤨𐤰𐤪𐤩𐤦𐤩𐤦𐤣 𐤳𐤦𐤩𐤰𐤨𐤠𐤩𐤦𐤣 𐤠𐤨𐤦𐤯 𐤫
3736:
3720:
1137:
204:
73:
5723:
5646:[Статус лидийского среди анатолийских языков под призмой недавних исследований]
4474:
3695:
To emphasize where an important next part of a sentence begins, Lydian uses a series of
2953:-stems, etc.), and (2) the endings of the third person singular being either unlenited (
1121:
appears rarely, only in the oldest inscriptions, and probably indicates an allophone of
5789:
5630:
5571:
5536:
5501:
5466:
5389:
5362:
5227:
4917:
4791:
4669:
4164:) in the last syllable. One of the longest inscriptions, 19 lines, has in each line an
2915:
1824:
1816:
1298:
1233:
159:
5843:
5777:
5766:
5561:
5526:
5505:
5491:
5366:
5339:
5312:
5291:
5128:
5076:
4976:
4846:
4795:
4673:
4447:
4034:
1819:
forms. Words in the texts are predominantly singular. Plural forms are scarce, and a
1794:
Within a declension or conjugation stress does not move from one syllable to another.
1238:
233:
4319:
An Epigraphical Survey in the Kibyra-Olbasa Region conducted by A S Hall (Monograph)
176:
5833:
5761:
5708:
5592:
5553:
5518:
5483:
5433:
5429:
Palaeolexicon - Word study tool of Ancient languages, including a Lydian dictionary
5358:
5008:
4783:
4751:
4661:
4059:"double-axe" is not found in any surviving Lydian inscription, but on the subject,
4030:
1862:
Nouns, adjectives, and pronomina are all declined according to a similar paradigm:
1518:
1483:
1223:
5096:
5838:
5828:
5771:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5644:"The place of Lydian in the Anatolian family through the lens of recent research"
4265:
4116:
4089:
4053:
in classical Greece were called Labryades (the men of the double axe). The term
3757:
2900:
1852:
1832:
1828:
1264:
1243:
353:
347:
237:
107:
60:
270:
Map showing locations where inscriptions in the Lydian language have been found.
5596:
4528:
4193:
4174:' is slightly misleading because the consonants in the last syllables do vary (
4085:
3761:
3041:
828:
100:
5487:
4843:
QAZZU Warrai: Anatolian and Indo-European Studies in Honor of Kazuhiko Yoshida
4756:
4739:
4620:
Eichner, H (1986). "Die Akzentuation des Lydischen L'accentuation du lydien".
3948:– month; cf. Greek ὥρα (season, year, moment), Latin hora (hour), English hour
3881:𐤠𐤨𐤯𐤦𐤫 𐤫𐤵𐤲𐤦𐤳 𐤲𐤤𐤩𐤷𐤨 𐤱𐤶𐤫𐤳𐤷𐤦𐤱𐤦𐤣 𐤱𐤠𐤨𐤪𐤷 𐤠𐤭𐤯𐤦𐤪𐤰𐤮
5858:
5575:
5540:
5295:
5020:
Probably Artaxerxes II, but Artaxerxes I or Artaxerxes III may also be meant.
4665:
4279:
4127:
4105:
4081:
3912:
3765:
3764:. Being among the first texts found, it provided a limited equivalent of the
3745:
3029:
1856:
1844:
1840:
1380:
973:
866:
279:
136:
5190:
5164:
4533:"Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages: Lydian p. 601-607"
4025:), Latin alius (other), alter (another, the other one, second), French autre
4305:..confirmed by an analysis of the Lydian language, which is Indo-European..
4232:
4097:
4049:
in Greece, one of the oldest symbols of Greek civilization. The priests at
3867:𐤩𐤠𐤲𐤭𐤦𐤳𐤠𐤸 𐤡𐤰𐤨𐤦𐤯 𐤨𐤰𐤣 𐤦𐤳𐤯 𐤤𐤳𐤷 𐤥𐤵𐤫𐤠𐤷 𐤡𐤷𐤯𐤠𐤭𐤥𐤬
3013:
1847:
seems to be present in the plural, but in the singular usually a so-called
5557:
5522:
4543:
3920:𐤨𐤷𐤦𐤣𐤠𐤷 𐤨𐤬𐤱𐤰𐤷𐤨 𐤲𐤦𐤭𐤠𐤷 𐤲𐤤𐤩𐤷𐤨 𐤡𐤦𐤩𐤷 𐤥𐤹𐤡𐤠𐤲𐤶𐤫𐤯
127:
5110:
4787:
4271:
4227:
It is remarkable that clear examples of rhyme (like the stock expression
3995:– community, brotherhood; cf. Latin frater, English brother, French frère
3898:𐤦𐤡𐤮𐤦𐤪𐤳𐤦𐤳 𐤠𐤭𐤯𐤦𐤪𐤰𐤨 𐤨𐤰𐤩𐤰𐤪𐤳𐤦𐤳 𐤠𐤠𐤭𐤠𐤷 𐤡𐤦𐤭𐤠𐤷𐤨
1836:
1203:
1011:
992:
986:
980:
968:
861:
5634:
5470:
5412:
5238:
5231:
4921:
251:
5606:"Current Archaeological and Epigraphic Research in the Region of Lydia"
5276:
4101:
3753:
1848:
878:
871:
5663:
5273:
Lydisches Wörterbuch. Mit grammatischer Skizze und Inschriftensammlung
266:
5097:"Tyrant | Etymology, origin and meaning of tyrant by etymonline"
4514:
4143:
4022:
4014:
3929:
land and water, property and estate that are his, She will destroy!
3021:
2985:, he rules). Differences between the various conjugations are minor.
2904:
1545:
1432:
1391:
1005:
936:
907:
299:
152:
120:
4699:
294:
All but a few of the extant Lydian texts have been found in or near
5062:
5030:
4071:
4060:
4010:
3848:
belonging(?) to Manes, son of Kumlis from Silukas's clan; so if an
3696:
2935:
315:
303:
224:
220:
212:
188:
5610:
Collection de l'Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité
5045:"A new reading of Lydian laqrisa as 'words' or 'inscriptions' (?)"
5044:
3955:– wall, walls (traditional translation); letters, inscription (?)
