1447:
119:
570:, which is a benchmark for relative dating of associated artifacts such as tools and weapons. On the basis of style and technique, Evans divided his Cretan Bronze Age pottery finds into three main periods which he called Early, Middle and Late Minoan. These were sub-divided into phases and some of those into sub-phases. The Helladic and Cycladic schemes were devised later and have similar sub-divisions. Evans' system has stood the test of time remarkably well but his labels do not provide firm dates because change is never constant and some styles were retained in use much longer than others. In fact it is partly this lack of dates that has been the strength of Evans’s system; several of the dates Evans believed have certainly changed, and others remain under discussion, though within fairly narrow ranges, but the scheme just adjusts for such changes. Some pottery can be dated with reasonable precision by reference to Egyptian artifacts whose dates are more certain.
1766:, which gave the building its name. The structure dates to the Early Helladic II period (2500–2300 BC) and is sometimes interpreted as the dwelling of an elite member of the community, a proto-palace, or an administrative center. Alternatively, it has also been considered to be a communal structure or the common property of the townspeople. The exact functions of the building remain unknown due to a lack of small finds indicating the specific uses of the building. The house had a stairway leading to a second story, and was protected by a tiled roof. Debris found at the site contained thousands of terracotta tiles having fallen from the roof. Although such roofs were also found in the Early Helladic site of Akovitika, and later in the Mycenaean towns of
1209:
628:, that a broadly similar way of life was spread over mainland Greece, the Cyclades and Crete as the Neolithic (New Stone) Age was superseded by the Bronze Age before 3000 BC. Evidence increases through Bronze Age strata with social and economic development seen to develop more quickly. Unlike the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilisations, the Aegean peoples were illiterate through the third millennium and so, in the absence of useful written artifacts, any attempt at chronology must be based on the dating of material objects. Pottery was by far the most widespread in terms of everyday use and also the most resistant to destruction even when broken, as the pieces, or "
1255:
beneath the rim on Middle
Helladic pottery have been found to be inspired by Cycladic pottery motifs. Spiraliforme can also be traced back to Crete, as well as Griffon motifs. However, patterns like lozenges and pendent-style triangles on matt-painted pottery is a continuation of stylistic motifs from the Early Helladic period, and the addition of vertical fringed lines on pottery is an advancement that took place during the Middle Helladic period itself. With the majority of designs and motifs on Middle Helladic pottery being Cycladic in influence it can be assumed that the Middle Helladic culture and the Cycladic culture interacted with one another heavily.
1259:
Cist graves and shaft graves are interesting because they are two styles of burial that originate from the Middle
Helladic period itself, and it is believed that migrants who moved to Greece during this period influenced the creation of these new burial styles. Cist graves are deep and rectangular with a tumulus, or mound of earth, placed over top and came about during the beginning of the Middle Helladic period. Shaft graves are larger and deeper than cist graves (measuring on average 6 meters long, 4 meters wide, and 4 meters deep) and came about during the end of the Middle Helladic period. Additionally, infants are buried in special jars,
1190:
as apsidal houses, terracotta anchors, shaft-hole hammer-axes, ritual tumuli, and intramural burials precede the EHIII period in Greece and are in actuality attributed to indigenous developments (i.e. terracotta anchors from
Boeotia; ritual tumuli from Ayia Sophia in Neolithic Thessaly), as well as continuous contacts during the EHII–MH period between mainland Greece and various areas such as western Asia Minor, the Cyclades, Albania, and Dalmatia. Changes in climate also appear to have contributed to the significant cultural transformations that occurred in Greece between the EHII period and the EHIII period (c. 2200 BCE).
1162:
641:
807:
1794:
29:
1140:" c. 3200–2650 BC, is characterized by the presence of unslipped and burnished or red slipped and burnished pottery at Korakou and other sites (metal objects, however, were extremely rare during this period). In terms of ceramics and settlement patterns, there is considerable continuity between the EHI period and the preceding Final Neolithic period (or FN); changes in settlement location during the EHI period are attributed to alterations in economic practices.
1263:, that generally measure around 30 inches (76 cm) tall. Based on the archaeological evidence, at Middle Helladic burial ceremonies bodies are placed in graves on their sides with their knees bent (women are placed on their left sides, and men on their right), then those present at the ceremony drink from cups that they then leave at the tomb. Burial customs also included leaving valued items with the bodies like pottery, silver, or bronze.
471:
1338:
613:, Helladic, and Minoan refer to location of origin. Thus, Middle Minoan objects might be found in the Cyclades, but they are not on that account Middle Cycladic, just as an Early Helladic pot found in Crete is not Early Minoan. The scheme tends to be less applicable in areas on the periphery of the Aegean, such as the Levant or North Africa. Pottery there might imitate Aegean cultural models and yet be locally manufactured.
1540:
1271:
faction. Houses were one story tall, built in a "U" shape, and made of clay. Generally houses would feature a porch, with up to three rooms, an inner chamber that would contain a hearth, and spaces for storage and cooking. A larger, free standing house has been identified as a possible home to a chief or leader of the community, and features a separate a storage facility as well as a courtyard with a hearth.
846:
830:
814:
1739:
1711:
1243:; the theory, however, is outdated as excavations at Lerna in the 1950s revealed the development of pottery styles to have been continuous (i.e. the fine gray burnished pottery of the EHIII Tiryns culture was the direct progenitor of Minyan ware). In general, painted pottery decors are rectilinear and abstract until Middle Helladic III, when Cycladic and
1279:
engaged more frequently in heavy physical labor than women did. More often than women, men also had higher level of lesions caused by infectious diseases, meaning they had greater exposure to foreign pathogens through direct contact with outside groups and people. This makes it appear as though there is division in labor between the genders.
1478:) and Korakou. Furumark divided the LH in phases A and B, but Furumark's LHIB has been reassigned to LHIIA by Oliver Dickinson. Some recent C-14 dates from the Tsoungiza site north of Mycenae indicate LHI there was dated to between 1675/1650 and 1600/1550 BC, which is earlier than the assigned pottery dates by about 100 years. The
2519:, p. 47: "Lerna in the Argolid region was probably the most important and the wealthiest of all Early Helladic II sites. Founded in the Neoiithic period (represented by Levels I and II on the site), it was abandoned at the end of this period and was subsequently reoccupied at the beginning of Early Helldaic II (Level III)."
