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171:
1351:, to Cretan waters in February 1897. The squadron's senior admirals formed an "Admirals Council" which temporarily governed the island. The International Squadron bombarded Cretan insurgents, placed sailors and marines ashore, and instituted a blockade of Crete and key ports in Greece, bringing organized combat on the island to an end by late March 1897. Soldiers from the armies of five of the powers (Germany refused to participate) then occupied key cities in Crete during late March and April 1897. Eventually, the Admirals Council decided to establish an autonomous state within the Ottoman Empire on Crete. After a violent riot by Cretan Turks on 6 September 1898 (25 August according to the
30:
1770:, 12 of whom joined the rebels. On 4 July 1947, DSE struck a former German motor depot at Chrysopigi on the outskirts of Chania. DSE abducted the depot's guards, looted the warehouse and set it aflame; resulting in a big explosion that led to the mobilization of government troops across the island. Following the destruction of the DSE units in the east, Cretan DSE numbered around 300 fighters. Crop failure during 1947 had created food shortages in Crete which were much more severe among the rebels who lacked access to the cities. The communists resorted to
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812:
1782:. This solved supply shortages only temporarily and the communists struggled to enforce discipline on their recruits or dislodge the mountain bandits residing in the areas under their nominal control. In the autumn of 1947, the Greek government offered generous amnesty terms to Cretan DSE fighters and mountain bandits, many of whom opted to abandon armed struggle or even defect to the nationalists. On 4 July 1948, government troops launched a large scale offensive on
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1158:
1400:
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1786:. Many DSE soldiers were killed in the fighting while the survivors broke into small armed bands. In October 1948, the secretary of the Cretan KKE Giorgos Tsitilos was killed in an ambush. By the following month only 34 DSE fighters remained active in Lefka Ori. The insurgency in Crete gradually withered away, with the last two hold outs surrendering in 1974, 25 years after the conclusion of the war in mainland Greece.
2568:...the Greek merchants Constantine Korniakt and Manolis Arphanes Marinetos are added. This second redaction appeared no earlier than 1589, as wealthy Greeks began to join the confraternity at a later date, once it had expanded its activities. Korniakt was actually the wealthiest man in Lviv: he traded in Eastern, Western, and local goods, collected customs duty on behalf of the king, and owned a number of villages.
1751:, after continuously clashing with local bandits, armed peasants and army units. The summer season severely limited the number of available water sources for the rebels, further limiting the space available for their maneuvers. On 1 July 1947, the surviving 55 fighters of DSE were ambushed south of Psilorites during an attempt to relocate to
1291:, notably by the introduction of an Organic Law, which gave the Cretan Christians equal (in practice, because of their superior numbers, majority) control of local administration. His approach bore fruits, as the rebel leaders gradually submitted. By early 1869, the island was again under Ottoman control.
1664:
By late 1944 German forces were withdrawing from Greece to avoid being cut off by the advancing
Russian army moving west across Europe. By the end of September, German and Italian troops began withdrawing from Crete. A small force of British troops landed on Crete on October 13, and both Rethymno and
1315:
would use this as a pretext to end the Halepa Pact
Constitution and instead rule the island by martial law. This action led to international sympathy for the Cretan Christians and to a loss of any remaining acquiescence among them to continued Ottoman rule. When a small insurgency began in September
723:
and
Hellenistic period Crete fell into a pattern of combative city-states, harboring pirates. In the late 4th century BC, the aristocratic order began to collapse due to endemic infighting among the elite, and Crete's economy was weakened by prolonged wars between city states. During the 3rd century
1705:
in Athens, Cretan leftists were targeted by the right wing paramilitary organization
National Organization of Rethymno (EOR), which engaged in attacks in the villages of Koxare and Melampes, as well as Rethymno in January 1945. Those attacks did not escalate into a full scale insurgency as they did
1627:
movement, participating widely in guerrilla groups and intelligence networks. The first resistance groups formed in the Cretan mountains as early as June 1941. In
September 1943, a memorable battle between the troops of occupation resistance fighters led by "Kapetan" Manolis Bandouvas in the region
1310:
Disputes between the two powers led to a further insurgency in 1889 and the collapse of the Pact of Halepa arrangements. The international powers, disgusted at what seemed to be factional politics, allowed the
Ottoman authorities to send troops to the island and restore order but did not anticipate
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in exchange for his military support. Between 1821 and 1828, the island was the scene of repeated hostilities. The
Muslims were driven into the large fortified towns on the north coast and it would appear that as many as 60% of them died from plague or famine while there. The Cretan Christians also
554:
have uncovered magnificent stone-built, multi-story palaces containing drainage systems, and the queen had a bath and a flushing toilet. The expertise displayed in the hydraulic engineering was of a very high level. There were no defensive walls to the complexes. By the 16th century BC pottery and
1551:
The invasion of mainland Greece by the Axis powers began on 6 April 1941 and was complete within a few weeks despite the intervention of the armies of the
Commonwealth along with Greece. King George II and the Government of Emmanouil Tsouderos were forced to flee Athens and took refuge in Crete on
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was a famous rebel leader. One result of the
Ottoman conquest was that a sizeable proportion of the population gradually converted to Islam, with its tax and other civic advantages in the Ottoman system. Contemporary estimates vary, but on the eve of the Greek War of Independence as much as 45% of
2265:
CALLIACHI, (Nicholas,) a native of Candia, where he was born in 1645. He studied at Rome for ten years, at the end of which time he was made doctor of philosophy and theology. In 1666 he was invited to Venice, to take the chair of professor of the Greek and Latin languages, and of the
Aristotelic
1547:
In 1939, the United Kingdom guaranteed military aid to Greece if its territorial integrity was threatened. The priority of the United Kingdom was to prevent Crete from falling into enemy hands, because the island could be used to defend Egypt, the Suez Canal and the route to India. British troops
1839:
Due to the economic and intellectual growth observed in Crete during the Venetian era, Cretan literature was rich in quantity and quality and important for the subsequent course of Modern Greek literature. The peaceful living and contact with a developed intellectual and cultural people were the
1722:
and conservative politics among its population. The presence of numerous bandits, escaped convicts and armed deserters in the countryside further complicated the situation. An uneasy truce was maintained until 1947, with a series of arrests of notable communists in Chania and Heraklion. This was
1523:
In 1910 Venizelos transferred his career to Athens, quickly became the dominant figure on the political scene and in 1912, after careful preparations for a military alliance against the Ottoman Empire with Serbia, Montenegro, and Bulgaria, allowed Cretan deputies to take their place in the Greek
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Foreign merchants who chose Lviv as their second home, repaid the city a hundredfold: the Greek from Crete, called Koreto de Candia, whose name was popularly abbreviated into Korniakt, was the most prominent Ukrainian patrician leader in Lviv in the late 16th and early 17th century, erected a
1577:
On the morning of 20 May 1941, Crete was the theater of the first major airborne assault in history. The Third Reich launched an airborne invasion of Crete under the code name of "Operation Mercury". 17,000 paratroopers under the command of General Kurt Student were dropped at three strategic
891:"Creticus". At the archaeological sites, there seems to be little evidence of widespread damage associated with the transfer to Roman power: a single palatial house complex seems to have been razed. Gortyn seems to have been pro-Roman and was rewarded by being made the capital of the joint
1520:, probably the most important statesman of modern Greece. Venizelos was an Athens-trained lawyer who was active in liberal circles in Chania, then the Cretan capital. After autonomy, he was first a minister in the government of Prince George and then his most formidable opponent.