2945:
can be distinguished, on the basis of (1) the verbal root ending (
5067:
4378:
Publications of the American Society for the Excavation of Sardis
4345:
Publications of the American Society for the Excavation of Sardis
4197:
3908:
3891:
3813:
1655:
1654:
and the name of a god, could correspond to the Greek Κροῖσος, or
1311:
319:
311:
255:
236:
Thus, Lydian texts are effectively contemporaneous with those in
184:
40:
5480:
Linguistic and Cultural Interactions between Greece and Anatolia
5442:
4996:
http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/anatol/lydian/lydco.htm
4009:– other; cf. Greek ἄλλος (other; is an element in words such as
5713:
5428:
5029:
The Aramaic text specifies the date as the 5th of the month of
4322:
4196:: lines have twelve (sometimes eleven or ten) syllables with a
4076:
4055:
4050:
3980:
Other words with Indo-European roots and with modern cognates:
2930:
after consonant stems and part of the stems ending in a vowel,
833:
322:) is interspersed with Lydian words, many of them from popular
295:
247:
243:
216:
4647:
4645:
3825:𐤩𐤠𐤲𐤭𐤦𐤳𐤠𐤨 𐤲𐤤𐤩𐤠𐤨 𐤨𐤰𐤣𐤨𐤦𐤯 𐤦𐤳𐤯 𐤤𐤮𐤷 𐤥𐤵𐤫
1626:
is complemented by a full series of other palatal consonants:
5733:
5548:
Payne, Annick; Wintjes, Jorit (2016). "Lydian Inscriptions".
5513:
Payne, Annick; Wintjes, Jorit (2016). "The Lydian Language".
4171:
4109:
4046:
3817:
3710:
akmλt (= ak-m-λ-t) - 'so if to him...' (-λ- = 'to him'); etc.
1799:
323:
208:
30:
5457:
Kearns, John Michael (1994). "A Greek Genitive from Lydia".
5303:
Craig Melchert (2004). "Lydian". In Roger D. Woodard (ed.).
3834:
and the walls/inscription, and the area opposite(?) this to
3803:𐤬]𐤭𐤠𐤷 𐤦𐤳𐤩𐤷 𐤡𐤠𐤨𐤦𐤩𐤩𐤷 𐤤𐤳𐤯 𐤪𐤭𐤰𐤣 𐤤𐤮𐤮𐤨
3768:
and permitted a first understanding of the Lydian language.
1798:
A useful application of those rules is the investigation of
5305:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
4952:
4642:
4214:"), in poetic texts word order is more free than in prose.
3853:𐤤𐤳𐤷 𐤪𐤭𐤰𐤷 𐤡𐤰𐤨 𐤤𐤳𐤷 𐤥𐤵𐤫𐤠𐤷 𐤡𐤰𐤨 𐤤𐤳𐤸𐤠𐤸
2552:
note that τ (/tʃ/) is written instead of t + š (/t/ + /ʃ/).
228:
4973:
Anatolian Verbal Stem Formation: Luwian, Lycian and Lydian
187:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
5328:
Indo-European Language and Culture : An Introduction
3876:
walls/inscription or to whatever belong(?) to this tomb—
562:
2988:
Many Lydian verbs are composite, using prefixes such as
278:, a bilingual inscription in Aramaic and Lydian allowed
5218:
West, Martin Litchfield (1973). "Indo-European Metre".
4622:
Die Akzentuation des Lydischen l'Accentuation du Lydien
4208:
Also, partly in order to achieve assonance and metre ("
1140:; there may have been an unwritten in such sequences.
1069:, the last two being nasal vowels, typically before a (
306:, which typically begin with the words 𐤤𐤮 𐤥𐤠𐤫𐤠𐤮
302:
at the end of the line. Tomb inscriptions include many
5621:
Yakubovich, Ilya (2005). "Lydian Etymological Notes".
4940:
4928:
4908:
Yakubovich, Ilya (2005). "Lydian Etymological Notes".
3845:
pʎtaɾwɔð akað manelið kumlilið ʃilukalið akit nãːkʷiʃ
356:, which is strictly alphabetic, consists of 26 signs:
254:) in southwestern Anatolia, by the descendants of the
5583:
Payne, Annick (2021). "Hesychius' Lydian Glosses I".
3704:
akτin (= ak-τ-in) - 'so...', 'so if...', 'yea, if...'
5325:
5270:
4769:
4767:
4502:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co. p. I, 55.
4261:
4002:– god; cf. Greek Ζεύς, Latin deus, French dieu (god)
3890:
yea, if anyone to anything does damage, then to him
283:
characteristics in several texts. Eight years later
5550:
Lords of Asia Minor: An Introduction to the Lydians
5515:
Lords of Asia Minor: An Introduction to the Lydians
4443:
Lydisches Wörterbuch. Ergänzungsband, Lieferung 1-3
4231:, 'house and yard', cf. German 'Haus und Hof') and
3044:?); their meaning is often difficult to determine.
5445:(Sardis Expedition Project) (Retrieved 2021-02-13)
4596:
3842:pλtarwod ak-ad manelid kumlilid šilukalid ak-it n
1607:The sign 𐤣 has traditionally been transliterated
5071:. Vol. 4. Translated by Frank Cole Babbitt.
4764:
4733:
4731:
4729:
827:The script is related to or derived from that of
5856:
4298:
291:; new texts keep being found from time to time.
5355:Phonétique et morphologie de la langue lydienne
5049:Nouvelles assyriologiques brèves et utilitaires
4859:
4651:
4497:
4067:" (Λυδοὶ γὰρ ‘λάβρυν’ τὸν πέλεκυν ὀνομάζουσι).
3926:kʎiðaʎ kɔfuʎk kʷiɾaʎ kʷeləʎk piləʎ w̩tspakʷãnd
3887:aktin nãːkʷiʃ kʷelʎək fãnʃʎifið fakməʎ aɾdimus
2938:after other stems ending in a vowel or glide).
261:
5302:
4726:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4527:
4446:. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.
4334:
4332:
4299:Bonfante, Giuliano; Bonfante, Larissa (1983).
3976:(suffix) – and; cf. Greek τε, Latin -que = and
3884:ak-t-in nãqiš qelλ-k fẽnšλifid fak-mλ artimus
3752:In May 1912 American excavators at the Sardis
1115:occur only when accented. A vowel or glide 𐤧
5679:
4836:
4834:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4367:
4365:
4192:Secondly, the poetic texts apparently show a
4033:, various other Indo-European languages, and
3726:
5547:
5512:
5379:
4439:
4316:
4040:
3988:– who; cf. Greek τίς, Latin quis, French qui
3873:lakʷɾiʃaɲ pukit kuð iʃt eʃʎ wãːnaʎ pʎtaɾwɔð
2918:voice with the third-person singular ending
1823:has not been found in Lydian. There are two
5147:
5109:
4740:"The Lydian nominal paradigm of i-mutation"
4608:
4329:
4303:. Manchester University Press. p. 50.
