Myth of the clean Wehrmacht

504: 1123: 628: 349: 2216: 960: 1265: 492: 1465: 1376: 2105:

be construed narrowly and placed in any wider context. The tragedies of "one soldier" are supposedly symptomatic of "tens of thousands of others", while the War of Annihilation, which the soldier had been part of, is airbrushed out. A central theme of the myth is the description of soldiers as naïve, apolitical and without the mental faculty to understand the reasons for the war or its nature. Soldiers are often described as having been forced to carry out orders, often under the fear of severe punishment, to excuse their actions. However, soldiers had a great deal of discretion and mostly chose their behaviour.

43: 1442:. However, they also contained intelligence the Americans viewed as important in the event of a war between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Halder had coached former Nazi officers on how to make incriminating evidence disappear. Many of the officers he coached such as Heinz Guderian went on to write best-selling autobiographies that broadened the appeal of the apologia. Halder succeeded in his aim of rehabilitating the German officer corps, first with the U.S. military, then widening circles of politics and finally with millions of Americans. 329: 2114: 1793: 1283:. Erich von Manstein and Heinz Guderian produced best-selling memoirs. Guderian's memoirs contained numerous exaggerations, untruths and omissions. He wrote that Russian people greeted German soldiers as liberators and boasted about the personal care he had taken to protect Russian culture and religion. Guderian endeavoured to get German officers released in return for German military support in the defence of Europe. He fought particularly hard for the release of 7150: 24: 1145:

end to denazification programmes, and an exemption from punishment law. Adenauer courted the votes of veterans by making a highly public visit to the remaining war criminals' jail. This gesture helped him win the federal elections of 1953 with a two-thirds majority. Adenauer successfully limited the responsibility for war crimes to Hitler and a small number of "major war criminals". In the 1950s, criminal investigations into the

1391:

major historical manuscripts from over 700 distinct German authors detailing World War II. Halder manipulated the group into reinventing another war-time history from truths, half-truths, distortion, and lies. He set up a "control group" of trusted former Nazi officers who vetted all the manuscripts and required the authors to change the content. Halder's deputy in the group was Adolf Heusinger who was also working for the

1928:("history of everyday life") beginning in the 1970–80s opened up new avenues of research by looking at the experiences of ordinary German soldiers. Such studies tended to confirm what the ordinary soldiers claimed to be up against on the Eastern Front, thanks to indoctrination propaganda, many German troops regarded the Soviets as sub-human, leading to what Bartov called the "barbarisation of warfare". 2334: 659:

years old. 'What is this old whore looking for around here?' – one of the three soldiers laughs. 'Bread, sir' – asks the woman ... 'A kick in the ass you get, not bread' – answers the soldier. The owner of the flashlight directs the light again on the faces and bodies of girls ... The youngest is maybe 13 years old ... They open her coat and start groping her. 'This one is ideal for bed' – he says.

1733:(sub-humans) who were threatening "European civilisation", and for whom there was to be no sympathy or compassion. From 1943 onward there was a change in Nazi propaganda as the peoples of the Soviet Union with the exception of the Jews were portrayed as oppressed by the "Jewish Bolsheviks" whom Germany was fighting to liberate. Both strands of Nazi propaganda found their way into the "clean 2187:, recalled his memories of prisoners of war. He said the prisoners "at night howled like wild beasts" from starvation. Adding "we marched down the road and a column of 6,000 tottering figures went past, completely emaciated, helping each other along ... Soldiers of ours on bicycles rode alongside with pistols everyone who collapsed was shot and thrown into the ditch". 1335:, were sold. Unusually, he made no secret of his admiration for Hitler. Rudel's memoirs describe dashing adventures, heroic exploits, sentimental comradeship and narrow escapes. One American interrogator described him as a typical Nazi officer. After the war he went to Argentina and started a rescue agency for Nazis called "Eichmann-Runde", that helped 1327:, went through six printings between 1956 and 1976. Mellenthin's memoirs use racist language such as characterising the Russian soldier as an "Asiatic dragged from the deepest recess of the Soviet Union", a "primitive", and " any true religious or moral balance, his moods alter between bestial cruelty and genuine kindness". Over a million copies of 6507: 620:, the army marched the Jewish population of approximately 1,000 a mile out of the town to meet their SS executioners. The frail and sick were conveyed by truck, and those who strayed were shot and killed immediately. German troops guarded the site, and alongside the SS, shot the Jews at the edge of a pit. Krupki was typical: the 1399:

enjoyed a privileged position, as the few historians working on World War II history in the 1950s had to obtain historical information from him and his group. His influence extended to newspaper editors and authors. Halder's instructions were sent down the chain of command and were recorded by former Field Marshal