1084:. It occurred in 1363, when indigenous Cretans and Venetian settlers exasperated by the hard tax policy exercised by Venice, overthrew official Venetian authorities and declared an independent Cretan Republic. The revolt took Venice five years to quell.
1477:
in 1906, and in 1908, taking advantage of domestic turmoil in Turkey as well as the timing of Zaimis's vacation away from the island, the Cretan deputies declared union with Greece. But this act was not recognized internationally until 1913 after the
355:
site. The settlement covered approximately 350,000 square metres. The sparse animal bones contain the above-mentioned domestic species as well as deer, badger, marten and mouse: the extinction of the local megafauna had not left much game behind.
1729:
1590:. Their goal was the capture and control of the three airfields to allow the arrival of reinforcements airlifted by the Luftwaffe from mainland Greece to bypass the Royal Navy and the Hellenic Navy who still controlled the seas.
1734:
units which were led by Bandouvas in Heraklion and "Kapetan" Gyparis in Chania. Encouraged by orders from the central organization in Athens, KKE launched an insurgency in Crete; marking the beginning of the
555:
other remains on the Greek mainland show that the Minoans had far-reaching contacts on the mainland. In the 16th century a major earthquake caused destruction on Crete and on Thera that was swiftly repaired.
1303:. Crete became a semi-independent parliamentary state within the Ottoman Empire under an Ottoman Governor who had to be a Christian. A number of the senior "Christian Pashas" including Photiades Pasha and
1298:
in the summer of 1878, there was a further rebellion, which was halted quickly by the intervention of the British and the adaptation of the 1867-8 Organic Law into a constitutional settlement known as the
1221:
began in 1821, with extensive Cretan participation. An uprising by Christians met with a fierce response from the Ottoman authorities and the execution of several bishops, regarded as ringleaders. Sultan
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type. This was a sensational discovery, as the previously accepted earliest sea crossing in the Mediterranean was thought to occur around 12,000 BC. This suggests that the island may have been visited by
2650:
3362:
1528:). Ottoman Empire was effectively defeated in the ensuing war and were forced out of the Balkans and Thrace by the Alliance, except for the borders which Turkey continues to hold to this day.
1261:
secured some privileges, such as the right to bear arms, equality of Christian and Muslim worship, and the establishment of Christian councils of elders with jurisdiction over education and
3357:
1209:
only 24%. Christians were over 90% of the population in 19 out of 23 of the districts of Crete, but Muslims were over 60% in the three large towns on the north coast, and in Monofatsi.
1009:, with the latter eventually solidifying their control by 1212. Despite frequent revolts by the native population, the Venetians retained the island until 1669, when the Ottoman Empire
1632:
for resistance, German officers routinely used firing squads against Cretan civilians and razed villages to the ground. Standing out amongst the atrocities, are the holocausts of
367:
sees a proliferation of sites, pointing to a population increase. In the late Neolithic, the donkey and the rabbit were introduced to the island; deer and agrimi were hunted. The
1276:
The uprising, which lasted for three years, involved volunteers from Greece and other European countries, where it was viewed with considerable sympathy, particularly after the
2115:
n.sp. (Aves: Strigidae) Z. Zhou, F. Zhang (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Beijing Science Press (2002), pp. 13-27
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April 23. Crete was also the refuge of Commonwealth troops that fled from the beaches of Attica and the Peloponnese to Crete to organize a new front of resistance.
1548:
landed on Crete with the consent of the Greek Government from 3 November 1940, in order to make the 5th Greek Division of Crete available for the Albanian front.
1524:
Parliament. This was treated as grounds for war by Ottoman Empire but the Balkan allies won a series of sweeping victories in the hostilities that followed (see
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in the Aegean Sea, and a thorn in Byzantium's side. Successive campaigns to recover the island failed until the Byzantine reconquest of Crete in 961 CE, when the
1724:
1348:
1258:
1189:, fell in 1718, and Crete was a part of the Ottoman Empire for the next two centuries. There were significant rebellions against Ottoman rule, particularly in
1205:, who converted back to Christianity; others fled Crete because of the unrest. By the last Ottoman census in 1881, Christians were 76% of the population, and
1287:
personally assumed control of the Ottoman forces and launched a methodical campaign to retake the rural districts, which was combined with promises of
1566:
After the conquest of mainland Greece, Germany turned to Crete and the last stage of the Balkans campaign. After a fierce and bloody conflict between
3383:
2292:
Calliachius (1645–1707) was born on Crete and went to Italy at an early age, where he soon became one of the outstanding teachers of Greek and Latin.