5880:Languages attested from the 8th century BC
5686:
5672:
5641:
5620:
5394:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5150:"Greek mólybdos as a Loanword from Lydian"
4970:
4907:
4840:
4831:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4773:
4737:
4559:
4422:
4362:
4080:"absolute ruler", which was first used in
3923:kλidaλ kofuλ-k qiraλ qelλ-k pilλ wcpaqẽnt
3870:laqrišañ puk-it kud išt ešλ wãnaλ pλtarwo
3809:ɔɾaʎ iʃləʎ pakilləʎ eʃt mɾuð essək wãːnas
5477:
4755:
3904:ipsimʃiʃ aɾdimuk kulumʃiʃ a(ː)ɾaʎ piɾaʎk
3901:ipsimšiš artimu-k kulumšiš aaraλ piraλ-k
1859:there are only a few uncertain examples.
1851:is used instead, which is similar to the
1773:In consonant clusters syllabic liquidae (
1592:It has now been argued that the laterals
5585:Atti del Sodalizio Glottologico Milanese
5443:The Archaeological Exploration of Sardis
5141:
5061:
4998:, Inscription #1 (Retrieved 2021-02-03).
4964:
4865:
4338:
3831:lakʷɾiʃak kʷelak kuðkit iʃt eʃəʎ wãːnaʎ
3735:
2965:(to inscribe, to carve) is an unlenited
2023:
2020:
1741:Prefixes, even those with a long vowel (
265:
5693:
5552:. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 73–86.
5517:. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 63–72.
5283:
5244:
5196:
5011:by Cyril Babaev (Retrieved 2021-02-01).
4958:
4946:
4934:
4845:. Beech Stave Press. pp. 399–409.
4802:
4697:
4619:
4590:"Anatolian languages | Britannica"
4416:
4371:
3731:
181:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5857:
5456:
5436:by Cyril Babaev (Retrieved 2021-02-01)
5417:Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
5352:
5042:
4602:
4512:
4321:. British Institute of Archaeology at
4301:The Etruscan Language: An Introduction
4063:states that "the Lydians call the axe
3756:discovered a bilingual inscription in
3310:
3125:
2926:(derived from Proto-Anatolian *-tori;
5667:
5582:
5199:, pp. 256-257 (inscription #14).
4562:"Lydian: Late-Hittite or Neo-Luwian?"
2813:
258:colonists, who had founded the city.
5732:
5603:
5217:
4813:
4479:Archaeological Exploration of Sardis
3962:– house; cf. Hitt. pēr/parn- 'house'
3940:Examples of words in the bilingual:
3862:to this stele or this tomb or these
3828:laqriša-k qela-k kudkit išt ešλ wãn
4868:"Historical Phonology of Anatolian"
4515:"Hethitologie in Marburg studieren"
4500:Geschichte der griechischen Sprache
3969:– field, ground, immovable property
1939:(Possessive:) -lis, -liñ, -lid,...
1705:always have stress. Syllables with
13:
5449:
5434:The Grammar of the Lydian Language
5336:Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics
5009:The Grammar of the Lydian Language
4498:Hoffmann, O.; Scherer, A. (1969).
3859:eʃʎ mɾuʎ puk eʃʎ wãːnaʎ puk eʃɲaɲ
14:
5891:
5404:
5275:(in German). Ergänzungsband 1-3,
4372:Buckler, William Hepburn (1924).
4146:: all lines have the same vocal (
3856:ešλ mruλ puk ešλ wãnaλ puk ešñañ
3806:raλ išlλ pakillλ ešt mrud ess-k
1815:Nouns and adjectives distinguish
1560:
1527:
1502:
1492:
1467:
1457:
1447:
1437:
1416:
1406:
1400:
1379:
1368:
1358:
1352:
1340:
1334:
1322:
1316:
1297:
1291:
1281:
1269:
1010:
991:
985:
943:
924:
912:
895:
883:
341:
332:
5652:Journal of Language Relationship
5247:, p. 254 (inscription #10).
4875:Journal of Indo-European Studies
4816:"Medio-Passive Forms in Lydian?"
4264:
4133:
3047:Examples of verbal conjugation:
3008:(= 'down-'?), and suffixes like
3000:('then, subsequently, again'?),
5250:
5211:
5202:
5181:
5103:
5089:
5055:
5036:
5023:
5014:
5001:
4989:
4901:
4714:
4691:
4680:
4582:
4553:
4521:
4472:
2546:
2537:
2528:
2504:
1959:
4506:
4491:
4466:
4440:Gusmani, Roberto (1980–1986).
4310:
4292:
1729:may be accented or unaccented.
16:Ancient Indo-European language
1:
5326:Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004).
5271:Roberto Gusmani (1980–1986).
4285:
4100:. Yet another is the element
3935:
2240:
1805:
1143:
5157:University of North Carolina
5043:Kelder, Jorrit (June 2011).
4110:
3783:Reconstructed Pronunciation
3742:Sardis bilingual inscription
3690:
2559:
1133:that is perhaps unstressed.
1027:Lydian has seven vowels: 𐤠
839:
318:(sixth century BCE, born at
276:Sardis bilingual inscription
262:Text corpus and decipherment
7:
5623:Historische Sprachforschung
5187:Littmann (1916), pp. 58-62.
4910:Historische Sprachforschung
4866:Melchert, H. Craig (1993).
4776:Indogermanische Forschungen
4698:Oreshko, Rostislav (2019).
4475:"Grave Stele from Haliller"
4257:
3919:
3897:
3880:
3866:
3852:
3838:
3824:
3802:
3790:
2543:Pakiwas is a person's name.
10:
5896:
5309:Cambridge University Press
5263:
5256:Buckler (1924), pp. 17-23.
4975:. Leiden / Boston: Brill.
4971:Sasseville, David (2020).
4738:Sasseville, David (2017).
4540:Cambridge University Press
3748:" for the Lydian language.
3727:Sample text and vocabulary
2977:(to be king) is a lenited
2949:-stems, consonant stems, -
2613:(relative, interrogative)
1964:Examples of substantives:
1738:, etc.) never have stress.