91:. The myth, heavily promoted by German authors and military personnel after World War II, completely denies the culpability of the German military command in the planning and perpetration of war crimes. Even where the perpetration of war crimes and the waging of an extermination campaign, particularly in the 809:, who viewed the Soviet Union as the main global threat to world peace. Donovan served as a deputy prosecutor at Nuremberg; he and some other U.S. representatives believed the trials should not proceed, but that Germany should be recruited as a military ally against the Soviet Union in the growing Cold War. 2203:

soldier", "wandering about", "trying to escape", and "for being an assistant's assistant of the partisans". Bartov writes that the civilian population had also been de-humanised resulting in the barbarisation of warfare. The final phase of this barbarisation was the "scorched earth" policy utilised by the

1411:, examining Halder's work, wrote: "The writing of German history on the Second World War, and in particular on the Russian front, was for over two decades, and in part up to the present day – and to a far greater extent than most people realise – the work of the defeated". 2161:

Römer wrote the records which "prove that it was Hitler's generals who executed his murderous orders without scruples or hesitations". Wolfram Wette, reviewing the book, notes the sporadic objections to the order were not fundamental. They were driven by military necessity and the cancellation of the

1957:

and interviewed those who had been party to the war itself. The soldiers who had been in the war mostly acknowledged the crimes but denied personal involvement. Some former soldiers offered Nazi-like justifications. The impact of the exhibition was described as explosive. The German public had become

1679:

was portrayed by the Lost Cause mythologists as a nightmarish time when black men freed from slavery supposedly ran amok in a violent crime wave at the expense of the law-abiding white population of the South, thus implicitly justifying the Confederate struggle. In the case of Germany, the war on the

1663:

leaders as honourable German patriots who might have been wrong to fight for Hitler, but were still men worthy of the highest admiration. Both myths seek to glorify the respective militaries of the Confederacy and Nazi Germany by first portraying the military leaders as men of the highest honour, and

1654:

as superior fighting organisations led by deeply honourable, noble, and courageous men who were overwhelmed by inferior opponents by sheer numbers and material together with bad luck. Just as the Lost Cause myth portrayed the Confederate leaders as honourable, but misguided American patriots who were

1513: – 90,000 to 100,000 Jews were killed. Manstein was sent to trial, convicted on nine charges of committing war crimes and sentenced to 18 years in jail. The charges he was convicted of included: not preventing murders in his command area, shooting Soviet war prisoners, carrying out the 1494:

faithfully. His memoirs do not discuss politics or offer a condemnation of Nazism. Manstein was involved in the Holocaust, and he held the same antisemitic and racist views as Hitler. In his memoirs Manstein emphasised the supposedly good relations the German army had with Soviet civilians. He wrote:

950:

calling the verdict into question. Scotland's letter had considerable impact on British public opinion, and led to demands that Kesselring be freed. Hankey and his circle drew a picture of Kesselring as a chivalrous leader unaware of the massacres by his men, who would have stopped them had he known.

319:

troops were complicit in or perpetrated numerous war crimes, routinely assisting SS units with tacit approval from officers. In the aftermath of the war, the West German government deliberately sought to suppress information of such crimes to absolve former war criminals and allow their reintegration

2317:

carried out mass shootings of Jews, near Kiev, on 29 and 30 September in 1941. At Babi Yar 33,371 Jews were marched to a ravine and shot into pits. Some of the victims died as a result of being buried alive in the pile of corpses. In 1942, mobile SS killing squads engaged in a swathe of massacres in

2285:

role in the Holocaust in Belarus during 1941 and 1942. The book investigates how German soldiers progressed from tentative killings to sadistic "Jew games". He writes that "Jew hunting" became a pastime. Soldiers would break the monotony of duty in the countryside by rounding up Jews, taking them to

2202:

endeavoured to "pacify" the population, but the civilians increased partisan activity. In August 1941, the II Corps ordered that "partisans are to be publicly hanged and left hanging for some time". Public hangings became commonplace. Records of the reason for the murders included "feeding a Russian