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1347:
and Great Britain) decided that the Ottoman Empire could no longer maintain control and intervened, dispatching a multinational naval force, the
960:
on the island. The archbishop Cyril of Gortyn was killed and the city so thoroughly devastated it was never reoccupied. Candia (Chandax, modern
2643:
1265:. Despite these concessions, the Christian Cretans maintained their ultimate aim of union with Greece, and tensions between the Christian and
312:
of organic remains and charcoal offers some dates. Based on this, it is thought that Crete was inhabited from about 130,000 years ago, in the
1718:(KKE) was well aware that the island was unsuitable for a long scale insurgency due to its isolation from the mainland and the popularity of
1506:
1574:(United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, and Greece) that lasted ten days (between the 20 and 31 May 1941), the island fell to the Germans.
1359:
during the 19th century), the admirals also decided to expel all Ottoman troops from Crete, which was accomplished on 6 November 1898. When
371:, a feral goat, preserves traits of the early domesticates. Horse, fallow deer and hedgehog are only attested from Minoan times onwards.
1615:
1091:
culture. A thriving literature in the Cretan dialect of Greek developed on the island. The best-known work from this period is the poem
1024:
503:
have been found in numerous sites in Crete, and a few in the Aegean islands. The Minoans established themselves in many islands besides
2696:
2653:
A Very Bad Place Indeed For a Soldier. The British involvement in the early stages of the European Intervention in Crete. 1897 – 1898,
1970:
Stone Age seafaring in the Mediterranean: evidence from the Plakias region for Lower Palaeolithic and Mesolithic habitation of Crete
687:
457:
1280:. Despite early successes of the rebels, who quickly confined the Ottomans to the northern towns, the uprising failed. The Ottoman
1250:
659:
429:
1755:. Commander Giannis Podias was killed and decapitated, the few surviving members of the unit managed to join the rest of DSE in
1762:
The Lefka Ori region in the west offered more favorable conditions for DSE's insurgency. In the summer of 1947 DSE raided the
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factors that contributed to the cultivation of education and literature and the emergence of remarkable literary production.
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2664:(in Greek). Vol. I. Vikelea Library, Association of Regional Associations of Regional Municipalities. pp. XI–XX.
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On 1 June 1941 the Allies completely evacuated the island of Crete. Despite the victory of the German invaders, the elite
1360:
878:
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of Syme resulted in the deaths of eighty-three German soldiers and another thirteen were taken as prisoners. There were
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1895, it spread quickly, and by the summer of 1896 the Ottoman forces had lost military control of most of the island.
673:
443:
2510:
1852:, many Cretans migrated overseas during difficult periods on the island, some acquiring great fortune abroad, such as
2668:
Marie-Louise Winbladh, Minoans and Mycenaeans in west Crete. The Greek-Swedish Excavations at Chaniá, Stockholm 2000.
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2422:
1917:
1903:
1439:
1417:
1141:, was born in Crete in this period and was trained in Byzantine iconography before moving to Italy and later, Spain.
1114:
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406:
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135:
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Marie-Louise Winbladh, Adventures of an archaeologist. Memoirs of a museum curator, AKAKIA Publications, London 2020
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Hewsen, Robert H. (2009). "Armenians on the Black Sea: The Province of Trebizond". In Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.).
1969:
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ruled the island in the 1880s, presiding over a parliament in which liberals and conservatives contended for power.
1277:
644:
414:
199:, the island was ecologically isolated, and only inhabited by a few mammal species, including deer belonging to the
182:
Excavations in South Crete in 2008–2009 revealed stone tools at least 130,000 years old, including bifacial ones of
2462:"Constantin E. Mamalakis. Crete during the Second World War. Speech at the Historical Museum of Crete 25 June 2009"
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defeated and expelled the Muslim Arabs and Berbers from Crete for the Byzantine Empire, and made the island into a
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655:
425:
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937:
17:
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Panagiotis Krokidas, and Athanasios Gekas, "Public Health in Crete under the rule of Mehmed Ali in the 1830's."
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410:
170:
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Panagiotakis, Nikolaos M. (1987). "Εισαγωγικό Σημείωμα ("Introduction")". In Panagiotakis, Nikolaos M. (ed.).
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T.F. Strasser, E. Panagopoulou, C.N. Runnels, P.M. Murray, N. Thompson, P. Karkanas, F.W. McCoy, K.W. Wegmann
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Lyras, George A.; Athanassiou, Athanassios; van der Geer, Alexandra A. E. (2022), Vlachos, Evangelos (ed.),
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After the expulsion of Ottoman forces in November 1898, the autonomous Cretan State (Official Greek name:
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1243:
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29:
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While the cities continued to prey upon one another, they invited into their feuds mainland powers like
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916:, which remained unstable for centuries, causing a series of military conflicts that culminated in the
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philosophy; and in 1677 he was appointed professor of belles-lettres at Padua, where he died in 1707.
2018:"The Palaeolithic record of Greece: A synthesis of the evidence and a research agenda for the future"
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One of the most important figures to emerge from the end of Ottoman Crete was the liberal politician
1510:
1218:
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The most important of the many rebellions that broke out during that period was the one known as the
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with three legions to the island. After a ferocious three-year campaign, Crete was conquered by the
45:, c. 1450 BC; probably, the dark skinned figure is a man and the two light skinned figures are women
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beautiful bell-tower on the pattern of Renaissance campaniles attached to the church of Assumption.
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909:
874:
862:
680:
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450:
395:
1371:, Crete effectively was detached from the Ottoman Empire, although it remained under the Sultan's
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2017:
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painting, under the umbrella of post-Byzantine art with Latin influences, which flourished while
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arrived in Crete on 21 December 1898 (9 December according to the Julian calendar) as the first
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in the 8th century BC. Some of the Dorian cities that prospered on Crete during those times are
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Vasylʹ Mudryĭ, Naukove tovarystvo im. Shevchenka, Shevchenko Scientific Society (U.S.) (1962).
1853:
1822:
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minority of Crete initially remained on the island but was later relocated to Turkey under the
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2199:
1922:
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Temenos fortress was built by the Byzantines after the reconquest of the island from the Arabs
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1185:(1648–1669), possibly the longest siege in history. The last Venetian outpost on the island,
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The collapse of the Mycenaean civilization was followed by the appearance of the first Greek
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Annette Bingham, "Crete's Roman past: excavations yield antiquities from the Roman period,"
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An archaeological survey and Gazetteer of Late Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine Crete
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followed with the mass arming of right leaning villagers and creation of the first Cretan
8:
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1825:, becoming the central force in Greek painting during the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries.