1490:
lustrous-painted motifs", which "include small neat types of simple linked spiral such as varieties of hook-spiral or wave-spiral (with or without small dots in the field), forms of the hatched loop and double-axe, and accessorial rows of small dots and single or double wavy lines"; also, the "ripple
1722:
During the
Helladic period, a number of major advances were developed including fortified urban settlements with monumental buildings such as corridor houses, which may prove the existence of complex societies organized by an elite or at least achieving corporate, proto-city state form. One of these
1507:
began before the end of LMIB, and sees a lessening of Cretan influences. Pure LHIIB assemblages are rare and originate from Tiryns, Asine and
Korakou. C-14 dates from Tsoungiza indicate LHII was dated to between 1600/1550 and 1435/1405 BC, the start of which is earlier than the assigned pottery date
1278:
By studying the remains at sites like Lerna it was evident that men tended to eat more protein than women, and women tended to partake more in softer, more processed foods. Stress marks were identified on the skeletons of people of both genders, but men had them to a higher degree, denoting that men
1274:
People of the Middle
Helladic period grew crops like wheat (which would be ground into flour for baking), barley, flax, peas, chickpeas, lentils, and beans in addition to watching over animals like sheep, goats, swine, oxen, horses, and dogs. Middle Helladic people would spin thread to be woven into
1250:
Pottery is the most abundant object found from the Middle
Helladic period, and it is matt-painted pottery that begins to appear during this period as a new style of ceramic works. While Minyan pottery is made on a wheel that produces sharp designs and shapes, matt-painted pottery is sculpted by hand
1189:
period c.2200–2000 BC (or EHIII); however, this is no longer maintained given the lack of uniformity in the destruction of EHII sites and the presence of EHII–EHIII/MH continuity in settlements such as
Lithares, Phlius, Manika, etc. Furthermore, the presence of "new/intrusive" cultural elements such
1152:
c.2650–2200 BC, occurred rapidly and without disruption where multiple socio-cultural innovations were developed such as metallurgy (i.e. bronze-working), a hierarchical social organization, and monumental architecture and fortifications. Changes in settlement during the EHII period were accompanied
1485:
Not found at Thera, but extant in late LHI from
Messenia, and therefore likely commencing after the eruption, is a material culture known as "Peloponnesian LHI". This is characterised by "tall funnel-like Keftiu cups of Type III"; "small closed shapes such as squat jugs decorated with hatched loops
1270:
Communities during the Middle
Helladic period, specifically Lerna, had irregular layouts with no specific pattern, and houses were tightly packed together. It is theorized that the arrangement of houses may have been based on living close to extended family or close to members of a similar group or
1254:
Matt-painted pottery, from the Middle Helladic period demonstrates many stylistic motifs that can be traced back to the Early Helladic Period and even other Aegean cultures. Patterns like oblique lines, zigzags, lozenges, running dogs, spiraliforme, and circles and triangles alternating one another
660:
The Early, Middle and Late scheme can be applied at different levels. Rather than use such cumbersome terms as Early Early, archaeologists follow Evans' convention of I, II, III for the second level, A, B, C for the third level, 1, 2, 3 for the fourth level and A, B, C for the fifth. Not all levels
1258:
There are four types of graves that are found at sites from the Middle Helladic period; pit graves, tholos graves, cist graves, and shaft graves. A pit grave is self explanatory, as it is simply a pit in the ground, while tholos styled graves are characterized as being more of a chamber like tomb.
1266:
At the Middle Helladic site Lerna, there are over 200 graves that have been excavated. While roughly a third of these graves are extramural burials (bodies are buried outside of the community), intramural burials (bodies are buried within the community) make up two thirds of the graves found
632:", survive. Given the different styles and techniques used over a long period of time, the surviving pots and shards can be classified according to age. As stratified deposits prove which of similar objects from other sites are contemporary, they can therefore be equated chronologically.
2490:, p. 107: "Taken together, the Mainland Early Helladic Corridor Houses, Anatolian Troy, the Northeast Aegean fortified villages, and perhaps also Manika, may well evidence complex societies, either organized by an elite, or at least achieving corporate, proto-city state form."
1847:. During the phase Aegina III 2400–2300 BC, which corresponds to the transition phase Lefkandi I-Kastri, the evidence of the economic structure and administrative and social organization of the community become more clear. The "White House" (
1286:. Settlements draw more closely together and tend to be sited on hilltops. Middle Helladic sites are located throughout the Peloponnese and central Greece (including sites in the interior of Aetolia such as Thermon) as far north as the
2139:, pp. 36, 43 (Endnote #22): "A corridor house is a large, two-story building consisting of two or more large rooms flanked by narrow corridors on the sides. Some of those corridors held staircases, others were used for storage."
555:. Archaeological evidence has shown that, broadly, civilisation developed concurrently across the whole region and so the three schemes complement each other chronologically. They are grouped together as "Aegean" in terms such as
2115:, p. 49: "The second half of the Early Helladic period is characterized by monumental architecture and fortifications, a hierarchical social organization, widespread metallurgy and lively contacts with other parts of the Aegean."
799:
of the Helladic period over time. Note that there are several problems with estimating the sizes of individual settlements, and the highest estimates for a given settlements, in a given period, may be several times the lowest.
118:
1603:
pottery marks a Mycenaean expansion covering most of the Eastern Mediterranean. There are many new shapes. The motifs of the painted pottery continue from LHIIIA:1 but show a great deal of standardization. In Egypt, the
1547:
LHIII and LMIII are contemporary. Toward LMIIIB, non-Helladic ware from the Aegean ceases to be homogeneous; insofar as LMIIIB differs from Helladic, it should at most be considered a "sub-Minoan" variant of LHIIIB.
1587:
as well. C-14 dates from Tsoungiza indicate LHIIIA:1 should be more nearly 1435/1406 to 1390/1370 BC, slightly earlier than the pottery phase, but by less than 50 years. LHIIIA:1 ware has also been found in
2361:
Perdicoyianni-Paléologou, Hélène (2013). Voutsaki, Sofia; Maria Valamoti, Soultana (eds.). "Diet, Economy and Society in the Ancient Greek World: Towards a Better Integration of Archaeology and Science".
1482:
also occurred during LHI (and LCI and LMIA), variously dated within the 1650–1625 BC span. Alex Knodell (2021), based on Manning (2010), dates Late Helladic I between 1700/1675 and 1635/1600 BC.
2449:
1731:, dated to the Early Helladic period II (2800–2200 BC). The settlement covered an area of 70–80 hectares, was inhabited by 6,000–15,000 people, and was one of the largest settlements of the
1275:
fabrics on a loom, and the clothes they made were both fastened and often decorated with pins. The people would also adorn themselves in necklaces and bracelets made of stone and shells.
1834:(unknown in size and population); and Kolonna (or Aegina), a densely populated settlement with impressive fortifications, monumental stone buildings and sophisticated town planning.
1224:), c. 2000–1550 BC, was a period of cultural retrogression, which first manifested in the preceding EHIII period. The MH period is characterized by the wide-scale emergence of
3142:
Shear, Ione Mylonas (January 2000). "Excavations on the Acropolis of Midea: Results of the Greek–Swedish Excavations under the Direction of Katie Demakopoulou and Paul Åström".
3027:
Musgrave, Jonathan H.; Evans, Suzanne P. (1981). "By Strangers Honor'd: A Statistical Study of Ancient Crania from Crete, Mainland Crete, Cyprus, Israel, and Egypt".
1446:
1078:, as well as using rudimentary bronze-working techniques first developed in Anatolia with which they had cultural contacts. The EH period corresponds in time to the
2035:, Table 1. Population estimates for Aegean sites in EB II, p. 57; MacSweeney dates the Early Bronze II period (or EB II) to circa 2800–2200 BC (see p. 53).
1503:
is mainly based on the material from Kourakou East Alley. Domestic and Palatial shapes are distinguished. There are strong links between LHIIA and LMIB.
577:
when most settlements were small villages which subsisted by means of agriculture, farming and hunting. The gradual development of skills such as bronze
1647:
assemblages are sparse, as painted pottery is rare in tombs and many settlements of this period ended by destruction, leaving few complete pots behind.