1962:

complicit in war crimes. The pictures had been taken mostly by the soldiers themselves, out in the countryside, far away from the concentration camps and the SS. Heer wrote: "The creators of these photographs are present in their images – laughing, triumphant, or businesslike" and "this place is, in

1540:

policy on the basis that no army would fight by the rulebook. He defended the shooting of civilians who were armed but not engaged in any partisan action. Both during and after the trial Paget denied Operation Barbarossa was a "war of annihilation". He downplayed the racist aspects of Barbarossa and

1227:

committed to Prussian values that were allegedly inimical to Nazism while displaying super-human courage and endurance against overwhelming odds, especially on the Eastern Front, does appeal to a certain type of historian. Wette described Halder as having a "decisive influence in West Germany in the

1082:

In the immediate aftermath of World War II, there was a great deal of German sympathy for their war criminals. The British High Commissioner in occupied Germany felt compelled to remind the German public the criminals involved had been found guilty of participating in the torture or murder of Allied

658:

Uniformed Germans ... gaze fixedly at women and girls between the ages of 15 and 35. One of the soldiers pulls out a pocket flashlight and shines it on one of the women, straight into her eyes. The two women turn their pale faces to us, expressing weariness and resignation. The first one is about 40

2242:

leadership and relayed to numerous commanders. Manstein relayed it to his troops as: "The Jew is the middle man between the enemy at the rear The soldier must summon understanding for the necessity for the hard redress against the Jews". To functionally justify the murder of Jews they were equated

2104:

with Germany that subsequently encouraged Hitler to invade Poland. Some commentators discussed the need for a preventive war which supposed the Soviet Union intended to invade Germany. The print media retold personal soldiers' accounts which, while an "authentic" recounting of perceived events, can

2076:

as having been betrayed by the leadership and left to die in the freezing cold. This narrative focuses on individual soldiers who struggled to survive, engendering sympathy for the privations and harsh conditions. The War of Annihilation, the Holocaust, and racial genocide that had been carried out

1593:

C with massacring Jews in the Ukraine, sentencing him to 18 years in prison for war crimes. However, Paget did win the war for public opinion, persuading much of the British people that Manstein was wrongly convicted, and in May 1953 when the British government released Manstein, it caused no great

1560:

had been the mightiest war machine ever built that would have won the war if only Hitler had not interfered with the conduct of operations. Between 1949 and 1953, Liddell Hart was deeply involved in a public relations campaign for freedom for Manstein after a British military court convicted him of

1149:

were halted and there were no convictions. The German ministers of justice had enacted a war crimes law, which in practice was awkwardly defined. Adalbert Rückerl, the investigative chief, interpreted the law as meaning only the SS, the security police, concentration camp guards, ghettos and forced

1144:

took up the cause of the war criminals and entered a virtual competition for the votes of wartime veterans. A wide political consensus existed that represented the view that it was "time to close the chapter". West German chancellor, Konrad Adenauer, initiated policies that included an amnesty, the

1091:

wrote that the widespread sympathy for the war criminals was an indirect admission of the whole society's enmeshment in National Socialism. The war crimes trials painfully reminded ordinary Germans of their fervent support for the disastrous Nazi regime, and exculpating the generals allowed them to

1818:

did not come to an end with any single event; rather, it ended with a series of events over many decades. The myth predominated in the public mind in 1975. Omer Bartov praised "the efforts of a few outstanding and courageous German scholars" to challenge the myth starting in 1965. The first German

1572:

wrote in a 1949 essay that the 'enemy today' was the Soviet Union, not Germany, and, given how Manstein had become a hero to the German people, it was necessary for the Allied forces to free him so he was able to fight on their side in the Cold War. Liddell Hart joined Paget's campaign for freedom

2174:

took 3,300,000 Soviet soldiers as prisoners of war. By February 1942, two million of these were dead. 600,000 were shot because of the Commissar Order. Most of the rest died from criminal mistreatment. Once captured, Soviet POWs were marched into holding pens where they had no shelter, no medical

2067:

Pollak, examining the structural themes of the myth, said where blame could not be dismissed the print media limited its scope by focusing the blame firstly on Hitler and secondly on the SS. By the 1960s a "Hitler craze" had been created and the SS were being described as his ruthless agents. The

1390:

As the Cold War progressed, the military intelligence provided by the German section of U.S. Army Historical Division became increasingly important to the Americans. Halder oversaw the German section of the research programme which became known as the "Halder Group". His group produced over 2,500

1196:

Former German officers published memoirs and historical studies that contributed to the myth. The chief architect of this body of work was Franz Halder. He worked for the Operational History (German) Section of the U.S. Army Historical Division and had exclusive access to the captured German war

1108:

that there was a widespread demand for a version of the past that allowed them to "...honour the memory of their fallen comrades and to find meaning in the hardships and personal sacrifice of their own military service". Wette writes: the founding years of West Germany saw the wartime generation

1070:, West Germany's provisional constitution. He stated the German soldier fought honourably, as long as he "had not been guilty of any offence". The declarations by Eisenhower and Adenauer reshaped Western public perception of the German war effort and laid the foundation for the myth of the clean 2157:

combat formations. Römer's research shows that over 80% of German divisions on the Eastern Front filed reports detailing the murder of the Red Army's political commissars. Soviet statistics state 57,608 commissars were killed in action and 47,126 were reported missing, the majority of whom were

1398:

Halder laid down a version of history that all the writers had to abide by. This version stated the army was Hitler's victim and had opposed him at every opportunity. The writers had to emphasise the "decent" form of war conducted by the army and blame the SS for the criminal operations. Halder

1187:

swore a public oath on 7 October 1955 in the Friedland Barracks, which received a strong media reaction. The oath said: "e swear that we have neither committed murder, nor defiled, nor plundered. If we have brought suffering and misery on other people, it was done according to the Laws of War".

1609:

After the war, the West German government bought the release of their war criminals. The British government, concerned with the growing threat, wanted to encourage the West Germany to join the proposed European Defence Community and NATO. The British decided that releasing a few "iconic" war

1434:

that were subsequently reproduced in countless histories and memoirs. The book describes an idealised commander who is then compared to Hitler. The commander is noble, wise, against the war in the East and free from any guilt. Hitler alone was responsible for the evil committed; his complete

1038:

The chairman of the meetings summarised the foreign policy changes demanded in the memorandum as follows: "Western nations must take public measures against the 'prejudicial characterisation' of former German soldiers and must distance the former regular armed forces from the 'war crimes

1395:, a U.S. military intelligence organisation in Germany. Halder expected to be addressed as "General" by the writing teams and behaved as their commanding officer while dealing with their manuscripts. His aim was to exonerate German army personnel from the atrocities they had committed. 1403:. They said: "It is German deeds, seen from the German standpoint, that are to be recorded; this will constitute a memorial to our troops", "no criticism of measures ordered by the leadership" is allowed and no one is to be "incriminated in any way". The achievements of the 445:

echoed the Nazi racial plans by claiming the war against the Soviet Union was "an essential part of the German people's struggle for existence", and that "the struggle must aim at the annihilation of today's Russia and must therefore be waged with unparalleled harshness".

503: 1218:

leaders. Wette suggested this "professional solidarity" had something to do with the fact that for a long time most military historians in the English-speaking world tended to be conservative former Army officers, who had a natural empathy with conservative former

1997:, which chose to publish them. Bartov wrote: "Although much of this has been known before, these documents provide more details on the beginning of the Holocaust and the apparently universal participation of German agencies on the ground in its implementation". 1745:

echoed the wartime propaganda theme of the war against the Soviet Union as a noble struggle to freedom. In this respect, there was a difference in the sense that the "Lost Cause" myth portrayed slaves who did not want their freedom while by contrast the "clean

2040:

purported disengagement with the political sphere was an image carefully cultivated by commanders and foot soldiers alike, who, during and after the war, sought to distance themselves from the ideologically driven murder campaigns of the National Socialists".

921:. As a master of bureaucratic in-fighting with excellent connections among the British Establishment and the media, Hankey was, in the words of German historian Kerstin von Lingen, the leader of the "most powerful" lobby group ever formed on behalf of the 240:

thesis a "collective perjury". The wartime generation maintained the myth with vigour and determination. They suppressed information and manipulated government policy. After their passing, there was insufficient motive to maintain the deceit in which the

1584:

officers had known nothing of Nazi crimes at the time while at the same time they were opposed to the Nazi crimes that they were supposedly unaware of. Paget lost the Manstein case with the British military tribunal presided over by Lieutenant General

2060:, writing heroic obituaries and books, claiming the naivety of the ordinary soldier, and claiming orders had to be carried out. Heer et al. conclude the newspapers conveyed only two types of events: those that would engender a feeling of empathy with 1699:

apologists with a forceful and politically useful argument, even if it conveniently confused cause and effect". And finally just as the "Lost Cause" myth promoted the image of the faithful black slave, happy to serve his or her masters, the "clean

2022:

thesis a "collective perjury". The war-time generation maintained the myth with vigour and determination. They suppressed information and manipulated government policy, with their passing there was insufficient pressure to maintain the deceit.