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suffered such heavy losses, from the resistance of the Allied troops and civilians, that
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178:, 5300–3000 BC. Pano Chorio, Ierapetra region, Crete. Archaeological Museum of Heraklion
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chronologies by finds away from Crete and clear influences. Archaeologists ever since
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to Callander, effective "10 o'clock Greenwich Mean Time on the tenth day of May 1945"
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1689:. On May 9, 1945, Benthack signed an unconditional surrender at the Villa Ariadne at
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Heraklion were liberated as the occupying forces were withdrawn to the Chania area.
997:(1204). In its aftermath, possession of the island was disputed between the Italian
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3004:
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1998:
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964:), a city built by the Andalusian Muslims, was made capital of the island instead.
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forbade further airborne operations of such large scale for the rest of the war.
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In December, the Greek flag was raised at the Firkas fortress in Chania, with
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Crete was subsequently left out of the new Greek state established under the
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1466:), headed by Prince George of Greece and Denmark, was founded under Ottoman
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in the Pleistocene of the Mediterranean Islands, with the Description of
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region, waging several hard-fought but ultimately unsuccessful wars (the
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started to interfere in Cretan affairs. In the 2nd century BC Ierapytna (
756:
737:
574:
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Voluntary brotherhood: confraternities of laymen in early modern Ukraine
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in 1897 led to the Ottoman Empire declaring war on Greece. However, the
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1856:(c. 1517–1603) who became one of the richest people in Eastern Europe.
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to formally surrender all German forces on the island to Major-General
1467:
1452:
1424: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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suffered severely, losing around 21% of their population in the 1830s.
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949:
904:
Further annexations by Rome, in particular of the Kingdom of Pontus by
882:
843:
839:
598:
508:
258:
247:
142: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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From the first days of the invasion, the local population organized a
1157:
316:, perhaps not continuously, with a Neolithic farming culture from the
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Uncommon Dominion : Venetian Crete and the Myth of Ethnic Purity
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1619:
Murder of Greek civilians in Kondomari by German paratroopers in 1941
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780:
524:
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1766:, looting its warehouses and abducting 100 aircraftmen of the Royal
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date to the 7th millennium BC. Up to now, Knossos remains the only
285:; cultural records are written in the undeciphered script known as "
117:
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During Venetian rule, the Greek population of Crete was exposed to
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550:, the most famous Minoan site. Other palace sites in Crete such as
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858:. He has been called the greatest ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus.
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2551:
1690:
1101:(Βιτσένζος Κορνάρος). Another major Cretan literary figures were
870:
744:
582:
547:
512:
368:
348:
298:
38:
1987:"Middle Pleistocene sea-crossings in the eastern Mediterranean?"
932:, dedicated to the first Christian bishop in Crete, to whom the
495:
Crete was the centre of Europe's most ancient civilization, the
3490:
3260:
3200:
3106:
3086:
1779:
1669:
1579:
1501:
in attendance, and Crete was unified with mainland Greece. The
1332:
1190:
921:
905:
772:
748:
733:
729:
725:
594:
590:
520:
341:
321:
101:
1061:
In the partition of the Byzantine empire after the capture of
948:, a quiet cultural backwater, until it fell into the hands of
3495:
2896:
2880:
2709:
2556:. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. p. 47.
2221:. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, Inc. pp. 41, 37–66.
2066:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 661–701,
1810:
1744:
1118:
578:
516:
347:
Remains of a settlement found under the Bronze Age palace at
325:
282:
274:
73:
61:
by more than four millennia. The Minoan civilization was the
2057:
507:: secure identifications of Minoan off-island sites include
3230:
2251:
Rose, Hugh James; Rose, Henry John; Wright, Thomas (1857).
1806:
1707:
1242:
of 1833, but direct Ottoman rule was re-established by the
586:
374:
329:
2133:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–18,
2060:"The Fossil Record of Insular Endemic Mammals from Greece"
1355:
then in use on Crete, which was 12 days behind the modern
1238:. Its administration by Muhammad Ali was confirmed in the
861:
Since 133 BCE western and central Anatolia had been under
2280:
Catalogue / Harper (Lathrop C.) inc., New York, Issue 232
2016:
Tourloukis, Vangelis; Harvati, Katerina (February 2018).
834:
in the year 88 BCE in order to halt the advance of Roman
337:
333:
2849:
2307:
by (Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press, 1958)
530:
Because of a lack of written records, estimates of the
359:
Neolithic pottery is known from Knossos, Lera Cave and
2107:
M. Pavia, C. Mourer-Chauviré An overview of the Genus
1985:
Howitt-Marshall, Duncan; Runnels, Curtis (June 2016).
1984:
1016:(The standard survey for this period is I.F. Sanders,
257:
Stone tools indicate that the island was inhabited by
877:
attacked Crete in 71 BCE and was repelled. Rome sent
273:, some of the early influences on the development of
2591:] (in Greek). Vol. II. Athens: Vivliorama.
2318:
Cretan Rebel: Eleftherios Venizelos in Ottoman Crete
2219:
Armenian Pontus: The Trebizond-Black Sea Communities
546:
have identified and uncovered the palace-complex at
538:
styles, which can at points be tied to Egyptian and
1212:
1198:the population of the island may have been Muslim.
1073:, which held it for more than four centuries (the "
786:
1789:
604:
2277:
2015:
3586:
2585:Ιστορία του ελληνικού εμφυλίου πολέμου 1946-1949
912:, except for the southeastern frontier with the
261:hunter gatherers during the Early Holocene. The
2320:, Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1983.
2253:A new general biographical dictionary, Volume 5
1923:On Crete, New Evidence of Very Ancient Mariners
289:". The archaeological record of Crete includes
100:, an autonomous state, and the modern state of
2417:, John Murray Ltd, 1991. Penguin Books, 1992.
1490:relinquished his formal rights to the island.