661:
are present at every site. If additional levels are required, another Early, Middle or Late can be appended. The Helladic chronology is subdivided as:
1508:
by about 100 years, but the end of which nearly corresponds to the pottery phase. In Egypt, both periods of LHII correspond with the beginning of its
1318:
flourished, under new influences from Minoan Crete and the Cyclades. Those who made LH pottery sometimes inscribed their work with a syllabic script,
3213:
Thinking the Bronze Age: Life and Death in Early Helladic Greece (Boreas: Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilizations 29)
1823:
1620:, which sank in the 14th century BC. Again, Tsoungiza dates are earlier, 1390/1370 to 1360/1325 BC; but LHIIIA:2 ware also exists in a burn layer of
3318:
1240:
3287:
Xirotiris, Nicholas I. (Spring–Summer 1980). "The Indo-Europeans in Greece: An Anthropological Approach to the Population of Bronze Age Greece".
3079:
2944:
Thera and the Aegean World III. Volume Three: Chronology – Proceedings of the Third International Congress, Santorini, Greece, 3–9 September 1989
1690:
yielded stratified material revealing significant regional variation in LHIIIC, especially in the later phases. Late LHIIIC pottery is found in
1330:
ware and LHIII overtakes it. LHIII is further subdivided into LHIIIA, LHIIIB, and LHIIIC. The table below provides the approximate dates of the
442:
1124:
was introduced in EHII. The infiltration of Anatolian cultural models (i.e. "Lefkandi I") was not accompanied by widespread site destruction.
597:
was then the dominant state in Greece. At the end of the Bronze Age (c. 1050 BC), Aegean culture went into a long period of decline, termed a
1758:
region, which was perhaps the most important and wealthiest of Early Helladic sites. The settlement has a monumental building known as the
1762:, a "corridor house", notable for several architectural features that were advanced for its time, such as its roof being covered by baked
3431:
3366:
499:
1870:
and perhaps a political center in the Middle Helladic period where it achieved state-level after the Minoans but before the Mycenaeans.
383:
1632:
in 1312 BC. The transition period between IIIA and IIIB begins after 1320 BC, but not long after (Cemal Pulak thinks before 1295 BC).
2896:
French, D.M. (1973). "Migrations and 'Minyan' pottery in western Anatolia and the Aegean". In Crossland, R.A.; Birchall, Ann (eds.).
782:
589:
brought about the transition from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. The Late Helladic (c. 1550 – c. 1050 BC) is sometimes called the
1639:
by Furumark was mainly based on grave finds and the settlement material from Zygouries. It has been divided into two sub-phases by
1232:; a group of monochrome burnished pottery from Middle Helladic sites was conventionally dubbed "Minyan" ware by Troy's discoverer
1650:
LHIIIB pottery is associated in the Greek mainland palaces with the Linear B archives. (Linear B had been in use in Crete since
1114:) and are marked by pottery showing influences from western Anatolia and the introduction of the fast-spinning version of the
3245:
3224:
3068:
2916:
2886:
2865:
2776:
2750:
2727:
1658:
following Mursili's eclipse; in Egypt with the 19th Dynasty, also known as the Ramessides; and in northern Mesopotamia with
1670:, whose ruins contain the last of that pottery. The Tsoungiza date for the end of LHIIIB is 1200/1190 BC. The beginning of
1808:, which covered an area of 5.9 hectares sustaining 1,180–1,770 people, and had a large tiled two-storeyed "round house" (
314:
1678:. The LHIIIC has been divided into LHIIIC:1 and LHIIIC:2 by Furumark, based on materials from tombs in Mycenae, Asine,
806:
3456:
3174:
2429:
2383:
778:
437:
417:
2686:
1822:. Other sites include Ayia Irini, which covered an area of 1 hectare and had a population of perhaps up to 1,250;
3359:
3144:
2990:
492:
1208:
3726:
3526:
379:
422:
1491:
pattern" on "Keftiu" cups. These local innovations continued into the LHIIA styles throughout the mainland.
3576:
3080:"The Early Helladic Graves of Manika: Contribution to the Socioeconomic Conditions of the Early Bronze Age"
1177:", a corridor house. The nature of the destruction of EHII sites was at first attributed to an invasion of
861:
3094:
2650:
1576:
3695:
3665:
3471:
1838:
1528:
3322:
3626:
3352:
2942:
Lolos, Y.G. (1990). "On the Late Helladic I of Akrotiri, Thera". In Hardy, D.A.; Renfrew, A.C. (eds.).
485:
457:
98:
1654:
II.) Pulak's proposed LHIIIA/B boundary would make LHIIIB contemporary in Anatolia with the resurgent
3511:
3421:
375:
345:
3211:
2664:
2004:
1987:
1973:
365:
333:
3660:
1283:
399:
350:
259:
1086:. Important EH sites are clustered on the Aegean shores of the mainland in Boeotia and Argolid (
3056:
2205:
2988:
Mellaart, James (January 1958). "The End of the Early Bronze Age in Anatolia and the Aegean".
1161:
1837:
Already before 2500–2400 BC, Kolonna experienced remarkable economic growth and had its own
3611:
3541:
1787:
1629:
1513:
432:
370:
340:
8:
3731:
3536:
3466:
3426:
3406:
1864:
1640:
1244:
1233:
1053:
560:
536:
447:
301:
177:
148:
2651:"Tiryns. Reconstructed Groundplan of the Circular Building (Rundbau). Early Helladic II"
1589:
3690:
3685:
3436:
3275:
3194:
3161:
3130:
3122:
3015:
3007:
2840:
2832:
2803:
2739:
2334:
2291:
1775:
1759:
1743:
1617:
1174:
250:
3337:
3105:
Shaw, Joseph W. (1987). "The Early Helladic II Corridor House: Development and Form".
2412:
Whittaker, Helene (2014b), "Catalogue of Middle Helladic and Early Mycenaean Tumuli",
653:
3601:
3596:
3551:
3501:
3446:
3441:
3411:
3241:
3220:
3198:
3134:
3064:
3019:
2912:
2882:
2861:
2844:
2772:
2746:
2723:
2425:
2389:
2379:
2326:
2283:
1879:
1853:; 165 square metres) constitutes the monumental community building that succeeds the
1695:
1342:
1115:
1067:
524:
355:
308:
107:
39:
3255:
1531:. Alex Knodell considers Late Helladic II to be between 1635/1600 and 1420/1410 BC.
640:
3675:
3670:
3616:
3581:
3546:
3531:
3481:
3461:
3451:
3416:
3401:
3267:
3186:
3153:
3114:
2999:
2974:
2964:
2927:
2824:
2795:
2786:
Caskey, John L. (July–September 1960). "The Early Helladic Period in the Argolid".
2417:
2371:
2318:
2275:
1899:
1315:
1305:
1287:
1228:, which may be directly related to the people whom ancient Greek historians called
1137:
590:
574:
548:
452:
282:
241:
193:
161:
128:
75:
2719:
The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century A.D.
1555:
pottery was defined by the material from the Ramp house at Mycenae, the palace at
1294:
and Lerna V are the only Middle Helladic sites to have been thoroughly excavated.
