159:
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1725:
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3524:, and differentiated from the Greek populations that lived during the Early Bronze Age. The admixture analysis identified three main reference components: Anatolian Neolithic, Iranian Neolithic, and Western Hunter-Gatherer, with the Minoans also having some Yamnaya-related ancestry. The majority of individuals in the necropolis formed a homogenous population, with the exception of one individual, who was more similar to the populations of Western Europe. Overall, the studied genomes were found to be most similar to the other published genomes of Myceneans from mainland Greece; however, on the PCA analysis they plot exactly in-between both Minoans and Myceneans. The researchers noted that based on their genomic profile and placement, they may have been a mix of both groups.
768:
2790:, "The hierarchy and relationship of gods within the pantheon is difficult to decode from the images alone." Marinatos disagrees with earlier descriptions of Minoan religion as primitive, saying that it "was the religion of a sophisticated and urbanized palatial culture with a complex social hierarchy. It was not dominated by fertility any more than any religion of the past or present has been, and it addressed gender identity, rites of passage, and death. It is reasonable to assume that both the organization and the rituals, even the mythology, resembled the religions of Near Eastern palatial civilizations." It even seems that the later Greek pantheon would synthesize the Minoan female deity and Hittite goddess from the Near East.
2902:
1532:
1973:
1780:
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clothing while women's bodies, specifically later on, were more covered up. While there is evidence that the structure of women's clothing originated as a mirror to the clothing that men wore, fresco art illustrates how women's clothing evolved to be increasingly elaborate throughout the Minoan era. Throughout the evolution of women's clothing, a strong emphasis was placed on the women's sexual characteristics, particularly the breasts. Female clothing throughout the Minoan era emphasized the breasts by exposing cleavage or even the entire breast. Both Minoan women and men were portrayed with "wasp" waists, similar to the modern bodice women continue to wear today.
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2055:
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3207:
14858:
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re-distribution center for agricultural produce. At larger sites such as
Knossos, there is evidence of craft specialization (workshops). The palace at Kato Zakro indicates that workshops were integrated into palace structure. The Minoan palatial system may have developed through economic intensification, where an agricultural surplus could support a population of administrators, craftsmen and religious practitioners. The number of sleeping rooms in the palaces indicates that they could have supported a sizable population which was removed from manual labor.
2995:
2751:
1824:
1364:. Because it straddles the Mediterranean and African climate zones, with land at a variety of elevations, it provides a diverse array of natural resources. However, it is notably poor in metals, a fact believed to have spurred the Minoans' interest in international trade. The island is seismically active, with signs of earthquake damage at many Minoan sites. The majority of Minoan sites are found in central and eastern Crete, with few in the western part of the island, especially to the south.
1373:
1285:
2376:
redistribution to the population. This is still accepted as an important part of the Minoan economy; all the palaces have very large amounts of space that seems to have been used for storage of agricultural produce, some remains of which have been excavated after they were buried by disasters. What role, if any, the palaces played in Minoan international trade is unknown, or how this was organized in other ways. The decipherment of Linear A would possibly shed light on this.
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3279:
behaviour, using the example that frescoes recovered prior to the Late Minoan period seldom depict people interacting with each other yet this should not be taken as evidence that
Minoans rarely did so. Molloy further argues that the lack of fortifications could be attributed to Crete's rugged topography, which would have provided a significant natural defensive advantage; Molloy argues that the guardhouses could have been used to secure narrow roads through Crete.
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34:
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burned while the palace itself did not. The causes of these destructions have been a perennial topic of debate. While some researchers attributed them to
Mycenaean conquerors, others have argued that they were the result of internal upheavals. Similarly, while some researchers have attempted to link them to lingering environmental disruption from the Thera eruption, others have argued that the two events are too distant in time for any causal relation.
2645:, Anatolian and Mesopotamian writing systems have also been considered as models. Neither script has been deciphered, despite numerous attempts. For instance, when the values of the symbols in Linear B are used in Linear A, they produce mostly unrecognizable words. The language encoded by these scripts is tentatively dubbed "Minoan", though it is not certain that it was a single language. Decipherment attempts have attempted to read the language as
2313:
12098:
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1206:(c. 2100–1875 BC) saw the emergence of Protopalatial society. During MM IA (c. 2100-1925 BC), populations increased dramatically at sites such as Knossos, Phaistos, and Malia, accompanied by major construction projects. During MM IB (c. 1925-1875 BC), the first palaces were built at these sites, in areas which had been used for communal ceremonies since the Neolithic. Middle Minoan artisans developed new colorful paints and adopted the
511:
2215:), indicate appreciation and occasional use of fish by the economy. However, scholars believe that these resources were not as significant as grain, olives and animal produce. "Fishing was one of the major activities...but there is as yet no evidence for the way in which they organized their fishing." An intensification of agricultural activity is indicated by the construction of terraces and dams at Pseira in the Late Minoan period.
2711:, which heavily influenced views for decades. Recent scholarly opinion sees a much more diverse religious landscape although the absence of texts, or even readable relevant inscriptions, leaves the picture very cloudy. We have no names of deities until after the Mycenaean era. Much Minoan art is given a religious significance of some sort, but this tends to be vague, not least because Minoan government is now often seen as a
2219:
3111:, and sometimes of stone. One of the most notable Minoan contributions to architecture is their inverted column, wider at the top than the base (unlike most Greek columns, which are wider at the bottom to give an impression of height). The columns were made of wood (not stone) and were generally painted red. Mounted on a simple stone base, they were topped with a pillow-like, round
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later palaces. The palace at Malia is sometimes regarded as having achieved palacehood at the end of the Early Minoan period. Palaces were continually renovated and altered, with their style changing over time. For instance, early palaces had a square-within-a-square layout, while later renovations introduced more internal divisions and corridors.
1946:. In contrast spears and "slashing-knives" tend to be "severely functional". Many of the decorated weapons were probably made either in Crete, or by Cretans working on the mainland. Daggers are often the most lavishly decorated, with gold hilts that may be set with jewels, and the middle of the blade decorated with a variety of techniques.
2575:, is that Minoan women normally covered their breasts; priestesses in religious contexts may have been an exception. This shows a funeral sacrifice, and some figures of both sexes are wearing aprons or skirts of animal hide, apparently left with the hair on. This was probably the costume worn by both sexes by those engaged in rituals.
2559:. This got its name because when it was found in the early 20th century, a French art historian thought it resembled Parisian women of the day. Children are shown in art with shaved heads (often blue in art) except for a few very long locks; the rest of the hair is allowed to grow as they approach puberty; this can be seen in the
1964:" background, whose actual material and technique have been much discussed. These have long thin scenes running along the centre of the blade, which show the violence typical of the art of Mycenaean Greece, as well as a sophistication in both technique and figurative imagery that is startlingly original in a Greek context.
1885:, and beak-spouts. However, while many of the artistic motifs are similar in the Early Minoan period, there are many differences that appear in the reproduction of these techniques throughout the island which represent a variety of shifts in taste as well as in power structures. There were also many small
3286:
The quantity of weaponry, the impressive fortifications, and the aggressive looking long-boats all suggested an era of intensified hostilities. But on closer inspection there are grounds for thinking that all three key elements are bound up as much with status statements, display, and fashion as with
3245:
had unfortified centers and engaged in frontier struggles, a lack of fortifications alone does not prove that the
Minoans were a peaceful civilization unparalleled in history. In 1998, when Minoan archaeologists met in a Belgian conference to discuss the possibility that the Pax Minoica was outdated,
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Minoan society was a divided society separating men from women in art illustration, clothing, and societal duties. For example, documents written in Linear B have been found documenting Minoan families, wherein spouses and children are not all listed together. In one section, fathers were listed with
1062:
styles, divides Minoan history into three major periods: Early Minoan (EM), Middle Minoan (MM) and Late Minoan (LM). These periods can be divided using Roman numerals (e.g. EM I, EM II, EM III), which can be further divided using capital letters (e.g. LM IIIA, LMIIIB, LM IIIC). An alternative system,
3250:
The construction of fortified sites is often assumed to reflect a threat of warfare, but such fortified centres were multifunctional; they were also often the embodiment or material expression of the central places of the territories at the same time as being monuments glorifying and merging leading
3123:
A number of compounds known as "villas" have been excavated on Crete, mostly near palaces, especially
Knossos. These structures share features of neopalatial palaces: a conspicuous western facade, storage facilities and a three-part Minoan Hall. These features may indicate a similar role or that the
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Childbirth was a dangerous process within Minoan society. Archeological sources have found numerous bones of pregnant women, identified by the fetus bones within their skeleton found in the abdomen area, providing strong evidence that death during pregnancy and childbirth were common features within
656:
The
Minoans traded extensively, exporting agricultural products and luxury crafts in exchange for raw metals which were difficult to obtain on Crete. Through traders and artisans, their cultural influence reached beyond Crete to the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean. Minoan craftsmen were employed by
636:
Little is known about the structure of Minoan society. Minoan art contains no unambiguous depiction of a monarch, and textual evidence suggests they may have had some other form of governance. Likewise, it is unclear whether there was ever a unified Minoan state. Religious practices included worship
3278:
Charles Gates argues that the absence of warfare in Minoan art does not prove it did not occur because there is no correlation between a society's artistic depiction of warfare and how often said society is involved in conflict. Barry Molloy states that artwork is an unreliable guide to a society's
3080:
During the Minoan Era extensive waterways were built in order to protect the growing population. This system had two primary functions, first providing and distributing water, and secondly relocating sewage and stormwater. One of the defining aspects of the Minoan Era was the architectural feats of
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Childcare was a central job for women within Minoan society. Other roles outside the household that have been identified as women's duties are food gathering, food preparation, and household care-taking. Additionally, it has been found that women were represented in the artisan world as ceramic and
1799:
appears in painting and several types of sculpture, and is thought to have had a religious significance; bull's heads are also a popular subject in terracotta and other sculptural materials. There are no figures that appear to be portraits of individuals, or are clearly royal, and the identities of
3508:
In 2023, whole genome-wide data of 102 individuals from Crete, the Greek mainland and Aegean
Islands were sequenced, spanning from the Neolithic to Iron Age. It was discovered that the early farmers from Crete shared the same ancestry as other Neolithic Aegeans. It also confirmed previous findings
3270:
or handles) which would have prevented their use as such. However, tests of replicas indicated that the weapons could cut flesh down to the bone (and score the bone's surface) without damaging the weapons themselves. According to Paul Rehak, Minoan figure-eight shields could not have been used for
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We may have been over-influenced by the lack of what we might think of as solid fortifications to assess the archaeological evidence properly. As in so many other instances, we may not have been looking for evidence in the right places, and therefore we may not end with a correct assessment of the
3170:
BC. Few signs of warfare appear in Minoan art: "Although a few archaeologists see war scenes in a few pieces of Minoan art, others interpret even these scenes as festivals, sacred dance, or sports events" (Studebaker, 2004, p. 27). Although armed warriors are depicted as stabbed in the throat
2570:
from
Knossos (one illustrated below) show bodices that circle their breasts, but do not cover them at all. These striking figures have dominated the popular image of Minoan clothing, and have been copied in some "reconstructions" of largely destroyed frescos, but few images unambiguously show this
2480:
paintings portray three class levels of women; elite women, women of the masses, and servants. A fourth, smaller class of women are also included among some paintings; women who participated in religious and sacred tasks. Elite women were depicted in paintings as having a stature twice the size of
1160:
Early Minoan society developed largely continuously from local
Neolithic predecessors, with some cultural influence and perhaps migration from eastern populations. This period saw a gradual shift from localized clan-based villages towards the more urbanized and stratified society of later periods.
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to manage their water supplies. Structural aspects of their buildings even played a part. Flat roofs and plentiful open courtyards were used for collecting water to be stored in cisterns. Significantly, the
Minoans had water treatment devices. One such device seems to have been a porous clay pipe
2553:, geometric designs. Men are shown as clean-shaven, and male hair was short, in styles that would be common today, except for some long thin tresses at the back, perhaps for young elite males. Female hair is typically shown with long tresses falling at the back, as in the fresco fragment known as
2544:
that were often long. Women wore long dresses with short sleeves and layered, flounced skirts. With both sexes, there was a great emphasis in art in a small wasp waist, often taken to improbable extremes. Both sexes are often shown with rather thick belts or girdles at the waist. Women could also
1311:
Late Minoan IB (c. 1625-1470 BC) ended with severe destructions throughout the island, marking the end of Neopalatial society. These destructions are thought to have been deliberate, since they spared certain sites in a manner inconsistent with natural disasters. For instance, the town at Knossos
3064:
The first palaces are generally dated to the MM IB period. However, they were not a spontaneous development but rather the culmination of a longer architectural tradition. The palace style has precedents in Early Minoan construction styles and earlier buildings were sometimes incorporated in the
2718:
It is very often difficult to distinguish between images of worshipers, priests and priestesses, rulers and deities; indeed the priestly and royal roles may have often been the same, as leading rituals is often seen as the essence of rulership. Possibly as aspects of the main, probably dominant,
2488:
While women were often portrayed in paintings as caretakers of children, pregnant women were rarely shown in frescoes. Pregnant women were instead represented in the form of sculpted pots with the rounded base of the pots representing the pregnant belly. Additionally, no Minoan art forms portray
7912:
Lazaridis, Iosif; Mittnik, Alissa; Patterson, Nick; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Pfrengle, Saskia; Furtwängler, Anja; Peltzer, Alexander; Posth, Cosimo; Vasilakis, Andonis; McGeorge, P. J. P.; Konsolaki-Yannopoulou, Eleni; Korres, George; Martlew, Holley; Michalodimitrakis, Manolis; Özsait,
2462:
Artistically, women were portrayed very differently from men. Men were often artistically represented with dark skin while women were represented with lighter skin. Minoan dress representation also clearly marks the difference between men and women. Minoan men were often depicted clad in little
1835:
is found in both frescos and on painted pots, and sometimes in other media, but most of the time this consists of plants shown fringing a scene, or dotted around within it. There is a particular visual convention where the surroundings of the main subject are laid out as though seen from above,
1811:
spreading all over the vessel, and probably originated from similar frescoed scenes; sometimes these appear in other media. Scenes of hunting and warfare, and horses and riders, are mostly found in later periods, in works perhaps made by Cretans for a Mycenaean market, or Mycenaean overlords of
1234:(c. 1750–1700 BC) marks the beginning of the Neopalatial period. Most of the palaces were rebuilt with architectural innovations, with the notable exception of Phaistos. Cretan hieroglyphs were abandoned in favor of Linear A, and Minoan cultural influence becomes significant in mainland Greece.
7144:
Skourtanioti, Eirini; Ringbauer, Harald; Gnecchi Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Bianco, Raffaela Angelina; Burri, Marta; Freund, Cäcilia; Furtwängler, Anja; Gomes Martins, Nuno Filipe; Knolle, Florian; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Tiliakou, Anthi; Agelarakis, Anagnostis; Andreadaki-Vlazaki, Maria; Betancourt,
1167:(c. 3100-2650 BC) is marked by the appearance of the first painted ceramics. Continuing a trend that began during the Neolithic, settlements grew in size and complexity, and spread from fertile plains towards highland sites and islands as the Minoans learned to exploit less hospitable terrain.
1819:
they are often more vivid, but less naturalistic. In comparison with the art of other ancient cultures there is a high proportion of female figures, though the idea that Minoans had only goddesses and no gods is now discounted. Most human figures are in profile or in a version of the Egyptian
3400:
between the sampled Bronze Age populations and present-day West Eurasians was estimated, finding that Mycenaean Greeks and Minoans were least differentiated from the populations of modern Greece, Cyprus, Albania, and Italy. In a subsequent study, Lazaridis et al. (2022) concluded that around
2270:
The discovery of storage areas in the palace compounds has prompted debate. At the second "palace" at Phaistos, rooms on the west side of the structure have been identified as a storage area. Jars, jugs and vessels have been recovered in the area, indicating the complex's possible role as a
1173:(c. 2650-2200 BC) has been termed an international era. Trade intensified and Minoan ships began sailing beyond the Aegean to Egypt and Syria, possibly enabled by the invention of masted ships. Minoan material culture shows increased international influence, for instance in the adoption of
3177:
argued that the Neopalatial Minoans had a "powerful navy" that made them a desirable ally to have in Mediterranean power politics, at least by the 14th century as "vassals of the pharaoh", leading Cretan tribute-bearers to be depicted on Egyptian tombs such as those of the top officials
2375:
first gained popularity among Minoan researchers. It is now used as a general term for ancient pre-monetary cultures where much of the economy revolved around the collection of crops and other goods by centralized government or religious institutions (the two tending to go together) for
1909:
and ornaments for women's hair, though there are also the universal types of rings, bracelets, armlets and necklaces, and many thin pieces that were sewn onto clothing. In the earlier periods gold was the main material, typically hammered very thin. but later it seemed to become scarce.
3372:, western and northern Europe, North Africa and Egypt. The researchers found that the Minoan skeletons were genetically very similar to modern-day Europeans—and especially close to modern-day Cretans, particularly those from the Lasithi Plateau. They were also genetically similar to
3053:, and large storage chambers. The various palaces have a fairly uniform style, though each has unique features. They are typically aligned with their surrounding topography, in particular with nearby sacred mountains. For instance, the palace at Phaistos appears to align with
1800:
religious figures is often tentative, with scholars uncertain whether they are deities, clergy or devotees. Equally, whether painted rooms were "shrines" or secular is far from clear; one room in Akrotiri has been argued to be a bedroom, with remains of a bed, or a shrine.
1620:
also contained middle-Bronze Age (MMI-II) Minoan colonies or settlements of Minoan traders. Most were abandoned in LMI, but Karpathos recovered and continued its Minoan culture until the end of the Bronze Age. Other supposed Minoan colonies, such as that hypothesized by
2024:, and they are often regarded as the same tradition. Many precious metal vessels found on mainland Greece exhibit Minoan characteristics, and it is thought that these were either imported from Crete or made on the mainland by Minoan metalsmiths working for Mycenaean
1276:
and led to the abandonment of some sites in northeast Crete, other Minoan sites such as Knossos continued to prosper. The post-eruption LM IB period (c.1625-1470) saw ambitious new building projects, booming international trade, and artistic developments such as the
8236:
TEXNH. Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age / Artisanat et artisans en Égée à l'âge du Bronze: Proceedings of the 6th International Aegean Conference / 6e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Philadelphia, Temple University, 18–21 April
5207:
TEXNH. Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age / Artisanat et artisans en Égée à l'âge du Bronze: Proceedings of the 6th International Aegean Conference / 6e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Philadelphia, Temple University, 18–21 April
2877:. Individual burial was the rule, except for the Chrysolakkos complex in Malia. Here, a number of buildings form a complex in the center of Mallia's burial area and may have been the focus for burial rituals or a crypt for a notable family. Evidence of possible
3258:'s work on small outposts (or guardhouses) in eastern Crete indicates a possible defensive system; type A (high-quality) Minoan swords were found in the palaces of Mallia and Zarkos (see Sanders, AJA 65, 67, Hoeckmann, JRGZM 27, or Rehak and Younger, AJA 102).
1897:, paintings of human figures are extremely rare, and those of land mammals not common until late periods. Shapes and ornament were often borrowed from metal tableware that has largely not survived, while painted decoration probably mostly derives from frescos.
1074:
has proved difficult. Archaeologists have attempted to determine calendar dates by synchronizing the periods of Minoan history with those of their better understood contemporaries. For example, Minoan artifacts from the LM IB period have been found in
2411:. This might initially have been a number of monarchies, corresponding with the "palaces" around Crete, but later all taken over by Knossos, which was itself later occupied by Mycenaean overlords. But, in notable contrast to contemporary Egyptian and
3516:, Crete. The research revealed that the DNA of 23 newly sequenced individuals from Late Minoan tombs, had derived most of their ancestry from an Anatolian Neolithic source. Modern Greeks share this genetic profile, but are more shifted towards the
2485:
textile craftswomen. As women got older it can be assumed that their job of taking care of children ended and they transitioned towards household management and job mentoring, teaching younger women the jobs that they themselves participated in.
1941:
Fine decorated bronze weapons have been found in Crete, especially from LM periods, but they are far less prominent than in the remains of warrior-ruled Mycenae, where the famous shaft-grave burials contain many very richly decorated swords and
1264:, which occurred around 1600 BC towards the end of the LM IA subperiod. One of the largest volcanic explosions in recorded history, it ejected about 60 to 100 cubic kilometres (14 to 24 cu mi) of material and was measured at 7 on the
2187:
is comparable to butter in northern European cuisine. The process of fermenting wine from grapes was probably a factor of the "Palace" economies; wine would have been a trade commodity and an item of domestic consumption. Farmers used wooden
2864:
Similar to other Bronze Age archaeological finds, burial remains constitute much of the material and archaeological evidence for the period. By the end of the Second Palace Period, Minoan burial was dominated by two forms: circular tombs
2489:
women giving birth, breast feeding, or procreating. Lack of such actions leads historians to believe that these actions would have been recognized by Minoan society to be either sacred or inappropriate, and kept private within society.
1892:
During the Middle Minoan period, naturalistic designs (such as fish, squid, birds and lilies) were common. In the Late Minoan period, flowers and animals were still characteristic but more variety existed. However, in contrast to later
3193:
at Mycenae, there is little evidence for major Mycenaean fortifications; the citadels follow the destruction of nearly all neopalatial Cretan sites. Warfare by other contemporaries of the ancient Minoans, such as the Egyptians and the
2715:, so politics and religion have a considerable overlap. The Minoan pantheon featured many deities, among which a young, spear-wielding male god is also prominent. Some scholars see in the Minoan Goddess a female divine solar figure.
7913:
Mehmet; Özsait, Nesrin; Papathanasiou, Anastasia; Richards, Michael; Roodenberg, Songül Alpaslan; Tzedakis, Yannis; Arnott, Robert; Fernandes, Daniel M.; Hughey, Jeffery R.; Lotakis, Dimitra M.; Navas, Patrick A.; Maniatis, Yannis;
3333:
showed remarkable similarity in craniofacial morphology between Minoans and modern Greeks, suggesting a close affinity, and that the Greek ethnic group remained stable in its cephalic and facial morphology for the last 4,000 years.
1836:
though individual specimens are shown in profile. This accounts for the rocks being shown all round a scene, with flowers apparently growing down from the top. The seascapes surrounding some scenes of fish and of boats, and in the
7202:
Foody, M. George B.; Ditchfield, Peter W.; Edwards, Ceiridwen J. (2024). "Bioarchaeological analyses of human and faunal skeletal remains and radiocarbon dating". In Tzedakis, Yannis; Martlew, Holley; Tite, Michael (eds.).
2175:, and their varied, healthy diet resulted in a population increase. Polyculture theoretically maintains soil fertility and protects against losses due to crop failure. Linear B tablets indicate the importance of orchards (
158:
2240:
and meat from livestock. Wild game is now extinct on Crete. A matter of controversy is whether Minoans made use of the indigenous Cretan megafauna, which are typically thought to have been extinct considerably earlier at
1332:, coastal settlements were abandoned in favor of defensible locations on higher ground. These small villages, some of which grew out of earlier mountain shrines, continued aspects of recognizably Minoan culture until the
2256:
at Knossos depicts women facing left, flanked by trees. Some scholars have suggested that it is a harvest festival or ceremony to honor the fertility of the soil. Artistic depictions of farming scenes also appear on the
2671:, which had become the language of administration. Linear B was deciphered in 1952, unlocking a major source of textual evidence about the economics and social organization of the final year at the palace of Knossos.
7023:
Hughey, Jeffery R.; Paschou, Peristera; Drineas, Petros; Mastropaolo, Donald; Lotakis, Dimitra M.; Navas, Patrick A.; Michalodimitrakis, Manolis; Stamatoyannopoulos, John A.; Stamatoyannopoulos, George (2013-05-14).
2762:
Men with a special role as priests or priest-kings are identifiable by diagonal bands on their long robes, and carrying over their shoulder a ritual "axe-sceptre" with a rounded blade. The more conventionally-shaped
1095:, which is known to have occurred towards the end of the LM IA period. While carbon dating places this event (and thus LM IA) around 1600 BC, synchronism with Egyptian records would place it roughly a century later.
2287:
with wooden handles. Due to its round hole, the tool head would spin on the handle. The Minoans developed oval-shaped holes in their tools to fit oval-shaped handles, which prevented spinning. Tools included double
1736:
described an "essential quality of the finest Minoan art, the ability to create an atmosphere of movement and life although following a set of highly formal conventions". It forms part of the wider grouping of
747:. This decipherment unlocked a crucial source of information on the economics and social organization in the final year of the palace. Minoan sites continue to be excavated, recent discoveries including the
653:. Subsequent research has shown that they served a variety of religious and economic purposes rather than being royal residences, though their exact role in Minoan society is a matter of continuing debate.
2459:
their sons, while mothers were listed with their daughters in a completely different section apart from the men who lived in the same household, signifying the vast gender divide present in Minoan society.
3158:
Early excavators such as Arthur Evans proposed that there was little internal armed conflict in Minoan Crete until the Mycenaean period. However, subsequent scholarship has questioned this interpretation.