1269:communities ran high. Thus, in 1866 the great
885:in 69 BCE, earning the commander Metellus the
254:) all of which but the shrew are now extinct.
2865:
2690:
1743:(DSE) struggled to establish its presence in
1034:
558:
2659:
2537:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1144:
854:) to break Roman dominion over Asia and the
1461:
740:challenged the primacy of ancient Knossos.
643:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
413:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
293:, houses, roads, paintings and sculptures.
2872:
2858:
2697:
2683:
2642:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2582:
2552:I︠A︡roslav Dmytrovych Isai︠e︡vych (2006).
2513:Lviv: a symposium on its 700th anniversary
1069:in 1204, Crete was eventually acquired by
936:addressed one of his epistles. The church
869:remained predominant. On the pretext that
842:region. Mithridates VI sought to dominate
767:over Crete which lasted to the end of the
755:. In 220 BC the island was tormented by a
3297:St. Mark Basilica (Museum of Visual Arts)
2615:
2398:
2380:
2375:The American Journal of International Law
2373:Ion, Theodore P., "The Cretan Question,"
1896:Crete : its past, present and people
1440:Learn how and when to remove this message
1226:granted rule over Crete to Egypt's ruler
1181:, with most of the island lost after the
707:Learn how and when to remove this message
477:Learn how and when to remove this message
158:Learn how and when to remove this message
2589:History of the Greek Civil War 1946-1949
1710:did not surrender its weapons after the
1614:
1604:
1451:
1177:, Venice was pushed out of Crete by the
1156:
1148:
1038:
956:in the years 820s CE, who established a
940:. The island of Crete continued to be a
810:
375:Minoan civilization and Mycenaean Period
320:onwards. The first settlers introduced
169:
28:
2655:King's College, London, September 2014.
2172:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
1794:
577:in the 9th century BC and the epics of
84:, then successively became part of the
14:
3587:
2282:. Lathrop C. Harper, Inc. p. 36.
2216:
1991:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
1912:University of Pennsylvania Press 2000
1043:Venetian propaganda during the Siege:
924:was the site of the largest Christian
340:, as well as domesticated cereals and
2853:
2678:
2235:
1706:in the Greek mainland and the Cretan
993:held power over the island until the
783:) gained supremacy on eastern Crete.
2704:
2415:Crete: The Battle and the Resistance
2053:
2051:
1964:
1962:
1828:
1739:on the island. In eastern Crete the
1456:Flag of the Cretan State (1898–1908)
1422:adding citations to reliable sources
1393:
942:province of the Eastern Roman Empire
775:opposed the rise of Macedon and the
757:war between two coalitions of cities
641:adding citations to reliable sources
608:
411:adding citations to reliable sources
378:
246:), as well as the large terrestrial
140:adding citations to reliable sources
111:
107:
2428:
2241:Panagiotakis, Introduction, p. XVI.
2174:, Spring 2012 Volume LXIX, Number 4
2124:
2064:Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 2
1536:
759:. As a result, the Macedonian king
24:
3363:St. Peter of Dominicans, Heraklion
2131:Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology
1888:
1843:
1555:
1251:several times against Ottoman rule
265:begins on Crete around 9000 years
25:
3606:
3575:
2616:Detorakis, Theocharis E. (1986).
2048:
1959:
1249:The island's Christians revolted
938:was founded in the 1st century CE
2990:Classical and Hellenistic period
2731:Classical and Hellenistic period
2139:10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_1434-2
1821:, reaching its climax after the
1778:of potatoes from the village of
1398:
1213:Greek War of Independence (1821)
1127:was author of the dramatic work
908:, brought all of Anatolia under
787:Roman, Byzantine, and Arab Crete
613:
383:
236:Lutrogale (Isolalutra) cretensis
116:
3287:Heraklion Archaeological Museum
3277:Archaeological Museum of Chania
2662:Crete, History and Civilization
2576:
2545:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2454:
2407:
2389:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2323:
2310:
2305:The Near East: A modern history
2297:
2271:
2244:
2210:
2192:
2188:, The Modern Antiquarian (2007)
1790:Other notable historical events
1531:
1409:needs additional citations for
1383:
1378:
1115:Greek scholars and philosophers
605:Classical and Hellenistic Crete
127:needs additional citations for
2386:Joëlle Dalègre, op. cit., p.20
2177:
2160:
2118:
2101:
2009:
1978:
1946:
1848:As a result of plagues of the
1473:Prince George was replaced by
534:are based on well-established
13:
1:
2395:Van Creveld, op. cit., p. 67.
1935:
1659:
297:settlements in Crete include
2583:Margaritis, Giorgos (2006).
2303:Excerpts from William Yale,
2255:. T. Fellowes. p. 425.
2168:Art of the Aegean Bronze Age
2072:10.1007/978-3-030-68442-6_25
2042:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.04.020
1696:
873:was backing Mithridates VI,
80:-influenced organization of
7:
1859:
1714:. The Cretan branch of the
1513:between Turkey and Greece.
1507:general population exchange
10:
3611:
2624:] (in Greek). Athens.
2377:, April, 1910, pp. 276–284
2278:Lathrop C. Harper (1886).
1832:
1798:
1608:
1578:locations with airfields:
1559:
1540:
1387:
1201:Some Muslim converts were
1166:
1121:in the 15–17th centuries.
1054:
1035:Venetian Crete (1205–1669)
928:on Crete, the Basilica of
879:Quintus Caecilius Metellus
796:
790:
562:
559:Iron Age and Archaic Crete
488:
3508:
3478:
3422:
3371:
3305:
3269:
3178:
3171:
3115:
3074:
3038:Greek War of Independence
2965:
2887:
2879:
2716:
2515:. New York. p. 175.
2003:10.1016/j.jaa.2016.04.005
1741:Democratic Army of Greece
1462:
1219:Greek War of Independence
1145:Ottoman Crete (1669–1898)
973:Muslim piratical activity
944:, otherwise known as the
227:Palaeoloxodon creutzburgi
3581:A Brief History of Crete
3358:St. Catherine, Heraklion
3343:Küçük Hasan Pasha Mosque
3292:Nautical Museum of Crete
2501:Margaritis, pp. 447–452.