345:
5875:Extinct languages of Asia
5819:
5803:
5701:
5642:Yakubovich, Ilya (2023).
5488:10.1163/9789004461598_007
5380:Shevoroshkin, V. (1977).
5284:Gusmani, Roberto (1964).
5116:The story of civilization
5007:Translation adapted from
4757:10.1163/22125892-00501002
4744:Indo-European Linguistics
4041:Lydian words still in use
3714:
3615:
3550:
3522:
3493:
3118:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
2869:
2755:
2716:
2606:
2601:
2569:
2478:
2410:
2355:
2292:
2250:
2052:
1952:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1928:
1925:
1907:-a (?) (-añ (?), -Ø (?))
1906:
1900:
1872:
1869:
1661:
1290:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1220:
984:
844:
167:
150:
134:
118:
113:
97:
57:
46:
36:
26:
21:
5597:10.13130/1972-9901/15416
5353:Gérard, Raphaël (2005).
5290:(in German). C. Winter.
4666:10.1515/kadmos-2019-0007
4070:Another possibly Lydian
3719:The basic word order is
2894:
2787:-a (?) (-añ (?), -Ø (?))
2392:-a (?) (-añ (?), -Ø (?))
2245:Examples of adjectives:
2197:-a (?) (-añ (?), -Ø (?))
1810:
1073:) nasal consonant (like
1071:synchronic or diachronic
584:(former transliteration)
207:spoken in the region of
5604:Ricl, Marijana (2013).
5208:Littmann (1916), p. 61.
4569:University of Innsbruck
4339:Littmann, Enno (1916).
2914:Lydian distinguished a
2564:Examples of pronomina:
1202:(= w 𐤥) and the Greek
285:William Hepburn Buckler
4374:"Sardis: Publications"
4341:"Sardis: Publications"
4130:(2nd millennium BCE).
4122:, which in Lydian was
4092:, which was Tyrrha in
3749:
2210:Dative-Locative Plural
1753:), do not have stress.
1566:⟨𐤥 - w⟩
1533:⟨𐤭 - r⟩
1508:⟨𐤷 - λ⟩
1498:⟨𐤩 - l⟩
1473:⟨𐤳 - š⟩
1463:⟨𐤮 - s⟩
1453:⟨𐤣 - d⟩
1443:⟨𐤱 - f⟩
1422:⟨𐤴 - τ⟩
1412:⟨𐤹 - c⟩
1385:⟨𐤲 - q⟩
1374:⟨𐤢 - g⟩
1364:⟨𐤨 - k⟩
1346:⟨𐤯 - t⟩
1328:⟨𐤡 - p⟩
1303:⟨𐤸 - ñ⟩
1287:⟨𐤫 - n⟩
1275:⟨𐤪 - m⟩
1016:⟨𐤵 - ã⟩
997:⟨𐤶 - ẽ⟩
949:⟨𐤠 - a⟩
930:⟨𐤬 - o⟩
918:⟨𐤤 - e⟩
901:⟨𐤰 - u⟩
889:⟨𐤦 - i⟩
271:
169:This article contains
5558:10.2307/j.ctvc5pfx2.9
5523:10.2307/j.ctvc5pfx2.8
5332:Malden, Massachusetts
4317:N. P. Milner (1998).
4202:anapestic tetrameters
3812:early in the onth of
3739:
3599:karf-/korf-: šaw-korf
2534:inhabitant of Sardis.
2096:Dative-Locative Sing.
1791:) do not have stress.
1673:Syllables with vowel
1172:, instead of today's
269:
5482:. pp. 116–130.
5311:. pp. 601–607.
5287:Lydisches Wörterbuch
5121:Simon & Schuster
5073:Kessinger Publishing
4961:, pp. 151, 212.
4814:Melchert, H. Craig.
4788:10.1515/if-2017-0014
3915:the yard and house,
3732:The Lydian bilingual
2356:Nom./Acc. inanimate
1604:are actually flaps.
5870:Anatolian languages
5695:Anatolian languages
5591:(14 n.s): 173–185.
5382:The Lydian Language
4560:Ivo Hajnal (2001).
4513:Sasseville, David.
4094:classical antiquity
3721:subject-object-verb
3051:
2293:Nominative animate
2066:Accusative Singular
2029:Nominative Singular
1817:singular and plural
1770:) never has stress.
1217:
962:
855:
832:ancient capital of
360:
234:Persian domination.
5363:Peeters Publishers
3750:
3551:Nominal derivative
3050:
1802:in Lydian poetry.
1215:
960:
853:
359:
272:
205:Anatolian language
5852:
5851:
5844:Phrygian alphabet
5799:
5798:
5567:978-3-447-10568-2
5532:978-3-447-10568-2
5497:978-90-04-46159-8
5372:978-90-429-1574-9
5345:978-1-4051-0316-9
5318:978-0-521-56256-0
5148:Melchert, Craig.
5134:978-1-56731-013-9
5082:978-1-4179-0500-3
4982:978-90-04-43628-2
4852:978-0-9895142-6-2
4453:978-3-533-02929-8
4088:, founder of the
3951:𐤩𐤠𐤲𐤭𐤦𐤳𐤠 –
3933:
3932:
3798:were dedicated,]
3688:
3687:
3570:karf-/korf-: karf
2973:, he inscribes),
2892:
2891:
2500:
2499:
2238:
2237:
2154:Ablative Singular
2129:Genitive Singular
1957:
1956:
1918:-(a)s, -(a)š (?)
1785:) and sibilants (
1571:
1570:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
956:
955:
825:
824:
195:
194:
177:rendering support
173:phonetic symbols.
5887:
5834:Carian alphabets
5730:
5729:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5649:
5638:
5617:
5600:
5579:
5544:
5509:
5474:
5420:
5399:
5393:
5385:
5376:
5359:Louvain-la-Neuve
5349:
5322:
5299:
5280:
5257:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5226:(3/4): 161–187.
5215:
5209:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5169:
5163:. Archived from
5154:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5040:
5034:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5012:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4968:
4962:
4956:
4950:
4944:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4887:
4881:(3–4): 237–257.
4872:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4838:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4811:
4800:
4799:
4771:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4735:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4695:
4689:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4660:(1/2): 125–156.