3021:
The Minoans famously built large complexes referred to as palaces. However, despite their name, it is generally agreed that they did not primarily serve as royal residences. The best known of them are at
3162:
No evidence has been found of a Minoan army or the Minoan domination of peoples beyond Crete. Evans believed that the Minoans had some kind of overlordship of at least parts of Mycenaean Greece in the
2779:, very much centred on Knossos, is agreed to have a religious significance, perhaps to do with selecting the elite. The position of the bull in it is unclear; the funeral ceremonies on the (very late)
2431:
recently concluded: "Pretty much all the available evidence from Minoan Crete suggests a system of female political rule – effectively a theocracy of some sort, governed by a college of priestesses."
6289:
Sailors, Cara. "The Function of Mythology and Religion in Ancient Greek Society." East Tennessee State University, Digital Commons, 2008, dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3471&context=etd.
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1324:(c. 1420-1075 BC) shows profound social and political changes. Among the palaces, only Knossos remained in use, though it too was destroyed by LM IIIB2. The language of administration shifted to
1815:
While Minoan figures, whether human or animal, have a great sense of life and movement, they are often not very accurate, and the species is sometimes impossible to identify; by comparison with
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15268:
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fighting or hunting, since they were too cumbersome. Although Cheryl Floyd concluded that Minoan "weapons" were tools used for mundane tasks such as meat processing, Middle Minoan "
2368:, the predominance of female figures in authoritative roles over male ones seems to indicate that Minoan society was matriarchal, and among the most well-supported examples known.
4547:
3393:, Lazaridis et al. (2017) found that Minoans and Mycenaean Greeks were genetically highly similar – but not identical – and that modern Greeks descend from these populations. The
13364:
3124:
structures were artistic imitations, suggesting that their occupants were familiar with palatial culture. The villas were often richly decorated, as evidenced by the frescos of
633:. Typical subjects include nature and ritual. Minoan art is often described as having a fantastical or ecstatic quality, with figures rendered in a manner suggesting motion.
4412:
Sigurdsson H, Carey S, Alexandri M, Vougioukalakis G, Croff K, Roman C, Sakellariou D, Anagnostou C, Rousakis G, Ioakim C, Gogou A, Ballas D, Misaridis T, Nomikou P (2006).
2403:
Very little is known about the forms of Minoan government, particularly since the Minoan language has not yet been deciphered. It used to be believed that the Minoans had a
2324:
people who engaged significantly in overseas trade, and at their peak may well have had a dominant position in international trade over much of the Mediterranean. After 1700
1242:
The Late Minoan period was an eventful time that saw profound change in Minoan society. Many of the most recognizable Minoan artifacts date from this time, for instance the
6824:
Molloy, Barry PC. "Martial Minoans? War as social process, practice and event in Bronze Age Crete." Annual of the British School at Athens 107 (2012): 87-142, pp.96-97, 107
2661:
has been considered as a potential descendant of Minoan. However, this language is only known from five inscriptions in eastern Crete and is thus itself poorly understood.
4645:
Interaction and Acculturation in the Mediterranean: Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Mediterranean Pre- and Protohistory, Amsterdam, 19–23 November 1980
1869:
Many different styles of potted wares and techniques of production are observable throughout the history of Crete. Early Minoan ceramics were characterized by patterns of
1820:
convention with the head and legs in profile, and the torso seen frontally; but the Minoan figures exaggerate features such as slim male waists and large female breasts.
2423:
BC, a group of elite families, presumably living in the "villas" and the palaces, controlled both government and religion. Rejecting both a monarchy and an aristocracy,
1328:
and material culture shows increased mainland influence, reflecting the rise of a Greek-speaking elite. In Late Minoan IIIC (c. 1200-1075 BC), coinciding with the wider
7242:
Metals Make the World Go Round: The Supply and Circulation of Metals in Bronze Age Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at the University of Birmingham in June 1997
2481:
women in lower classes, as this was a way of emphasizing the important difference between the elite wealthy women and the rest of the female population within society.
4385:"Modelling the Climatic Effects of the LBA Eruption of Thera: New Calculations of Tephra Volumes May Suggest a Significantly Larger Eruption than Previously Reported"
8284:
6357:
B.P. Mihailov; S.B. Bezsonov; B.D. Blavatski; S.A. Kaufman; I.L. Matsa; A.M. Pribâtkova; M.I. Rzianin; I.I. Savitski; A.G. Tsires; E.G. Cernov; I.S. Iaralov (1961).
3376:, but distinct from Egyptian or Libyan populations. "We now know that the founders of the first advanced European civilization were European," said study co-author
2000:
BC), although it is likely that many of the vessels from these later periods were heirlooms from earlier periods. The earliest were probably made exclusively from
3413:
culture (Mycenaeans ~7–14%, Minoans ~3.9–9.5%). Unlike the Minoans, the Mycenaeans had also inherited ~3.3–5.5% ancestry on average from a source related to the
5729:
Olsen, Barbara A. (February 1998). "Women, children and the family in the Late Aegean Bronze Age: Differences in Minoan and Mycenaean constructions of gender".
1199:
The western façade of the Palace at Knossos. Like other palaces, it was built during the Middle Minoan era but continually renovated throughout its existence.
12587:
6898:
3255:
4880:
5350:
3742:
3657:
2641:, the latter falling out of use in MM III. The origins of these scripts is unknown. Although Cretan hieroglyphic is often assumed to have been inspired by
14073:
13989:
4784:(Lund) 1950; T. Marketou, "New Evidence on the Topography and Site History of Prehistoric Ialysos." in Soren Dietz and Ioannis Papachristodoulou (eds.),
3308:
1795:
Minoan art has a variety of subject-matter, much of it appearing across different media, although only some styles of pottery include figurative scenes.
7765:
5525:
2466:
13867:
3877:
Friedrich, Walter L; Kromer, B; Friedrich, M; Heinemeier, J; Pfeiffer, T; Talamo, S (2006). "Santorini Eruption Radiocarbon Dated to 1627–1600 B.C".
3216:
Despite finding ruined watchtowers and fortification walls, Evans said that there was little evidence of ancient Minoan fortifications. According to
2585:
terracotta figurine and other figures. Frescos also show what are presumably woven or embroidered figures, human and animal, spaced out on clothing.
1913:
The Minoans created elaborate metalwork with imported gold and copper. Bead necklaces, bracelets and hair ornaments appear in the frescoes, and many
1228:. It ended with mass destructions generally attributed to earthquakes, though violent destruction has been considered as an alternative explanation.
2419:
contains no pictures of recognizable kings", and in recent decades it has come to be thought that before the presumed Mycenaean invasion around 1450
1925:, a gold pendant featuring bees on a honeycomb. This was overlooked by the 19th-century looters of a royal burial site they called the "Gold Hole".
3259:
2581:
included many gold ornaments for women's hair and also thin gold plaques to sew onto clothing. Flowers were also often worn in the hair, as by the
1178:
3822:
Manning, Sturt W; Ramsey, CB; Kutschera, W; Higham, T; Kromer, B; Steier, P; Wild, EM (2006). "Chronology for the Aegean Late Bronze Age 1700–1400
9235:
7588:
The Palace of Minos: A Comparative Account of the Successive Stages of the Early Cretan Civilization as Illustrated by the Discoveries at Knossos
7568:
The Palace of Minos: a comparative account of the successive stages of the early Cretan civilization as illustrated by the discoveries at Knossos
7492:
The Aegean and the East: An Investigation into the Transference of Artistic Motifs between the Aegean, Egypt, and the Near East in the Bronze Age
6216:
3246:
evidence of Minoan war was still scanty. According to Jan Driessen, the Minoans frequently depicted "weapons" in their art in a ritual context:
14216:
14078:
13391:
13339:
7698:
2501:
482:
2016:
suggests that mostly cup-type forms were created in precious metals, but the corpus of bronze vessels was diverse, including cauldrons, pans,
1685:
is located within 100 meters of the modern shoreline in a bay. Its large number of workshops and wealth of site materials indicate a possible
8521:
6815:, Polemos: Le Contexte Guerrier en Égée à L'âge du Bronze, Aegaeum: annals of Aegean archaeology of the University of Liège, 1999, pp.277-283
3131:
A common characteristic of the Minoan villas was having flat roofs. Their rooms did not have windows to the streets, the light arriving from
1724:
1438:– sea-side palatial site excavated by Greek archaeologists in the far east of the island, also known as "Zakro" in archaeological literature
9094:
1710:. According to the researchers, the discovery highlights the cultural and commercial exchanges in the Mediterranean during the bronze age.
14958:
14893:
14083:
12144:
5642:
2364:
apparently focused on female deities, with women officiants. While historians and archaeologists have long been skeptical of an outright
1140:, is shared with the Greeks. The Neolithic population lived in open villages. Fishermen's huts were found on the shores, and the fertile
539:
7706:
Hemingway, Séan (1 January 1996). "Minoan Metalworking in the Postpalatial Period: A Deposit of Metallurgical Debris from Palaikastro".
5878:
5162:
Hemingway, Séan (1 January 1996). "Minoan Metalworking in the Postpalatial Period: A Deposit of Metallurgical Debris from Palaikastro".
5054:
4551:
4085:
3147:
2869:) in southern Crete and house tombs in the north and the east. However, much Minoan mortuary practice does not conform to this pattern.
1949:
15263:
14626:
14606:
10835:
9060:
5471:
5440:
3041:
Minoan palaces consist of wings arranged around an open rectangular court. The wings are often multi-story, with interior and exterior
1113:
may have reached Crete as early as 130,000 years ago, evidence for the first anatomically modern human presence dates to 10,000–12,000
423:
12542:
5928:
2696:
1181:. Minoan settlements grew, some doubling in size, and monumental buildings were constructed at sites that would later become palaces.
14694:
13739:
8234:
Rehak, Paul (1997). "Aegean Art Before and After the LM IB Cretan Destructions". In Laffineur, Robert; Betancourt, Philip P. (eds.).
5205:
Rehak, Paul (1997). "Aegean Art Before and After the LM IB Cretan Destructions". In Laffineur, Robert; Betancourt, Philip P. (eds.).
3291:
was either personalized and perhaps ritualized (in Crete) or small-scale, intermittent and essentially an economic activity (in the
3224:
8), a number of sites (especially early and middle Minoan sites such as Aghia Photia) are built on hilltops or otherwise fortified.
2844:
Haralampos V. Harissis and Anastasios V. Harissis posit a different interpretation of these symbols, saying that they were based on
2571:
costume, and the status of the figures—goddesses, priestesses, or devotees—is not at all clear. What is clear, from pieces like the
13872:
7644:
Polemos: Le Contexte Guerrier en Egee a L'Age du Bronze. Actes de la 7e Rencontre egeenne internationale Universite de Liège, 1998.
2252:
Not all plants and flora were purely functional, and arts depict scenes of lily-gathering in green spaces. The fresco known as the
1788:
8307:
The Prepalatial Cemeteries at Mochlos and Gournia and the House Tombs of Bronze Age Crete: And the House Tombs of Bronze Age Crete
8256:
Polemos: Le Contexte Guerrier en Egee a L'Age du Bronze. Actes de la 7e Rencontre egeenne internationale Universite de Liège, 1998
7887:
Polemos: Le Contexte Guerrier en Egee a L'Age du Bronze. Actes de la 7e Rencontre egeenne internationale Universite de Liège, 1998
7617:
Polemos: Le Contexte Guerrier en Egee a L'Age du Bronze. Actes de la 7e Rencontre egeenne internationale Universite de Liège, 1998
7537:
Polemos: Le Contexte Guerrier en Egee a L'Age du Bronze. Actes de la 7e Rencontre egeenne internationale Universite de Liège, 1998
7310:
Polemos: Le Contexte Guerrier en Egee a L'Age du Bronze. Actes de la 7e Rencontre egeenne internationale Universite de Liège, 1998
1757:
which include landscapes (but are often mostly "reconstructed"), small sculptures in various materials, jewellery, and metalwork.
15258:
14282:
13776:
3166:, but it is now very widely agreed that the opposite was the case, with a Mycenaean elite clearly ruling Knossos from around 1450
2020:, bowls, pitchers, basins, cups, ladles and lamps. The Minoan metal vessel tradition influenced that of the Mycenaean culture on
14616:
7885:
Krzyszkowska, Olga (1999). "So Where's the Loot? The Spoils of War and the Archaeological Record". In Laffineur, Robert (ed.).
5972:
1981:
1954:
7566:
7131:
2328:
BC, their culture indicates a high degree of organization. Minoan-manufactured goods suggest a network of trade with mainland
14143:
13862:
8920:
8460:
8179:
8156:
7796:
7605:
7464:
7423:
7328:
7273:
7218:
6763:
6708:
6498:
6462:
6310:
6146:
6119:
6092:
5575:
5387:
Food Technologies/Technologies of the Body: The Social Context of Wine and Oil Production and Consumption in Bronze Age Crete
5240:
4002:
3756:
3671:
14564:
10223:
5080:
3512:
A multidisciplinary report in 2024, also included a bioarcheological investigation conducted on remains that were found in
6703:. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska institutet i Athen, 4o. Vol. 32. Stockholm: Svenska institutet i Athen. pp. 9–12.
1772:
of the same periods, even after Crete was occupied by the Mycenaeans, but only some aspects of the tradition survived the
14611:
14515:
13754:
9228:
8289:
Thracians and Mycenaeans: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Thracology, Rotterdam, 24–26 September 1984
2921:
Minoan cities were connected by narrow roads paved with blocks cut with bronze saws. Streets were drained, and water and
354:
2775:
symbol, probably representing bull's horns, are shown on seals decorating buildings, with a few large actual survivals.
2451:
Minoan writing has not been deciphered yet, most information available about Minoan women is from various art forms and
10845:
10535:
10228:
10162:
8275:
Schoep, Ilse, 2004. "Assessing the role of architecture in conspicuous consumption in the Middle Minoan I–II Periods."
7633:
7390:
7379:
6272:
6260:
4809:
4653:
4413:
4367:
4275:
4242:
4154:
1960:
The most famous of these are a few inlaid with elaborate scenes in gold and silver set against a black (or now black) "
1318:(c. 1470-1420 BC) is sparsely represented in the archaeological record, but appears to have been a period of decline.
14983:
14621:
14011:
10233:
10208:
8744:
8514:
8492:
8478:
8392:
8330:
8296:
8244:
8217:
8108:
7906:
7518:
7499:
7350:
7249:
6243:
5982:
5854:
5784:
5708:
5652:
5501:
5424:
5276:
5215:
4630:
4610:
4583:
4528:
4503:
4478:
4300:
4204:
4179:
2806:, are represented in seal impressions and have been found as far afield as Cyprus. Minoan sacred symbols include the
723:, who excavated at Knossos and recognized it as culturally distinct from the mainland Mycenaean culture. Soon after,
658:
7100:
4736:
Kythera: Excavations and Studies Conducted by the University of Pennsylvania Museum and the British School at Athens
1388:– the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete. Knossos had an estimated population of 1,300 to 2,000 in 2500
14646:
14553:
13513:
12042:
10791:
10218:
10213:
7756:, 1998, "Beyond the Great Mother: The Sacred World of the Minoans", in Goodison, Lucy, and Christine Morris, eds.,
5879:"Minoan Dress - Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages"
477:
457:
7206:
The Late Minoan III Necropolis of Armenoi: Volume II – Biomolecular and Epigraphical Investigations
4086:"R.J. King, S.S. Ozcan et al., "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic""
2667:
became the primary Cretan script after LM II. This script was adapted from the earlier Linear A in order to write
1666:
Minoan cultural influence indicates an orbit extending through the Cyclades to Egypt and Cyprus. Fifteenth-century
1260:(c. 1700-1470 BC) was a continuation of the prosperous Neopalatial culture. A notable event from this era was the
14886:
14373:
13724:
13349:
12491:
12137:
10685:
10545:
10540:
9817:
9022:
9017:
8945:
6398:
3533:
3068:
The function of the palaces is a matter of debate, though it is known that they included administrative offices,
2837:
1848:
822:
532:
12412:
7642:
Gates, Charles, 1999. "Why Are There No Scenes of Warfare in Minoan Art?" pp 277–284 In Laffineur, Robert, ed.,
2654:
15053:
14363:
13770:
13749:
12069:
10710:
10124:
9221:
9053:
9027:
8870:
7858:
7831:
7662:
7445:
5550:
Nakassis, Dimitri (2010), "Reevaluating Staple and Wealth Finance at Mycenaean Pylos", in Pullen, D. J. (ed.),
4324:
4117:
3781:
3710:
3557:
2743:
is somewhat threatening but perhaps a protective figure, possibly of children; it seems to largely derive from
2701:
2567:
1243:
419:
14664:
2901:
1681:
Some locations on Crete indicate that the Minoans were an "outward-looking" society. The neo-palatial site of
14707:
14689:
14337:
13369:
12064:
11621:
11114:
10630:
10550:
10248:
9958:
9173:
9163:
8668:
4825:
Warren, Peter (1979). "The Miniature Fresco from the West House at Akrotiri, Thera, and Its Aegean Setting".
1728:
Procession fresco from Knossos; of the 23 figures, most feet are original, but only the head at extreme right
1067:, divides Minoan history into four periods termed Prepalatial, Protopalatial, Neopalatial, and Postpalatial.
462:
8136:
Papadopoulos, John K., "Inventing the Minoans: Archaeology, Modernity and the Quest for European Identity",
15253:
15103:
14631:
14228:
13847:
13786:
13616:
13426:
12037:
10566:
10020:
8935:
8719:
8507:
7005:
5461:
Marco Masseti, Atlas of terrestrial mammals of the Ionian and Aegean islands, Walter de Gruyter, 30/10/2012
3547:
3521:
3513:
2525:
was probably much less common, and possibly imported from Egypt, or grown locally. There is no evidence of
1905:
Minoan jewellery has mostly been recovered from graves, and until the later periods much of it consists of
1601:
BC (EMII) to its Mycenaean occupation in the 13th century. Minoan strata replaced a mainland-derived early
1432:– the subject of French excavations, a palatial center which provides a look into the proto-palatial period
1410:– the second-largest palatial building on the island, excavated by the Italian school shortly after Knossos
752:
7826:, 1st edn. 1982 (many later editions), Macmillan, London, page refs to 1984 Macmillan 1st edn. paperback.
3617:
3311:
agreed: "The stark fact is that for the prehistoric Aegean we have no direct evidence for war and warfare
1972:
15278:
15222:
15192:
14998:
14684:
14061:
13964:
13503:
13262:
11092:
10700:
10576:
10238:
10192:
10147:
9923:
9612:
8612:
7814:
7676:
7476:"Minoan Metal Vessel Manufacture: Reconstructing Techniques and Technology with Experimental Archaeology"
7240:
Baboula, Evanthia (2000). "'Buried' Metals in Late Minoan Inheritance Customs". In Pare, C. F. E. (ed.).
5599:
3643:
3035:
2471:
2393:
1894:
1841:
1696:
1540:
1531:
1508:
1429:
1273:
767:
101:
11631:
7683:
Gesell, G.C. (1983). "The Place of the Goddess in Minoan Society". In O. Krzyszkowska; L. Nixon (eds.).
1702:
In 2024, archaeologists discovered a Minoan bronze dagger with silver rivets in an ancient shipwreck at
15283:
15153:
14879:
14540:
13803:
13646:
13518:
13408:
12166:
12130:
11753:
11626:
10759:
10754:
10730:
10640:
10157:
9255:
9141:
7615:
Floyd, Cheryl (1999). "Observations on a Minoan Dagger from Chrysokamino". In Laffineur, Robert (ed.).
7415:
6287:
3343:
1779:
1265:
525:
497:
138:
7475:
2267:), which depicts 27 men led by another carrying bunches of sticks to beat ripe olives from the trees.
1426:– harbour town serving Phaistos and Hagia Triada, with civic buildings mirroring palatial architecture
684:
is unknown. Based on what is known, the language is regarded as unlikely to belong to a well-attested
15288:
15038:
14948:
14773:
14702:
14277:
14133:
14066:
13292:
13235:
12111:
12054:
11010:
10813:
10798:
10720:
10655:
9975:
9870:
9344:
9278:
9046:
7982:
Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Acar, Ayşe; Açıkkol, Ayşen; et al. (2022-08-26).
7918:
3796:
3377:
3105:
For sustaining of the roof, some higher houses, especially the palaces, used columns made usually of
2633:
The Minoans used a number of different scripts. During the Palatial period, the primary scripts were
1083:
provides calendar dates. However, dates determined in this manner do not always match the results of
415:
385:
14194:
10622:
10602:
9800:
9458:
8412:
3347:
also indicated craniological similarities between modern Greeks and Minoans, indicating continuity.
2207:
in site material and artistic representations of marine fish and animals (including the distinctive
14814:
14534:
14319:
14026:
13553:
13548:
13354:
13085:
12635:
12288:
12153:
10808:
10771:
10705:
10371:
10258:
8860:
7784:(Stockholm) 1994. A summary of revived points-of-view of a Minoan thalassocracy, especially in LMI.
7342:
3812:
This chronology is based on Manning (2012), which gives absolute dates based on radiocarbon dating.
3445:
3406:
3381:
2780:
1678:("islands in the middle of the sea") may refer to gift-bringing merchants or officials from Crete.
1581:
and the Levantine coast and Anatolia. Minoan-style frescoes have been found at elite residences in
1329:
1303:; typical of the Late Minoan IB period that followed the eruption of Thera. It is currently in the
712:
405:
373:
14421:
15187:
14763:
14636:
14292:
14240:
13943:
13734:
13641:
13528:
13163:
12514:
12091:
11215:
11015:
11000:
10803:
10786:
10766:
10735:
10635:
10571:
10187:
10172:
10142:
10103:
9980:
9832:
9334:
8955:
8384:
8239:. Liège: Université de Liège, Histoire de l'art et archéologie de la Grèce antique. p. 145.
7914:
7304:
Branigan, Keith (1999). "The Nature of Warfare in the Southern Aegean During the Third Millennium
6860:"A comparative cephalometric investigation of the Greek craniofacial pattern through 4,000 years"
6627:
6438:
6084:
5210:. Liège: Université de Liège, Histoire de l'art et archéologie de la Grèce antique. p. 145.
3509:
for additional Central/Eastern European ancestry in the Greek mainland by the Middle Bronze Age.
3455:
3414:
3190:
3082:
2646:
2572:
2506:
2054:
1918:
1352:. Crete is located in the south of the Aegean, situated along maritime trade routes that connect
866:
649:. The Minoans constructed enormous labyrinthine buildings which their initial excavators labeled
439:
390:
299:
20:
14679:
13103:
5349:
raised doubts in 2007 that systematic polyculture was practiced on Crete. (Hamilakis, Y. (2007)
4033:
14801:
14669:
14314:
14123:
14118:
14048:
13938:
13781:
13653:
13386:
12816:
12767:
12710:
12655:
12509:
12049:
11052:
10823:
10781:
10715:
10680:
10132:
10116:
9812:
9753:
9602:
9597:
8875:
8407:
8197:
4050:
Broodbank, C.; Strasser, T. (1991). "Migrant farmers and the Neolithic colonisation of Crete".
3517:
3440:
3418:
3402:
3373:
3329:
3324:
3112:
2555:
1980:". This cup is believed to be of Minoan manufacture while its twin is thought to be Mycenaean.
1674:
depict Minoan-appearing individuals bearing gifts. Inscriptions describing them as coming from
1247:
1195:
7666:
7449:
6233:
6136:
6109:
6078:
5767:
Lee, Mireille M. (2000), "9. Deciphering Gender in Minoan Dress", in Rautman, Alison E (ed.),
5526:"Art, religious artifacts support idea of Minoan matriarchy on ancient Crete, researcher says"
5414:
4799:
4643:
4359:
4267:
4234:
4146:
3746:
3661:
2279:
Tools, originally made of wood or bone, were bound to handles with leather straps. During the
1807:
is a type of painted palace pottery from MM III and LM IA that paints sea creatures including
14792:
14674:
14348:
14324:
14179:
13658:
13543:
13441:
13416:
13008:
12887:
12841:
12772:
12737:
12101:
11330:
11320:
11310:
11295:
10985:
10725:
10695:
10650:
10645:
10276:
10243:
10045:
9950:
9936:
9592:
9463:
9427:
9134:
8865:
8855:
8254:
Rehak, Paul (1999). "The Mycenaean 'Warrior Goddess' Revisited". In Laffineur, Robert (ed.).
7889:. Université de Liège, Histoire de l'art d'archeologie de la Grece antique. pp. 489–498.
6488:
6452:
6066:
5058:
4600:
4573:
4092:
3587:
3460:
3450:
3426:
3410:
3356:
3210:
3151:
3106:
2803:
2772:
2560:
2184:
2013:
642:
12973:
12481:
8263:
Sakellarakis, Y. & E. Sapouna-Sakellarakis (1981). "Drama of Death in a Minoan Temple".