2492:Margaritis, pp. 441–447.
2404:Beevor, op. cit., p. 231
2022:Quaternary International
1975:, 79 (2010), pp. 145-190
1940:
1701:In the aftermath of the
1509:agreed upon in the 1923
1135:Domenicos Theotocopoulos
1045:Il regno tutto di Candia
875:Marcus Antonius Creticus
830:, waged war against the
57:, preceding the ancient
3010:Second Byzantine period
2800:Great Cretan Revolution
2761:Second Byzantine period
2205:Encyclopædia Britannica
2127:"Crete, Archaeology of"
1883:List of rulers of Crete
1805:An important school of
1774:and confiscated 70,000
1361:Prince George of Greece
1236:London Protocol of 1830
1162:Crete or Candia in 1861
1153:Ottoman siege of Candia
1113:(1665–1721), and other
771:(205–200 BC), when the
499:. Tablets inscribed in
308:For the earlier times,
277:culture arise from the
174:Goddess clay figurine.
3323:Agios Titos, Heraklion
3000:First Byzantine period
2751:First Byzantine period
2200:Mithradates VI Eupator
1854:Constantine Corniaktos
1823:Fall of Constantinople
1620:
1457:
1349:International Squadron
1175:Cretan War (1645–1669)
1164:
1154:
1052:
820:Mithridates VI Eupator
816:
179:
46:
3318:Agios Minas Cathedral
3313:Agia Triada Monastery
3020:Revolt of Saint Titus
2942:Eleftherios Venizelos
2771:Revolt of Saint Titus
2436:"Head Shawl (Seraki)"
2364:McTiernan, pp. 35–39.
2346:McTiernan, pp. 13–23.
1817:rule during the late
1716:Greek Communist Party
1654:massacre of Kondomari
1644:, the destruction of
1618:
1605:The Cretan Resistance
1518:Eleftherios Venizelos
1495:Eleftherios Venizelos
1455:
1305:Kostis Adosidis Pasha
1289:political concessions
1240:Convention of Kütahya
1160:
1152:
1065:by the armies of the
1042:
814:
797:Further information:
244:Crocidura zimmermanni
173:
32:
3516:Cretan Greek dialect
3389:Fortezza of Rethymno
3338:Gouverneto Monastery
3333:Assumption Cathedral
1795:Cretan School of Art
1672:British SOE officer
1418:improve this article
1311:that Ottoman Sultan
1244:Convention of London
980:Nikephoros II Phokas
637:improve this section
540:Ancient Near Eastern
407:improve this section
136:improve this article
3143:Kourtaliotiko Gorge
2937:Dimitrios Kallergis
2917:Vitsentzos Kornaros
2912:Georgios Chortatzis
2744:Crete and Cyrenaica
2440:Imperial War Museum
2186:Phaistos Fieldnotes
2034:2018QuInt.466...48T
1931:, February 15, 2010
1683:Hans-Georg Benthack
1595:German paratroopers
1321:Cretan insurrection
1099:Vitsentzos Kornaros
1082:revolt of St. Titus
971:became a center of
920:(54 BCE – 217 CE).
918:Roman–Parthian Wars
898:Crete and Cyrenaica
867:Hellenistic culture
799:Crete and Cyrenaica
793:Classical antiquity
656:"search keyword(s)"
491:Minoan civilization
426:"search keyword(s)"
210:a lineage of mice (
59:Minoan civilization
35:Bull-Leaping Fresco
2995:Creta et Cyrenaica
2618:Ιστορία της Κρήτης
2607:A History of Crete
2474:on 16 October 2013
2331:Égypte/Monde arabe
2316:A. Lily Macrakis,
1954:A History of Crete
1928:The New York Times
1768:Hellenic Air Force
1621:
1511:Treaty of Lausanne
1470:in December 1898.
1458:
1367:of the autonomous
1357:Gregorian calendar
1296:Congress of Berlin
1228:Muhammad Ali Pasha
1165:
1155:
1137:, better known as
1125:Georgios Hortatzis
1117:who flourished in
1107:Nicholas Kalliakis
1053:
999:maritime republics
950:Andalusian Muslims
817:
310:radiocarbon dating
193:Middle Pleistocene
180:
63:first civilization
47:
3572:
3571:
3529:Cretan literature
3504:
3503:
3123:Agia Eirini Gorge
3066:Cretan resistance
3015:Kingdom of Candia
2947:Nikos Kazantzakis
2847:
2846:
2651:McTiernan, Mick,
2355:McTiernan, p. 28.
2228:978-1-56859-155-1
2184:C.Michael Hogan,
2166:Hemingway, Seán,
2148:978-3-319-51726-1
2113:Athene trinacriae
2081:978-3-030-68441-9
1925:by John Wilford,
1871:History of Greece
1835:Cretan literature
1829:Cretan literature
1712:Treaty of Varkiza
1611:Cretan Resistance
1475:Alexandros Zaimis
1450:
1449:
1442:
1365:High Commissioner
1203:crypto-Christians
1075:Kingdom of Candia
1057:Kingdom of Candia
977:Byzantine Emperor
958:piratical emirate
824:Kingdom of Pontus
717:
716:
709:
691:
532:Minoan chronology
523:, and above all,
487:
486:
479:
461:
318:7th millennium BC
314:Lower Paleolithic
269:/7000 BC. In the
168:
167:
160:
108:Prehistoric Crete
94:Venetian Republic
55:7th millennium BC
53:goes back to the
16:(Redirected from
3602:
3595:History of Crete
3524:
3328:Arkadi Monastery
3176:
3175:
3046:
3028:
3005:Emirate of Crete
2985:Mycenaean period
2874:
2867:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2810:1897–1898 revolt
2699:
2692:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2665:
2647:
2641:
2633:
2622:History of Crete
2602:
2571:
2570:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2528:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2467:. Archived from
2466:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2432:
2426:
2413:Beevor, Antony.