1173:
The Early Helladic II period came to an end at Lerna with the destruction of the "
1148:
The transition from Early Helladic I to the Early Helladic II period (or EHII) or
3606:
3521:
3506:
3491:
3235:
3052:
3041:
2906:
2876:
2853:
2717:
2421:
1889:
1827:
1556:
1166:
1149:
1095:
900:
598:
544:
389:
360:
275:
223:
85:
3516:
3202:
3680:
3650:
3621:
3556:
2764:
1860:
1724:
1479:
1451:
1334:
phases (LH) on the Greek mainland, based on Knodell (2021) and Manning (2010):
1323:
1247:
influences inspired a variety of curvilinear and even representational motifs.
1186:
1087:
1008:
972:
852:
820:
788:
320:
232:
216:
57:
3190:
1070:
is generally characterized by the Neolithic agricultural population importing
869:
showing major sites that were occupied in the Helladic period (clickable map).
3720:
3655:
3591:
3586:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3486:
2393:
2330:
2287:
2005:"The Bronze Age on the Greek Mainland: Early Bronze Age – Early Helladic III"
1793:
1771:
1682:, and Rhodes. In the 1960s, the excavations of the citadel at Mycenae and of
1609:
1509:
1487:
1331:
586:
475:
1988:"The Bronze Age on the Greek Mainland: Early Bronze Age – Early Helladic II"
543:, the cultural and geographical scope of Helladic chronology is confined to
3385:
1974:"The Bronze Age on the Greek Mainland: Early Bronze Age – Early Helladic I"
1524:
1463:
582:
528:
288:
2953:"Social Complexity and Population: A Study in the Early Bronze Age Aegean"
2375:
3476:
1859:, which had the same function. Kolonna may constitute the Aegean's first
1651:
1327:
1326:. LH is divided into LHI, LHII, and LHIII; of which LHI and LHII overlap
1225:
1203:
1079:
1057:
621:
520:
516:
394:
28:
2206:"The Bronze Age on the Greek Mainland: Middle Bronze Age – Introduction"
1818:. It may have served as a palace or temple or perhaps it was a communal
539:
within a historical framework. Whereas Minoan chronology is specific to
3636:
3393:
3375:
3309:
2854:"Changing Social Relations in the Mediterranean Copper and Bronze Ages"
2760:
2295:
1904:
1894:
1732:
1699:
1679:
1625:
1616:; it also has the barest beginnings of LHIIIB. LHIIIA:2 ware is in the
1520:
578:
556:
552:
532:
135:
3279:
3165:
3126:
3063:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–46.
3011:
2979:
2836:
2807:
2338:
1613:
1239:
Gray Minyan ware was first identified as the pottery introduced by a
427:
2309:
Buck, Robert J. (July 1964). "Middle Helladic Mattpainted Pottery".
2279:
1863:
as it appears to be the earliest ranked society in the area outside
1559:(now dated to LHIIIA:2 or LHIIIB by most researchers) and Triada at
1153:
with alterations in agricultural practices (i.e. oxen-driven plow).
3707:
3496:
3271:
3157:
3118:
3003:
2828:
2799:
2322:
1884:
1831:
1783:
1683:
1655:
1593:
1568:
1471:
1319:
1291:
1111:
792:
610:
3258:(January–March 1990). "Archaic Roof Tiles the First Generations".
2507:, p. 57 (Table 1. Population estimates for Aegean sites in EB II).
2451:
Societies in Transition in Early Greece: An Archaeological History
1337:
3175:"An Essay on the 'Emergence of Civilization' in the Aegean World"
2687:"The Bronze Age on the Greek Mainland: Early Bronze Age – Aegina"
1826:
covering 8 hectares with an estimated population of 1,600–2,400;
1819:
1815:
1755:
1715:
1675:
1663:
1659:
1621:
1584:
1572:
1539:
1517:
1475:
1229:
1199:
1120:
645:
625:
594:
567:
65:
2969:
2952:
2928:"Aegean Dendrochronology Project December 1996 Progress Report"
2905:
Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2012) .
1805:
1797:
1728:
1687:
1667:
1643:, based on the finds from Mycenae and the West wall at Tiryns.
1605:
1580:
1564:
1560:
1178:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1075:
1071:
1027:
866:
836:
649:
61:
1718:, citadel ruins from the Late Helladic period 14th century BC.
547:
during the same timespan (c. 3200 – c. 1050 BC). Similarly, a
3344:
2665:"An Analysis of the Late Bronze Age Site of Ayia Irini, Keos"
1867:
1751:
1467:
1091:
1083:
953:
629:
540:
2860:. Oxford and Malden: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 77–101.
1763:
1691:
796:
2904:
2638:
1666:. The end of LHIIIB is associated with the destruction of
566:
The systems derive primarily from changes in the style of
2815:
Caskey, John L. (1968). "Lerna in the Early Bronze Age".
2454:. Oakland: University of California Press. Table 1, p. 7.
2080:, "The transition to the Early Bronze Age", pp. 238–240;
1767:
1738:
1710:
1674:, therefore, is now commonly set into the reign of Queen
2360:
1702:
settlements of Ashdod, Ashkelon, Ekron, Gath, and Gaza.
1830:
covering 20 hectares with a population of 4,000–6,000;
3340:. Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. 1999–2000.
2689:. Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. 1999–2000.
2208:. Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. 1999–2000.
2007:. Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. 1999–2000.
1990:. Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. 1999–2000.
1976:. Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. 1999–2000.
1800:, ruins from the Late Helladic period 14th century BC.
1282:
The Middle Helladic period corresponds in time to the
3029:
Journal of Mediterranean Anthropology and Archaeology
772:
601:
by some historians, as a result of invasion and war.
3173:van Andels, Tjeerd H.; Runnels, Curtis N. (1988).
2738:
2266:Buck, R. J. (1966). "The Middle Helladic Period".
3172:
2911:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2077:
573:Helladic society and culture have antecedents in
16:Dating system used in archaeology and art history
3718:
3321:. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College. Archived from
3237:Religion and Society in Middle Bronze Age Greece
3061:The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age
2416:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 211–256,
2414:Religion and Society in Middle Bronze Age Greece
1608:site contains LHIIIA:1 ware during the reign of
1563:. There is material from Asine, Athens (wells),
2500:
2498:
2496:
2900:. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Press. pp. 51–57.
1470:and the settlements of Voroulia and Nichoria (
3360:
3026:
2681:
2679:
2677:
1156:
624:has found evidence, primarily in the form of
493:
3308:Horejs, Barbara; Pavúk, Peter, eds. (2007).
3240:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
2856:. In Blake, Emma; Knapp, A. Bernard (eds.).
2771:(Fourth ed.). London: MacMillan Press.
2554:
2552:
2539:
2537:
2493:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1814:) with a diameter of 28 m on the upper
1809:
1624:which likely occurred early in the reign of
1534:
3307:
3219:. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.
2946:. London: Thera Foundation. pp. 51–56.
2858:The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory
1999:
1997:
1267:including towns being built around a cist.
1143:
3367:
3353:
3233:
2950:
2759:
2674:
2504:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2411:
2112:
2032:
1960:
1948:
1494:
551:system is used for artifacts found in the
500:
486:
27:
3286:
2978:
2968:
2881:. Partille, Sweden: Paul Aströms Förlag.