8055:
The absolute chronology of the Aegean Early Bronze Age: Archaeology, radiocarbon and history
7544:
Driessen, J.; Langohr, C. (2014). "Recent developments in the archaeology of Minoan Crete".
3417:, introduced via a proximal source related to the inhabitants of the Pontic–Caspian steppe (
1289:
1278:
1251:
800:. It is a modern coinage and not used by the Minoans, whose name for themselves is unknown.
15138:
15068:
14768:
14641:
14581:
14434:
14368:
14211:
14199:
14043:
13852:
13611:
13606:
13508:
13468:
13272:
13168:
13158:
13151:
12705:
11573:
11567:
11553:
11037:
10995:
10967:
10852:
10665:
9895:
9691:
9168:
9158:
8885:
8171:
7936:
7917:; Stewardson, Kristin; Stockhammer, Philipp; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David; Krause, Johannes;
7037:
6957:
5389:
4428:
4017:
3835:
3613:
3422:
3384:. "They were very similar to Neolithic Europeans and very similar to present day-Cretans."
2909:
2642:
2384:
1816:
1640:
1597:, an island near the Greek mainland influenced by the Minoans from the mid-third millennium
708:
attested in a few post-Bronze Age inscriptions may be a descendant of the Minoan language.
472:
410:
380:
13798:
8362:
Watrous, L. Vance (1991), "The origin and iconography of the Late Minoan painted larnax",
3552:
1691:
for trade. Such activities are seen in artistic representations of the sea, including the
1622:
8:
14993:
14953:
14933:
14830:
14758:
14586:
14576:
14547:
14415:
14248:
14189:
13759:
13668:
13568:
13558:
13498:
13493:
13488:
13478:
13473:
13458:
13453:
13374:
13230:
13108:
13053:
12978:
12402:
12366:
11704:
11674:
11062:
10957:
10952:
10389:
9704:
9617:
9587:
9541:
9107:
7766:"The Danube Script and Other Ancient Writing Systems: A Typology of Distinctive Features"
7753:
7259:
7210:
6897:
Papagrigorakis, Manolis J.; Kousoulis, Antonis A.; Synodinos, Philippos N. (2014-06-01).
6390:
5691:
Budin, Stephanie Lynn (2016-08-12). Budin, Stephanie Lynn; Turfa, Jean Macintosh (eds.).
2658:
1555:
1080:
772:
705:
646:
487:
341:
195:
188:
58:
8018:
7940:
7041:
6961:
4432:
3839:
3206:
2719:
nature/mother goddess, archaeologists have identified a mountain goddess, worshipped at
2615:
2604:
1796:
810:
15217:
15212:
14963:
14527:
14184:
13984:
13969:
13764:
13719:
13714:
13563:
13113:
12725:
11921:
11818:
11724:
11368:
11285:
11173:
10675:
10499:
10015:
9995:
9852:
9723:
9607:
9402:
9329:
8981:
8940:
8910:
8688:
8433:
8425:
8369:
8364:
8344:
8336:
8088:
8078:
8053:
Manning, S.W., 1995. "An approximate Minoan Bronze Age chronology" in A.B. Knapp, ed.,
8031:
7965:
7922:
7731:
7723:
7692:
7535:
Driessen, Jan (1999). "The Archaeology of Aegean Warfare". In Laffineur, Robert (ed.).
7179:
7146:
7066:
7025:
6978:
6945:
6583:
6163:
6162:
Ridderstad, Marianna (2009). "Evidence of Minoan Astronomy and Calendrical Practises".
5816:
5187:
5179:
5108:
4858:
4850:
4717:
4709:
4444:
4384:
4067:
3975:
3902:
3859:
3163:
2885:, in a MMII building near Mt. Juktas considered a temple; an EMII sanctuary complex at
2682:. Because so few instances of these scripts have been found, they remain undeciphered.
2638:
1832:
1416:– town and administrative center near Phaistos which has yielded the largest number of
1221:
732:
669:
290:
3920:
2674:
A handful of Minoan inscriptions use other unknown writing systems. For instance, the
1976:
Golden cup from a LH IIA Mycenaean grave at Vapheio, one of a pair known as the "
1152:
15128:
15123:
15078:
15028:
14973:
14968:
14938:
14447:
14108:
14056:
14038:
13979:
13601:
13538:
13533:
13463:
13359:
13319:
13314:
13297:
13267:
12933:
12877:
12871:
12720:
12697:
12519:
12449:
12407:
12097:
11996:
11583:
11132:
10980:
10932:
10776:
10745:
10690:
10607:
10484:
10356:
10177:
10010:
9963:
9903:
9777:
9759:
9735:
9717:
9672:
9627:
9622:
9273:
9200:
9129:
8925:
8693:
8549:
8488:
8474:
8456:
8388:
8348:
8326:
8292:
8240:
8213:
8175:
8152:
8117:
8104:
8035:
8023:
8005:
7988:
7970:
7952:
7902:
7854:
7827:
7792:
7735:
7658:
7629:
7601:
7514:
7495:
7481:. In Scott, Rebecca B.; Braekmans, Dennis; Carremans, Mike; Degryse, Patrick (eds.).
7460:
7441:
7419:
7386:
7375:
7346:
7324:
7269:
7245:
7214:
7184:
7166:
7071:
7053:
6983:
6926:
6918:
6879:
6871:
6759:
6704:
6587:
6494:
6458:
6306:
6268:
6239:
6142:
6115:
6088:
6074:
5988:
5978:
5850:
5780:
5746:
5704:
5648:
5507:
5497:
5420:
5272:
5236:
5211:
5191:
5112:
5100:
4862:
4842:
4805:
4721:
4649:
4626:
4606:
4579:
4524:
4499:
4474:
4363:
4320:
4296:
4271:
4238:
4200:
4175:
4150:
4113:
4071:
3998:
3967:
3894:
3851:
3777:
3752:
3706:
3667:
3361:
3242:
3217:
3136:
3094:
3054:
2650:
2357:
1761:
1525:
1469:
1207:
858:
724:
693:
395:
348:
147:
8437:
8061:, Vol. 1 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press) A standard current Minoan chronology.
6914:
6356:
5079:
Nelson, E Charles; Mavrofridis, Georgios; Anagnostopoulos, Ioannis Th (2020-09-30).
4777:
Arne Furumark, "The settlement at Ialysos and Aegean history c. 1500–1400 B.B.", in
4448:
3995:
Timelines: Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 149)
3979:
3906:
3863:
1608:
The Cyclades were in the Minoan cultural orbit and, closer to Crete, the islands of
15202:
15197:
15143:
15108:
15073:
15058:
15008:
14988:
14978:
14943:
14928:
14753:
14488:
14204:
13948:
13857:
13578:
13573:
13381:
13324:
13307:
13277:
13208:
12983:
12762:
12640:
12567:
12387:
12263:
11926:
11458:
11423:
11240:
11097:
10975:
10862:
10857:
10182:
10137:
9968:
9875:
9491:
9324:
9309:
9299:
9119:
9089:
9069:
8579:
8417:
8398:
Wright, James C. (2004). "A Survey of Evidence for Feasting in Mycenaean Society".
8318:
8205:
8013:
7997:
7960:
7944:
7927:
7898:
7715:
7572:
7553:
7174:
7158:
7061:
7045:
6973:
6965:
6910:
6575:
6070:
5842:
5808:
5772:
5738:
5696:
5557:
5171:
5092:
4834:
4701:
4436:
4355:
4263:
4230:
4142:
4059:
3957:
3886:
3843:
3389:
3288:
3081:
their waste management. The Minoans used technologies such as wells, cisterns, and
2807:
2720:
2578:
2005:
1707:
1304:
785:
638:
607:
492:
322:
281:
233:
201:
168:
125:
14440:
14309:
8209:
7483:
39th International Symposium on Archaeometry: 28 May – 1 June 2012 Leuven, Belgium
5742:
3401:~58.4–65.8% of the DNA of the Mycenaeans and ~70.9–76.7% of the Minoans came from
2204:
1745:. Wood and textiles have decomposed, so most surviving examples of Minoan art are
715:, the Minoan civilization was rediscovered in the early twentieth century through
606:
BC, they came under the cultural and perhaps political domination of the mainland
15133:
15048:
15033:
15018:
14169:
13523:
13483:
13421:
12524:
12459:
12313:
11941:
11699:
11487:
11300:
11042:
10908:
10840:
10167:
9765:
9747:
9741:
9655:
9632:
9506:
9417:
9377:
9314:
9195:
9146:
9124:
9114:
8991:
8850:
8574:
8569:
8446:
7595:
7409:
7318:
7263:
7204:
6749:
6698:
6182:
3962:
3945:
3433:
Admixture proportions (%) of ancestral components for the Mycenaeans and Minoans
3365:
3351:
3174:
2994:
2878:
2829:
2787:
2768:
2691:
2679:
2668:
2594:
2517:
was the main fibre used in textiles, and perhaps a significant export commodity.
2361:
2021:
1773:
1594:
1590:
1536:
1497:
1333:
1325:
1261:
1104:
1092:
1088:
1071:
1064:
1055:
842:
834:
740:
701:
685:
681:
584:
429:
400:
315:
263:
115:
15043:
14221:
11966:
11679:
8044:
7984:"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe"
4877:"A Dagger from the Minoan Civilization of Crete Found in a Bronze Age Shipwreck"
2004:, but from the Protopalatial period (MM IB – MM IIA) they were also produced in
1823:
1760:
The relationship of Minoan art to that of other contemporary cultures and later
15207:
15177:
15148:
15083:
14475:
14409:
14164:
13923:
13791:
13596:
13591:
13302:
13255:
13173:
13118:
12846:
12752:
12715:
12562:
12424:
12258:
11823:
11763:
11758:
11714:
11495:
11443:
11433:
11413:
11403:
11147:
11142:
11137:
9990:
9789:
9783:
9771:
9571:
9546:
9319:
9244:
9185:
8895:
8790:
8643:
8622:
8564:
8554:
8421:
7396:
7162:
5551:
5292:
3394:
2922:
2886:
2708:
2372:
2259:
2246:
2224:
2165:
2037:
2001:
1864:
1803:
Animals, including an unusual variety of marine fauna, are often depicted; the
1746:
1516:
1475:
1441:
1423:
862:
756:
665:
650:
618:
360:
272:
256:
7719:
7147:"Ancient DNA reveals admixture history and endogamy in the prehistoric Aegean"
5846:
5776:
5175:
5096:
4705:
4669:
4063:
2955:
Construction materials for villas and palaces varied, and included sandstone,
2750:
15247:
15182:
15118:
15113:
15098:
15093:
15088:
15013:
14823:
14508:
14468:
14454:
14113:
13928:
13703:
13250:
13245:
13218:
13146:
13043:
12577:
12499:
12248:
12228:
12191:
12059:
11976:
11951:
11641:
11563:
11245:
11188:
11087:
11077:
11047:
11029:
10903:
10055:
9837:
9729:
9685:
9647:
9486:
9407:
9153:
9102:
8986:
8950:
8930:
8915:
8880:
8729:
8448:
Opyt sravnitel'nogo opisaniya minoyskogo, etrusskogo i rodstvennyh im yazykov
8009:
7983:
7956:
7846:
7836:
7749:
7557:
7170:
7057:
6922:
6875:
6694:
5992:
5750:
5324:
5104:
4846:
3238:
2783:
include a bull sacrifice. The saffron may have had a religious significance.
2740:
2732:
2724:
2675:
2624:
2582:
2428:
2424:
2074:
1988:
Metal vessels were produced in Crete from at least as early as EM II (c. 2500
1922:
1765:
1733:
1671:
1655:
1463:
1372:
1141:
1084:
804:
728:
689:
569:
568:, it is often regarded as the first civilization in Europe. The ruins of the
515:
14461:
12784:
8001:
7789:
Apiculture in the Prehistoric Aegean. Minoan and Mycenaean Symbols Revisited
6302:
Apiculture in the Prehistoric Aegean: Minoan and Mycenaean Symbols Revisited
5511:
4452:
3890:
3847:
2889:
in south-central Crete, and in an LMIB building known as the North House in
2723:, a dove goddess, a snake goddess perhaps protectress of the household, the
1472:– early eastern Minoan site which gives its name to distinctive ceramic ware
14912:
14569:
14259:
14253:
14159:
14154:
14093:
13974:
13329:
13203:
13178:
13130:
13123:
13048:
12963:
12599:
12534:
12392:
12330:
12253:
12211:
11876:
11828:
11694:
11548:
11418:
11057:
10893:
10399:
10361:
10060:
9180:
9012:
8996:
8900:
8815:
8795:
8648:
8638:
8559:
8453:
Tentative Comparative Description of Minoan, Etruscan and Related Languages
8340:
8027:
7974:
7583:
7355:
Cadogan, Gerald, 1992, " Ancient and Modern Crete", in Myers et al., 1992,
7188:
7075:
6987:
6930:
6859:
6647:(1979), pp. 41–56, and especially in C.G. Starr, "Minoan flower-lovers" in
6579:
6220:
5932:
5899:
5475:
3971:
3898:
3876:
3855:
3125:
3058:
2983:
2853:
2849:
2799:
2776:
2208:
2156:
trees and cats (for hunting) were imported from Egypt. The Minoans adopted
1804:
1769:
1750:
1742:
1613:
1589:. Minoan techniques and ceramic styles had varying degrees of influence on
1490:– the greatest Minoan peak sanctuary, associated with the palace of Knossos
1487:
1413:
1211:
1174:
1076:
838:
793:
736:
720:
677:
622:
328:
97:
14494:
7879:
The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations
7143:
6899:"Craniofacial morphology in ancient and modern Greeks through 4,000 years"
6883:
5700:
3013:
2657:, but none have resulted in an accepted decipherment. The post-Bronze Age
1787:
from Akrotiri, Thera, dated to c. 16th century BC. It is currently in the
1629:, were later dismissed by scholars. However, there was a Minoan colony at
15003:
14808:
14391:
14330:
14149:
14103:
14088:
14016:
13744:
13223:
13028:
12923:
12730:
12466:
12397:
12303:
12221:
12206:
11896:
11788:
11768:
11596:
11104:
11082:
11072:
11067:
10990:
10947:
10494:
10404:
10394:
10281:
10271:
10035:
9412:
9387:
8890:
8810:
8785:
8128:
Nixon, L. (1983). "Changing Views of Minoan Society". In L. Nixon (ed.).
7819:
6531:
Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies Through the Centuries
6516:
Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies through the Centuries
5081:"Natural History of a Bronze Age Jewel Found in Crete: The Malia Pendant"
4749:
The Islands of Karpathos, Saros and Kasos in the Neolithic and Bronze Age
4625:
Donald W. Jones (1999) Peak Sanctuaries and Sacred Caves in Minoan Crete
4440:
3993:
Warren PM (2006). Czerny E, Hein I, Hunger H, Melman D, Schwab A (eds.).
3592:
3338:
3225:
3135:, a common feature of larger Mediterranean in much later periods. In the
2971:
2882:
2755:
2707:
Arthur Evans thought the Minoans worshipped, more or less exclusively, a
2416:
2412:
2408:
2353:
2212:
2172:
2157:
2102:
2078:
2063:
1741:, and in later periods came for a time to have a dominant influence over
1682:
1493:
1435:
1361:
1129:
1117:. The oldest evidence of modern human habitation on Crete is pre-ceramic
744:
716:
434:
14846:
12903:
11601:
8322:
8315:
Mochlos IIA: Period IV: The Mycenaean Settlement and Cemetery: The Sites
7948:
7727:
7576:
7485:. Leuven: Centre for Archaeological Sciences, KU Leuven. pp. 81–85.
5183:
4713:
4414:"Marine Investigations of Greece's Santorini or Akrotiri Volcanic Field"
3002:
2959:
and limestone. Building techniques also varied, with some palaces using
2678:
features a pictorial script whose only close comparison is found on the
1996:
BC) in the Postpalatial period and perhaps as late as LM IIIB/C (c. 1200
1844:, land with a settlement as well, give a wider landscape than is usual.
1732:
Minoan art is marked by imaginative images and exceptional workmanship.
1687:
15163:
14920:
14902:
14343:
14174:
14033:
14021:
13933:
13842:
13431:
13183:
12851:
12826:
12805:
12747:
12609:
12582:
12298:
12178:
11833:
11803:
11798:
11783:
11669:
11636:
11305:
11275:
10942:
10670:
10504:
10346:
10341:
10331:
10316:
10301:
10291:
10266:
9642:
9397:
9352:
8825:
8769:
8698:
8544:
8429:
8262:
8228:
The Evolution of Civilizations: An Introduction to Historical Analysis,
7981:
7895:
Mysteries of the Snake Goddess: Art, Desire, and the Forging of History
7649:
Gates, Charles (2004), "Pictorial Imagery in Minoan Wall Painting", in
7126:
7049:
6969:
6454:
In Search of the Classical World: An Introduction to the Ancient Aegean
5837:
Nikolaïdou, Marianna (2012), "Looking for Minoan and Mycenaean Women",
5820:
5561:
3132:
2967:
2845:
2728:
2533:
2439:
2365:
2321:
2280:
2176:
2122:
2118:
1933:
1886:
1738:
1719:
1602:
1349:
797:
748:
565:
557:
175:
48:
14098:
8499:
8373:
5896:"Minoan woman or goddess from the palace of Knossos ("La Parisienne")"
4854:
4411:
3821:
3154:
are worn by the warriors depicted in the fresco fragment from Akrotiri
2312:
33:
14353:
14266:
13282:
13240:
13213:
13023:
12968:
12952:
12810:
12650:
12604:
12529:
12504:
12471:
12325:
12268:
12243:
11808:
11734:
11719:
11689:
11684:
11616:
11540:
11525:
11510:
11453:
11353:
11005:
10937:
10509:
10489:
10459:
10454:
10449:
10414:
10409:
10379:
10326:
10286:
10065:
9931:
9885:
9865:
9496:
9367:
8800:
8749:
8724:
8703:
5382:
5346:
3046:
3042:
2975:
2937:
2874:
2712:
2537:
2397:
2237:
2229:
2180:
2153:
2137:
2042:
2025:
1882:
1609:
1586:
1521:
1512:
1220:(c. 1875–1700 BC) saw the development of the Minoan writing systems,
1118:
467:
12122:
7432:
Chapin, Anne P., "Power, Privilege and Landscape in Minoan Art", in
7320:
Evidence for pre-Greek speech on Crete from Greek alphabetic sources
6640:
Alexiou wrote of fortifications and acropolises in Minoan Crete, in
5812:
5363:
Plough and Pastoralism: Aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution
4137:
Tomkins, Peter; Schoep, Ilse (2012). "Crete". In Cline, Eric (ed.).
1284:
15234:
15023:
14501:
13003:
12998:
12866:
12821:
12742:
12630:
12625:
12594:
12351:
12308:
12273:
12238:
12186:
11858:
11848:
11838:
11813:
11591:
11558:
11520:
11463:
11378:
11363:
11220:
11210:
11127:
11122:
10519:
10514:
10474:
10469:
10444:
10424:
10351:
10306:
10296:
10152:
10050:
9985:
9913:
9521:
9038:
8976:
8971:
8905:
8830:
8820:
8734:
8663:
8607:
6563:
6300:
4838:
4258:
Hallager, Birgitta (2012). "Minoan Pottery". In Cline, Eric (ed.).
3946:"New Carbon Dates Support Revised History of Ancient Mediterranean"
3572:
3405:, while the remainder came from ancient populations related to the
3369:
3292:
3195:
3027:
2949:
2664:
2634:
2550:
2452:
2448:
2404:
2345:
2320:
Apart from the abundant local agriculture, the Minoans were also a
2179:, olives and grapes) in processing crops for "secondary products".
2098:
1874:
1417:
1407:
1269:
1225:
1133:
697:
673:
626:
577:
93:
12948:
11611:
8285:"Metal Vessels in Bronze Age Europe and the Context of Vulchetrun"
6168:
3171:
with swords, the violence may be part of a ritual or blood sport.
780:
The modern term "Minoan" is derived from the name of the mythical
14786:
14233:
13729:
13621:
13018:
12988:
12943:
12928:
12913:
12908:
12861:
12831:
12554:
12361:
12356:
12293:
12233:
12196:
12001:
11991:
11936:
11931:
11916:
11906:
11891:
11886:
11773:
11661:
11651:
11530:
11505:
11500:
11473:
11468:
11448:
11438:
11428:
11393:
11383:
11373:
11325:
11315:
11290:
11255:
11250:
11225:
10878:
10660:
10321:
10311:
10070:
10040:
10030:
10025:
10005:
10000:
9880:
9827:
9536:
9526:
9516:
9511:
9501:
9213:
8759:
8754:
8739:
8678:
8658:
8653:
8602:
8085:(originally published in Greek, 1959), photographs by Max Hirmer.
6334:
An ivory figure reproduced by Spyridon Marinatos and Max Hirmer,
6325:
In the small courtyard of the east wing of the palace of Knossos.
5970:
4801:
Imports and Immigrants: Near Eastern Contacts with Iron Age Crete
4542:
4540:
3567:
3296:
3263:
3179:
3099:
3023:
3007:
2933:
2914:
2890:
2744:
2389:
2333:
2129:
1852:
1808:
1703:
1630:
1457:
1447:
1385:
1377:
1110:
1059:
830:
789:
573:
89:
11946:
11260:
8168:
Handbook to the Palace of Minos at Knossos with Its Dependencies
7911:
7597:
Creta Minoica: Sulle tracce delle più antiche scritture d'Europa
7364:
The Minoans and the Mycenaeans: Aegean Society in the Bronze Age
7088:
6896:
6235:
The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion and Its Survival in Greek Religion
5078:
4018:
Wilford, J.N., "On Crete, New Evidence of Very Ancient Mariners"
3364:
from ancient Minoan skeletons that were sealed in a cave in the
3287:
aggression;... Warfare such as there was in the southern Aegean
3139:, the villas had one or two floors, and the palaces even three.
2218:
2203:
Seafood was also important in Cretan cuisine. The prevalence of
704:, which had become the language of administration on Crete. The
14837:
14482:
14303:
13287:
13193:
13038:
12993:
12938:
12898:
12882:
12856:
12800:
12645:
12572:
12476:
12444:
12434:
12382:
12283:
12216:
11971:
11901:
11881:
11843:
11709:
11515:
11408:
11345:
11335:
11280:
10898:
10883:
10479:
10464:
10439:
10434:
10419:
10080:
10075:
9842:
9822:
9566:
9556:
9551:
9422:
9382:
9372:
9357:
8764:
8683:
8673:
8617:
7571:. Vol. I: The Neolithic and Early and Middle Minoan Ages.
7122:
7120:
7022:
3577:
3300:
3272:
3183:
3069:
3050:
3031:
2960:
2956:
2945:
2870:
2815:
2811:
2764:
2736:
2735:(perhaps a worshipper) carry attributes, often birds, in their
2546:
2477:
2337:
2329:
2301:
2297:
2284:
2264:
2193:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2090:
2070:
2059:
2047:
2017:
2009:
1977:
1961:
1943:
1914:
1906:
1870:
1754:
1634:
1626:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1560:
1481:
1451:
1357:
1353:
1137:
826:
630:
105:
8473:. Marburger Studien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte 4, Mainz 1980
8287:. In Best, Jan Gijsbert Pieter; De Vries, Manny M. W. (eds.).
4537:
3368:
between 3,700 and 4,400 years ago to 135 samples from Greece,
2192:, bound with leather to wooden handles and pulled by pairs of
1645:
1569:
The Minoans were traders, and their cultural contacts reached
1460:– town site excavated in the first quarter of the 20th century
816:
808:
14871:
13198:
13188:
13033:
13013:
12958:
12918:
12892:
12836:
12335:
11981:
11956:
11853:
11793:
11778:
11646:
11606:
11358:
11270:
11265:
11235:
11230:
11205:
10888:
10429:
10384:
10336:
9908:
9860:
9561:
9531:
9478:
9453:
9392:
9362:
9073:
8805:
8130:
Minoan society: Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium, 1981
6608:
Niemeier, W.-B. "Mycenaean Knossos and the Age of Linear B".
4766:
Prehistoric Aigina: A History of the Island in the Bronze Age
3582:
2727:
goddess of animals, and a goddess of childbirth. Late Minoan
2518:
2455:
tablets, and scholarship about Minoan women remains limited.
2349:
2341:
2161:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2094:
2086:
2028:
or by Mycenaean smiths who had trained under Minoan masters.
1878:
1651:
1617:
1570:
1563:
1502:
1345:
781:
561:
44:
15274:
States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC
7457:
The Manufacture of Minoan Metal Vessels: Theory and Practice
7117:
6857:
5233:
The Manufacture of Minoan Metal Vessels: Theory and Practice
1132:
of modern Cretan men showed that a male founder group, from
15269:
States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC
12795:
12454:
12439:
12419:
12320:
12201:
11986:
11961:
11911:
11398:
11388:
8204:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 310–326.
8073:
Minoan Kingship and the Solar Goddess: A Near Eastern Koine
7101:"Ancient DNA analysis reveals Minoan and Mycenaean origins"
6187:
Minoan Kingship and the Solar Goddess: A Near Eastern Koine
6011:
3997:. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: Peeters. pp. 2: 305–321.