2411:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2333:4 (2007): 35-54
2327:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2214:
2208:
2196:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2125:Day, Jo (2018),
2122:
2116:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1982:
1976:
1966:
1957:
1950:
1876:Neolithic Greece
1733:
1674:Dennis Ciclitira
1543:Battle of Greece
1537:Battle of Greece
1499:King Constantine
1484:Treaty of London
1465:
1464:
1463:Κρητική Πολιτεία
1445:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1402:
1394:
1341:Kingdom of Italy
1278:Arkadi Holocaust
1246:of 3 July 1840.
991:Byzantine Greeks
969:Emirate of Crete
946:Byzantine Empire
852:Mithridatic Wars
807:Emirate of Crete
712:
705:
701:
698:
692:
690:
649:
617:
609:
544:Sir Arthur Evans
482:
475:
471:
468:
462:
460:
419:
387:
379:
271:Neolithic period
252:Athene cretensis
197:Late Pleistocene
163:
156:
152:
149:
143:
120:
112:
90:Byzantine Empire
51:history of Crete
21:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3585:
3584:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3523:(icon painting)
3522:
3500:
3474:
3435:Lasithi Plateau
3418:
3367:
3301:
3265:
3167:
3111:
3070:
3061:Battle of Crete
3044:
3026:
2961:
2883:
2878:
2848:
2843:
2832:Battle of Crete
2783:Siege of Candia
2766:Venetian period
2726:Mycenean period
2712:
2703:
2635:
2634:
2605:Moorey, Chris.
2599:
2579:
2574:
2564:
2550:
2546:
2530:
2529:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2477:
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2471:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2429:
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2315:
2311:
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2298:
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2240:
2236:
2229:
2215:
2211:
2197:
2193:
2182:
2178:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2123:
2119:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2092:
2082:
2056:
2049:
2014:
2010:
1983:
1979:
1967:
1960:
1952:Chris Moorey,
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1891:
1889:Further reading
1862:
1846:
1844:The Black Death
1837:
1831:
1803:
1797:
1792:
1772:cattle rustling
1737:Greek Civil War
1727:
1699:
1687:Colin Callander
1662:
1613:
1607:
1564:
1562:Battle of Crete
1558:
1556:Battle of Crete
1545:
1539:
1534:
1446:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1415:
1403:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1353:Julian calendar
1329:Austria-Hungary
1215:
1183:siege of Candia
1171:
1163:
1147:
1111:Andreas Musalus
1059:
1037:
1029:, November 1995
1011:took possession
914:Parthian Empire
822:, ruler of the
809:
803:Byzantine Crete
795:
789:
753:Ptolemaic Egypt
747:and its rivals
713:
702:
696:
693:
650:
648:
634:
618:
607:
571:
565:Greek Dark Ages
563:Main articles:
561:
493:
483:
472:
466:
463:
420:
418:
404:
388:
377:
295:Early Neolithic
164:
153:
147:
144:
133:
121:
110:
23:
22:
18:Neolithic Crete
15:
12:
11:
5:
3608:
3598:
3597:
3577:
3576:External links
3574:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:Cretan School
3518:
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3406:
3401:
3396:
3394:Frangokastello
3391:
3386:
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3375:
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3369:
3368:
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3365:
3360:
3355:
3353:Neradje Mosque
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3335:
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3163:Sarakina Gorge
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3138:Kotsifos Gorge
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3082:Agios Nikolaos
3078:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3056:Theriso revolt
3053:
3048:
3043:Cretan Revolt
3040:
3035:
3030:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
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2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
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2949:
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2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2922:Marcus Musurus
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2885:
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2877:
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2869:
2862:
2854:
2845:
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2840:
2839:
2834:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2822:Theriso revolt
2814:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2790:Ottoman period
2787:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
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2648:
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2597:
2578:
2575:
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2503:
2494:
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2427:
2406:
2397:
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2379:
2366:
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2339:
2322:
2309:
2296:
2270:
2243:
2234:
2227:
2209:
2191:
2176:
2159:
2147:
2117:
2100:
2080:
2047:
2008:
1977:
1958:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1920:
1906:
1894:Hopkins, Adam
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1845:
1842:
1833:Main article:
1830:
1827:
1799:Main article:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1764:Maleme Airport
1698:
1695:
1661:
1658:
1609:Main article:
1606:
1603:
1560:Main article:
1557:
1554:
1541:Main article:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1448:
1447:
1406:
1404:
1397:
1388:Main article:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1345:Russian Empire
1313:Abdul Hamid II
1301:Pact of Halepa
1214:
1211:
1195:Daskalogiannis
1179:Ottoman Empire
1167:Main article:
1161:
1146:
1143:
1133:. The painter
1103:Marcus Musurus
1067:Fourth Crusade
1063:Constantinople
1055:Main article:
1049:Marco Boschini
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
995:Fourth Crusade
893:Roman province
856:Hellenic world
832:Roman Republic
791:Main article:
788:
785:
715:
714:
621:
619:
612:
606:
603:
569:Archaic Greece
560:
557:
536:Minoan pottery
489:Main article:
485:
484:
391:
389:
382:
376:
373:
365:Late Neolithic
291:Minoan palaces
267:Before Present
222:dwarf elephant
189:archaic humans
166:
165:
124:
122:
115:
109:
106:
98:Ottoman Empire
78:Ancient Greece
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3607:
3596:
3593:
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3583:
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3497:
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3484:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3455:Mirabello Bay
3453:
3451:
3450:Messara Plain
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
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3407:
3405:
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3397:
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3392:
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3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
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3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
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3344:
3341:
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3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
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3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Samariá Gorge
3156:
3154:
3153:Richtis Gorge
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3033:Ottoman Crete
3031:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:Minoan period
2978:
2976:
2975:Ancient Crete
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:Cyril Lucaris
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:World War II
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:Cretan League
2737:
2736:
2735:Roman period
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:Minoan period
2719:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2609:(Haus, 2019)
2608:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2569:
2565:
2563:1-894865-03-0
2559:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2470:
2463:
2457:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2424:
2423:0-14-016787-0
2420:
2416:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2376:
2370:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2319:
2313:
2306:
2300:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2238:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1956:(Haus, 2019).