2549:
2534:
2092:
2090:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2011:
1612:and LHIIIA:2 ware during that of his son
1127:
783:List of largest cities throughout history
652:, Late Helladic III C1, c. 1200–1100 BC (
3254:
3039:
2987:
2957:Papers from the Institute of Archaeology
2925:
2715:
2639:Hornblower, Spawforth & Eidinow 2012
2622:
2570:
2558:
2543:
2487:
2475:
2218:
1994:
1792:
1778:in the 7th century BC. The walls of the
1742:Remains of stairway in the proto-palace
1737:
1709:
1705:
1538:
1445:
1441:
1336:
1207:
1160:
639:
3209:
3077:
2851:
2699:
2662:
2634:
2437:
2061:
2049:
1543:Ivory head, Late Helladic 1250–1180 BC.
1193:
787:These are the estimated populations of
3719:
3338:"The Bronze Age on the Greek Mainland"
3319:"Prehistoric Archeology of the Aegean"
3050:
3043:A Study of Early Helladic Architecture
2937:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University: 1–7.
2895:
2874:
2814:
2785:
2586:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2198:
2192:
2180:
2176:
2164:
2160:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2108:
2096:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2038:
1944:
1047:
3348:
3310:"The Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory Project"
3141:
2941:
2736:
2610:
2516:
2463:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1486:('rackets') or simplified spirals"; "
1299:
3104:
2598:
2574:
2528:
2522:
2308:
2265:
1804:Other fortified settlements include
1212:Matt-painted Middle Helladic pottery
1136:period (or EHI), also known as the "
515:is a relative dating system used in
3312:. The Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory Team.
2898:Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean
2878:The Twilight of the Early Helladics
2722:Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.
13:
3316:
3301:
2400:
2345:
2244:
1954:
1921:
1698:. It was also made locally in the
1628:and therefore some years prior to
773:Settlements of the Helladic period
559:and, rather more controversially,
14:
3743:
3330:
1181:and/or Indo-Europeans during the
1118:. The large "longhouse" called a
3289:Journal of Indo-European Studies
3053:"The Early Bronze Age in Greece"
3040:Overbeck, John Clarence (1963).
2741:The Trojans and their Neighbours
1841:"Corridor House", the so-called
1345:, Late Helladic 16th century BC.
1314:period (or LH) is the time when
1169:Early Helladic III 2150–2000 BC.
844:
828:
812:
805:
779:Historical urban community sizes
635:
469:
117:
3145:American Journal of Archaeology
3107:American Journal of Archaeology
2991:American Journal of Archaeology
2908:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
2817:American Journal of Archaeology
2693:
2656:
2644:
2628:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2580:
2564:
2510:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2370:(1). Leuven: Peeters: 151–157.
2302:
2224:
2212:
2186:
2170:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2102:
1322:, which has been deciphered as
3527:Liaoning bronze dagger culture
3374:
2067:
2055:
1980:
1966:
1551:The uniform and widely spread
1462:is known from the fill of the
845:
829:
813:
1:
2078:van Andels & Runnels 1988
1910:
1774:, they only became common in
1102:) or coastal islands such as
616:
198:
182:
166:
3577:South-Western Iberian Bronze
3078:Sampson, Adamantios (1987).
2935:Cornell Tree-Ring Laboratory
2926:Kuniholm, Peter Ian (1998).
2422:10.1017/cbo9781107279261.007
1915:
1575:', rubbish sealed under the
1454:, Mycenaean armour, 1400 BC.
1251:and has dull paint applied.
604:
7:
3234:Whittaker, Helène (2014a).
3046:. University of Cincinnati.
2951:MacSweeney, Naoise (2004).
2745:. New York, NY: Routledge.
1873:
1241:Middle Bronze Age migration
1165:Remains of a building from
10:
3748:
3627:Wilburton-Wallington Phase
2875:Forsén, Jeannette (1992).
2708:
2663:Weisman, Stefanie (2008).
1303:
1197:
1157:Early Helladic III (EHIII)
1051:
776:
531:for the categorisation of
3704:
3635:
3512:Indus Valley Civilisation
3422:Armorican Tumulus culture
3392:
3382:
3191:10.1017/S0003598X00073968
2670:. Institute of Fine Arts.
1855:
1843:
1694:VIIa and a few pieces in
1535:Late Helladic III (LHIII)
1527:(r. 1479–1425 BC) of the
289:Frankish and Latin states
81:
71:
53:
45:
35:
26:
2852:Chapman, Robert (2005).
1144:Early Helladic II (EHII)
366:Second Hellenic Republic
3472:Deverel–Rimbury culture
3210:Weiberg, Erika (2007).
3093:: 19–28. Archived from
3057:Shelmerdine, Cynthia W.
3051:Pullen, Daniel (2008).
2716:Bintliff, John (2012).
1750:Another settlement was
1512:"Imperial" period, the
1499:The description of the
1495:Late Helladic II (LHII)
1284:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
400:Third Hellenic Republic
380:Collaborationist regime
351:First Hellenic Republic
315:Venetian Ionian Islands
49:c. 3200 BC – c. 1050 BC
2737:Bryce, Trevor (2006).
2448:Knodell, Alex (2021).
1961:Bury & Meiggs 1975
1949:Bury & Meiggs 1975
1849:
1810:
1801:
1782:were constructed with
1747:
1719:
1635:The definition of the
1544:
1455:
1346:
1213:
1170:
1128:Early Helladic I (EHI)
875:Table 1: 3700–2600 BC
657:
527:scheme devised by Sir
3727:Helladic civilization
2376:10.3138/mous.15.1.151
1796:
1741:
1713:
1706:Fortified settlements
1542:
1474:), Ayios Stephanos, (
1449:
1442:Late Helladic I (LHI)
1340:
1304:Further information:
1211:
1198:Further information:
1164:
1052:Further information:
643:
523:. It complements the
3542:Mumun pottery period
2641:, "Tiryns", p. 1486.
1514:New Kingdom of Egypt
1194:Middle Helladic (MH)
862:class=notpageimage|
715:Middle Helladic III
585:and construction of
371:4th of August Regime
341:Septinsular Republic
3537:Minoan civilization
3467:Deer stones culture
3427:Atlantic Bronze Age
3407:Aegean civilization
3205:on 14 October 2013.
2769:A History of Greece
2613:, pp. 133–134.
2241:, pp. 285–303.
2183:, pp. 253–257.
2167:, pp. 251–253.
2151:, pp. 285–303.
1662:'s ascendancy over
1641:Elizabeth B. French
1579:of the Treasury of
1234:Heinrich Schliemann
1054:Aegean civilization
1048:Early Helladic (EH)
876:
763:Late Helladic IIIC
755:Late Helladic IIIB
747:Late Helladic IIIA
707:Middle Helladic II
691:Early Helladic III
561:Aegean civilization
549:Cycladic chronology
537:Minoan civilization
535:artefacts from the
513:Helladic chronology
346:War of Independence
302:Early modern Greece
156:Helladic chronology
23:
3686:Leyla-Tepe culture
3643:and Transcaucasia)
3457:Chinese Bronze Age
3437:Bronze Age Britain
3325:on 1 January 2009.