3267:
3142:
2941:
2926:
2823:
2819:
2758:; designs like this are thought to represent rustic shrines
2541:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2289:
2189:
2145:
2082:
8196:
Preston, Laura (2008). "Late Minoan II to IIIB Crete". In
7531:, Cambridge World Archaeology, Cambridge University Press.
6729:
6651:
R. Hägg and N. Marinatos, eds. (Stockholm) 1994, pp. 9–12.
4392:
Chapman Conference on Volcanism and the Earth's Atmosphere
3618:"On the Term 'Minoan' before Evans's Work in Crete (1894)"
2852:, represented in the frescoes of Knossos and inscribed in
2848:
rather than religion. A major festival was exemplified in
2236:
Cretan cuisine included wild game: Cretans ate wild deer,
12429:
8455:] (in Russian). Moscow: Yazyki slavyanskoy kul'tury.
7877:
Kristiansen, Kristiansen & Larsson, Thomas B. (2005)
6839:
6299:
Harissis, Haralampos V.; Harissis, Anastasios V. (2009).
4682:
Hägg and Marinatos 1984; Hardy (ed.) 1984; Broadbank 2004
2293:
1126:
1114:
696:. After 1450 BC, a modified version of Linear A known as
610:, forming a hybrid culture which lasted until around 1100
16:
Bronze Age civilization on Crete and other Aegean Islands
8192:, Oxford History of Art series, Oxford University Press.
6490:
Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789
6047:
6023:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
3237:
Chester Starr said in "Minoan Flower Lovers" that since
2747:
the Egyptian hybrid crocodile and hippopotamus goddess.
1847:
The largest and best collection of Minoan art is in the
1593:. Along with Santorini, Minoan settlements are found at
1187:(c. 2200-2100 BC) saw the continuation of these trends.
591:
BC, with complex urban settlements beginning around 2000
6827:
2197:
1992:
BC) in the Prepalatial period through to LM IA (c. 1450
1695:
or "Flotilla" fresco in room five of the West House at
1605:
culture, the earliest Minoan settlement outside Crete.
7201:
5771:, University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 111–123,
4981:
Hood (1978), 49-50, 235-236; Chapin, 47 and throughout
4350:
Hallager, Erik (2012). "Crete". In Cline, Eric (ed.).
1344:
The Minoan Civilization was centered on the island of
837:. Potentially related terms were used by a variety of
12686:
6858:
Argyropoulos, E.; Sassouni, V.; Xeniotou, A. (1989).
6717:
5576:"How do you crack the code to a lost ancient script?"
5496:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 175–189.
5320:
5318:
5031:
5029:
4123:
3318:
3086:
through which water was allowed to flow until clean.
2925:
facilities were available to the upper class through
2771:, probably for a male god, and large examples of the
1444:– confirmed as a palatial site during the early 1990s
1091:. Much of the controversy concerns the dating of the
7284:
Arts and Culture: An Introduction to the Humanities.
6747:
6338:(New York) 1960, fig. 97, also shows the bull dance.
6035:
5647:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 247.
4225:
Schoep, Ilse (2012). "Crete". In Cline, Eric (ed.).
3801:
An historical geography of the Old and New Testament
3409:(Mycenaeans ~20.1–22.7%, Minoans ~17–19.4%) and the
2963:
masonry and others roughly-hewn, megalithic blocks.
2245:
BC. This is in part due to the possible presence of
8188:Preziosi, Donald & Hitchcock, Louise A. (1999)
8068:. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
6999:
6997:
6937:
6391:"Types of schist used in buildings of Minoan Crete"
6134:
5327:(1971) "The Minoans; the story of Bronze Age Crete"
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
3611:
3341:study by Papagrigorakis et al. (2014) published in
2940:floors, and stood two to three stories high. Lower
7026:"A European population in Minoan Bronze Age Crete"
6946:"A European population in Minoan Bronze Age Crete"
6784:
6772:
6675:
5799:Myres, John L. (January 1950). "1. Minoan Dress".
5315:
5026:
4034:Bowner, B., "Hominids Went Out of Africa on Rafts"
3262:estimated that 95 percent of Minoan "weapons" had
2905:Restored model of a Minoan house found in Archanes
1121:farming-community remains which date to about 7000
8101:Die Bronzegefässe der kretisch-mykenischen Kultur
7760:, London: British Museum Press, pp. 113–132.
7366:Oxford university press, Victoria 3205, Australia
6813:Why are there no scenes of warfare in Minoan art?
5644:The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity
5470:Hood (1978), 145-146; Honour and Fleming, 55-56;
5269:Die Bronzegefässe der kretisch-mykenischen Kultur
4382:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4049:
2881:by the Minoans has been found at three sites: at
583:The Minoan civilization developed from the local
15245:
8202:The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age
8091:, 1972. "Life and Art in Prehistoric Thera", in
7787:Haralampos V. Harissis, Anastasios V. Harissis.
7626:Mycenaean Pottery I: Analysis and Classification
7511:The Vapheio Cups and Aegean Gold and Silver Ware
6994:
6477:Preziosi, D. & Hitchcock, L.A. (1999) p. 121
6298:
4498:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 197–201.
4473:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 188–201.
4330:
1524:– mountainous city in the northern foothills of
1299:found in Palaikastro, and commonly known as the
743:deciphered Linear B, drawing on earlier work by
9449:
8165:
7923:"Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans"
7853:, 1978, Penguin (Penguin/Yale History of Art),
7543:
6450:
6424:Preziosi, D. & Hitchcock, L.A. (1999) p. 86
6258:
4642:Best, Jan G. P.; Vries, Nanny M. W. de (1980).
1937:Dagger with gold hilt and bronze blade, MM, AMH
796:, possibly drawing on an earlier suggestion by
8282:
7593:
6267:. Harvard University Press. pp. 206–207.
6017:
5640:
4692:Branigan, Keith (1981). "Minoan Colonialism".
4295:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 52–76.
4251:
4213:
4199:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–48.
4174:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–38.
3275:nearly three feet in length" have been found.
2932:Minoan buildings often had flat, tiled roofs;
1764:has been much discussed. It clearly dominated
1058:are used for the Minoans. The first, based on
739:. A major breakthrough occurred in 1952, when
14887:
12138:
9229:
9054:
8515:
7758:Ancient Goddesses: The Myths and the Evidence
7006:"Mysterious Minoans Were European, DNA Finds"
6748:D'Amato, Raffaele; Salimbeti, Andrea (2013).
6457:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 12.
6198:Kristiansen, Kristiansen & Larsson, 84-86
6128:
6107:
6101:
4523:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–13.
4354:. Oxford University Press. pp. 149–159.
4262:. Oxford University Press. pp. 405–414.
4229:. Oxford University Press. pp. 113–125.
4136:
533:
19:"Minoan" redirects here. For other uses, see
8166:Pendlebury, J. D. S.; Evans, Arthur (2003).
7884:
7651:Charis: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr
7628:(Reprint 1941 ed.). Stockholm: Åström.
7434:Charis: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr
7282:Benton, Janetta Rebold and DiYanni, Robert.
6845:
6486:
5971:Stephanie Lynn Budin; John M. Weeks (2004).
5841:, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 38–53,
5553:Political Economies of the Aegean Bronze Age
4394:. Thera, Greece: American Geographical Union
4352:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
4260:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
4227:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
4139:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
564:. Known for its monumental architecture and
560:culture which was centered on the island of
8444:
8291:. Leiden: Brill Archive. pp. 106–134.
7791:British Archaeological Reports S1958, 2009
7594:Facchetti, Giulio M.; Negri, Mario (2003).
6697:(1984). Robin Hägg, Nanno Marinatos (ed.).
6361:(in Romanian). Editura Tehnică. p. 88.
6114:. Cambridge University Press. p. 134.
6029:
5762:
5760:
5600:"Greece: Secrets of the Past - The Minoans"
4141:. Oxford University Press. pp. 66–82.
3751:. Cambridge University Press. p. 211.
3666:. Cambridge University Press. p. 211.
3387:In their archaeogenetic study published in
3327:by Argyropoulos et al. (1989) published in
2392:-gatherer" fresco, from the Minoan site of
1505:– refuge site, one of the last Minoan sites
1109:Although stone-tool evidence suggests that
792:in the distant past. It was popularized by
14894:
14880:
14680:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
14627:International Congress of Maritime Museums
14607:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
13899:
12145:
12131:
10115:
9236:
9222:
9061:
9047:
8522:
8508:
8283:Sherratt, Andrew; Taylor, Timothy (1989).
8066:Minoan Religion: Ritual, Image, and Symbol
7782:The Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality
7708:The Annual of the British School at Athens
7697:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7286:Volume 1. Prentice Hall. New Jersey, 1998.
7129:, pp. 1–13, Supplementary Materials:
6649:The Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality
6480:
6444:
6388:
6305:. British Archaeological Reports (S1958).
6252:
6207:Kristiansen, Kristiansen & Larsson, 85
6161:
5836:
5164:The Annual of the British School at Athens
4694:The Annual of the British School at Athens
4405:
3282:About Minoan warfare, Branigan concluded:
2031:
849:has sometimes been identified with Crete.
617:Minoan art included elaborately decorated
540:
526:
32:
14740:
14695:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
8471:Early Cretan Seals: A Study of Chronology
8411:
8042:
8017:
7964:
7705:
7401:Cypriot Bronzework in the Mycenaean World
7369:
7265:Pre-Greek: Phonology, Morphology, Lexicon
7178:
7065:
6977:
6167:
6141:. Harvard University Press. p. 206.
5839:A Companion to Women in the Ancient World
5556:, Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 127–148,
5412:
5297:Cypriot Bronzework in the Mycenaean World
5161:
4999:
4641:
4598:
4571:
4376:
4112:, C.H. Beck, München, 2002. 9th Edition.
3992:
3961:
3943:
3771:
3724:
3722:
3700:
1348:, with additional settlements around the
852:
645:, but nothing is certain regarding their
8258:. Université de Liège. pp. 227–240.
8098:
8046:Myths of Crete & Pre-Hellenic Europe
7763:
7623:
7619:. Université de Liège. pp. 433–442.
7534:
7527:Dickinson, Oliver (1994; 2005 re-print)
7407:
7303:
7293:. Barnes and Noble, Inc. New York, 1998.
6833:
6735:
6723:
6561:
5757:
5573:
5549:
5266:
4691:
4349:
4257:
4102:
3205:
3146:
3093:
3012:
3001:
2993:
2982:BC. These rocks were likely quarried in
2944:were typically constructed of stone and
2913:Fresco from the temple of the Palace of
2908:
2900:
2828:
2749:
2695:
2500:
2465:
2438:
2383:
2311:
2217:
2053:
2041:
1971:
1948:
1932:
1822:
1789:National Archaeological Museum of Greece
1778:
1776:after the collapse of Mycenaean Greece.
1723:
1639:
1554:
1530:
1371:
1283:
1194:
1151:
766:
676:. Because neither script has been fully
14665:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
8529:
8317:. Vol. 23. INSTAP Academic Press.
8195:
8059:Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology
7746:, many editions hardcover and softcover
7489:
7395:
7239:
6564:"Minoan Halls: A Syntactical Genealogy"
6265:Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide
6231:
6138:Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide
6065:
5641:Graeber, David; Wengrow, David (2021).
5299:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 187.
5291:
4797:
4518:
4493:
4468:
4360:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0011
4290:
4268:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0030
4235:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0008
4194:
4169:
4147:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0005
3815:
3741:
3656:
3415:Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers (EHG)
3233:Minoans and their ability to avoid war.
2998:Storage jars (pithoi, πίθοι) at Knossos
2974:was used to pave floors of streets and
2767:or double-headed axe, is a very common
2588:
2211:pottery, such as the LM IIIC "Octopus"
1827:"Ship Procession" fresco, from Akrotiri
1454:), the only palatial site in West Crete
825:). It is not known whether this was an
15246:
14617:European Association of Archaeologists
11169:
8397:
8379:Willetts, R. F., 1976 (1995 edition).
8146:
7682:
7539:. Université de Liège. pp. 11–20.
7473:
7454:
7312:. Université de Liège. pp. 87–94.
7258:
7145:Philip; Hallager, Birgitta P. (2023).
6943:
6528:
6513:
6041:
5832:
5830:
5686:
5684:
5235:. Uppsala: Åströms Förlag. p. 1.
5230:
4824:
4751:(Studies in Mediterranean archaeology
4309:
4224:
3748:Amenhotep III: Egypt's Radiant Pharaoh
3719:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3663:Amenhotep III: Egypt's Radiant Pharaoh
2307:
1982:National Archaeological Museum, Athens
1955:National Archaeological Museum, Athens
1210:during MM IB, producing wares such as
657:foreign elites, for instance to paint
14875:
14739:
13898:
13873:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
13831:
13701:
13700:
13083:
12685:
12164:
12152:
12126:
12026:
11168:
10597:
10101:
9448:
9268:
9217:
9042:
8503:
8312:
8253:
8233:
8127:
7673:Knossos and the Prophets of Modernism
7614:
7600:(in Italian). Firenze: L.S. Olschki.
7564:
7508:
7316:
7003:
6790:
6778:
6693:
6681:
6671:Knossos and the Prophets of Modernism
6053:
5798:
5728:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5690:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5309:
5255:
5204:
2986:on the north coast of central Crete.
2952:. Ceiling timbers held up the roofs.
2810:(and its horns of consecration), the
1466:– early Minoan site in southern Crete
11637:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
9269:
9068:
8138:Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology
7841:The Minoans: Crete in the Bronze Age
6607:
6533:. London: IWA Publishing. p. 5.
6518:. London: IWA Publishing. p. 2.
6261:"Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations"
5974:The Ancient Greeks: New Perspectives
5494:The Ancient Greeks: New Perspectives
3641:John Bennet, "Minoan civilization",
3354:study by Hughey at al. published in
2152:, and olive trees were also native.
2121:and perhaps opium. The Minoans also
2046:The mostly reconstructed "Campstool
1367:
14612:Archaeological Institute of America
7657:(Princeton, N.J.) 33, 2004, ASCSA,
7440:(Princeton, N.J.) 33, 2004, ASCSA,
5827:
5766:
5441:German, Senta, "The Harvester Vase"
4734:J. N. Coldstream and G. L. Huxley,
3730:Caphtor/Keftiu: A New Investigation
3680:
2859:
2739:. The mythical creature called the
1917:pins survive. The Minoans mastered
1156:An Early Minoan bird-shaped vessel.
13:
10598:
9243:
8921:Minoan frescoes from Tell el-Dab'a
8485:Minoan Crete: From Myth to History
8093:Proceedings of the British Academy
7865:Human Sacrifice in Ancient Greece.
6562:Letesson, Quentin (January 2013).
6529:J.B, Rose; A.N, Angelakis (2014).
6514:J.B, Rose; A.N, Angelakis (2014).
5717:
5661:
5480:
4565:
3319:Genetic and anthropometric studies
2434:
1855:, on the northern coast of Crete.
1650:) bringing gifts to Egypt, in the
719:. The term "Minoan" was coined by
14:
15300:
15264:12th-century BC disestablishments
14622:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
14012:Coastal defence and fortification
13387:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
12687:Navigation, and ports and harbors
8381:The Civilization of Ancient Crete
7411:The Decipherment of Linear B
7372:Minoans: Life in Bronze Age Crete
7308:BC". In Laffineur, Robert (ed.).
7298:The Foundations of Palatial Crete
7244:. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 70–81.
6373:Cities: An Environmental History,
6263:. In Sarah Isles Johnston (ed.).
6238:. Biblo & Tannen Publishers.
5999:from the original on May 25, 2019
5416:Minoans: Life in Bronze Age Crete
4936:e.g. Hood (1978), 53, 55, 58, 110
4738:(London: Faber & Faber) 1972.
3605:
3421:) who are hypothesized to be the
2818:, the serpent, the sun-disc, the
2798:Minoan horn-topped altars, which
2443:A depiction of elite Minoan women
1953:Blade of the "Lion Hunt Dagger",
580:are popular tourist attractions.
14856:
14722:
14647:Society for American Archaeology
13881:
13814:
13683:
13066:
12668:
12106:
12096:
12087:
12086:
9095:Classical and Hellenistic period
7780:Hägg, R. and N. Marinatos, eds.
7195:
7137:
7093:
7082:
7016:
6890:
6851:
6818:
6805:
6796:
6741:
6687:
6663:
6654:
6634:
6620:
6601:
6555:
6546:
6537:
6522:
6507:
6493:. Cengage Learning. p. 37.
6471:
6427:
6418:
6382:
6377:I.B. Tauris: London and New York
6365:
6350:
6341:
6328:
6319:
6292:
6281:
6232:Nilsson, Martin Persson (1950).
6225:
6210:
6201:
6192:
6176:
6155:
6059:
5964:
5955:
5946:
5937:
5922:
5913:
5904:
5889:
5871:
5862:
5792:
5134:Hood (1978), 173-175, 175 quoted
4804:. University of Michigan Press.
4572:Castleden, Rodney (2012-10-12).
4548:"Thera and the Aegean World III"
3072:, workshops and storage spaces.
3006:Reconstruction of the Palace of
2614:
2603:
1967:
1190:
1063:proposed by Greek archaeologist
509:
157:
47:, additional settlements around
14079:Phoenician discovery of America
12107:
9023:Archaeological Museum of Chania
9018:Heraklion Archaeological Museum
8946:Papoura Hill Circular Structure
8487:, 2000, Adam Editions, Athens,
8445:Yatsemirsky, Sergei A. (2011).
8147:Pedley, John Griffiths (2012).
7770:The Journal of Archaeomythology
7590:, 4 vols. in 6 (reissued 1964).
7341:. J. Raffan, trans. Cambridge:
7323:. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.
6568:American Journal of Archaeology
6543:Benton and DiYanni 1998, p. 67.
6433:D. Preziosi and L.A. Hitchcock
6399:Hellenic Journal of Geosciences
6359:Istoria Generală a Arhitecturii
5634:
5625:
5616:
5592:
5574:Trounson, Andrew (2019-11-05).
5567:
5543:
5518:
5464:
5455:
5446:
5433:
5406:
5393:
5376:
5367:
5355:
5339:
5330:
5303:
5285:
5260:
5249:
5224:
5198:
5155:
5146:
5137:
5128:
5119:
5072:
5047:
5038:
5017:
5008:
4993:
4984:
4975:
4966:
4957:
4948:
4939:
4930:
4921:
4912:
4903:
4894:
4869:
4827:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
4818:
4791:
4771:
4758:
4741:
4728:
4685:
4676:
4662:
4635:
4619:
4602:Minoan Life in Bronze Age Crete
4592:
4512:
4487:
4462:
4284:
4188:
4163:
4078:
4043:
4027:
4011:
3986:
3937:
3913:
3870:
3806:
3625:Studi Micenei ed Egeo-anatolici
3407:Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers (CHG)
3017:Sewers of the Palace of Knossos
2896:
2838:Heraklion Archaeological Museum
2627:, side A (top), side B (bottom)
2316:The Dolphin fresco from Knossos
1849:Heraklion Archaeological Museum
1550:
1484:– island town with ritual sites
1268:. While the eruption destroyed
1147:
807:referred to the Minoans as the
15259:27th-century BC establishments
15054:Liaoning bronze dagger culture
14901:
13771:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
9028:Archaeological Museum of Sitia
8075:, University of Illinois Press
7870:Hutchinson, Richard W., 1962.
7851:The Arts in Prehistoric Greece
7151:Nature Ecology & Evolution
6751:Early Aegean Warrior 5000–1450
6610:Studi Micenei ed Egeoanatolici
5492:Budin, Stephanie Lynn (2004).
3790:
3765:
3735:
3694:
3650:
3635:
3189:On mainland Greece during the
3143:Warfare and the "Minoan peace"
3061:, both on a north–south axis.
2702:Minoan snake goddess figurines
2568:Minoan snake goddess figurines
2249:in contemporary Egyptian art.
1515:(Thera), near the site of the
1511:– settlement on the island of
1237:
1:
14690:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
13365:Phoenician maritime expansion
9708:
9695:
9676:
9659:
8277:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
8210:10.1017/CCOL9780521814447.014
8124:New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons.
8043:MacKenzie, Donald A. (1917).
7455:Clarke, Christina F. (2013).
7357:Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete
7231:
6389:Tziligkaki, Eleni K. (2010).
5743:10.1080/00438243.1998.9980386
5231:Clarke, Christina F. (2013).
4786:Archaeology in the Dodecanese
4648:. John Benjamins Publishing.
4521:Minoan Crete: An Introduction
4496:Minoan Crete: An Introduction
4471:Minoan Crete: An Introduction
4293:Minoan Crete: An Introduction
4197:Minoan Crete: An Introduction
4172:Minoan Crete: An Introduction
2917:, showing Minoan architecture
2379:
1396:BC, 20,000 to 100,000 in 1600
1293:
1262:eruption of the Thera volcano
1079:contexts in Egypt, for which
735:and the nearby settlement of
596:
238:
222:
206:
68:
15104:South-Western Iberian Bronze
14632:Nautical Archaeology Society
10836:Funeral and burial practices
10021:Military of Mycenaean Greece
8936:Minoan Moulds of Palaikastro
8357:Aegean Bronze Age Chronology
8355:Warren P., Hankey V., 1989.
8230:Indianapolis: Liberty Press.
6135:Sarah Iles Johnston (2004).
6111:The Decipherment of Linear B
4383:McCoy, FW; Dunn, SE (2002).
4319:, C.H. Beck, München, 2002.
3963:10.1126/science.312.5773.508
3598:
3558:Resources in other libraries
3403:Early European Farmers (EEF)
3380:, a human geneticist at the
3057:and Knossos is aligned with
2793:
2549:, and clothing patterns had
2529:, but some use is possible.
2292:, double- and single-bladed
2160:from the Near East, but not
1646:
1339:
817:
809:
711:Largely forgotten after the
7:
14685:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
14062:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
13868:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
13725:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
13084:
12165:
8309:, Published by ASCSA, 1992.
8279:vol 23/3, pp. 243–269.
8190:Aegean Art and Architecture
7915:Stamatoyannopoulos, John A.
7677:University of Chicago Press
7490:Crowley, Janice L. (1989).
7459:. Uppsala: Åströms Förlag.
6915:10.1127/0003-5548/2014/0277
6435:Aegean Art and Architecture
6080:The World's Writing Systems
5883:www.fashionencyclopedia.com
5002:Minoans: Life in Bronze Age
3774:Aegeans in the Theban tombs
3772:Wachsmann, Shelley (1994).
3703:Aegeans in the Theban tombs
3701:Wachsmann, Shelley (1994).
3644:Oxford Classical Dictionary
3527:
3427:Iron Gates Hunter-Gatherers
3411:Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN)
3075:
2685:
2496:
2356:and westward as far as the
1895:Ancient Greek vase painting
1380:, the largest Minoan palace
1125:BC. A comparative study of
1087:and other methods based on
823:Egyptological pronunciation
10:
15305:
15154:Wilburton-Wallington Phase
14541:Phoenician Ship Expedition
13832:
13382:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
13375:Circumnavigation of Africa
10760:Greek Revival architecture
10102:
8422:10.2972/hesp.2004.73.2.133
8313:Soles, Jeffrey S. (2008).
8099:Matthäus, Hartmut (1980).
7919:Stamatoyannopoulos, George
7881:Cambridge University Press
7474:Clarke, Christina (2014).
7416:Cambridge University Press
7403:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
7370:Castleden, Rodney (1993).
7317:Brown, Raymond A. (1985).
7163:10.1038/s41559-022-01952-3
7004:Ghose, Tia (14 May 2013).
6903:Anthropologischer Anzeiger
6630:. News – ekathimerini.com.
6217:"Hagia Triada sarcophagus"
6018:Facchetti & Negri 2003
5604:Canadian Museum of History
5413:Castleden, Rodney (2002).
5267:Matthäus, Hartmut (1980).
5000:Castleden, Rodney (1993).
4599:Castleden, Rodney (2002).
4519:Watrous, L. Vance (2021).
4494:Watrous, L. Vance (2021).
4469:Watrous, L. Vance (2021).
4291:Watrous, L. Vance (2021).
4195:Watrous, L. Vance (2021).
4170:Watrous, L. Vance (2021).
3691:Dickinson, O (1994) p. 248
3344:Anthropologischer Anzeiger
3339:craniofacial morphological
3201:
3089:
2989:
2689:
2592:
2035:
1928:
1900:
1862:
1858:
1717:
1266:Volcanic Explosivity Index
1144:was used for agriculture.