4649:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4617:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4571:. Archived from
4566:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4542:. Archived from
4537:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4437:
4420:
4414:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4369:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4336:
4327:
4326:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4296:
4274:
4269:
4268:
4113:
4104:, borrowed from
3780:Transliteration
3774:
3773:
3052:
3049:
2961:). For example,
2814:Dative-Locative
2610:(demonstrative)
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2553:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2508:
2479:Genitive Plural
2411:Dative-Locative
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2248:
2247:
2185:Nom./Acc. Plural
2013:= funeral stele
1967:
1966:
1923:Dative-Locative
1865:
1864:
1764:before a nasal (
1735:-añ-, -in-, -it-
1585:) may have been
1579:) and sibilant (
1567:
1564:
1534:
1531:
1509:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1474:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1423:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1386:
1383:
1375:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1276:
1273:
1259:
1252:
1218:
1214:
1017:
1014:
998:
995:
989:
963:
959:
950:
947:
931:
928:
919:
916:
902:
899:
890:
887:
856:
852:
849:
848:
743:Greek equivalent
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
361:
358:
162:
146:
130:
123:
103:
63:
53:
19:
18:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5865:Lydian language
5855:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5839:Lycian alphabet
5829:Lydian alphabet
5815:
5811:Proto-Anatolian
5804:Reconstructions
5795:
5728:
5697:
5692:
5662:
5658:(3–4): 191–221.
5647:
5568:
5533:
5498:
5452:
5450:Further reading
5439:
5411:
5407:
5402:
5387:
5386:
5373:
5346:
5319:
5266:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5243:
5239:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5182:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5152:
5146:
5142:
5135:
5119:. Vol. 2.
5108:
5104:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5083:
5075:. p. 235.
5060:
5056:
5041:
5037:
5028:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5006:
5002:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4969:
4965:
4957:
4953:
4945:
4941:
4933:
4929:
4906:
4902:
4893:
4891:
4885:
4870:
4864:
4860:
4853:
4839:
4832:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4812:
4803:
4772:
4765:
4736:
4727:
4719:
4715:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4681:
4650:
4643:
4632:
4618:
4609:
4601:
4597:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4575:
4564:
4558:
4554:
4546:
4535:
4526:
4522:
4511:
4507:
4496:
4492:
4483:
4481:
4471:
4467:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4438:
4423:
4415:
4396:
4387:
4385:
4370:
4363:
4354:
4352:
4337:
4330:
4315:
4311:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4270:
4263:
4260:
4136:
4117:Mycenaean Greek
4115:, "lead", from
4090:Mermnad dynasty
4043:
3991:𐤡𐤭𐤠𐤱𐤭𐤮 –
3938:
3911:and Artemis of
3734:
3729:
3717:
3700:many examples:
3693:
3351:
3344:to give a share
3154:
2897:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2509:
2505:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2243:
2001:
1962:
1938:
1853:Luwic languages
1813:
1808:
1664:
1587:palato-alveolar
1565:
1532:
1507:
1497:
1472:
1462:
1452:
1442:
1421:
1411:
1384:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1345:
1327:
1302:
1286:
1274:
1255:
1250:
1146:
1015:
996:
948:
929:
917:
900:
888:
847:
842:
499:transliteration
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
350:
348:Lydian alphabet
344:
335:
289:Roberto Gusmani
264:
223:is attested in
175:Without proper
158:
142:
139:
126:
119:
108:Lydian alphabet
104:
99:
93:
64:
61:Language family
59:
52:ca. 700–200 BCE
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5893:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5825:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5787:
5781:
5775:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5738:
5736:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5691:
5690:
5683:
5676:
5668:
5661:
5660:
5639:
5618:
5601:
5580:
5566:
5545:
5531:
5510:
5496:
5475:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5438:
5437:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5408:
5406:
5405:External links
5403:
5401:
5400:
5377:
5371:
5350:
5344:
5323:
5317:
5300:
5281:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5249:
5237:
5210:
5201:
5189:
5180:
5140:
5133:
5102:
5088:
5081:
5054:
5035:
5022:
5013:
5000:
4988:
4981:
4963:
4951:
4949:, p. 195.
4939:
4937:, p. 177.
4927:
4900:
4858:
4851:
4830:
4801:
4763:
4750:(1): 130–146.
4725:
4713:
4690:
4679:
4641:
4607:
4595:
4581:
4578:on 2016-03-04.
4552:
4549:on 2003-04-11.
4529:Craig Melchert
4520:
4505:
4490:
4465:
4452:
4421:
4394:
4361:
4328:
4309:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4259:
4256:
4206:
4205:
4190:
4135:
4132:
4086:Gyges of Lydia
4042:
4039:
4027:
4026:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3623:Present/future
3620:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3400:
3394:
3384:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3126:Present/future
3123:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3076:(other verbs)
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3055:
2957:) or lenited (
2941:About a dozen
2896:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2655:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2263:wissi-, wiswi-
2261:
2254:
2252:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1929:-añ (-an) (?)
1927:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1771:
1754:
1739:
1730:
1667:Heiner Eichner
1663:
1660:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1465:
1455:
1445:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1414:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1350:
1348:
1332:
1330:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1145:
1142:
1091:). The vowels
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
983:
977:
976:
971:
966:
957:
954:
953:
951:
941:
939:
933:
932:
922:
920:
910:
904:
903:
893:
891:
881:
875:
874:
869:
864:
859:
846:
843:
841:
838:
823:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
740:
739:
736:
733:
732:/ʎ/ (or /ɾʲ/?)
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
653:
652:
650:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
598:
596:
594:
592:
587:
585:
581:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
496:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
346:Main article:
343:
342:Writing system
340:
334:
333:Classification
331:
263:
260:
200:is an extinct
193:
192:
179:, you may see
165:
164:
156:
148:
147:
140:
135:
132:
131:
124:
116:
115:
114:Language codes
111:
110:
105:
101:Writing system
98:
95:
94:
92:
91:
90:
89:
88:
87:
67:
65:
58:
55:
54:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5892:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5731:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5689:
5684:
5682:
5677:
5675:
5670:
5669:
5666:
5657:
5653:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5619:
5616:(2): 189–195.
5615:
5611:
5607:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5581:
5577:
5576:j.ctvc5pfx2.9
5573:
5569:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5546:
5542:
5541:j.ctvc5pfx2.8
5538:
5534:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5465:(1/4): 5–14.
5464:
5460:
5455:
5454:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5424:Lydian Corpus
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5397:
5391:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5357:(in French).