3317:Rutter, Jeremy B.
2237:, pp. 51–57;
2111:, pp. 24–26;
1856:"Haus am Felsrand"
1844:"Haus am Felsrand"
1802:
1780:House of the Tiles
1776:Greek architecture
1760:House of the Tiles
1748:
1744:House of the Tiles
1720:
1618:Uluburun shipwreck
1545:
1529:Eighteenth Dynasty
1456:
1347:
1300:Late Helladic (LH)
1290:valley. Malthi in
1214:
1183:Early Helladic III
1175:House of the Tiles
1171:
1066:period (or EH) of
874:
699:Middle Helladic I
683:Early Helladic II
658:
644:Stirrup vase with
251:Hellenistic Greece
21:
3714:
3713:
3597:Terramare culture
3552:Nordic Bronze Age
3502:Hallstatt culture
3447:Canegrate culture
3442:Bronze Age Europe
3412:Andronovo culture
3247:978-1-10-704987-1
3226:978-91-554-6782-1
3070:978-0-521-81444-7
2918:978-0-19-954556-8
2888:978-91-7081-031-2
2867:978-1-40-513724-9
2778:978-0-333-15492-2
2752:978-0-41-534955-0
2729:978-1-40-515419-2
2531:, pp. 59–79.
2466:, pp. 51–56.
2127:, pp. 27–28.
2099:, pp. 21–22.
1880:History of Greece
1630:Mursili's eclipse
1439:
1438:
1355:Approximate date
1343:Mask of Agamemnon
1068:Bronze Age Greece
1045:
1044:
770:
769:
739:Late Helladic II
731:Late Helladic IB
723:Late Helladic IA
675:Early Helladic I
670:Approximate date
525:Minoan chronology
510:
509:
476:Greece portal
356:Kingdom of Greece
264:
255:
246:
237:
228:
205:
189:
173:
91:
90:
3739:
3644:
3617:Urnfield culture
3582:Srubnaya culture
3547:Mycenaean Greece
3532:Lusatian culture
3482:Ewart Park Phase
3462:Cycladic culture
3452:Catacomb culture
3417:Apennine culture
3402:Abashevo culture
3369:
3362:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3326:
3313:
3296:
3283:
3251:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3201:. Archived from
3185:(235): 234–247.
3169:
3138:
3101:
3100:on 4 March 2016.
3099:
3084:
3074:
3047:
3036:
3023:
2984:
2982:
2972:
2947:
2938:
2932:
2922:
2901:
2892:
2871:
2848:
2811:
2782:
2756:
2744:
2733:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2547:
2541:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2446:
2435:
2434:
2409:
2398:
2397:
2358:
2343:
2342:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2263:
2242:
2228:
2222:
2221:, pp. 9–33.
2216:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2174:
2168:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2085:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2036:
2030:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1900:Eutresis culture
1858:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1813:
1784:sun-dried bricks
1723:settlements was
1571:and the 'Atreus
1432:Proto-Geometric
1416:LHIIIC (Middle)
1349:
1348:
1316:Mycenaean Greece
1306:Mycenaean Greece
1288:Spercheios River
1138:Eutresis culture
1134:Early Helladic I
880:City/settlement
877:
873:
848:
847:
832:
831:
816:
815:
809:
664:
663:
609:The three terms
575:Neolithic Greece
502:
495:
488:
474:
473:
472:
412:History by topic
283:Byzantine Greece
262:
253:
244:
242:Classical Greece
235:
227:(1100 BC–750 BC)
226:
203:
202: 1750–1050
200:
196:
187:
186: 3100–1100
184:
180:
171:
170: 3100–1000
168:
164:
149:Greek Bronze Age
129:Neolithic Greece
121:
111:
93:
92:
76:Neolithic Greece
31:
24:
20:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3700:
3696:Khojaly–Gadabay
3666:Shulaveri-Shomu
3642:
3641:(North Caucasus
3640:
3639:
3631:
3612:Únětice culture
3607:Tumulus culture
3522:Karasuk culture
3507:Helladic period
3497:Argaric culture
3492:Glazkov culture
3388:
3378:
3373:
3336:
3333:
3304:
3302:Further reading
3299:
3295:(1–2): 201–210.
3256:Wikander, Örjan
3248:
3227:
3216:
3097:
3082:
3071:
2930:
2919:
2889:
2868:
2779:
2765:Meiggs, Russell
2753:
2730:
2711:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2675:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2505:MacSweeney 2004
2503:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2478:, pp. 3–4.
2474:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2447:
2438:
2432:
2410:
2401:
2386:
2359:
2346:
2307:
2303:
2280:10.2307/1086478
2264:
2245:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2175:
2171:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2113:Whittaker 2014a
2107:
2103:
2095:
2088:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2039:
2033:MacSweeney 2004
2031:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1890:Mycenaean Greek
1876:
1746:, 2500–2300 BC.
1708:
1537:
1497:
1444:
1408:LHIIIC (Early)
1308:
1302:
1218:Middle Helladic
1216:In Greece, the
1206:
1196:
1167:Olympia, Greece
1159:
1150:Korakou culture
1146:
1130:
1060:
1050:
901:Agios Dimitrios
872:
871:
870:
864:
858:
857:
856:
855:
849:
841:
840:
839:
833:
825:
824:
823:
817:
785:
775:
638:
619:
607:
545:mainland Greece
506:
470:
468:
463:
462:
413:
405:
404:
376:Axis occupation
361:National Schism
336:
326:
325:
317:
311:
304:
294:
293:
285:
278:
276:Medieval Greece
268:
267:
263:(146 BC–330 AD)
256:
247:
245:(500 BC–323 BC)
238:
236:(800 BC–480 BC)
229:
224:Greek Dark Ages
219:
209:
208:
201:
190:
185:
174:
169:
158:
151:
141:
140:
131:
109:
102:
86:Greek Dark Ages
22:Helladic period
17:
12:
11:
5:
3745:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3712:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3681:Maykop culture
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3622:Wessex culture
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3557:Okunev culture
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3331:External links
3329:
3328:
3327:
3314:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3284:
3272:10.2307/148143
3266:(1): 285–290.
3252:
3246:
3231:
3225:
3207:
3170:
3158:10.2307/506802
3152:(1): 133–134.
3139:
3119:10.2307/505457
3102:
3075:
3069:
3048:
3037:
3024:
3004:10.2307/500459
2985:
2948:
2939:
2923:
2917:
2902:
2893:
2887:
2872:
2866:
2849:
2829:10.2307/503823
2823:(4): 313–316.
2812:
2800:10.2307/147199
2794:(3): 285–303.
2783:
2777:
2757:
2751:
2734:
2728:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2692:
2673:
2655:
2643:
2637:, p. 92;
2627:
2625:, p. 285.
2615:
2603:
2591:
2589:, p. 314.
2579:
2563:
2548:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2436:
2430:
2399:
2384:
2344:
2323:10.2307/147085
2317:(3): 231–313.
2301:
2274:(3): 193–209.