1102:
1098:
856:
664:The Minoans developed two
18:
15231:
15162:
15039:Indus Valley Civilisation
14949:Armorican Tumulus culture
14919:
14909:
14854:
14746:
14735:
14720:
14655:
14597:
14400:
14384:
14132:
14067:Samothrace temple complex
14002:
13957:
13916:
13909:
13905:
13894:
13879:
13838:
13827:
13812:
13710:
13696:
13681:
13634:
13587:
13440:
13407:
13400:
13338:
13139:
13096:
13092:
13079:
13064:
12783:
12696:
12692:
12681:
12666:
12618:
12553:
12490:
12375:
12344:
12177:
12173:
12160:
12082:
12033:
12027:
12022:
11867:
11744:
11733:
11660:
11582:
11539:
11486:
11344:
11196:
11187:
11183:
11164:
11113:
11028:
10966:
10928:
10921:
10871:
10831:
10822:
10744:
10621:
10617:
10593:
10559:
10528:
10370:
10257:
10201:
10168:Attalid kings of Pergamon
10123:
10114:
10110:
10097:
9976:Antigonid Macedonian army
9949:
9922:
9894:
9851:
9808:
9799:
9641:
9580:
9477:
9473:
9444:
9343:
9292:
9288:
9264:
9251:
9080:
9005:
8964:
8843:
8778:
8712:
8631:
8595:
8588:
8537:
8305:Soles, Jeffrey S., 1992,
8149:Greek Art and Archaeology
8071:Marinatos, Nanno (2010),
7809:Hogan, C. Michael, 2007.
7764:Haarmann, Harald (2008).
7720:10.1017/s0068245400016488
7513:. New York: Garland Pub.
6758:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
6248:– via Google Books.
5847:10.1002/9781444355024.ch3
5777:10.9783/9781512806830-011
5176:10.1017/s0068245400016488
5097:10.1017/S0003581520000475
5004:. Routledge. p. 106.
4909:Hood (1978), 17-18, 23-23
4814:– via Google Books.
4798:Hoffman, Gail L. (1997).
4706:10.1017/s0068245400019444
4658:– via Google Books.
4064:10.1017/s0003598x00079680
3553:Resources in your library
3425:, and ~0.9–2.3% from the
3378:George Stamatoyannopoulos
3118:
2948:, and the upper walls of
2814:(double-headed axe), the
2545:wear a strapless, fitted
1011:
972:
945:
894:
879:
867:Dating the Thera eruption
717:archaeological excavation
329:Frankish and Latin states
121:
111:
85:
64:
54:
40:
31:
13355:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
8861:Hagia Triada Sarcophagus
8385:Barnes & Noble Books
8226:Quigley, Carroll, 1961.
8064:Marinatos, Nanno, 1993.
8057:(Appendix 8), in series
7893:Lapatin, Kenneth, 2002.
7804:Minoan and Mycenaean Art
7802:Higgins, Reynold, 1981.
7558:10.2143/PHA.20.1.3064537
7509:Davis, Ellen N. (1977).
7343:Harvard University Press
6944:Hughey, Jeffrey (2013).
6700:The Minoan Thalassocracy
6451:Dudley J. Moore (2015).
6259:Nanno Marinatos (2004).
5977:. ABC-CLIO. p. 26.
5910:Marinatos (1993), p. 202
5530:The University of Kansas
4963:Hood (1978), 56, 233-235
4317:Die Griechische Frühzeit
3382:University of Washington
2781:Hagia Triada sarcophagus
2731:votive figures like the
2274:
2171:They may have practiced
1330:Late Bronze Age collapse
755:and the harbour town of
713:Late Bronze Age collapse
406:Second Hellenic Republic
14999:Deverel–Rimbury culture
14637:RPM Nautical Foundation
14374:Surviving ancient ships
14293:Marsala Punic shipwreck
9164:Great Cretan Revolution
9125:Second Byzantine period
8956:Wall Paintings of Thera
8871:Snake goddess figurines
8198:Shelmerdine, Cynthia W.
8002:10.1126/science.abm4247
7624:Furumark, Arne (1972).
7565:—— (1921).
7408:Chadwick, John (1967).
7337:Burkert, Walter, 1985.
7296:Branigan, Keith, 1970.
6628:"Pax Minoica in Aegean"
6439:Oxford University Press
6085:Oxford University Press
5943:Marinatos (2010), 43-44
5580:University of Melbourne
5085:The Antiquaries Journal
5014:Hood (1978), 34, 42, 43
4927:Gates (2004), 33-34, 41
4764:James Penrose Harland,
3891:10.1126/science.1125087
3848:10.1126/science.1125682
3803:, Clarendon Press, 1809
3098:The Hall of Columns at
2966:In north-central Crete
2573:Agia Triada Sarcophagus
2507:Agia Triada Sarcophagus
2415:civilizations, "Minoan
2032:Agriculture and cuisine
2008:and, subsequently, tin
1254:of pottery decoration.
1244:snake goddess figurines
788:believed to have ruled
762:
440:Third Hellenic Republic
420:Collaborationist regime
391:First Hellenic Republic
355:Venetian Ionian Islands
21:Minoan (disambiguation)
14670:Giza Solar boat museum
14124:Underwater exploration
14119:Underwater archaeology
14084:Pre-Columbian theories
13939:John Sinclair Morrison
13900:Research and education
13350:Austronesian Expansion
10202:Artists & scholars
10117:List of ancient Greeks
9754:Second Athenian League
9603:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
9428:Ancient Greek colonies
9115:First Byzantine period
8876:La Parisienne (fresco)
8103:. München: C.H. Beck.
7863:Hughes, Dennis, 1991.
7824:A World History of Art
7362:Callender, Gae (1999)
6864:The Angle Orthodontist
6580:10.3764/aja.117.3.0303
6108:John Chadwick (2014).
5622:Honour and Fleming, 52
5439:Hood (1978), 145–146;
5271:. München: C.H. Beck.
4779:Opuscula archaeologica
4768:, ch. V. (Paris) 1925.
4110:Griechische Geschichte
3612:Karadimas, Nektarios;
3419:Western Steppe Herders
3330:The Angle Orthodontist
3325:cephalometric analysis
3305:
3253:
3235:
3213:
3198:, is well-documented.
3155:
3108:Cupressus sempervirens
3102:
3018:
3010:
2999:
2918:
2906:
2873:was more popular than
2841:
2759:
2704:
2540:(if poor) or robes or
2510:
2474:
2444:
2400:
2317:
2233:
2144:, grew wild on Crete.
2128:Vegetables, including
2066:
2051:
1985:
1957:
1938:
1921:, as indicated by the
1840:miniature fresco from
1828:
1792:
1729:
1713:
1663:
1566:
1547:
1381:
1308:
1200:
1157:
853:Chronology and history
777:
680:, the identity of the
14741:Legend and literature
14699:Viking ship museums:
14675:Grand Egyptian Museum
14435:Austronesian replicas
14410:Heyerdahl expeditions
14320:Caligula's Giant Ship
14180:Dover Bronze Age Boat
12842:Berenice Troglodytica
11321:Sybaris on the Traeis
10046:Sacred Band of Thebes
9786:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
9300:Cycladic civilization
9135:Revolt of Saint Titus
8866:Horns of Consecration
8856:Akrotiri Boxer Fresco
8143::1:87–149 (June 2005)
7529:The Aegean Bronze Age
7127:Lazaridis et al. 2022
7089:Lazaridis et al. 2017
7030:Nature Communications
6950:Nature Communications
6660:Marinatos (2010), 4-5
6487:Marvin Perry (2012).
5701:10.4324/9781315621425
5401:The Aegean Bronze Age
5055:"Greek Jewelry – AJU"
4575:The Knossos Labyrinth
4315:Karl-Wilhelm Welwei:
3614:Momigliano, Nicoletta
3588:Sacred caves of Crete
3357:Nature Communications
3284:
3248:
3230:
3211:Akrotiri Boxer Fresco
3209:
3150:
3097:
3016:
3005:
2997:
2978:between 1650 and 1600
2912:
2904:
2832:
2804:Horns of Consecration
2773:Horns of Consecration
2753:
2699:
2561:Akrotiri Boxer Fresco
2504:
2469:
2442:
2387:
2315:
2221:
2185:Mediterranean cuisine
2057:
2045:
2014:archaeological record
1975:
1952:
1936:
1826:
1782:
1749:, intricately-carved
1727:
1643:
1558:
1534:
1400:BC and 30,000 in 1360
1375:
1287:
1198:
1155:
857:Further information:
770:
15069:Mumun pottery period
14642:Sea Research Society
14044:Maritime archaeology
13853:Ameinias the Phocian
13848:Mediterranean piracy
10846:mythological figures
10567:Ancient Greek tribes
9692:Peloponnesian League
8886:Prince of the Lilies
8844:Art and Architecture
8483:Vasilakis, Andonis,
8172:Kessinger Publishing
7806:, (revised edition).
7646:Université de Liège.
7494:. Göteborg: Åström.
7260:Beekes, Robert S. P.
5472:"The Harvester Vase"
5399:Dickinson, O (1994)
5361:Sherratt, A. (1981)
5152:Hood (1978), 176-177
5125:Hood (1978), 194-195
5044:Hood (1978), 205-206
5035:Hood (1978), 188-190
4972:Hood (1978), 235-236
4918:Hood (1978), 240-241
4755:) (Gothenburg) 1985.
4441:10.1029/2006EO340001
3732:(Leiden: Brill) 1980
3423:Proto-Indo-Europeans
2643:Egyptian hieroglyphs
2589:Language and writing
2283:, they were made of
1817:Ancient Egyptian art
1272:settlements such as
1248:La Parisienne Fresco
411:4th of August Regime
381:Septinsular Republic
15254:Minoan civilization
15064:Minoan civilization
14994:Deer stones culture
14954:Atlantic Bronze Age
14934:Aegean civilization
13735:Maritime Jade Route
12888:Kaveri Poompattinam
10958:Tunnel of Eupalinos
10953:Theatre of Dionysus
10577:Ancient Macedonians
10193:Tyrants of Syracuse
9705:Amphictyonic League
9305:Minoan civilization
9108:Crete and Cyrenaica
8531:Minoan civilization
8323:10.2307/j.ctt3fgw67
8265:National Geographic
8089:Marinatos, Spyridon
8079:Marinatos, Spyridon
7949:10.1038/nature23310
7941:2017Natur.548..214L
7577:10.11588/DIGLIT.807
7042:2013NatCo...4.1861H
6962:2013NatCo...4.1861H
4433:2006EOSTr..87..337S
4022:The New York Times,
3840:2006Sci...312..565M
3743:Kozloff, Arielle P.
3658:Kozloff, Arielle P.
3539:Minoan civilization
3434:
3374:Neolithic Europeans
3256:Stella Chryssoulaki
3152:Boar's tusk helmets
2700:The smaller of two
2659:Eteocretan language
2655:Tyrsenian languages
2470:Wall painting from
2308:Society and culture
2069:The Minoans raised
1222:Cretan hieroglyphic
1177:based on the older
1081:Egyptian chronology
1072:absolute chronology
1056:relative chronology
873:
833:originating in the
773:Bull-Leaping Fresco
706:Eteocretan language
587:culture around 3100
554:Minoan civilization
386:War of Independence
342:Early modern Greece
196:Helladic chronology
28:
27:Minoan civilization
15279:Pre-Indo-Europeans
15213:Leyla-Tepe culture
15170:and Transcaucasia)
14984:Chinese Bronze Age
14964:Bronze Age Britain
14283:Bajo de la Campana
13985:Peter Throckmorton
13970:Jean-Yves Empereur
13944:William L. Rodgers
13765:Maritime Silk Road
11632:Menestheus's Limin
11286:Pandosia (Lucania)
11174:Greek colonisation
10536:Athenian statesmen
10297:Diogenes of Sinope
10158:Kings of Macedonia
10148:Kings of Commagene
10016:Macedonian phalanx
9996:Hellenistic armies
9744:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
9608:Indo-Greek Kingdom
9330:Hellenistic Greece
8992:Arkalochori script
8982:Cretan hieroglyphs
8941:Minoan Bull-leaper
8911:Knossos board game
8368:, 60(3): 285–307;
7996:(6609): eabm4247.
7867:Routledge: London.
7822:and John Fleming,
7815:Modern Antiquarian
7811:Knossos fieldnotes
7397:Catling, Hector W.
7291:Lost Civilizations
7213:. pp. 43–45.
7050:10.1038/ncomms2871
6970:10.1038/ncomms2871
6552:Bourbon 1998, p 34
6075:Bright, William O.
6067:Bennett, Emmett L.
5693:Women in Antiquity
5562:10.17613/M62R3NW7C
5312:, pp. 328–352
5293:Catling, Hector W.
4990:Hood (1978), 63-64
4954:Hood (1978), 37-38
4108:Hermann Bengtson:
3944:Balter, M (2006).
3647:, 3rd ed., p. 985.
3432:
3360:compared skeletal
3214:
3164:Neopalatial Period
3156:
3103:
3019:
3011:
3000:
2919:
2907:
2842:
2760:
2705:
2639:Cretan hieroglyphs
2536:, Minoan men wore
2511:
2475:
2445:
2401:
2318:
2234:
2067:
2052:
1986:
1958:
1939:
1833:landscape painting
1829:
1793:
1730:
1664:
1567:
1548:
1392:BC, 18,000 in 2000
1382:
1309:
1201:
1158:
872:Minoan chronology
871:
841:cultures, and the
778:
733:Palace of Phaistos
700:was used to write
670:Cretan hieroglyphs
659:frescoes at Avaris
291:Hellenistic Greece
41:Geographical range
26:
15284:Prehistoric Crete
15241:
15240:
15124:Terramare culture
15079:Nordic Bronze Age
15029:Hallstatt culture
14974:Canegrate culture
14969:Bronze Age Europe
14939:Andronovo culture
14869:
14868:
14865:
14864:
14731:
14730:
14718:
14717:
14338:Madrague de Giens
14057:Temple of Isthmia
14053:Maritime temples
14039:Marine navigation
13998:
13997:
13990:Shelley Wachsmann
13980:J. Richard Steffy
13890:
13889:
13823:
13822:
13692:
13691:
13679:
13678:
13630:
13629:
13360:Ocean exploration
13075:
13074:
13062:
13061:
12721:Rutter (nautical)
12677:
12676:
12664:
12663:
12520:Mortise and tenon
12154:Ancient seafaring
12120:
12119:
12078:
12077:
12018:
12017:
12014:
12013:
12010:
12009:
11584:Iberian Peninsula
11516:Lipara/Meligounis
11482:
11481:
11160:
11159:
11156:
11155:
11133:Cypriot syllabary
11024:
11023:
10933:Athenian Treasury
10917:
10916:
10589:
10588:
10585:
10584:
10178:Ptolemaic dynasty
10138:Archons of Athens
10093:
10092:
10089:
10088:
9964:Athenian military
9945:
9944:
9778:League of Corinth
9760:Thessalian League
9736:Chalcidian League
9718:Acarnanian League
9628:Ptolemaic Kingdom
9440:
9439:
9436:
9435:
9211:
9210:
9036:
9035:
8926:Malia altar stone
8839:
8838:
8550:Minoan chronology
8462:978-5-9551-0479-9
8181:978-0-7661-3916-9
8158:978-0-205-00133-0
8151:. Prentice Hall.
8083:Crete and Mycenae
7935:(7666): 214–218.
7872:Prehistoric Crete
7797:978-1-4073-0454-0
7754:Morris, Christine
7744:Prehistoric Crete
7665:, 9780876615331,
7607:978-88-222-5291-3
7466:978-91-7081-249-1
7448:, 9780876615331,
7425:978-0-521-39830-5
7330:978-9-02-560876-7
7275:978-90-04-27944-5
7220:979-8-88857-046-3
6846:Krzyszkowska 1999
6765:978-1-78096-860-5
6738:, pp. 87–94.
6710:978-91-85086-78-8
6500:978-1-133-71418-7
6464:978-1-4438-8145-6
6336:Crete and Mycenae
6312:978-1-4073-0454-0
6219:, German, Senta,
6148:978-0-674-01517-3
6121:978-1-107-69176-6
6094:978-0-19-507993-7
6071:Daniels, Peter T.
5931:by Senta German,
5898:by Senta German,
5731:World Archaeology
5474:, German, Senta,
5242:978-91-7081-249-1
4458:on June 30, 2007.
4098:on March 5, 2009.
4004:978-90-429-1730-9
3956:(5773): 508–509.
3834:(5773): 565–569.
3758:978-1-139-50499-7
3673:978-1-139-50499-7
3534:Library resources
3506:
3505:
3309:Olga Krzyszkowska
3218:Stylianos Alexiou
3137:2nd millennium BC
2505:Figures from the
2358:Iberian Peninsula
2222:The (incomplete)
2123:domesticated bees
2103:cultivated grapes
1762:Ancient Greek art
1623:Adolf Furtwängler
1368:Major settlements
1179:Near Eastern seal
1093:eruption of Thera
1052:
1051:
859:Minoan chronology
725:Federico Halbherr
550:
549:
516:Greece portal
396:Kingdom of Greece
304:
295:
286:
277:
268:
245:
229:
213:
131:
130:
59:Aegean Bronze Age
15296:
15289:History of Crete
15171:
15144:Urnfield culture
15109:Srubnaya culture
15074:Mycenaean Greece
15059:Lusatian culture
15009:Ewart Park Phase
14989:Cycladic culture
14979:Catacomb culture
14944:Apennine culture
14929:Abashevo culture
14896:
14889:
14882:
14873:
14872:
14860:
14859:
14754:Ark of bulrushes
14737:
14736:
14726:
14725:
14364:Oldest surviving
14074:Nusantao network
13949:Chester G. Starr
13914:
13913:
13907:
13906:
13896:
13895:
13885:
13884:
13858:Cilician pirates
13829:
13828:
13818:
13817:
13755:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
13750:Iron Age Britain
13698:
13697:
13687:
13686:
13405:
13404:
13094:
13093:
13081:
13080:
13070:
13069:
12984:Ptolemais Theron
12694:
12693:
12683:
12682:
12672:
12671:
12264:Single-outrigger
12175:
12174:
12162:
12161:
12147:
12140:
12133:
12124:
12123:
12110:
12109:
12100:
12090:
12089:
12024:
12023:
11742:
11741:
11241:Heraclea Lucania
11194:
11193:
11185:
11184:
11166:
11165:
10926:
10925:
10858:Twelve Olympians
10829:
10828:
10619:
10618:
10595:
10594:
10183:Seleucid dynasty
10163:Kings of Paionia
10112:
10111:
10099:
10098:
9969:Scythian archers
9876:Graphe paranomon
9806:
9805:
9713:
9710:
9700:
9697:
9681:
9678:
9668:
9664:
9661:
9475:
9474:
9446:
9445:
9325:Classical Greece
9310:Mycenaean Greece
9290:
9289:
9266:
9265:
9238:
9231:
9224:
9215:
9214:
9174:1897–1898 revolt
9063:
9056:
9049:
9040:
9039:
8593:
8592:
8580:Peak sanctuaries
8524:
8517:
8510:
8501:
8500:
8466:
8441:
8415:
8352:
8302:
8272:
8259:
8250:
8223:
8185:
8170:(2nd ed.).
8162:
8133:
8118:Mellersh, H.E.L.
8114:
8050:
8039:
8021:
7978:
7968:
7899:Houghton Mifflin
7890:
7874:(reprinted 1968)
7777:
7739:
7702:
7696:
7688:
7639:
7620:
7611:
7584:Sir Arthur Evans
7580:
7561:
7540:
7524:
7505:
7486:
7480:
7470:
7429:
7404:
7385:
7334:
7313:
7307:
7279:
7255:
7225:
7224:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7182:
7141:
7135:
7134:
7124:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7097:
7091:
7086:
7080:
7079:
7069:
7020:
7014:
7013:
7001:
6992:
6991:
6981:
6941:
6935:
6934:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6855:
6849:
6843:
6837:
6831:
6825:
6822:
6816:
6811:Gates, Charles.
6809:
6803:
6800:
6794:
6788:
6782:
6776:
6770:
6769:
6754:
6745:
6739:
6733:
6727:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6691:
6685:
6679:
6673:
6667:
6661:
6658:
6652:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6594:
6559:
6553:
6550:
6544:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6484:
6478:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6448:
6442:
6431:
6425:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6395:
6386:
6380:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6354:
6348:
6347:Hood (1971), 140
6345:
6339:
6332:
6326:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6296:
6290:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6229:
6223:
6214:
6208:
6205:
6199:
6196:
6190:
6183:Marinatos, Nanno
6180:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6063:
6057:
6051:
6045:
6039:
6033:
6030:Yatsemirsky 2011
6027:
6021:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6004:
5968:
5962:
5961:Hood (1971), 111
5959:
5953:
5950:
5944:
5941:
5935:
5926:
5920:
5917:
5911:
5908:
5902:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5875:
5869:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5834:
5825:
5824:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5769:Reading the Body
5764:
5755:
5754:
5726:
5715:
5714:
5688:
5659:
5658:
5638:
5632:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5489:
5478:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5444:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5410:
5404:
5397:
5391:
5380:
5374:
5371:
5365:
5359:
5353:
5343:
5337:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5313:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5264:
5258:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5144:
5143:Hood (1978), 175
5141:
5135:
5132:
5126:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5057:. Archived from
5051:
5045:
5042:
5036:
5033:
5024:
5021:
5015:
5012:
5006:
5005:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4946:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4919:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4901:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4879:. Archived from
4873:
4867:
4866:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4795:
4789:
4775:
4769:
4762:
4756:
4745:
4739:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4639:
4633:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4550:. Archived from
4544:
4535:
4534:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4451:. Archived from
4418:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4389:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4347:
4328:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4222:
4211:
4210:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4134:
4121:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4091:. Archived from
4090:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4058:(247): 233–245.
4047:
4041:
4031:
4025:
4015:
4009:
4008:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3965:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3925:Thera Foundation
3917:
3911:
3910:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3804:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3739:
3733:
3726:
3717:
3716:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3678:
3677:
3654:
3648:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3622:
3609:
3435:
3431:
3429:in the Balkans.
3289:early Bronze Age
3169:
2981:
2860:Burial practices
2836:, from Knossos (
2721:peak sanctuaries
2618:
2607:
2579:Minoan jewellery
2422:
2327:
2244:
2006:arsenical bronze
1999:
1995:
1991:
1877:, curved lines,
1708:Antalya Province
1670:BC paintings in
1669:
1661:
1654:, under Pharaoh
1652:Tomb of Rekhmire
1649:
1600:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1305:Heraklion Museum
1298:
1295:
1124:
1070:Establishing an
1044:
1032:
1020:
1005:
993:
981:
966:
954:
939:
927:
915:
903:
888:
874:
870:
829:or if it was an
820:
814:
786:Classical Greeks
776:found at Knossos
639:peak sanctuaries
613:
608:Mycenaean Greeks
605:
601:
598:
594:
590:
542:
535:
528:
514:
513:
512:
452:History by topic
323:Byzantine Greece
302:
293:
284:
282:Classical Greece
275:
267:(1100 BC–750 BC)
266:
243:
242: 1750–1050
240:
236:
227:
226: 3100–1100
224:
220:
211:
210: 3100–1000
208:
204:
189:Greek Bronze Age
169:Neolithic Greece
161:
151:
133:
132:
126:Mycenaean Greece
80:
77:
73:
70:
36:
29:
25:
15304:
15303:
15299:
15298:
15297:
15295:
15294:
15293:
15244:
15243:
15242:
15237:
15227:
15223:Khojaly–Gadabay
15193:Shulaveri-Shomu
15169:
15168:(North Caucasus
15167:
15166:
15158:
15139:Únětice culture
15134:Tumulus culture
15049:Karasuk culture
15034:Helladic period
15024:Argaric culture
15019:Glazkov culture
14915:
14905:
14900:
14870:
14861:
14857:
14852:
14742:
14727:
14723:
14714:
14657:
14651:
14599:
14598:Institutes and
14593:
14548:Viking replicas
14489:Balangay Voyage
14402:
14396:
14380:
14135:
14128:
14004:
13994:
13953:
13901:
13886:
13882:
13877:
13834:
13819:
13815:
13810:
13706:
13688:
13684:
13675:
13626:
13583:
13436:
13396:
13341:
13334:
13135:
13088:
13071:
13067:
13058:
12934:Mueang Phra Rot
12788:
12779:
12688:
12673:
12669:
12660:
12614:
12588:Triangular sail
12549:
12486:
12460:Sail components
12371:
12340:
12314:Tessarakonteres
12169:
12156:
12151:
12121:
12116:
12074:
12029:
12006:
11869:
11863:
11746:
11737:
11729:
11700:Melaina Korkyra
11656:
11578:
11535:
11488:Aeolian Islands
11478:
11340:
11198:
11179:
11178:
11152:
11109:
11020:
10962:
10913:
10867:
10818:
10740:
10731:Wedding customs
10613:
10612:
10581:
10572:Thracian Greeks
10555:
10546:Olympic victors
10524:
10366:
10253:
10197:
10188:Kings of Sparta
10173:Kings of Pontus
10143:Kings of Athens
10119:
10106:
10085:
9981:Army of Macedon
9941:
9918:
9890:
9847:
9795:
9768:(370–c. 230 BC)
9766:Arcadian League
9750:(c. 400–188 BC)
9748:Aetolian League
9742:Boeotian League
9724:Hellenic League
9711:
9698:
9688:(c. 650–404 BC)
9679:
9673:Italiote League
9666:
9662:
9656:Doric Hexapolis
9646:
9637:
9633:Seleucid Empire
9576:
9469:
9468:
9432:
9339:
9315:Greek Dark Ages
9284:
9283:
9260:
9247:
9242:
9212:
9207:
9196:Battle of Crete
9147:Siege of Candia
9130:Venetian period
9090:Mycenean period
9076:
9067:
9037:
9032:
9001:
8960:
8851:Aegina Treasure
8835:
8774:
8708:
8627:
8584:
8575:Minoan eruption
8570:Minoan religion
8533:
8528:
8498:
8497:
8463:
8413:10.1.1.675.9036
8333:
8299:
8247:
8220:
8182:
8159:
8111:
7690:
7689:
7636:
7608:
7521:
7502:
7478:
7467:
7426:
7382:
7331:
7305:
7276:
7252:
7234:
7229:
7228:
7221:
7200:
7196:
7142:
7138:
7130:
7125:
7118:
7109:
7107:
7099:
7098:
7094:
7087:
7083:
7021:
7017:
7002:
6995:
6942:
6938:
6895:
6891:
6856:
6852:
6844:
6840:
6832:
6828:
6823:
6819:
6810:
6806:
6801:
6797:
6789:
6785:
6777:
6773:
6766:
6752:
6746:
6742:
6734:
6730:
6722:
6718:
6711:
6692:
6688:
6680:
6676:
6668:
6664:
6659:
6655:
6639:
6635:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6606:
6602:
6592:
6590:
6560:
6556:
6551:
6547:
6542:
6538:
6527:
6523:
6512:
6508:
6501:
6485:
6481:
6476:
6472:
6465:
6449:
6445:
6432:
6428:
6423:
6419:
6409:
6407:
6393:
6387:
6383:
6370:
6366:
6355:
6351:
6346:
6342:
6333:
6329:
6324:
6320:
6313:
6297:
6293:
6286:
6282:
6275:
6257:
6253:
6246:
6230:
6226:
6215:
6211:
6206:
6202:
6197:
6193:
6181:
6177:
6160:
6156:
6149:
6133:
6129:
6122:
6106:
6102:
6095:
6087:. p. 132.