5356:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5253:
5246:
5241:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5214:
5205:
5198:
5193:
5184:
5170:on 2008-10-12
5166:
5162:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5136:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5106:
5098:
5092:
5084:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5058:
5050:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5026:
5017:
5010:
5004:
4997:
4992:
4984:
4978:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4955:
4948:
4943:
4936:
4931:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4904:
4890:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4854:
4848:
4844:
4837:
4835:
4817:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4768:
4758:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4722:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4694:
4688:
4683:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4648:
4646:
4637:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4604:
4599:
4591:
4585:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4545:
4541:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4516:
4509:
4501:
4494:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4455:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4418:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4366:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4333:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4302:
4295:
4291:
4281:
4280:Lydian script
4278:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4262:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4229:aaraλ piraλ-k
4225:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4134:Lydian poetry
4131:
4129:
4128:Mycenaean era
4125:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4107:
4106:Ancient Greek
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4082:Ancient Greek
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:, and this ,
3819:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3766:Rosetta Stone
3763:
3759:
3755:
3747:
3746:Rosetta Stone
3743:
3738:
3724:
3722:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:Mediopassive:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3514:kipτa): kipτa
3513:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3317:-dñ (~-ñ, -ñ)
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2996:(= 'into-'),
2995:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2959:-d; -dλ, -daλ
2956:
2955:-t; -tλ, -taλ
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:-añ (-an) (?)
2851:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2455:-añ (-an) (?)
2454:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1946:
1945:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1857:ablative case
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:genitive case
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1803:
1801:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
979:
978:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
964:
961:Nasal vowels
958:
952:
946:
942:
940:
938:
935:
934:
927:
923:
921:
915:
911:
909:
906:
905:
898:
894:
892:
886:
882:
880:
877:
876:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
857:
851:
850:
837:
835:
830:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
741:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
655:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
497:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
363:
362:
357:
355:
354:Lydian script
349:
339:
330:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
281:
280:Enno Littmann
277:
268:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
239:
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:, in western
210:
206:
203:
202:Indo-European
199:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
172:
166:
163: Lydian
161:
157:
155:
154:
149:
145:
141:
138:
137:Linguist List
133:
129:
125:
122:
117:
112:
109:
106:
102:
96:
86:
83:
82:
80:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
70:
69:Indo-European
66:
62:
56:
49:
45:
42:
39:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
5718:
5655:
5651:
5626:
5622:
5613:
5609:
5588:
5584:
5549:
5514:
5479:
5462:
5458:
5381:
5354:
5327:
5304:
5286:
5272:
5252:
5245:Gusmani 1964
5240:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5204:
5197:Gusmani 1964
5192:
5183:
5172:. Retrieved
5165:the original
5143:
5115:
5105:
5091:
5066:
5057:
5048:
5038:
5025:
5016:
5003:
4991:
4972:
4966:
4959:Gusmani 1964
4954:
4947:Gusmani 1964
4942:
4935:Gusmani 1964
4930:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4892:. Retrieved
4878:
4874:
4861:
4842:
4822:. Retrieved
4779:
4775:
4747:
4743:
4720:
4716:
4707:
4703:
4693:
4682:
4657:
4653:
4625:
4621:
4598:
4584:
4573:the original
4555:
4544:the original
4523:
4508:
4499:
4493:
4482:. Retrieved
4478:
4468:
4457:. Retrieved
4442:
4417:Gusmani 1964
4386:. Retrieved
4381:
4377:
4353:. Retrieved
4348:
4344:
4318:
4312:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4233:alliteration
4228:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4209:
4207:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4137:
4123:
4119:
4108:
4098:Tire, Turkey
4075:
4069:
4064:
4054:
4044:
4028:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3939:
3786:Translation
3770:
3751:
3718:
3694:
3682:
3678:
3651:
3647:
3633:
3629:-t(a)λ, -daλ
3616:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3575:
3571:
3542:
3534:
3515:
3511:
3465:
3461:
3449:
3429:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3329:
3321:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3282:
3278:
3234:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3180:
3156:
3155:(fa-kan-)tro
3150:
3144:
3136:
3119:
3110:
3106:to hand over
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3046:
3042:denominative
3037:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2992:(= 'in-'?),
2989:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2943:conjugations
2940:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2916:mediopassive
2913:
2908:
2898:
2882:
2860:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2806:
2798:
2791:
2773:
2766:
2762:-aš, -as (?)
2748:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2710:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2563:
2548:
2539:
2530:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2490:
2470:
2459:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2398:
2382:
2372:
2366:
2347:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2244:
2232:
2217:
2203:
2188:-aš, -as (?)
2168:
2161:
2140:
2120:
2111:
2105:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2057:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2024:(inanimate)
1963:
1960:Substantives
1861:
1814:
1797:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1665:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1208:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1026:
854:Oral vowels
826:
729:/ã/ or /æ̃/?
723:/tʃ/ or /tç/
647:
634:
621:
600:
589:
351:
336:
328:
307:
293:
274:In 1916 the
273:
242:
197:
196:
168:
151:
84:
5784:Cappadocian
5161:Chapel Hill
5111:Will Durant
5051:(2): 44–45.
5031:Markheshvan
4782:: 265–293.
4628:(1): 7–21.
4603:Gérard 2005
4419:, p. .
4272:Asia portal
4218:Martin West
4211:metri causa
4120:mo-ri-wo-do
4096:and is now
4005:𐤠𐤷𐤠𐤮 –
3998:𐤹𐤦𐤥𐤳 –
3965:𐤲𐤦𐤭𐤠 –
3958:𐤡𐤦𐤭𐤠 –
3512:to act as a
3281:, (ši-)τẽni
3091:to dedicate
2674:Accusative
2618:Nominative
2607:(personal)
2525:good: bad'.
1912:Accusative
1895:Nominative
1779:), nasals (
1732:Enclitics (
1229:Interdental
1216:Consonants
1212:(= ñ 𐤸).)
735:/ɲ/ or /ŋ/?
314:Greek poet
183:instead of
5859:Categories
5277:Heidelberg
5174:2011-04-23
5123:. p.
4894:2021-02-27
4824:2021-02-23
4710:: 191–262.