2243:
2233:, p. 40;
2223:
2211:
2197:
2185:
2179:, p. 36;
2169:
2163:, p. 36;
2153:
2141:
2129:
2117:
2101:
2086:
2076:, p. 20;
2066:
2054:
2037:
2010:
1993:
1979:
1965:
1953:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1875:
1872:
1839:administrative
1707:
1704:
1536:
1533:
1496:
1493:
1480:Thera eruption
1452:Dendra panoply
1443:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:LHIIIC (Late)
1421:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1301:
1298:
1195:
1192:
1187:Tiryns culture
1158:
1155:
1145:
1142:
1129:
1126:
1116:potter's wheel
1106:(Kolonna) and
1064:Early Helladic
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
996:
994:
992:
988:
987:
984:
981:
979:
977:
975:
969:
968:
965:
962:
960:
958:
956:
950:
949:
946:
943:
941:
939:
937:
933:
932:
929:
926:
924:
922:
920:
916:
915:
912:
909:
907:
905:
903:
897:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
860:
859:
851:
850:
843:
842:
835:
834:
827:
826:
819:
818:
811:
810:
804:
803:
802:
774:
771:
768:
767:
764:
760:
759:
756:
752:
751:
748:
744:
743:
740:
736:
735:
732:
728:
727:
724:
720:
719:
716:
712:
711:
708:
704:
703:
700:
696:
695:
692:
688:
687:
684:
680:
679:
676:
672:
671:
668:
637:
634:
618:
615:
606:
603:
587:fortifications
553:Aegean islands
508:
507:
505:
504:
497:
490:
482:
479:
478:
465:
464:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
397:
395:Military Junta
392:
387:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
337:
332:
331:
328:
327:
324:
323:
321:Ottoman Greece
318:
312:
309:Venetian Crete
305:
300:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
286:
279:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
257:
254:(323 BC–31 BC)
248:
239:
233:Archaic Greece
230:
220:
217:Ancient Greece
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
191:
175:
159:
152:
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
132:
127:
126:
123:
122:
114:
113:
104:
103:
96:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3744:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3587:Tagar culture
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:Samus culture
3570:
3568:
3567:Penard Period
3565:
3563:
3562:Ordos culture
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:Ezero culture
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3215:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2702:, p. 93.
2701:
2696:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2624:
2623:Wikander 1990
2619:
2612:
2607:
2601:, p. 72.
2600:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2577:, p. 59.
2576:
2573:, p. 5;
2572:
2571:Overbeck 1963
2567:
2560:
2559:Overbeck 1963
2555:
2553:
2545:
2544:Overbeck 1963
2540:
2538:
2530:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2489:
2488:Bintliff 2012
2484:
2477:
2476:Kuniholm 1998
2472:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2433:
2431:9781107279261
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2385:9789042927247
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2220:
2219:Mellaart 1958
2215:
2207:
2201:
2195:, p. 36.
2194:
2189:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2084:, p. 53.
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2052:, p. 19.
2051:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1989:
1983:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1851:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1727:, located in
1726:
1717:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:Amenhotep III
1607:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:(Menelaion),
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1489:
1488:dark-on-light
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:1100–1040 BC
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:1170–1100 BC
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:1210–1160 BC
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:1330–1200 BC
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:1390–1315 BC
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:1420–1370 BC
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:1480–1410 BC
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:1635–1470 BC
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:1700–1600 BC
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1332:Late Helladic
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:Late Helladic
1307:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1163:
1154:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
997:
995:
993:
990:
989:
986:6,000–15,000
985:
983:6,000–15,000
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
971:
970:
966:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
952:
951:
947:
944:
942:
940:
938:
935:
934:
930:
927:
925:
923:
921:
918:
917:
913:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
899:
898:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
878:
868:
863:
854:
838:
822:
808:
801:
798:
794:
790:
784:
780:
766:1200–1050 BC
765:
762:
761:
758:1300–1200 BC
757:
754:
753:
750:1400–1300 BC
749:
746:
745:
742:1450–1400 BC
741:
738:
737:
734:1500–1450 BC
733:
730:
729:
726:1550–1500 BC
725:
722:
721:
718:1700–1550 BC
717:
714:
713:
710:1900–1700 BC
709:
706:
705:
702:2000–1900 BC
701:
698:
697:
694:2200–2000 BC
693:
690:
689:
686:2650–2200 BC
685:
682:
681:
678:3200–2650 BC
677:
674:
673:
669:
666:
665:
662:
655:
651:
647:
642:
636:Periodisation
633:
631:
627:
623:
614:
612:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
581:, monumental
580:
576:
571:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
503:
498:
496:
491:
489:
484:
483:
481:
480:
477:
467:
466:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
409:
408:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
385:
381:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:Modern Greece
330:
329:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
306:
303:
298:
297:
290:
287:
284:
281:
280:
277:
272:
271:
261:
258:
252:
249:
243:
240:
234:
231:
225:
222:
221:
218:
213:
212:
195:
192:
179:
176:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
145:
144:
137:
134:
133:
130:
125:
124:
120:
116:
115:
112:
106:
105:
100:
95:
94:
87:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
3386:Chalcolithic
3323:the original
3292:
3288:
3263:
3259:
3236:
3212:
3203:the original
3182:
3178:
3149:
3143:
3113:(1): 59–79.
3110:
3106:
3095:the original
3090:
3086:
3060:
3042:
3032:
3028:
2995:
2989:
2960:
2956:
2943:
2934:
2907:
2897:
2877:
2857:
2820:
2816:
2791:
2787:
2768:
2740:
2718:
2700:Chapman 2005
2695:
2658:
2646:
2635:Chapman 2005
2630:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2566:
2561:, p. 6.
2546:, p. 5.
2524:
2512:
2483:
2471:
2459:
2450:
2413:
2367:
2363:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2271:
2267:
2226:
2214:
2200:
2188:
2172:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2104:
2069:
2062:Weiberg 2007
2057:
2050:Sampson 1987
1982:
1968:
1963:, p. 5.
1956:
1951:, p. 6.
1850:Weisses Haus
1836:
1803:
1779:
1749:
1721:
1671:
1649:
1644:
1636:
1634:
1600:
1598:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1525:Thutmose III
1504:
1500:
1498:
1484:
1464:Shaft Graves
1459:
1457:
1435:1070–900 BC
1311:
1309:
1296:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1238:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1182:
1172:
1147:
1133:
1131:
1119:
1094:, Pefkakia,
1063:
1061:
1041:1,180–1,770
1038:1,180–1,770
1022:4,000–6,000
1019:4,000–6,000
948:1,600–2,400
945:1,600–2,400
786:
659:
620:
608:
593:Age because
583:architecture
572:
565:
529:Arthur Evans
512:
511:
438:Constitution
260:Roman Greece
155:
18:
3661:Kura–Araxes
3592:Tarim Basin
3477:Elp culture
2998:(1): 9–33.
2970:10.5334/256
2761:Bury, J. B.
2587:Caskey 1968
2239:Caskey 1960
2235:French 1973
2231:Pullen 2008
2193:Pullen 2008
2181:Forsén 1992
2177:Pullen 2008
2165:Forsén 1992
2161:Pullen 2008
2149:Caskey 1960
2137:Pullen 2008
2125:Pullen 2008
2109:Pullen 2008
2097:Pullen 2008
2082:French 1973
2074:Pullen 2008
1735:in Greece.