6064:
6060:
6052:
6048:
6040:
6036:
6028:
6024:
6016:
6012:
6002:
6000:
5985:
5969:
5965:
5960:
5956:
5952:Hood (1978), 62
5951:
5947:
5942:
5938:
5929:"Snake Goddess"
5927:
5923:
5918:
5914:
5909:
5905:
5894:
5890:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5867:
5863:
5857:
5835:
5828:
5813:10.2307/2792547
5797:
5793:
5787:
5765:
5758:
5727:
5718:
5711:
5689:
5662:
5655:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5608:
5606:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5584:
5582:
5572:
5568:
5548:
5544:
5535:
5533:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5504:
5490:
5481:
5469:
5465:
5460:
5456:
5452:Hood (1971), 83
5451:
5447:
5438:
5434:
5427:
5411:
5407:
5398:
5394:
5381:
5377:
5373:Hood (1971), 86
5372:
5368:
5360:
5356:
5344:
5340:
5336:Hood (1971), 87
5335:
5331:
5323:
5316:
5308:
5304:
5290:
5286:
5279:
5265:
5261:
5254:
5250:
5243:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5203:
5199:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5077:
5073:
5064:
5062:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5043:
5039:
5034:
5027:
5023:Hood (1978), 27
5022:
5018:
5013:
5009:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4949:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4900:Hood (1978), 56
4899:
4895:
4886:
4884:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4823:
4819:
4812:
4796:
4792:
4776:
4772:
4763:
4759:
4746:
4742:
4733:
4729:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4677:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4640:
4636:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4570:
4566:
4557:
4555:
4546:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4517:
4513:
4506:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4467:
4463:
4455:
4427:(34): 337–348.
4416:
4410:
4406:
4397:
4395:
4387:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4348:
4331:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4223:
4214:
4207:
4193:
4189:
4182:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4135:
4124:
4107:
4103:
4095:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4048:
4044:
4032:
4028:
4016:
4012:
4005:
3991:
3987:
3942:
3938:
3929:
3927:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3875:
3871:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3740:
3736:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3681:
3674:
3655:
3651:
3640:
3636:
3620:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3398:
3366:Lasithi Plateau
3352:archaeogenetics
3321:
3204:
3191:shaft-grave era
3175:Nanno Marinatos
3167:
3145:
3121:
3092:
3078:
2992:
2979:
2899:
2879:human sacrifice
2862:
2854:miniature seals
2834:The Bull Leaper
2822:, and even the
2796:
2788:Nanno Marinatos
2769:votive offering
2694:
2692:Minoan religion
2688:
2680:Arkalochori Axe
2669:Mycenaean Greek
2631:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2597:
2595:Minoan language
2591:
2499:
2437:
2435:Status of women
2420:
2407:supported by a
2382:
2362:Minoan religion
2325:
2310:
2277:
2263:(an egg-shaped
2247:dwarf elephants
2242:
2205:edible molluscs
2040:
2034:
2022:mainland Greece
2002:precious metals
1997:
1993:
1989:
1970:
1931:
1903:
1867:
1861:
1838:Ship Procession
1831:What is called
1774:Greek Dark Ages
1722:
1716:
1693:Ship Procession
1667:
1659:
1598:
1595:Kastri, Kythera
1591:Helladic Greece
1553:
1545:Ship Procession
1537:Minoan painting
1498:Arkalochori Axe
1478:– southern site
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1370:
1342:
1326:Mycenaean Greek
1322:Late Minoan III
1296:
1240:
1193:
1150:
1122:
1107:
1105:Neolithic Crete
1101:
1089:natural science
1065:Nikolaos Platon
1054:Two systems of
1042:
1030:
1018:
1003:
991:
979:
964:
952:
937:
925:
913:
901:
886:
869:
855:
835:Minoan language
815:(vocalized as "
765:
741:Michael Ventris
702:Mycenaean Greek
686:language family
682:Minoan language
666:writing systems
629:, and colorful
611:
603:
599:
592:
588:
546:
510:
508:
503:
502:
453:
445:
444:
416:Axis occupation
401:National Schism
376:
366:
365:
357:
351:
344:
334:
333:
325:
318:
316:Medieval Greece
308:
307:
303:(146 BC–330 AD)
296:
287:
285:(500 BC–323 BC)
278:
276:(800 BC–480 BC)
269:
264:Greek Dark Ages
259:
249:
248:
241:
230:
225:
214:
209:
198:
191:
181:
180:
171:
149:
142:
116:Neolithic Crete
78:
75:
71:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
15302:
15292:
15291:
15286:
15281:
15276:
15271:
15266:
15261:
15256:
15239:
15238:
15232:
15229:
15228:
15226:
15225:
15220:
15215:
15210:
15208:Maykop culture
15205:
15200:
15195:
15190:
15185:
15180:
15174:
15172:
15160:
15159:
15157:
15156:
15151:
15149:Wessex culture
15146:
15141:
15136:
15131:
15126:
15121:
15116:
15111:
15106:
15101:
15096:
15091:
15086:
15084:Okunev culture
15081:
15076:
15071:
15066:
15061:
15056:
15051:
15046:
15041:
15036:
15031:
15026:
15021:
15016:
15011:
15006:
15001:
14996:
14991:
14986:
14981:
14976:
14971:
14966:
14961:
14956:
14951:
14946:
14941:
14936:
14931:
14925:
14923:
14917:
14916:
14910:
14907:
14906:
14899:
14898:
14891:
14884:
14876:
14867:
14866:
14863:
14862:
14855:
14853:
14851:
14850:
14843:
14842:
14841:
14834:
14827:
14820:
14812:
14805:
14798:
14790:
14780:
14779:
14778:
14777:
14776:
14771:
14766:
14756:
14747:
14744:
14743:
14733:
14732:
14729:
14728:
14721:
14719:
14716:
14715:
14713:
14712:
14711:
14710:
14705:
14697:
14692:
14687:
14682:
14677:
14672:
14667:
14661:
14659:
14653:
14652:
14650:
14649:
14644:
14639:
14634:
14629:
14624:
14619:
14614:
14609:
14603:
14601:
14595:
14594:
14592:
14591:
14590:
14589:
14584:
14579:
14574:
14567:
14559:
14558:
14557:
14545:
14544:
14543:
14538:
14531:
14523:Mediterranean
14521:
14520:
14519:
14512:
14505:
14498:
14491:
14486:
14479:
14476:Alingano Maisu
14472:
14465:
14458:
14451:
14444:
14432:
14431:
14430:
14419:
14406:
14404:
14398:
14397:
14395:
14394:
14388:
14386:
14382:
14381:
14379:
14378:
14377:
14376:
14371:
14366:
14358:
14357:
14356:
14351:
14346:
14341:
14334:
14327:
14325:De Meern ships
14322:
14317:
14312:
14307:
14297:
14296:
14295:
14287:
14286:
14285:
14280:
14272:
14271:
14270:
14263:
14256:
14251:
14243:
14238:
14237:
14236:
14226:
14225:
14224:
14219:
14209:
14208:
14207:
14202:
14197:
14195:Cape Gelidonya
14192:
14187:
14182:
14177:
14172:
14167:
14162:
14157:
14152:
14140:
14138:
14130:
14129:
14127:
14126:
14121:
14116:
14111:
14106:
14101:
14096:
14091:
14086:
14081:
14076:
14071:
14070:
14069:
14064:
14059:
14051:
14046:
14041:
14036:
14031:
14030:
14029:
14019:
14014:
14008:
14006:
14000:
13999:
13996:
13995:
13993:
13992:
13987:
13982:
13977:
13972:
13967:
13961:
13959:
13958:Archaeologists
13955:
13954:
13952:
13951:
13946:
13941:
13936:
13931:
13926:
13924:David Blackman
13920:
13918:
13911:
13903:
13902:
13892:
13891:
13888:
13887:
13880:
13878:
13876:
13875:
13870:
13865:
13863:Jewish pirates
13860:
13855:
13850:
13845:
13839:
13836:
13835:
13825:
13824:
13821:
13820:
13813:
13811:
13809:
13808:
13807:
13806:
13796:
13795:
13794:
13784:
13779:
13774:
13767:
13762:
13757:
13752:
13747:
13742:
13737:
13732:
13727:
13722:
13717:
13711:
13708:
13707:
13694:
13693:
13690:
13689:
13682:
13680:
13677:
13676:
13674:
13673:
13672:
13671:
13661:
13656:
13651:
13650:
13649:
13638:
13636:
13632:
13631:
13628:
13627:
13625:
13624:
13619:
13614:
13609:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13588:
13585:
13584:
13582:
13581:
13576:
13571:
13566:
13561:
13556:
13551:
13549:Lake Trasimene
13546:
13541:
13536:
13531:
13526:
13521:
13516:
13511:
13506:
13501:
13496:
13491:
13486:
13481:
13476:
13471:
13466:
13461:
13456:
13450:Mediterranean:
13446:
13444:
13438:
13437:
13435:
13434:
13429:
13424:
13419:
13413:
13411:
13402:
13398:
13397:
13395:
13394:
13389:
13384:
13379:
13378:
13377:
13372:
13362:
13357:
13352:
13346:
13344:
13336:
13335:
13333:
13332:
13327:
13322:
13317:
13312:
13311:
13310:
13305:
13295:
13290:
13285:
13280:
13275:
13270:
13265:
13260:
13259:
13258:
13253:
13248:
13238:
13233:
13228:
13227:
13226:
13221:
13216:
13211:
13206:
13201:
13196:
13191:
13186:
13181:
13176:
13171:
13166:
13156:
13155:
13154:
13143:
13141:
13137:
13136:
13134:
13133:
13128:
13127:
13126:
13121:
13111:
13106:
13100:
13098:
13090:
13089:
13077:
13076:
13073:
13072:
13065:
13063:
13060:
13059:
13057:
13056:
13051:
13046:
13041:
13036:
13031:
13026:
13021:
13016:
13011:
13006:
13001:
12996:
12991:
12986:
12981:
12976:
12971:
12966:
12961:
12956:
12946:
12941:
12936:
12931:
12926:
12921:
12916:
12911:
12906:
12901:
12896:
12890:
12885:
12880:
12875:
12869:
12864:
12859:
12854:
12849:
12844:
12839:
12834:
12829:
12824:
12819:
12814:
12808:
12803:
12798:
12792:
12790:
12781:
12780:
12778:
12777:
12776:
12775:
12770:
12765:
12757:
12756:
12755:
12753:Maritime pilot
12750:
12740:
12735:
12734:
12733:
12723:
12718:
12716:Portolan chart
12713:
12708:
12702:
12700:
12690:
12689:
12679:
12678:
12675:
12674:
12667:
12665:
12662:
12661:
12659:
12658:
12653:
12648:
12643:
12638:
12633:
12628:
12622:
12620:
12616:
12615:
12613:
12612:
12607:
12602:
12597:
12592:
12591:
12590:
12585:
12580:
12575:
12565:
12559:
12557:
12551:
12550:
12548:
12547:
12546:
12545:
12537:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12517:
12512:
12507:
12502:
12496:
12494:
12488:
12487:
12485:
12484:
12479:
12474:
12469:
12464:
12463:
12462:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12422:
12417:
12416:
12415:
12405:
12400:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12379:
12377:
12373:
12372:
12370:
12369:
12364:
12359:
12354:
12348:
12346:
12342:
12341:
12339:
12338:
12333:
12328:
12323:
12318:
12317:
12316:
12311:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12291:
12289:Oared warships
12286:
12278:
12277:
12276:
12271:
12266:
12256:
12251:
12246:
12241:
12236:
12231:
12226:
12225:
12224:
12214:
12209:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12189:
12183:
12181:
12171:
12170:
12158:
12157:
12150:
12149:
12142:
12135:
12127:
12118:
12117:
12115:
12114:
12104:
12094:
12083:
12080:
12079:
12076:
12075:
12073:
12072:
12067:
12062:
12057:
12052:
12047:
12046:
12045:
12034:
12031:
12030:
12020:
12019:
12016:
12015:
12012:
12011:
12008:
12007:
12005:
12004:
11999:
11994:
11989:
11984:
11979:
11974:
11969:
11964:
11959:
11954:
11949:
11944:
11939:
11934:
11929:
11924:
11919:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11889:
11884:
11879:
11873:
11871:
11865:
11864:
11862:
11861:
11856:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11761:
11756:
11750:
11748:
11739:
11731:
11730:
11728:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11672:
11666:
11664:
11658:
11657:
11655:
11654:
11649:
11644:
11639:
11634:
11629:
11624:
11619:
11614:
11609:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11588:
11586:
11580:
11579:
11577:
11576:
11571:
11561:
11556:
11551:
11545:
11543:
11537:
11536:
11534:
11533:
11528:
11523:
11518:
11513:
11508:
11503:
11498:
11492:
11490:
11484:
11483:
11480:
11479:
11477:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11436:
11434:Megara Hyblaea
11431:
11426:
11421:
11416:
11414:Hybla Gereatis
11411:
11406:
11404:Heraclea Minoa
11401:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11350:
11348:
11342:
11341:
11339:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11202:
11200:
11191:
11181:
11180:
11177:
11176:
11170:
11162:
11161:
11158:
11157:
11154:
11153:
11151:
11150:
11148:Attic numerals
11145:
11143:Greek numerals
11140:
11138:Greek alphabet
11135:
11130:
11125:
11119:
11117:
11111:
11110:
11108:
11107:
11102:
11101:
11100:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11070:
11065:
11060:
11050:
11045:
11040:
11034:
11032:
11026:
11025:
11022:
11021:
11019:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10972:
10970:
10964:
10963:
10961:
10960:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10929:
10923:
10919:
10918:
10915:
10914:
10912:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10875:
10873:
10869:
10868:
10866:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10849:
10848:
10838:
10832:
10826:
10820:
10819:
10817:
10816:
10811:
10806:
10801:
10796:
10795:
10794:
10792:Musical system
10784:
10779:
10774:
10769:
10764:
10763:
10762:
10751:
10749:
10742:
10741:
10739:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10683:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10627:
10625:
10615:
10614:
10611:
10610:
10605:
10599:
10591:
10590:
10587:
10586:
10583:
10582:
10580:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10563:
10561:
10557:
10556:
10554:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10532:
10530:
10526:
10525:
10523:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10376:
10374:
10368:
10367:
10365:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10263:
10261:
10255:
10254:
10252:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10231:
10226:
10224:Mathematicians
10221:
10216:
10211:
10205:
10203:
10199:
10198:
10196:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10133:Kings of Argos
10129:
10127:
10121:
10120:
10108:
10107:
10095:
10094:
10091:
10090:
10087:
10086:
10084:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9991:Cretan archers
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9972:
9971:
9961:
9955:
9953:
9947:
9946:
9943:
9942:
9940:
9939:
9934:
9928:
9926:
9920:
9919:
9917:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9900:
9898:
9892:
9891:
9889:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9857:
9855:
9849:
9848:
9846:
9845:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9815:
9809:
9803:
9797:
9796:
9794:
9793:
9790:Achaean League
9787:
9784:Euboean League
9781:
9775:
9772:Epirote League
9769:
9763:
9757:
9751:
9745:
9739:
9733:
9727:
9721:
9720:(c. 500–31 BC)
9715:
9702:
9689:
9683:
9670:
9652:
9650:
9648:Confederations
9639:
9638:
9636:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9584:
9582:
9578:
9577:
9575:
9574:
9572:Lissus (Crete)
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9483:
9481:
9471:
9470:
9467:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9450:
9442:
9441:
9438:
9437:
9434:
9433:
9431:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9349:
9347:
9341:
9340:
9338:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9320:Archaic Greece
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9296:
9294:
9286:
9285:
9282:
9281:
9276:
9270:
9262:
9261:
9259:
9258:
9252:
9249:
9248:
9245:Ancient Greece
9241:
9240:
9233:
9226:
9218:
9209:
9208:
9206:
9205:
9204:
9203:
9198:
9190:
9189:
9188:
9186:Theriso revolt
9178:
9177:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9154:Ottoman period
9151:
9150:
9149:
9139:
9138:
9137:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9111:
9110:
9105:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9081:
9078:
9077:
9066:
9065:
9058:
9051:
9043:
9034:
9033:
9031:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9009:
9007:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8968:
8966:
8962:
8961:
8959:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8896:Harvester Vase
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8847:
8845:
8841:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8834:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8782:
8780:
8776:
8775:
8773:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8716:
8714:
8710:
8709:
8707:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8635:
8633:
8629:
8628:
8626:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8599:
8597:
8590:
8586:
8585:
8583:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8565:Minoan palaces
8562:
8557:
8555:Minoan pottery
8552:
8547:
8541:
8539:
8535:
8534:
8527:
8526:
8519:
8512:
8504:
8496:
8495:
8481:
8467:
8461:
8442:
8406:(2): 133–178.
8395:
8377:
8360:
8353:
8331:
8310:
8303:
8297:
8280:
8273:
8260:
8251:
8245:
8231:
8224:
8218:
8193:
8186:
8180:
8163:
8157:
8144:
8134:
8125:
8115:
8109:
8096:
8086:
8076:
8069:
8062:
8051:
8040:
7979:
7909:
7891:
7882:
7875:
7868:
7861:
7847:Hood, Sinclair
7844:
7837:Hood, Sinclair
7834:
7817:
7807:
7800:
7785:
7778:
7761:
7750:Goodison, Lucy
7747:
7740:
7703:
7685:Minoan Society
7680:
7669:
7647:
7640:
7635:978-9185086047
7634:
7621:
7612:
7606:
7591:
7581:
7562:
7541:
7532:
7525:
7519:
7506:
7500:
7487:
7471:
7465:
7452:
7430:
7424:
7405:
7393:
7391:978-0415040709
7381:978-0415088336
7380:
7367:
7360:
7353:
7339:Greek Religion
7335:
7329:
7314:
7301:
7294:
7287:
7280:
7274:
7256:
7250:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7227:
7226:
7219:
7194:
7157:(2): 290–303.
7136:
7116:
7092:
7081:
7015:
6993:
6936:
6909:(3): 237–257.
6889:
6870:(3): 195–204.
6850:
6838:
6826:
6817:
6804:
6795:
6783:
6771:
6764:
6740:
6728:
6716:
6709:
6695:Starr, Chester
6686:
6674:
6662:
6653:
6633:
6619:
6600:
6574:(3): 303–351.
6554:
6545:
6536:
6521:
6506:
6499:
6479:
6470:
6463:
6443:
6426:
6417:
6381:
6364:
6349:
6340:
6327:
6318:
6311:
6291:
6280:
6274:978-0674015173
6273:
6251:
6244:
6224:
6209:
6200:
6191:
6175:
6154:
6147:
6127:
6120:
6100:
6093:
6058:
6046:
6034:
6022:
6010:
5983:
5963:
5954:
5945:
5936:
5921:
5912:
5903:
5888:
5870:
5861:
5855:
5826:
5791:
5785:
5756:
5737:(3): 380–392.