1955:
1949:
1945:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:0-8122-3562-2
1915:
1911:
1908:McKee, Sally
1907:
1905:
1904:0-571-10411-8
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Cretan Revolt
1864:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1801:Cretan School
1787:
1785:
1784:Samariá Gorge
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1676:arranged for
1675:
1671:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1617:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1482:when, by the
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1454:
1444:
1441:
1433:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1407:This section
1405:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:German Empire
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1271:Cretan Revolt
1268:
1264:
1263:customary law
1260:
1256:
1253:. Revolts in
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1169:Ottoman Crete
1159:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:(1645–1707),
1108:
1105:(1470–1517),
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1030:
1028:
1027:History Today
1023:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
910:Roman control
907:
902:
900:
899:
894:
890:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:Roman control
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
813:
808:
804:
800:
794:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
711:
708:
700:
689:
686:
682:
679:
675:
672:
668:
665:
661:
658: –
657:
653:
652:Find sources:
646:
642:
638:
632:
631:
627:
622:This section
620:
616:
611:
610:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
570:
566:
556:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
527:(Santorini).
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:Ancient Crete
502:
498:
492:
481:
478:
470:
459:
456:
452:
449:
445:
442:
438:
435:
431:
428: –
427:
423:
422:Find sources:
416:
412:
408:
402:
401:
397:
392:This section
390:
386:
381:
380:
372:
370:
366:
362:
357:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
217:M. minotaurus
213:
209:
207:
202:
198:
195:. During the
194:
190:
185:
177:
172:
162:
159:
151:
141:
137:
131:
130:
125:This section
123:
119:
114:
113:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:developed an
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
40:
36:
31:
27:
19:
3579:
3465:Psychro Cave
3430:Cave of Zeus
3282:Cretaquarium
3211:Hagia Triada
3148:Milona Gorge
3133:Imbros Gorge
3075:Major cities
3051:Cretan State
2989:
2966:
2957:Cretan Turks
2817:Cretan State
2705:
2661:
2652:
2621:
2617:
2606:
2588:
2584:
2577:Bibliography
2567:
2553:
2547:
2524:
2512:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2476:. Retrieved
2469:the original
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2439:
2430:
2414:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2374:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2330:
2325:
2317:
2312:
2304:
2299:
2291:
2279:
2273:
2264:
2252:
2246:
2237:
2218:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2152:, retrieved
2130:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2093:, retrieved
2063:
2025:
2021:
2011:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1972:
1953:
1948:
1926:
1909:
1895:
1847:
1838:
1804:
1761:
1753:Mount Kedros
1700:
1679:Generalmajor
1677:
1667:
1663:
1622:
1599:Adolf Hitler
1592:
1576:
1568:Nazi Germany
1565:
1550:
1546:
1532:World War II
1522:
1515:
1503:Cretan Turks
1492:
1472:
1459:
1436:
1427:
1416:Please help
1411:verification
1408:
1390:Cretan State
1384:Cretan State
1379:Modern Crete
1369:Cretan State
1325:Great Powers
1318:
1309:
1293:
1282:Grand Vizier
1275:
1248:
1233:
1216:
1207:Cretan Turks
1200:
1172:
1128:
1123:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1060:
1044:
1026:
1017:
1015:
988:
966:
934:Apostle Paul
903:
896:
886:
860:
826:in northern
818:
742:
718:
703:
694:
684:
677:
670:
663:
651:
635:Please help
623:
572:
529:
494:
473:
464:
454:
447:
440:
433:
421:
405:Please help
393:
358:
346:
307:
256:
251:
243:
240:Cretan shrew
235:
232:Cretan otter
225:
215:
211:
206:Candiacervus
204:
181:
154:
145:
134:Please help
129:verification
126:
86:Roman Empire
67:
50:
48:
43:bull-leaping
26:
3534:Cretan lyra
3348:Moni Toplou
3251:Polyrrhenia
3241:Monastiraki
3025:Cretan War
2805:1878 revolt
2795:1841 revolt
2756:Arab period
2446:10 February
1997:: 140–153.
1898:Faber 1977
1850:Black Death
1819:Middle Ages
1728: [
1703:Dekemvriana
1526:Balkan Wars
1480:Balkan Wars
1294:During the
1285:A'ali Pasha
1173:During the
1094:Erotokritos
1089:Renaissance
930:Saint Titus
738:Polyrrhenia
728:, Kydonia (
575:city-states
238:), and the
191:during the
82:city-states
68:During the
65:in Europe.
3414:Spinalonga
3372:Fortresses
3196:Eleutherna
2902:Epimenides
2837:Resistance
2778:Cretan War
2598:9608087139
2478:14 October
2154:2023-05-08
2095:2023-04-30
1936:References
1813:was under
1749:Psilorites
1720:Venizelism
1668:Following
1660:Liberation
1625:resistance
1468:suzerainty
1373:suzerainty
1187:Spinalonga
883:Roman army
844:Asia Minor
840:Aegean Sea
769:Cretan War
697:March 2021
667:newspapers
599:Eleutherna
467:March 2021
437:newspapers
363:Cave. The
259:Mesolithic
248:Cretan owl
212:Mus bateae
148:March 2021
3554:Mantinada
3460:Mount Ida
3440:Lefka Ori
3399:Gramvousa
3306:Religious
3172:Landmarks
3097:Ierapetra
3092:Heraklion
3045:(1866–69)
3027:(1645–69)
2638:cite book
2630:715204595
2533:cite book
2261:309809847
2170:, p. 25,
2090:239841623
2028:: 48–65.
1757:Lefka Ori
1697:Civil War
1630:reprisals
1588:Rethymnon
1584:Heraklion
1486:, Sultan
1430:July 2024
1224:Mahmud II
962:Heraklion
848:Black Sea
781:Ierapetra
721:Classical
624:does not
394:does not
281:and from
263:Neolithic
184:Acheulean
176:Neolithic
3589:Category
3559:Minotaur
3256:Tylissos
3246:Phaistos
3186:Archanes
3128:Ha Gorge
3102:Rethymno
2952:Sfakians
2927:El Greco
2907:Nearchus
2288:11558801
1973:Hesperia
1860:See also
1815:Venetian
1652:and the
1650:Kandanos
1570:and the
1488:Mehmed V
1139:El Greco
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