1652:Late Minoan
1590:Maşat Höyük
1460:LHI pottery
1328:Late Minoan
1226:Minyan ware
1220:period (or
1204:Minyan ware
1080:Old Kingdom
1058:Proto-Greek
622:Archaeology
521:art history
517:archaeology
418:Agriculture
384:Free Greece
108:History of
82:Followed by
72:Preceded by
54:Major sites
3732:Chronology
3721:Categories
3691:Jar-Burial
3637:Bronze Age
3517:Late Jomon
3394:Bronze Age
3376:Bronze Age
2980:2381/27925
2611:Shear 2000
2517:Bryce 2006
2464:Lolos 1990
1911:References
1905:Bronze Age
1895:Pelasgians
1733:Bronze Age
1700:Philistine
1680:Kephalonia
1626:Mursili II
1596:Anatolia.
1521:Hatshepsut
919:Askitario
777:See also:
617:Background
579:metallurgy
557:Aegean art
533:Bronze Age
136:Pelasgians
40:Bronze Age
3602:Trzciniec
3199:163438965
3179:Antiquity
3135:191391828
3035:: 50–107.
3020:193089026
2963:: 52–65.
2845:192941761
2599:Shaw 1987
2575:Shaw 1987
2529:Shaw 1987
2394:1496-9343
2331:0018-098X
2288:0031-8299
1916:Citations
1786:on stone
1714:Model of
1614:Akhenaten
936:Eutresis
605:Etymology
591:Mycenaean
448:Ethnonyms
390:Civil War
3708:Iron Age
3676:Trialeti
3671:Colchian
3260:Hesperia
2788:Hesperia
2767:(1975).
2364:Mouseion
2311:Hesperia
1885:Linear B
1874:See also
1832:Lefkandi
1824:Eutresis
1684:Lefkandi
1656:Hittites
1645:LHIIIB:2
1601:LHIIIA:2
1569:Nichoria
1553:LHIIIA:1
1518:pharaohs
1472:Messenia
1392:LHIIIA2
1384:LHIIIA1
1320:Linear B
1292:Messenia
1112:Lefkandi
1003:600–900
1000:600–900
991:Raphina
967:200–700
964:200–700
914:120–180
911:120–180
895:2600 BC
892:2800 BC
889:3100 BC
886:3400 BC
883:3700 BC
793:villages
611:Cycladic
599:Dark Age
458:Military
453:Language
423:Alphabet
194:Mycenean
162:Cycladic
99:a series
97:Part of
3087:Aegaeum
3059:(ed.).
2709:Sources
2296:1086478
2268:Phoenix
1820:granary
1816:citadel
1811:Rundbau
1756:Argolid
1754:in the
1716:Mycenae
1676:Twosret
1664:Mitanni
1660:Assyria
1622:Miletus
1594:Hittite
1585:Mycenae
1573:Bothros
1516:, from
1476:Laconia
1400:LHIIIB
1352:Period
1230:Minyans
1200:Minyans
1121:megaron
931:90–135
928:90–135
865:Map of
789:hamlets
667:Period
648:decor,
646:octopus
626:pottery
595:Mycenae
568:pottery
443:Economy
66:Mycenae
3651:Kurgan
3280:148143
3278:
3244:
3223:
3197:
3166:506802
3164:
3133:
3127:505457
3125:
3067:
3018:
3012:500459
3010:
2915:
2885:
2864:
2843:
2837:503823
2835:
2808:147199
2806:
2775:
2749:
2726:
2428:
2392:
2382:
2339:147085
2337:
2329:
2294:
2286:
1865:Minoan
1828:Thebes
1806:Tiryns
1798:Tiryns
1788:socles
1729:Euboea
1725:Manika
1696:Tarsus
1688:Euboea
1672:LHIIIC
1668:Ugarit
1637:LHIIIB
1606:Amarna
1581:Atreus
1577:Dromos
1565:Sparta
1561:Rhodes
1557:Thebes
1510:Theban
1376:LHIIB
1368:LHIIA
1261:pithoi
1245:Minoan
1179:Greeks
1108:Euboea
1104:Aegina
1100:Tiryns
1096:Thebes
1088:Manika
1076:copper
1072:bronze
1028:Tiryns
1009:Thebes
973:Manika
867:Greece
853:Manika
837:Tiryns
821:Thebes
795:, and
654:Louvre
650:Rhodes
630:sherds
433:Church
178:Minoan
110:Greece
101:on the
62:Tiryns
58:Thebes
36:Period
3656:Koban
3276:JSTOR
3217:(PDF)
3195:S2CID
3162:JSTOR
3131:S2CID
3123:JSTOR
3098:(PDF)
3083:(PDF)
3055:. In
3016:S2CID
3008:JSTOR
2931:(PDF)
2841:S2CID
2833:JSTOR
2804:JSTOR
2668:(PDF)
2335:JSTOR
2292:JSTOR
1868:Crete
1861:state
1772:Midea
1764:tiles
1752:Lerna
1505:LHIIB
1501:LHIIA
1468:Lerna
1341:Gold
1324:Greek
1092:Lerna
1084:Egypt
954:Lerna
797:towns
541:Crete
46:Dates
3432:BMAC
3242:ISBN
3221:ISBN
3065:ISBN
2913:ISBN
2883:ISBN
2862:ISBN
2773:ISBN
2747:ISBN
2724:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2390:ISSN
2380:ISBN
2327:ISSN
2284:ISSN
1770:and
1692:Troy
1599:The
1458:The
1450:The
1360:LHI
1310:The
1202:and
1132:The
1074:and
1062:The
1056:and
781:and
519:and
3268:doi
3187:doi
3154:doi
3150:104
3115:doi
3000:doi
2975:hdl
2965:doi
2825:doi
2796:doi
2418:doi
2372:doi
2319:doi
2276:doi
1768:Gla
1686:in
1592:in
1583:at
1523:to
1466:of
1185:or
1082:in
428:Art
204:BC)
188:BC)
172:BC)
3723::
3706:↓
3384:↑
3291:.
3274:.
3264:59
3262:.
3193:.
3183:62
3181:.
3177:.
3160:.
3148:.
3129:.
3121:.
3111:91
3109:.
3089:.
3085:.
3031:.
3014:.
3006:.
2996:62
2994:.
2973:.
2961:15
2959:.
2955:.
2933:.
2839:.
2831:.
2821:72
2819:.
2802:.
2792:29
2790:.
2763:;
2676:^
2551:^
2536:^
2495:^
2439:^
2424:,
2402:^
2388:.
2378:.
2368:15
2366:.
2347:^
2333:.
2325:.
2315:33
2313:.
2290:.
2282:.
2272:20
2270:.
2246:^
2089:^
2040:^
2013:^
1996:^
1923:^
1790:.
1236:.
1222:MH
1098:,
1090:,
791:,
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563:.
382:,
199:c.
183:c.
167:c.
64:,
60:,
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3361:t
3354:v
3293:8
3282:.
3270::
3250:.
3229:.
3189::
3168:.
3156::
3137:.
3117::
3091:1
3073:.
3033:1
3022:.
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2983:.
2977::
2967::
2921:.
2891:.
2870:.
2847:.
2827::
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2798::
2781:.
2755:.
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2341:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