5716:
5709:
5660:
5653:
5633:
5624:
5615:
5591:
5566:
5542:
5517:
5502:
5479:
5463:
5454:
5445:
5443:, Khan Academy
5432:
5425:
5405:
5392:
5375:
5366:
5354:
5338:
5329:
5325:Hood, Sinclair
5314:
5302:
5284:
5277:
5259:
5248:
5241:
5223:
5216:
5197:
5154:
5145:
5136:
5127:
5118:
5071:
5046:
5037:
5025:
5016:
5007:
4992:
4983:
4974:
4965:
4956:
4947:
4938:
4929:
4920:
4911:
4902:
4893:
4868:
4839:10.2307/630636
4817:
4811:978-0472107704
4810:
4790:
4770:
4757:
4740:
4727:
4684:
4675:
4661:
4655:978-9060321942
4654:
4634:
4618:
4611:
4591:
4584:
4564:
4536:
4529:
4511:
4504:
4486:
4479:
4461:
4404:
4375:
4369:978-0199873609
4368:
4329:
4308:
4301:
4283:
4277:978-0199873609
4276:
4250:
4244:978-0199873609
4243:
4212:
4205:
4187:
4180:
4162:
4156:978-0199873609
4155:
4122:
4101:
4077:
4042:
4026:
4010:
4003:
3985:
3936:
3912:
3869:
3814:
3805:
3789:
3782:
3764:
3757:
3734:
3718:
3711:
3693:
3679:
3672:
3649:
3634:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3396:
3320:
3317:
3307:Archaeologist
3260:Keith Branigan
3203:
3200:
3144:
3141:
3120:
3117:
3091:
3088:
3077:
3074:
2991:
2988:
2898:
2895:
2887:Fournou Korifi
2861:
2858:
2795:
2792:
2754:Impression of
2709:mother goddess
2690:Main article:
2687:
2684:
2623:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:Main article:
2590:
2587:
2498:
2495:
2436:
2433:
2381:
2378:
2373:palace economy
2309:
2306:
2276:
2273:
2260:Harvester Vase
2225:Harvester Vase
2050:" from Knossos
2038:Cretan cuisine
2033:
2030:
1969:
1966:
1930:
1927:
1902:
1899:
1865:Minoan pottery
1863:Main article:
1860:
1857:
1718:Main article:
1715:
1712:
1552:
1549:
1529:
1528:
1519:
1517:Thera Eruption
1506:
1500:
1496:– site of the
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1411:
1405:
1376:The Palace of
1369:
1366:
1341:
1338:
1334:Early Iron Age
1316:Late Minoan II
1297: 1500 BC
1239:
1236:
1208:potter's wheel
1192:
1189:
1149:
1146:
1103:Main article:
1100:
1097:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
999:
998:
995:
987:
986:
983:
975:
974:
971:
968:
960:
959:
956:
948:
947:
946:Protopalatial
944:
941:
933:
932:
929:
921:
920:
917:
909:
908:
905:
897:
896:
893:
890:
882:
881:
878:
863:Minoan pottery
854:
851:
764:
761:
731:excavated the
651:Minoan palaces
570:Minoan palaces
548:
547:
545:
544:
537:
530:
522:
519:
518:
505:
504:
501:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
437:
435:Military Junta
432:
427:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
377:
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
363:
361:Ottoman Greece
358:
352:
349:Venetian Crete
345:
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
326:
319:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
297:
294:(323 BC–31 BC)
288:
279:
273:Archaic Greece
270:
260:
257:Ancient Greece
255:
254:
251:
250:
247:
246:
231:
215:
199:
192:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
172:
167:
166:
163:
162:
154:
153:
144:
143:
136:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
87:
83:
82:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
42:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15301:
15290:
15287:
15285:
15282:
15280:
15277:
15275:
15272:
15270:
15267:
15265:
15262:
15260:
15257:
15255:
15252:
15251:
15249:
15236:
15230:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15179:
15176:
15175:
15173:
15165:
15161:
15155:
15152:
15150:
15147:
15145:
15142:
15140:
15137:
15135:
15132:
15130:
15127:
15125:
15122:
15120:
15117:
15115:
15114:Tagar culture
15112:
15110:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15100:
15099:Samus culture
15097:
15095:
15094:Penard Period
15092:
15090:
15089:Ordos culture
15087:
15085:
15082:
15080:
15077:
15075:
15072:
15070:
15067:
15065:
15062:
15060:
15057:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15042:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15014:Ezero culture
15012:
15010:
15007:
15005:
15002:
15000:
14997:
14995:
14992:
14990:
14987:
14985:
14982:
14980:
14977:
14975:
14972:
14970:
14967:
14965:
14962:
14960:
14957:
14955:
14952:
14950:
14947:
14945:
14942:
14940:
14937:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14926:
14924:
14922:
14918:
14914:
14908:
14904:
14897:
14892:
14890:
14885:
14883:
14878:
14877:
14874:
14849:
14848:
14844:
14840:
14839:
14835:
14833:
14832:
14828:
14826:
14825:
14824:Metamorphoses
14821:
14819:
14817:
14816:The Histories
14813:
14811:
14810:
14806:
14804:
14803:
14799:
14797:
14795:
14794:The Histories
14791:
14789:
14788:
14784:
14783:
14781:
14775:
14772:
14770:
14767:
14765:
14762:
14761:
14760:
14757:
14755:
14752:
14751:
14749:
14748:
14745:
14738:
14734:
14709:
14706:
14704:
14701:
14700:
14698:
14696:
14693:
14691:
14688:
14686:
14683:
14681:
14678:
14676:
14673:
14671:
14668:
14666:
14663:
14662:
14660:
14654:
14648:
14645:
14643:
14640:
14638:
14635:
14633:
14630:
14628:
14625:
14623:
14620:
14618:
14615:
14613:
14610:
14608:
14605:
14604:
14602:
14596:
14588:
14585:
14583:
14580:
14578:
14575:
14573:
14572:
14568:
14566:
14563:
14562:
14560:
14556:
14555:
14551:
14550:
14549:
14546:
14542:
14539:
14537:
14536:
14532:
14530:
14529:
14525:
14524:
14522:
14518:
14517:
14513:
14511:
14510:
14509:Marumaru Atua
14506:
14504:
14503:
14499:
14497:
14496:
14492:
14490:
14487:
14485:
14484:
14480:
14478:
14477:
14473:
14471:
14470:
14469:Samudra Raksa
14466:
14464:
14463:
14459:
14457:
14456:
14455:Te Au o Tonga
14452:
14450:
14449:
14445:
14443:
14442:
14438:
14437:
14436:
14433:
14429:
14428:
14424:
14420:
14418:
14417:
14413:
14412:
14411:
14408:
14407:
14405:
14399:
14393:
14390:
14389:
14387:
14383:
14375:
14372:
14370:
14367:
14365:
14362:
14361:
14359:
14355:
14352:
14350:
14347:
14345:
14342:
14340:
14339:
14335:
14333:
14332:
14328:
14326:
14323:
14321:
14318:
14316:
14315:Blackfriars I
14313:
14311:
14310:Arles Rhône 3
14308:
14306:
14305:
14301:
14300:
14298:
14294:
14291:
14290:
14288:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14275:
14273:
14269:
14268:
14264:
14262:
14261:
14257:
14255:
14252:
14250:
14247:
14246:
14244:
14242:
14239:
14235:
14232:
14231:
14230:
14227:
14223:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14214:
14213:
14210:
14206:
14203:
14201:
14198:
14196:
14193:
14191:
14188:
14186:
14183:
14181:
14178:
14176:
14173:
14171:
14168:
14166:
14163:
14161:
14158:
14156:
14153:
14151:
14148:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14141:
14139:
14137:
14131:
14125:
14122:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14114:Thalassocracy
14112:
14110:
14107:
14105:
14102:
14100:
14099:Shell middens
14097:
14095:
14092:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14072:
14068:
14065:
14063:
14060:
14058:
14055:
14054:
14052:
14050:
14049:Naval warfare
14047:
14045:
14042:
14040:
14037:
14035:
14032:
14028:
14025:
14024:
14023:
14020:
14018:
14015:
14013:
14010:
14009:
14007:
14001:
13991:
13988:
13986:
13983:
13981:
13978:
13976:
13973:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13962:
13960:
13956:
13950:
13947:
13945:
13942:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13932:
13930:
13929:Lionel Casson
13927:
13925:
13922:
13921:
13919:
13915:
13912:
13908:
13904:
13897:
13893:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13864:
13861:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13851:
13849:
13846:
13844:
13841:
13840:
13837:
13830:
13826:
13805:
13802:
13801:
13800:
13797:
13793:
13790:
13789:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13778:
13775:
13773:
13772:
13768:
13766:
13763:
13761:
13760:Incense trade
13758:
13756:
13753:
13751:
13748:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13736:
13733:
13731:
13728:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13716:
13713:
13712:
13709:
13705:
13699:
13695:
13670:
13667:
13666:
13665:
13664:South America
13662:
13660:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13648:
13645:
13644:
13643:
13640:
13639:
13637:
13633:
13623:
13620:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13612:Sailing ships
13610:
13608:
13607:Oared vessels
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13589:
13586:
13580:
13577:
13575:
13572:
13570:
13567:
13565:
13562:
13560:
13557:
13555:
13552:
13550:
13547:
13545:
13542:
13540:
13537:
13535:
13532:
13530:
13529:Cape Hermaeum
13527:
13525:
13522:
13520:
13517:
13515:
13512:
13510:
13507:
13505:
13502:
13500:
13497:
13495:
13492:
13490:
13487:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13477:
13475:
13472:
13470:
13467:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13451:
13448:
13447:
13445:
13443:
13439:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13414:
13412:
13410:
13406:
13403:
13399:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13385:
13383:
13380:
13376:
13373:
13371:
13368:
13367:
13366:
13363:
13361:
13358:
13356:
13353:
13351:
13348:
13347:
13345:
13343:
13340:Migration and
13337:
13331:
13328:
13326:
13323:
13321:
13318:
13316:
13313:
13309:
13306:
13304:
13301:
13300:
13299:
13296:
13294:
13291:
13289:
13286:
13284:
13281:
13279:
13276:
13274:
13271:
13269:
13266:
13264:
13261:
13257:
13254:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13244:
13243:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13234:
13232:
13229:
13225:
13222:
13220:
13217:
13215:
13212:
13210:
13207:
13205:
13202:
13200:
13197:
13195:
13192:
13190:
13187:
13185:
13182:
13180:
13177:
13175:
13172:
13170:
13167:
13165:
13162:
13161:
13160:
13157:
13153:
13150:
13149:
13148:
13147:Ancient Egypt
13145:
13144:
13142:
13140:Civilizations
13138:
13132:
13129:
13125:
13122:
13120:
13117:
13116:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13107:
13105:
13102:
13101:
13099:
13095:
13091:
13087:
13082:
13078:
13055:
13052:
13050:
13047:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13037:
13035:
13032:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
13000:
12997:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12985:
12982:
12980:
12977:
12975:
12972:
12970:
12967:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12957:
12954:
12950:
12947:
12945:
12942:
12940:
12937:
12935:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12922:
12920:
12917:
12915:
12912:
12910:
12907:
12905:
12902:
12900:
12897:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12865:
12863:
12860:
12858:
12855:
12853:
12850:
12848:
12845:
12843:
12840:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12830:
12828:
12825:
12823:
12820:
12818:
12815:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12799:
12797:
12794:
12793:
12791:
12786:
12782:
12774:
12771:
12769:
12766:
12764:
12761:
12760:
12758:
12754:
12751:
12749:
12746:
12745:
12744:
12741:
12739:
12736:
12732:
12729:
12728:
12727:
12724:
12722:
12719:
12717:
12714:
12712:
12709:
12707:
12704:
12703:
12701:
12699:
12695:
12691:
12684:
12680:
12657:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12647:
12644:
12642:
12639:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12629:
12627:
12624:
12623:
12621:
12617:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12596:
12593:
12589:
12586:
12584:
12581:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12570:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12560:
12558:
12556:
12552:
12544:
12541:
12540:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12515:Clinker built
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12500:Boat building
12498:
12497:
12495:
12493:
12489:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12461:
12458:
12457:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12414:
12411:
12410:
12409:
12406:
12404:
12401:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12380:
12378:
12374:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12349:
12347:
12343:
12337:
12334:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12322:
12319:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12297:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12281:
12279:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12261:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12249:Navis lusoria
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12223:
12220:
12219:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12185:
12184:
12182:
12180:
12176:
12172:
12168:
12163:
12159:
12155:
12148:
12143:
12141:
12136:
12134:
12129:
12128:
12125:
12113:
12105:
12103:
12099:
12095:
12093:
12085:
12084:
12081:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12044:
12041:
12040:
12039:
12036:
12035:
12032:
12025:
12021:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11918:
11915:
11913:
11910:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11900:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11874:
11872:
11866:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11751:
11749:
11743:
11740:
11736:
11732:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11667:
11665:
11663:
11659:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11612:Hemeroscopion
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11589:
11587:
11585:
11581:
11575:
11572:
11569:
11565:
11562:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11550:
11547:
11546:
11544:
11542:
11538:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11493:
11491:
11489:
11485:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11430:
11427:
11425:
11422:
11420:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11351:
11349:
11347:
11343:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11203:
11201:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11189:Magna Graecia
11186:
11182:
11175:
11172:
11171:
11167:
11163:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11121:
11120:
11118:
11116:
11112:
11106:
11103:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11063:Arcadocypriot
11061:
11059:
11056:
11055:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11035:
11033:
11031:
11027:
11017:
11016:Zeus, Olympia
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
11001:Hera, Olympia
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10973:
10971:
10969:
10965:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10930:
10927:
10924:
10920:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10904:Mount Olympus
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10876:
10874:
10872:Sacred places
10870:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10847:
10844:
10843:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10833:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10821:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10793:
10790:
10789:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10761:
10758:
10757:
10756:
10753:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10743:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10696:Olympic Games
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10686:Homosexuality
10684:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10628:
10626:
10624:
10620:
10616:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10600:
10596:
10592:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10564:
10562:
10558:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10533:
10531:
10527:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10377:
10375:
10373:
10369:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10264:
10262:
10260:
10256:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10200:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10130:
10128:
10126:
10122:
10118:
10113:
10109:
10105:
10100:
10096:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10056:Seleucid army
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9970:
9967:
9966:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9956:
9954:
9952:
9948:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9925:
9921:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9901:
9899:
9897:
9893:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9858:
9856:
9854:
9850:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9810:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9798:
9791:
9788:
9785:
9782:
9779:
9776:
9773:
9770:
9767:
9764:
9761:
9758:
9755:
9752:
9749:
9746:
9743:
9740:
9737:
9734:
9731:
9730:Delian League
9728:
9725:
9722:
9719:
9716:
9706:
9703:
9693:
9690:
9687:
9686:Ionian League
9684:
9674:
9671:
9667: 560 BC
9657:
9654:
9653:
9651:
9649:
9644:
9640:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9585:
9583:
9579:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9484:
9482:
9480:
9476:
9472:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9451:
9447:
9443:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9408:Magna Graecia
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9350:
9348:
9346:
9342:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9297:
9295:
9291:
9287:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9271:
9267:
9263:
9257:
9254:
9253:
9250:
9246:
9239:
9234:
9232:
9227:
9225:
9220:
9219:
9216:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9193:
9192:World War II
9191:
9187:
9184:
9183:
9182:
9179:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9156:
9155:
9152:
9148:
9145:
9144:
9143:
9140:
9136:
9133:
9132:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9103:Cretan League
9101:
9100:
9099:Roman period
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9085:Minoan period
9083:
9082:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9064:
9059:
9057:
9052:
9050:
9045:
9044:
9041:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9010:
9008:
9004:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8987:Phaistos disc
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8969:
8967:
8963:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8951:Vasiliki ware
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8931:Malia Pendant
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8916:Minoan Genius
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8881:Lustral basin
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8848:
8846:
8842:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8783:
8781:
8777:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8730:Chryssolakkos
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8717:
8715:
8711:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8630:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8600:
8598:
8594:
8591:
8587:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8525:
8520:
8518:
8513:
8511:
8506:
8505:
8502:
8494:
8493:9789605003432
8490:
8486:
8482:
8480:
8479:3-8053-0490-0
8476:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8449:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8396:
8394:
8393:1-84212-746-2
8390:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8366:
8361:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8332:9781931534239
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8311:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8298:9789004088641
8294:
8290:
8286:
8281:
8278:
8274:
8271:(2): 205–222.
8270:
8266:
8261:
8257:
8252:
8248:
8246:9781935488118
8242:
8238:
8232:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8219:9781139001892
8215:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8199:
8194:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8164:
8160:
8154:
8150:
8145:
8142:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8126:
8123:
8122:Minoan Crete.
8119:
8116:
8112:
8110:9783406040023
8106:
8102:
8097:
8094:
8090:
8087:
8084:
8080:
8077:
8074:
8070:
8067:
8063:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8047:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7930:
7929:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7910:
7908:
7907:0-306-81328-9
7904:
7900:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7883:
7880:
7876:
7873:
7869:
7866:
7862:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7845:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7805:
7801:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7762:
7759:
7755:
7751:
7748:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7704:
7700:
7694:
7686:
7681:
7678:
7674:
7671:Gere, Cathy.
7670:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7631:
7627:
7622:
7618:
7613:
7609:
7603:
7599:
7598:
7592:
7589:
7585:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7569:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7552:(1): 75–115.
7551:
7547:
7542:
7538:
7533:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7520:9780824026813
7516:
7512:
7507:
7503:
7501:9789186098551
7497:
7493:
7488:
7484:
7477:
7472:
7468:
7462:
7458:
7453:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7421:
7417:
7414:. Cambridge:
7413:
7412:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7392:
7388:
7383:
7377:
7374:. Routledge.
7373:
7368:
7365:
7361:
7358:
7354:
7352:
7351:0-674-36281-0
7348:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7326:
7322:
7321:
7315:
7311:
7302:
7299:
7295:
7292:
7288:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7271:
7267:
7266:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7251:9781842170199
7247:
7243:
7238:
7237:
7222:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7207:
7198:
7190:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7140:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7121:
7106:
7102:
7096:
7090:
7085:
7077:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7019:
7011:
7007:
7000:
6998:
6989:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6940:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6893:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6854:
6847:
6842:
6836:, p. 92.
6835:
6834:Branigan 1999
6830:
6821:
6814:
6808:
6799:
6792:
6787:
6780:
6775:
6767:
6761:
6757:
6756:
6744:
6737:
6736:Branigan 1999
6732:
6725:
6724:Driessen 1999
6720:
6712:
6706:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6690:
6683:
6678:
6672:
6666:
6657:
6650:
6646:
6643:
6637:
6629:
6623:
6615:
6611:
6604:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6558:
6549:
6540:
6532:
6525:
6517:
6510:
6502:
6496:
6492:
6491:
6483:
6474:
6466:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6447:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6421:
6405:
6401:
6400:
6392:
6385:
6378:
6374:
6371:Ian Douglas,
6368:
6360:
6353:
6344:
6337:
6331:
6322:
6314:
6308:
6304:
6303:
6295:
6288:
6284:
6276:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6255:
6247:
6245:9780819602732
6241:
6237:
6236:
6228:
6222:
6218:
6213:
6204:
6195:
6188:
6184:
6179:
6170:
6165:
6158:
6150:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6131:
6123:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6104:
6096:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6062:
6055:
6050:
6043:
6038:
6031:
6026:
6019:
6014:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5984:9781576078143
5980:
5976:
5975:
5967:
5958:
5949:
5940:
5934:
5930:
5925:
5916:
5907:
5901:
5897:
5892:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5868:Castleden, 11
5865:
5858:
5856:9781444355024
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5833:
5831:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5786:9781512806830
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5763:
5761:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5712:
5710:9781315621425
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5656:
5654:9780374721107
5650:
5646:
5645:
5637:
5631:Chapin, 60-61
5628:
5619:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5581:
5577:
5570:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5546:
5531:
5527:
5521:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5503:1-57607-815-9
5499:
5495:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5458:
5449:
5442:
5436:
5428:
5426:9781134880645
5422:
5419:. Routledge.
5418:
5417:
5409:
5402:
5396:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5379:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5333:
5326:
5321:
5319:
5311:
5306:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5280:
5278:9783406040023
5274:
5270:
5263:
5257:
5252:
5244:
5238:
5234:
5227:
5219:
5217:9781935488118
5213:
5209:
5201:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5158:
5149:
5140:
5131:
5122:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5075:
5061:on 2016-04-23
5060:
5056:
5050:
5041:
5032:
5030:
5020:
5011:
5003:
4996:
4987:
4978:
4969:
4960:
4951:
4945:Chapin, 49-51
4942:
4933:
4924:
4915:
4906:
4897:
4883:on 2024-09-07
4882:
4878:
4872:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4821:
4813:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4794:
4788:(1988:28–31).
4787:
4783:
4780:
4774:
4767:
4761:
4754:
4750:
4747:E. M. Melas,
4744:
4737:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4679:
4671:
4670:"The Minoans"
4665:
4657:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4638:
4632:
4631:91-7081-153-9
4628:
4622:
4614:
4612:9781134880645
4608:
4605:. Routledge.
4604:
4603:
4595:
4587:
4585:9781134967858
4581:
4578:. Routledge.
4577:
4576:
4568:
4554:on 2010-04-25
4553:
4549:
4543:
4541:
4532:
4530:9781108440493
4526:
4522:
4515:
4507:
4505:9781108440493
4501:
4497:
4490:
4482:
4480:9781108440493
4476:
4472:
4465:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4371:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4304:
4302:9781108440493
4298:
4294:
4287:
4279:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4208:
4206:9781108440493
4202:
4198:
4191:
4183:
4181:9781108440493
4177:
4173:
4166:
4158:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4094:
4087:
4081:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4006:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3885:(5773): 548.
3884:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3818:
3809:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3785:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3760:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3714:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3675:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3646:
3645:
3638:
3631:(2): 243–258.
3630:
3626:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
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3540:
3535:
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3515:
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3492:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:Iron Gates HG
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3424:
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3416:
3412:
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3399:
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3391:
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3383:
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3367:
3363:
3359:
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3326:
3316:
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3310:
3304:
3302:
3298:
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3290:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
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3240:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3208:
3199:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3160:
3153:
3149:
3140:
3138:
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3127:
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3114:
3110:
3109:
3101:
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3084:
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3071:
3066:
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3060:
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3052:
3048:
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3039:
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3029:
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3009:
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2996:
2987:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2958:
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2943:
2939:
2935:
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2928:
2924:
2916:
2911:
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2872:
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2827:
2825:
2821:
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2813:
2809:
2805:
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2789:
2786:According to
2784:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2741:Minoan Genius
2738:
2734:
2733:poppy goddess
2730:
2726:
2725:Potnia Theron
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2676:Phaistos Disc
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2647:Indo-European
2644:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2625:Phaistos Disc
2617:
2606:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2583:Poppy Goddess
2580:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2556:La Parisienne
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
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2524:
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2490:
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2479:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2430:
2429:David Wengrow
2426:
2425:David Graeber
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2296:, axe-adzes,
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2183:in Cretan or
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1968:Metal vessels
1965:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1923:Malia Pendant
1920:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1851:("AMH") near
1850:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1785:Spring Fresco
1781:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:Mycenaean art
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1734:Sinclair Hood
1726:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1672:Thebes, Egypt
1658:(c. 1479-1425
1657:
1656:Thutmosis III
1653:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1476:Fournou Korfi
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
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1431:
1428:
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1422:
1419:
1415:
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1409:
1406:
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1384:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1302:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:Late Minoan I
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1191:Middle Minoan
1188:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1142:Messara Plain
1139:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:carbon dating
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1012:Postpalatial
1008:
1001:
1000:
996:
989:
988:
984:
977:
976:
969:
962:
961:
957:
950:
949:
942:
935:
934:
930:
923:
922:
918:
911:
910:
906:
899:
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884:
883:
876:
875:
868:
864:
860:
850:
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840:
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828:
824:
819:
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812:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
775:
774:
769:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:Luigi Pernier
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:Indo-European
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
609:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:energetic art
563:
559:
555:
543:
538:
536:
531:
529:
524:
523:
521:
520:
517:
507:
506:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
449:
448:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
425:
421:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:Modern Greece
370:
369:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
346:
343:
338:
337:
330:
327:
324:
321:
320:
317:
312:
311:
301:
298:
292:
289:
283:
280:
274:
271:
265:
262:
261:
258:
253:
252:
235:
232:
219:
216:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
185:
184:
177:
174:
173:
170:
165:
164:
160:
156:
155:
152:
146:
145:
140:
135:
134:
127:
124:
120:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
50:
46:
43:
39:
35:
30:
22:
15063:
14913:Chalcolithic
14845:
14836:
14829:
14822:
14815:
14807:
14802:On the Ocean
14800:
14793:
14785:
14782:Literature:
14570:
14552:
14533:
14526:
14516:Aotearoa One
14514:
14507:
14500:
14493:
14481:
14474:
14467:
14460:
14453:
14446:
14439:
14426:
14422:
14414:
14401:Experimental
14369:Museum ships
14336:
14329:
14302:
14274:Phoenician:
14265:
14260:Leontophoros
14258:
14222:Butuan boats
14217:Pontian boat
14155:Dufuna canoe
14094:Shipbuilding
14005:and theories
13975:Boris Rankov
13769:
13702:Economy and
13602:Incendiaries
13449:
13236:Indus Valley
13204:Tarumanagara
13131:Ubaid period
13049:Wadi al-Jarf
12964:Ostia Antica
12568:Fore-and-aft
12535:Shipbuilding
12510:Carvel built
12492:Construction
12450:Steering oar
12331:Sailing ship
12254:Obelisk ship
12212:Dugout canoe
11907:Dionysopolis
11877:Abonoteichos
11829:Pantikapaion
11419:Hybla Heraea
10755:Architecture
10711:Prostitution
10400:Aristophanes
10259:Philosophers
10229:Philosophers
10061:Spartan army
9792:(280–146 BC)
9780:(338–322 BC)
9774:(370–168 BC)
9762:(374–196 BC)
9756:(378–355 BC)
9738:(430–348 BC)
9732:(478–404 BC)
9726:(499–449 BC)
9413:Peloponnesus
9335:Roman Greece
9304:
9181:Cretan State
9084:
9013:Arthur Evans
8997:Minoan seals
8901:Kamares ware
8816:Mount Juktas
8796:Psychro Cave
8639:Hagia Triada
8560:Minoan seals
8530:
8484:
8470:
8469:Yule, Paul.
8452:
8447:
8403:
8399:
8383:. New York:
8380:
8363:
8356:
8314:
8306:
8288:
8276:
8268:
8264:
8255:
8235:
8227:
8201:
8189:
8167:
8148:
8140:
8137:
8129:
8121:
8100:
8092:
8082:
8072:
8065:
8058:
8054:
8045:
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7987:
7932:
7926:
7894:
7886:
7878:
7871:
7864:
7850:
7840:
7823:
7810:
7803:
7788:
7781:
7773:
7769:
7757:
7743:
7742:Hutchinson,
7711:
7707:
7684:
7672:
7667:google books
7654:
7650:
7643:
7625:
7616:
7596:
7587:
7567:
7549:
7545:
7536:
7528:
7510:
7491:
7482:
7456:
7450:google books
7437:
7433:
7410:
7400:
7371:
7363:
7356:
7338:
7319:
7309:
7297:
7290:
7289:Bourbon, F.
7283:
7264:
7241:
7205:
7197:
7154:
7150:
7139:
7108:. Retrieved
7104:
7095:
7084:
7033:
7029:
7018:
7009:
6953:
6949:
6939:
6906:
6902:
6892:
6867:
6863:
6853:
6841:
6829:
6820:
6812:
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6798:
6786:
6774:
6750:
6743:
6731:
6719:
6699:
6689:
6677:
6670:
6665:
6656:
6648:
6644:
6641:
6636:
6622:
6613:
6609:
6603:
6591:. Retrieved
6571:
6567:
6557:
6548:
6539:
6530:
6524:
6515:
6509:
6489:
6482:
6473:
6453:
6446:
6434:
6429:
6420:
6408:. Retrieved
6403:
6397:
6384:
6372:
6367:
6358:
6352:
6343:
6335:
6330:
6321:
6301:
6294:
6283:
6264:
6254:
6234:
6227:
6221:Khan Academy
6212:
6203:
6194:
6186:
6178:
6157:
6137:
6130:
6110:
6103:
6079:
6061:
6049:
6044:, p. 1.