4484:2021-02-14
4459:2021-02-07
4388:2021-02-09
4355:2021-02-09
4286:References
4184:/ ... arkt
4102:molybdenum
3936:Vocabulary
3754:necropolis
3661:3 Singular
3626:3 Singular
3603:, šaw-karb
3523:Infinitive
3494:Participle
3472:Imperative
3462:to release
3380:, (fa-)cñi
3364:3 Singular
3346:): (fẽn-)c
3314:1 Singular
3299:taqtula- (
3191:3 Singular
3167:2 Singular
3129:1 Singular
2901:Imperative
2784:inanimate
2723:inanimate
2717:Nom./Acc.
2596:who, which
2510:including
2241:Adjectives
2021:(animate)
2002:Lord, Lady
1904:-(a)š (?)
1890:inanimate
1884:inanimate
1849:possessive
1833:accusative
1829:nominative
1806:Morphology
1190:(𐤳), and
1144:Consonants
720:/ʃ/ or /ç/
714:/f/ or /ɸ/
678:/w/ or /v/
5821:Alphabets
5790:Lycaonian
5724:Kalasmaic
5702:Languages
5629:: 75–91.
5506:242888186
5390:cite book
5384:. Moscow.
5296:582362214
4916:: 75–91.
4796:171633908
4721:Histories
4674:220368367
4180:/ ... tas
4144:assonance
4023:allotropy
4019:allopathy
4015:allomorph
3984:𐤲𐤦𐤳 –
3944:𐤬𐤭𐤠 –
3909:Ephesians
3744:was the "
3691:Particles
3658:Preterite
3648:to honor?
3586:-λo (-lo)
3443:-rs, -riš
3428:(fiš-)tro
3406:, (kat-)u
3376:(fa-)cuni
3311:Preterite
3303:): taqtul
3211:(kan-)tro
3149:(kan-)tor
3064:cuni/cñi-
3030:iterative
3022:causative
3018:-no-/-ño-
3010:-ãn-/-ẽn-
3006:kat-/kaτ-
2905:gerundive
2873:singular
2870:Genitive
2817:singular
2720:singular
2677:singular
2621:singular
2560:Pronomina
2414:singular
2359:singular
2337:-(a)š (?)
2296:singular
2287:Pakiwas's
2284:pakiwali-
2277:sfardẽti-
2041:ast(u)rko
2005:= Artemis
2000:= patron:
1947:Ablative
1934:Genitive
1870:Singular
1433:Fricative
1392:Affricate
1063:, and 𐤶
840:Phonology
738:/ts~dz/?
300:assonance
153:Glottolog
121:ISO 639-3
74:Anatolian
50:attested
37:Ethnicity
5778:Isaurian
5767:Pisidian
5635:40849242
5471:40266977
5232:40266268
5113:(1997).
5065:(2005).
5063:Plutarch
4922:40849242
4723:, I, 86.
4636:11914067
4531:(2004).
4258:See also
4189:, etc.).
4176:... fact
4124:mariwda-
4111:mólybdos
4072:loanword
4061:Plutarch
4035:Etruscan
4011:allogamy
3697:enclitic
3679:to grant
3609:= ?
3576:= ?
3510:kipτa- (
3448:(fa-)cñi
3440:3 Plural
3416:1 Plural
3396:(ẽn-)tro
3354:to favor
3301:= ?
3291:(ta-)tro
3271:3 Plural
3251:2 Plural
3227:1 Plural
3179:(fa-)tro
3111:to write
3096:to erect
3086:(ending)
3067:in(ãn)i-
3061:cẽn(š)i-
3032:?), and
3014:durative
2759:animate
2680:animate
2624:animate
2575:my, mine
2515:wissi-,
2426:(ni)wisl
2397:(ni)wisw
2381:pakiwali
2326:pakiwali
2320:sfardẽti
2273:Ephesian
2270:ipsimši-
1988:anlola-
1950:-d (-t)
1942:-añ (?)
1915:-ñ (-n)
1901:-d (-t)
1841:locative
1234:Alveolar
316:Hipponax
308:es wãnas
304:epitaphs
252:Gölhisar
225:graffiti
221:language
215:(now in
213:Anatolia
189:Help:IPA
160:lydi1241
81:-Lydian?
5762:Sidetic
5709:Hittite
5264:Sources
5068:Moralia
4889:4289439
4244:ofuλ-k
4198:caesura
4142:First,
4074:may be
4031:Hittite
3953:laqriša
3907:of the
3892:Artemis
3816:, this
3814:Bacchus
3762:Aramaic
3681:): pife
3677:pife- (
3650:): išlo
3646:išlo- (
3120:Active:
3101:to make
2983:qaλmλad
2981:-stem (
2975:qaλmλa-
2971:šarptat
2969:-stem (
2963:šarpta-
2936:lenited
2849:plural
2756:plural
2726:-d (-t)
2683:-ñ (-n)
2482:-añ (?)
2469:sfardẽt
2452:plural
2444:pakiwal
2438:sfardẽt
2389:plural
2362:-d (-t)
2346:sfardẽn
2334:plural
2314:ipsimši
2280:Sardian
2226:-añ (?)
2213:-añ (?)
2176:-d (-t)
2157:-d (-t)
2069:-ñ (-n)
2053:-d (-t)
2010:= stele
1980:artimu-
1977:astrko-
1937:-l (?);
1898:-š, -s
1887:animate
1881:animate
1873:Plural
1825:genders
1782:m, n, ñ
1776:l, λ, r
1767:m, n, ñ
1656:Croesus
1312:Plosive
1239:Palatal
1206:symbol
1138:syncope
974:Central
867:Central
684:/i̯~j/?
656:sound (
320:Ephesus
227:and in
219:). The
185:Unicode
41:Lydians
5772:Trojan
5757:Carian
5752:Milyan
5747:Lycian
5742:Luwian
5719:Lydian
5714:Palaic
5633:
5574:
5564:
5539:
5529:
5504:
5494:
5469:
5459:Glotta
5369:
5342:
5315:
5294:
5230:
5220:Glotta
5131:
5079:
4979:
4920:
4886:
4849:
4794:
4704:Wekwos
4672:
4654:Kadmos
4633:
4450:
4323:Ankara
4240:λidaλ
4077:tyrant
4065:labrys
4056:labrys
4051:Delphi
3993:prafrs
3758:Lydian
3715:Syntax
3497:-m(i)-
3217:(ẽn-)u
3205:; inãn
3194:-t, -d
3132:-u, -w
2998:fa-/f-
2928:-t(a)λ
2920:-t(a)λ
2876:-l (?)
2627:-š, -s
2579:pili-
2519:wiswi-
2489:ipsimñ
2432:ipsiml
2299:-š, -s
2167:astrko
2145:-l (?)
2139:artimu
2132:-l (?)
2110:artimu
2104:astrko
2080:artimu
2047:artimu
2032:-š, -s
1837:dative
1835:, and
1800:metres
1697:, and
1662:Stress
1644:, and
1519:Rhotic
1484:Liquid
1257:labial
1224:Labial
1184:(𐤸),
1178:(𐤥),
1166:, and
1109:, and
845:Vowels
834:Sardis
312:Ionian
296:Sardis
256:Lydian
248:Kibyra
244:Strabo
238:Lycian
217:Turkey
198:Lydian
85:Lydian
27:Region
22:Lydian
5734:Luwic
5648:(PDF)
5631:JSTOR
5572:JSTOR
5537:JSTOR
5502:S2CID
5467:JSTOR
5228:JSTOR
5168:(PDF)
5153:(PDF)
4918:JSTOR
4883:INIST
4871:(PDF)
4819:(PDF)
4792:S2CID
4670:S2CID
4630:INIST
4576:(PDF)
4565:(PDF)
4547:(PDF)
4536:(PDF)
4473:CHG.
4252:elλ-k
4248:iraλ
4194:metre
4172:rhyme
4158:, or
4152:, or
4047:Crete
3972:𐤨 –
3913:Coloe
3818:stele
3791:...]
3777:Text
3464:): še
3460:še- (
3356:): ow
3352:ow- (
3342:ca- (
3320:cẽnši
3002:šaw-,
2934:when
2909:-t/-d
2895:Verbs
2797:pilin
2772:pilin
2602:Case
2572:ẽmi-
2371:wiswi
2308:wissi
2259:other
2251:Case
2231:anlol
2202:anlol
2018:Case
1997:= god
1878:Case
1811:Nouns
1715:-), -
1546:Glide
1265:Nasal
1251:plain
1244:Velar
1057:, 𐤵
1051:, 𐤰
1045:, 𐤬
1039:, 𐤦
1033:, 𐤤
969:Front
862:Front
829:Greek
726:/ãː/?
708:/t~d/
687:/k~ɡ/
666:/p~b/
324:slang
250:(now
209:Lydia
31:Lydia
5614:1277
5589:2019
5562:ISBN
5527:ISBN
5492:ISBN
5396:link
5367:ISBN
5340:ISBN
5313:ISBN
5292:OCLC
5129:ISBN
5077:ISBN
4977:ISBN
4847:ISBN
4448:ISBN
4007:aλas
4000:ciwš
3967:qira
3960:pira
3760:and
3740:The
3664:-rst
3605:lo-s
3601:λo-s
3572:to-s
3370:cẽna
3328:inãn
3277:cẽni
3143:inãn
3070:tro-
3038:-ti-
3034:-ki-
3026:-ši-
3024:?),
3016:?),
3004:and
2932:-daλ
2924:-daλ
2809:(?)
2790:ẽmin
2765:ẽmin
2747:, qy
2665:, qy
2636:pili
2593:qi-
2589:this
2586:eš-
2266:good
2256:aλa-
1985:mru-
1974:ciw-
1843:. A
1821:dual
1788:s, š
1711:- (-
1691:-, -
1687:-, -
1683:-, -
1679:-, -
1598:and
879:High
872:Back
821:(Ζ)
717:/kʷ/
699:/o:/
675:/e:/
364:sign
352:The
229:coin
79:Luwo
5792:(?)
5786:(?)
5780:(?)
5774:(?)
5627:118
5593:doi
5554:doi
5519:doi
5484:doi
5159:at
5125:122
4914:118
4784:doi
4780:122
4752:doi
4662:doi
4384:(2)
4351:(1)
3986:qiš
3946:ora
3683:rst
3652:daλ
3632:cẽn
3583:(B)
3557:-to
3554:(A)
3533:ina
3450:riš
3419:-wñ
3390:, i
3334:tro
3330:idñ
3274:~-t
3233:τẽn
3230:-wñ
3135:cẽn
3036:or
2994:ẽt-
2990:ẽn-
2922:or
2903:or
2863:(?)
2861:ñañ
2829:pil
2805:qid
2794:(?)
2769:(?)
2743:(qe
2702:(eš
2692:pil
2661:(qe
2650:, e
2630:ẽmi
2582:his
2523:not
2521:= '
2462:(?)
2420:aλa
2365:aλa
2302:aλa
2216:ciw
2171:(?)
2164:(?)
2160:ciw
2119:mru
2086:mru
2072:ciw
2056:mru
2035:ciw
1926:-λ
1756:An
1750:ẽt-
1744:ẽn-
1721:or
1127:or
1085:or
1006:Low
981:Mid
937:Low
908:Mid
806:(Ξ)
767:(Ι)
711:/u/
705:/s/
702:/r/
696:/n/
693:/m/
690:/l/
681:/i/
672:/ð/
669:/g/
663:/a/
658:IPA
171:IPA
144:xld
128:xld
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2116:-λ
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1831:,
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1693:aa
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1589:.
1418:tʃ
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1204:nu
1160:,
1154:,
1103:,
1097:,
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993:æ̃
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493:𐤹
488:𐤸
483:𐤷
478:𐤶
473:𐤵
468:𐤴
463:𐤳
458:𐤲
453:𐤱
448:𐤰
443:𐤯
438:𐤮
433:𐤭
428:𐤬
423:𐤫
418:𐤪
413:𐤩
408:𐤨
403:𐤧
398:𐤦
393:𐤥
388:𐤤
383:𐤣
378:𐤢
373:𐤡
368:𐤠
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2979:a
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2704:n
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2106:λ
2088:d
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2058:d
2049:s
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1760:a
1758:-
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1723:-
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1629:λ
1623:d
1616:d
1610:d
1601:λ
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1494:l
1469:ʃ
1459:s
1449:ð
1439:f
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1370:g
1367:(
1360:g
1357:~
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1342:d
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990:~
987:ẽ
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885:i
818:-
815:-
812:-
809:-
803:-
800:ϙ
797:Φ
794:Υ
791:Τ
788:Σ
785:Ρ
782:Ο
779:Ν
776:Μ
773:Λ
770:Κ
764:Ι
761:F
758:Ε
755:Δ
752:Γ
749:Β
746:Α
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648:ν
635:s
622:ś
601:v
590:b
576:ñ
573:λ
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544:s
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532:m
529:l
526:k
523:y
520:i
517:w
514:e
511:d
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502:a
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