6037:
6025:
6013:
6001:. Retrieved
5973:
5966:
5957:
5948:
5939:
5933:Khan Academy
5924:
5919:Castleden, 7
5915:
5906:
5900:Khan Academy
5891:
5882:
5873:
5864:
5838:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5768:
5734:
5730:
5692:
5643:
5636:
5627:
5618:
5607:. Retrieved
5603:
5594:
5583:. Retrieved
5579:
5569:
5552:
5545:
5534:. Retrieved
5532:. 2017-06-09
5529:
5520:
5493:
5476:Khan Academy
5466:
5457:
5448:
5435:
5415:
5408:
5400:
5395:
5386:
5378:
5369:
5362:
5357:
5341:
5332:
5305:
5296:
5287:
5268:
5262:
5251:
5232:
5226:
5206:
5200:
5167:
5163:
5157:
5148:
5139:
5130:
5121:
5088:
5084:
5074:
5063:. Retrieved
5059:the original
5049:
5040:
5019:
5010:
5001:
4995:
4986:
4977:
4968:
4959:
4950:
4941:
4932:
4923:
4914:
4905:
4896:
4885:. Retrieved
4881:the original
4871:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4800:
4793:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4773:
4765:
4760:
4752:
4748:
4743:
4735:
4730:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4678:
4664:
4644:
4637:
4621:
4601:
4594:
4574:
4567:
4556:. Retrieved
4552:the original
4520:
4514:
4495:
4489:
4470:
4464:
4453:the original
4424:
4420:
4407:
4396:. Retrieved
4391:
4378:
4351:
4316:
4311:
4292:
4286:
4259:
4253:
4226:
4196:
4190:
4171:
4165:
4138:
4109:
4104:
4093:the original
4080:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4013:
3994:
3988:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3928:. Retrieved
3924:
3921:"Chronology"
3915:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3808:
3800:
3797:Edward Wells
3792:
3773:
3767:
3747:
3737:
3729:
3728:Strange, J.
3702:
3696:
3662:
3652:
3642:
3637:
3628:
3624:
3607:
3548:Online books
3538:
3511:
3507:
3388:
3386:
3355:
3349:
3342:
3336:
3328:
3322:
3312:
3306:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3254:
3249:
3236:
3231:
3221:
3215:
3188:
3173:
3161:
3157:
3130:
3126:Hagia Triada
3122:
3107:
3104:
3079:
3067:
3063:
3059:Mount Juktas
3040:
3020:
2984:Agia Pelagia
2965:
2954:
2931:
2920:
2897:Architecture
2866:
2863:
2850:bull-leaping
2843:
2833:
2800:Arthur Evans
2797:
2785:
2777:Bull-leaping
2761:
2717:
2706:
2673:
2663:
2632:
2577:
2565:
2554:
2531:
2512:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2461:
2457:
2446:
2413:Mesopotamian
2402:
2370:
2319:
2278:
2269:
2258:
2254:Sacred Grove
2253:
2251:
2235:
2223:
2209:Marine Style
2202:
2170:
2158:pomegranates
2127:
2101:. They also
2068:
1987:
1978:Vapheio Cups
1959:
1940:
1912:
1904:
1891:
1868:
1846:
1837:
1830:
1814:
1805:Marine Style
1802:
1797:Bull-leaping
1794:
1784:
1770:Cycladic art
1759:
1751:Minoan seals
1743:Cycladic art
1731:
1701:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1607:
1568:
1551:Beyond Crete
1544:
1488:Mount Juktas
1414:Hagia Triada
1343:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1301:Octopus Vase
1300:
1290:Marine Style
1279:marine style
1257:
1256:
1252:marine style
1241:
1231:
1230:
1217:
1216:
1212:Kamares ware
1203:
1202:
1184:
1183:
1175:Minoan seals
1170:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1148:Early Minoan
1108:
1077:18th Dynasty
1069:
1053:
973:Neopalatial
895:Prepalatial
846:
839:Near Eastern
821:" in modern
802:
794:Arthur Evans
779:
771:
737:Hagia Triada
721:Arthur Evans
710:
663:
655:
643:sacred caves
635:
616:
582:
553:
551:
478:Constitution
300:Roman Greece
217:
98:Hagia Triada
15188:Kura–Araxes
15119:Tarim Basin
15004:Elp culture
14809:Argonautica
14796:(Herodotus)
14759:Flood myths
14656:Museums and
14600:conferences
14565:Vital Alsar
14403:archaeology
14212:Austronesia
14205:Hjortspring
14200:Rochelongue
14150:Pesse canoe
14104:Ship burial
14089:Sea Peoples
14022:Lighthouses
14017:Grave goods
13965:George Bass
13745:Spice trade
13342:exploration
13164:Philippines
13159:Austronesia
13152:Old Kingdom
13029:Trincomalee
12979:Prosphorion
12924:Myos Hormos
12768:Micronesian
12759:By region:
12731:Lighthouses
12539:By region:
12304:Quinquereme
12229:Kunlun ship
12222:Penteconter
12207:Dragon boat
12055:Place names
11967:Salmydessus
11789:Kalos Limen
11769:Chersonesus
11759:Borysthenes
11464:Tauromenion
11276:Metapontion
11038:Proto-Greek
10991:Erechtheion
10986:Athena Nike
10948:Philippeion
10777:Mathematics
10748:and science
10631:Agriculture
10495:Stesichorus
10405:Bacchylides
10395:Archilochus
10282:Antisthenes
10272:Anaximander
10244:Seven Sages
10234:Playwrights
10214:Geographers
10209:Astronomers
10036:Pezhetairos
9663: 1100
9643:Federations
9542:Megalopolis
9479:City states
9454:City states
9169:1878 revolt
9159:1841 revolt
9120:Arab period
8891:Stirrup jar
8786:Arkalochori
8779:Sanctuaries
8745:Nea Roumata
8689:Monastiraki
8649:Palaikastro
8632:Settlements
8341:j.ctt3fgw67
7820:Hugh Honour
7776:(1): 12–46.
7714:: 213–252.
7586:, 1921–35.
7211:Oxbow Books
7132:pp. 233–241
7036:(1): 1861.
7010:LiveScience
6802:Hood (1971)
6437:pp. 48–49,
6410:December 1,
6042:Beekes 2014
5385:, Y (1999)
5170:: 213–252.
4833:: 115–129.
4327:. pp. 12–18
3776:. Peeters.
3705:. Peeters.
3593:Sea Peoples
3490:70.9–76.7%
3473:20.1–22.7%
3470:58.4–65.8%
3467:Mycenaeans
3239:Shang China
3226:Lucia Nixon
2972:greenschist
2883:Anemospilia
2756:Minoan seal
2566:Two famous
2551:symmetrical
2532:As seen in
2417:iconography
2409:bureaucracy
2354:Mesopotamia
2213:stirrup jar
2173:polyculture
2085:, and grew
2064:Kato Zakros
1919:granulation
1889:figurines.
1683:Kato Zakros
1494:Arkalochori
1436:Kato Zakros
1362:Middle East
1238:Late Minoan
1130:haplogroups
745:Alice Kober
458:Agriculture
424:Free Greece
148:History of
122:Followed by
112:Preceded by
86:Major sites
76: 1100
72: 3100
15248:Categories
15218:Jar-Burial
15164:Bronze Age
15044:Late Jomon
14921:Bronze Age
14903:Bronze Age
14818:(Polybius)
14462:Hawaiʻiloa
14344:Nemi ships
14229:Black Sea
14175:Khufu ship
14136:and relics
14034:Marine art
14027:Alexandria
13934:Fik Meijer
13917:Historians
13804:Indo-Roman
13617:Greek navy
13519:Salamis II
13509:Hellespont
13469:Artemisium
13459:Nile Delta
13422:Achaemenid
13315:Achaemenid
13184:Langkasuka
13179:Micronesia
13097:Prehistory
13024:Sounagoura
12852:Chittagong
12827:Barbarikon
12806:Alexandria
12748:Pilot boat
12698:Navigation
12530:Sewn-plank
12525:Lashed-lug
12403:Figurehead
12376:Components
12345:Propulsion
12299:Quadrireme
12280:Polyremes
12259:Outriggers
11957:Polemonion
11834:Phanagoria
11804:Kimmerikon
11799:Kerkinitis
11784:Hermonassa
11774:Dioscurias
11670:Aspalathos
11617:Kalathousa
11592:Akra Leuke
11521:Phoenicusa
11306:Scylletium
11291:Poseidonia
11211:Brentesion
11098:Pamphylian
11093:Macedonian
11011:Samothrace
10996:Hephaestus
10943:Long Walls
10922:Structures
10863:Underworld
10809:Technology
10772:Literature
10706:Philosophy
10671:Euergetism
10560:By culture
10505:Thucydides
10347:Pythagoras
10342:Protagoras
10332:Parmenides
10317:Heraclitus
10302:Empedocles
10292:Democritus
10277:Anaximenes
10267:Anaxagoras
10219:Historians
9712: 595
9699: 550
9680: 800
9665: – c.
9593:Cappadocia
9398:Ionian Sea
9388:Hellespont
9353:Aegean Sea
9201:Resistance
9142:Cretan War
8826:Traostalos
8770:Yerokambos
8699:Vathypetro
8545:Minoan art
8359:(Bristol).
7897:. Boston:
7859:0140561420
7832:0333371852
7687:. Bristol.
7663:0876615337
7446:0876615337
7232:References
7110:2021-07-28
6791:Floyd 1999
6779:Rehak 1999
6682:Nixon 1983
6642:Kretologia
6054:Brown 1985
5609:2020-12-31
5585:2020-12-31
5536:2020-12-31
5310:Davis 1977
5256:Davis 1977
5065:2016-04-06
4887:2024-09-04
4558:2009-09-13
4398:2007-05-29
4325:3406479855
4120:. pp. 8–15
4118:340602503X
3930:2009-01-03
3783:9068310666
3712:9068310666
3222:Kretologia
3133:courtyards
3049:, massive
3047:lightwells
3043:staircases
2976:courtyards
2936:, wood or
2846:apiculture
2729:terracotta
2538:loincloths
2534:Minoan art
2380:Government
2366:matriarchy
2322:mercantile
2281:Bronze Age
2036:See also:
1887:terracotta
1883:fish bones
1739:Aegean art
1720:Minoan art
1603:Bronze Age
1535:Detail of
1360:, and the
1350:Aegean Sea
1292:vase from
1250:, and the
798:Karl Hoeck
784:, who the
782:King Minos
749:necropolis
678:deciphered
661:in Egypt.
595:BC. After
558:Bronze Age
176:Pelasgians
74: – c.
49:Aegean Sea
15129:Trzciniec
14831:Geography
14769:Gilgamesh
14658:memorials
14582:Viracocha
14495:Faʻafaite
14448:Sarimanok
14354:Yassi Ada
14267:Syracusia
14190:Canaanite
14165:Moor Sand
13635:By region
13597:Grappling
13569:Naulochus
13559:Myonessus
13514:Echinades
13499:Arginusae
13494:Cynossema
13479:Naupactus
13474:Eurymedon
13308:Classical
13283:Phoenicia
13278:Mycenaean
13241:Tamilakam
13224:Polynesia
13214:Srivijaya
13009:Satingpra
12969:Palembang
12953:Cattigara
12895:(Kadaram)
12878:Jambukola
12872:Guangzhou
12813:(Podouke)
12811:Arikamedu
12773:Polynesia
12706:Celestial
12619:Armaments
12605:Spritsail
12563:Crab claw
12505:Careening
12472:Sternpost
12326:Reed boat
12269:Catamaran
12244:Multihull
12043:in Epirus
11992:Trapezous
11937:Mesambria
11922:Eupatoria
11892:Apollonia
11887:Anchialos
11849:Theodosia
11819:Nymphaion
11809:Myrmekion
11779:Gorgippia
11735:Black Sea
11720:Tragurion
11705:Nymphaion
11690:Epidauros
11685:Epidamnos
11675:Apollonia
11652:Zacynthos
11574:Ptolemais
11568:Apollonia
11541:Cyrenaica
11531:Therassía
11526:Strongyle
11506:Ereikousa
11429:Leontinoi
11369:Apollonia
11246:Hipponion
11043:Mycenaean
11006:Parthenon
10938:Lion Gate
10841:Mythology
10804:Sculpture
10767:Astronomy
10701:Pederasty
10676:Festivals
10661:Education
10541:Lawgivers
10510:Timocreon
10490:Sophocles
10485:Simonides
10460:Philocles
10455:Panyassis
10450:Mimnermus
10415:Herodotus
10410:Euripides
10380:Aeschylus
10327:Leucippus
10287:Aristotle
10066:Strategos
9932:Synedrion
9886:Ostracism
9866:Areopagus
9818:Free city
9613:Macedonia
9497:Byzantion
9403:Macedonia
9368:Cyrenaica
9345:Geography
9279:Geography
8801:Atsipades
8750:Odigitria
8725:Apesokari
8704:Zominthos
8408:CiteSeerX
8349:253870838
8095:, vol 57.
8036:251843620
8010:0036-8075
7957:0028-0836
7843:. London.
7736:127346339
7693:cite book
7268:. Brill.
7171:2397-334X
7058:2041-1723
6923:0003-5548
6876:0003-3219
6588:191259609
6406:: 317–322
6169:0910.4801
6056:, p. 289.
5993:249196051
5751:0043-8243
5383:Hamilakis
5351:Wiley.com
5347:Hamilakis
5345:However,
5192:127346339
5113:224985281
5105:0003-5815
5091:: 67–78.
4863:161908616
4847:0075-4269
4722:246244704
4700:: 23–33.
4072:163054761
4052:Antiquity
3599:Footnotes
3496:3.9–9.5%
3493:17–19.4%
3482:0.9–2.3%
3479:3.3–5.5%
3128:Villa A.
3083:aqueducts
3055:Mount Ida
2938:flagstone
2875:cremation
2794:Symbolism
2713:theocracy
2493:society.
2398:Santorini
2371:The term
2332:(notably
2238:wild boar
2230:soapstone
2181:Olive oil
2154:Date palm
2138:asparagus
2099:chickpeas
1875:triangles
1753:, palace
1644:Cretans (
1610:Karpathos
1587:Tel Kabri
1526:Mount Ida
1522:Zominthos
1513:Santorini
1340:Geography
1119:Neolithic
1041:1200–1075
1029:1330–1200
1017:1420–1330
1002:1470–1420
990:1625–1470
978:1700–1625
963:1750–1700
951:1875–1750
936:1925–1875
924:2100–1925
912:2200–2100
900:2650–2200
885:3100–2650
805:Egyptians
668:known as
627:figurines
585:Neolithic
488:Ethnonyms
430:Civil War
15235:Iron Age
15203:Trialeti
15198:Colchian
14847:Tākitimu
14750:Legend:
14708:Roskilde
14587:Tangaroa
14528:Olympias
14502:Gaualofa
14441:Hōkūleʻa
14416:Kon-Tiki
14249:Ashkelon
14185:Uluburun
14144:Earliest
13910:Scholars
13792:shipping
13592:Boarding
13504:Mytilene
13489:Syracuse
13454:Alashiya
13417:Egyptian
13401:Military
13392:Timeline
13370:Sardinia
13293:Carthage
13209:Kalingga
13169:Sa Huỳnh
13104:Timeline
13054:Zanzibar
13004:Sarapion
12999:Rhacotis
12929:Martaban
12874:(Canton)
12867:Godavaya
12862:Giao Chỉ
12832:Barygaza
12822:Avalites
12743:Piloting
12631:Catapult
12626:Ballista
12600:Mast-aft
12413:Planking
12352:Paddling
12309:Hexareme
12274:Trimaran
12239:Longship
12187:Balangay
12092:Category
12070:Theatres
11997:Tripolis
11932:Kerasous
11927:Heraclea
11859:Tyritake
11814:Nikonion
11725:Thronion
11647:Salauris
11602:Emporion
11559:Berenice
11549:Balagrae
11501:Euonymos
11474:Tyndaris
11459:Syracuse
11454:Selinous
11424:Kamarina
11379:Casmenae
11364:Akrillai
11281:Neápolis
11216:Caulonia
11197:Mainland
11128:Linear B
11123:Linear A
11053:Dialects
11030:Language
10824:Religion
10782:Medicine
10716:Religion
10681:Folklore
10666:Emporium
10641:Clothing
10636:Calendar
10520:Xenophon
10515:Tyrtaeus
10500:Theognis
10475:Polybius
10470:Plutarch
10445:Menander
10425:Hipponax
10352:Socrates
10307:Epicurus
10153:Diadochi
10051:Sciritae
10011:Hetairoi
9986:Ballista
9951:Military
9914:Gerousia
9904:Ekklesia
9871:Ecclesia
9853:Athenian
9801:Politics
9714:–279 BC)
9701:–366 BC)
9682:–389 BC)
9618:Pergamon
9588:Bithynia
9581:Kingdoms
9522:Pergamon
9464:Military
9459:Politics
9256:Timeline
9006:See also
8977:Linear B
8972:Linear A
8906:Kouloura
8831:Vrysinas
8821:Petsofas
8735:Kamilari
8694:Vasiliki
8664:Troullos
8608:Phaistos
8438:54957703
8400:Hesperia
8365:Hesperia
8120:, 1967.
8081:, 1960.
8028:36007055
8019:10064553
7975:28783727
7921:(2017).
7849:(1978),
7839:, 1971,
7728:30102549
7655:Hesperia
7438:Hesperia
7399:(1964).
7262:(2014).
7189:36646948
7105:phys.org
7076:23673646
6988:23673646
6956:: 1861.
6931:25065118
6077:(eds.).
6069:(1996).
5997:Archived
5512:57247347
5295:(1964).
5184:30102549
4714:30103026
4449:55457903
4040:Jan 2010
4024:Feb 2010
3980:26804444
3972:16645054
3907:35908442
3899:16645088
3864:21557268
3856:16645092
3745:(2012).
3660:(2012).
3616:(2004).
3573:Caucasus
3528:See also
3487:Minoans
3370:Anatolia
3295:and the
3293:Cyclades
3241:and the
3196:Hittites
3076:Plumbing
3028:Phaistos
2950:mudbrick
2686:Religion
2665:Linear B
2635:Linear A
2497:Clothing
2472:Akrotiri
2453:Linear B
2449:Linear A
2405:monarchy
2394:Akrotiri
2346:Anatolia
1842:Akrotiri
1697:Akrotiri
1688:entrepôt
1541:Akrotiri
1509:Akrotiri
1470:Vasiliki
1450:(modern
1420:tablets.
1418:Linear A
1408:Phaistos
1274:Akrotiri
1270:Cycladic
1226:Linear A
1134:Anatolia
1111:hominins
1048:LM IIIC
1036:LM IIIB
1024:LM IIIA
877:Timespan
843:Biblical
698:Linear B
688:such as
674:Linear A
647:pantheon
631:frescoes
578:Phaistos
498:Military
493:Language
463:Alphabet
234:Mycenean
202:Cycladic
139:a series
137:Part of
94:Phaistos
14787:Odyssey
14764:Genesis
14561:Others
14360:Lists:
14349:Marausa
14299:Roman:
14289:Punic:
14254:Kyrenia
14245:Greek:
14241:Marsala
14234:Sinop D
14109:Tacking
13843:History
13730:Meluhha
13720:Fishing
13715:Whaling
13622:Ramming
13544:Aegates
13539:Drepana
13534:Ecnomus
13464:Salamis
13452:
13442:Battles
13320:Nabatea
13303:Archaic
13273:Nuragic
13263:Somalia
13114:Oceania
13109:Britain
13086:History
13019:Socotra
12989:Qandala
12974:Piraeus
12944:Muziris
12914:Madurai
12909:Manthai
12847:Canopus
12817:Arsinoe
12789:harbors
12738:History
12726:Coastal
12656:Sambuca
12641:Dolphin
12555:Rigging
12367:Poling
12357:Sailing
12294:Trireme
12234:Liburna
12197:Coracle
12167:Vessels
12112:Outline
12065:Temples
12002:Zaliche
11982:Thèrmae
11972:Sesamus
11942:Odessos
11917:Cytorus
11912:Cotyora
11662:Illyria
11627:Mainake
11622:Kypsela
11511:Hycesia
11469:Thermae
11449:Segesta
11439:Messana
11394:Helorus
11374:Calacte
11354:Akragas
11316:Sybaris
11301:Rhegion
11256:Krimisa
11206:Alision
11115:Writing
11088:Locrian
11078:Epirote
11048:Homeric
10981:Artemis
10968:Temples
10909:Olympia
10879:Eleusis
10814:Theatre
10799:Pottery
10726:Warfare
10721:Slavery
10656:Economy
10651:Cuisine
10646:Coinage
10623:Society
10608:Culture
10603:Society
10551:Tyrants
10390:Alcaeus
10372:Authors
10322:Hypatia
10312:Gorgias
10249:Writers
10071:Toxotai
10041:Sarissa
10031:Peltast
10026:Phalanx
10006:Hoplite
10001:Hippeis
9924:Macedon
9896:Spartan
9881:Heliaia
9828:Proxeny
9537:Larissa
9532:Kerkyra
9527:Eretria
9517:Miletus
9512:Ephesus
9507:Corinth
9502:Chalcis
9423:Taurica
9293:Periods
9274:History
9070:History
8965:Writing
8791:Kamares
8760:Phylaki
8755:Phourni
8740:Koumasa
8679:Amnisos
8669:Trypiti
8659:Gournia
8654:Kydonia
8623:Galatas
8603:Knossos
8596:Palaces
8430:4134891
8200:(ed.).
7989:Science
7966:5565772
7937:Bibcode
7180:9911347
7067:3674256
7038:Bibcode
6979:3674256
6958:Bibcode
6884:2672905
6593:7 April
6375:p. 16,
6189:(2013).
6003:May 25,
5821:2792547
5807:: 1–6.
4429:Bibcode
3950:Science
3879:Science
3836:Bibcode
3828:Science
3568:Caphtor
3520:on the
3518:Yamnaya
3514:Armenoi
3502:0–0.7%
3499:0–2.3%
3350:A 2013
3297:Argolid
3273:rapiers
3264:hafting
3228:wrote:
3202:Warfare
3180:Rekmire
3113:capital
3100:Knossos
3090:Columns
3070:shrines
3051:columns
3024:Knossos
3008:Knossos
2990:Palaces
2934:plaster
2929:pipes.
2915:Knossos
2891:Knossos
2802:called
2745:Taweret
2737:diadems
2651:Semitic
2390:saffron
2334:Mycenae
2302:chisels
2298:sickles
2232:, LM I.
2194:donkeys
2166:oranges
2142:carrots
2130:lettuce
2115:poppies
2113:, grew
2026:patrons
2018:hydrias
1944:daggers
1929:Weapons
1907:diadems
1901:Jewelry
1879:crosses
1871:spirals
1859:Pottery
1853:Knossos
1812:Crete.
1809:octopus
1755:frescos
1747:pottery
1704:Kumluca
1631:Ialysos
1559:Minoan
1539:, from
1458:Gournia
1448:Kydonia
1442:Galatas
1386:Knossos
1378:Knossos
1136:or the
1099:Origins
1060:pottery
970:MM III
919:EM III
880:Period
847:Caphtor
831:endonym
790:Knossos
694:Semitic
619:pottery
574:Knossos
483:Economy
90:Knossos
15178:Kurgan
14838:Aeneid
14554:Viking
14535:Regina
14304:Alkedo
14160:Abydos
14134:Wrecks
14003:Topics
13833:Piracy
13787:Greece
13647:Odisha
13579:Actium
13574:Mycale
13409:Navies
13298:Greece
13288:Olmecs
13256:Pandya
13231:Minoan
13194:Champa
13174:Lapita
13119:Remote
13039:Tyndis
12994:Quilon
12939:Muscat
12904:Lothal
12899:Korkai
12883:Jeddah
12857:Essina
12801:Adulis
12711:Charts
12646:Harpax
12636:Corvus
12610:Square
12578:Settee
12573:Lateen
12482:Tiller
12477:Strake
12445:Rudder
12435:Paddle
12383:Anchor
12362:Towing
12284:Bireme
12217:Galley
12192:Bangka
12102:Portal
12050:People
12038:Cities
11977:Sinope
11962:Rhizos
11952:Phasis
11902:Bathus
11897:Athina
11882:Amisos
11844:Tanais
11839:Pityus
11764:Charax
11715:Pharos
11710:Orikon
11607:Helike
11597:Alonis
11564:Cyrene
11496:Didyme
11409:Himera
11384:Catana
11346:Sicily
11336:Thurii
11331:Terina
11296:Pixous
11251:Hydrus
11226:Croton
11058:Aeolic
10976:Aphaea
10899:Dodona
10884:Delphi
10853:Temple
10529:Others
10480:Sappho
10465:Pindar
10440:Lucian
10435:Ibycus
10420:Hesiod
10357:Thales
10125:Rulers
10104:People
10081:Xyston
10076:Xiphos
9937:Koinon
9843:Tyrant
9833:Stasis
9823:Koinon
9623:Pontus
9598:Epirus
9567:Sparta
9557:Rhodes
9552:Megara
9547:Thebes
9492:Athens
9418:Pontus
9383:Epirus
9373:Cyprus
9358:Aeolis
8765:Stylos
8720:Armeni
8684:Petras
8674:Lakkos
8644:Kommos
8618:Zakros
8538:Topics
8491:
8477:
8459:
8436:
8428:
8410:
8391:
8374:148065
8372:
8347:
8339:
8329:
8295:
8243:
8216:
8178:
8155:
8107:
8034:
8026:
8016:
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