2051:

used his research into newspaper articles and the language they used, to identify ten structural themes of the myth. The themes included focusing on a small group of the guilty, the construction of a symbolic victim event – the

1971:". Heer argues the war crimes had been covered up by scholars and former soldiers. An outcry then ensued with the breaking of an age-old taboo. The organisers did not quantify the number of soldiers who had carried out war crimes. Historian 1260:

had behaved honourably. The tendency on the part of many people in the West to see the main theatres of war in Europe as being in Western Europe with the Eastern Front as a side-show further increased the lack of interest in the topic.

788:

and Erich von Manstein, along with other senior military figures. It portrayed the German armed forces as apolitical and largely innocent of the crimes committed by the Nazi regime. The arguments of the memorandum were later adopted by

1839:

by Klaus-Jürgen Muller and the essay "NSDAP und 'Geistige Führung' der Wehrmacht" by Volker R. Berghahn, the former dealing with the army's relationship with Hitler and the latter with the role of the "educational officers" in the

1495:"Naturally, there was no question of our pillaging the area. That was something the German army did not tolerate". From the outset the German army had treated the populace with savagery. Manstein became overall commander of the 1255:

had committed war crimes were generally dismissed as "communist propaganda", indeed in the context of the Cold War, the very fact that such claims were being made by the Soviets helped serve more persuasive in the West that the

784:. The genesis for the myth was the "Generals' Memorandum" created in November 1945 and submitted to the Nuremberg trials. It was titled "The German Army from 1920 to 1945" and was co-authored by Halder and former field marshals 182:

as Nazis, but his deep concern over Soviet dominance of Eastern Europe led him to reverse course and facilitate rearmament. The British became reluctant to pursue further trials and released already-convicted criminals early.

122:

and by soldiers of all ranks seeking to portray their institution in the best possible light; as prospects for victory faded, these soldiers began to portray themselves as victims. After Germany's defeat, the verdict of the

1910:

were marked by an angry nationalist tone. Nolte and Hillgruber sought to "normalise" the German past by portraying the Holocaust as a defensive reaction to the Soviet Union and demanding "empathy" for the last stand of the

436:

officers described the Soviets to their soldiers as "Jewish Bolshevik sub-humans", the "Mongol hordes", the "Asiatic flood" and the "Red beast", and many German troops accepted this racialist ideology. In a speech to the

6310: 2166:

because of its obviously criminal character, had finally been clarified. Once again the observation had confirmed itself: the deeper the research penetrates into the military history, the gloomier the picture becomes".

1150:

labour criminals could be investigated. The myth was firmly established in the public mind and German prosecutors were unwilling to challenge the prevailing national mood and investigate suspected war criminals in the

2257:, Police Battalion 309 shot dead large numbers of Jews in the street, then corralled hundreds of Jews into a synagogue they set on fire. The commander of rear military zone 553 recorded 20,000 Jews had been killed by 1737:" myth. On one hand, the emphasis on atrocities committed by the "Asian" Red Army soldiers echoed the wartime propaganda theme of the "Asiatic hordes" laying waste to civilisation. On the other hand, the theme of the 1953:. The tour lasted for four years and travelled to 33 German and Austrian cities. It created a long-running debate and reappraisal of the myth. The exhibition showed graphic photographs of war crimes committed by the 979:, it became clear to the Americans that a German army would have to be revived against the threat of the Soviet Union. Equally concerned, the British were desperate to convince the West German government to join the 1201:

officers to write a multi-volume history of the Eastern Front so that U.S. Army officers could obtain military intelligence about the Soviet Union. However, he also formulated and disseminated the myth of the clean

6502: 1688:"... were defending humanity against a demonic invasion while simultaneously hoping to sow dissent between the Soviet Union and the Allied Forces. Though not successful in preventing the total collapse of the 1680:

Eastern Front is portrayed as a heroic defensive struggle to protect "European civilisation" against the "Asiatic hordes" of the Red Army, who were always portrayed in the darkest of terms. Israeli historian

6414: 2305:

in September 1941 which marked a dramatic escalation of violence against the civilian population. The book looks at several military formations and how they responded to orders to commit genocide and other

1923:

tended to write history very much in the traditional manner, namely history "from above" by focusing on actions of the leaders. The tendency for social historians to write "history from below", especially

1573:

for Manstein, and as Liddell Hart often wrote on military affairs in British newspapers, he played a key role in winning Manstein his freedom in May 1953. Given Liddell Hart's general sympathy with the

170:. This memorandum laid out the conditions under which West Germany would rearm: their war criminals must be released, the "defamation" of the German soldier must cease and foreign public opinion of the 2162:

order in 1942 was "not a return to morality, but an opportunistic course correction". Wette concludes: "The Commissar Order, which had always had a particularly strong influence on the image of the

1565:

as Manstein's lawyer, the Labour MP Reginald Paget, waged a well oiled and energetic public relations campaign for amnesty for his client, enlisting many politicians and celebrities in the process.

600:

has been described as "the deadliest place on earth between 1941 and 1944". One in three Belarusians died during the war. Most Soviet Jews lived in an area of Western Russia previously known as the

6516: 5995:

Killing the 'Clean' Wehrmacht: The Reality of the German Army and the Holocaust by Dr Waitman Beorn – lecture at the Holocaust Exhibition and Learning Centre based at the University of Huddersfield

1549:

saying "Manstein is and will remain a hero amongst his people". He echoed the Cold War politics with the words: "If Western Europe is to be defencible, these decent soldiers must be our comrades".

2056:, minimising war crimes by comparing them to Allied misdeeds, denying responsibility for starting the war, using the personal accounts of individual soldiers to extrapolate behaviour of the whole 1577:, he depicted it in his books and essays as an apolitical force that had nothing to do with the crimes of the Nazi regime, a subject that did not much interest Liddell Hart in the first place. 1104:, and its complicity with Hitler presented problems for those who wanted to portray the Nazi era as a "freakish aberration" from the course of German history. So many Germans had served in the 1521:, had just ended. The Western powers wanted Germany to begin rearming to counter the Soviet threat. The West Germans indicated "not a single German soldier would don a uniform as long as any 6920: 5655: 6131: 1664:

secondly by disassociating them from the causes that they fought for. In the Confederates' case, it was denied that they fought for white supremacy and slavery while in the case of the

2238:

issued the Severity Order in October 1941 that stated the essential aim of the campaign was the destruction of the 'Jewish–Bolshevik system'. The order was described as a model by the

6889: 1359:. He was told that nobody in America was interested in the topic. Until the 1990s, military historians writing the history of World War II focused on the campaigns and battles of the 1684:

noted that Nazi propaganda during the last days of the Nazi dictatorship pictured the war of the Eastern Front in the starkest and most extreme terms, as it was asserted that the

6732: 1532:. William Donovan, who had earlier helped Franz Halder, intervened and recruited his friend Paul Leverkuehn to assist the defence. Paget helped strengthen the myth of the clean 1610:

criminals was a price worth paying to prevent any part of West Germany from joining the East. Celebrities and historians joined the campaign to secure the release of Manstein.

1561:

war crimes on the Eastern Front, which Liddell Hart called a gross miscarriage of justice. The trial of Manstein was a turning point in the British people's perception of the

1197:

archives stored in the U.S. He supervised the work of other former German officers and wielded a great deal of influence. Formally Halder's role was to assemble and supervise

1058:. In January 1951, he wrote that there was "a real difference between the German soldier and Hitler and his criminal group". Chancellor Adenauer made a similar statement in a 642:

were set up throughout much of occupied Europe. In many cases in Eastern Europe, women and teenage girls were kidnapped from the streets during German military and police

6409: 1851: 1552:

Captain Basil Liddell Hart, the British historian who was the most influential military historian in the English-speaking world during his lifetime, endorsed the "clean

2077:

are not discussed. The media minimised German war crimes by comparing them to the behaviour of the Allies. In the 1980s and 1990s the media became preoccupied with the

824:

had been one of Britain's most established civil servants, holding a series of powerful posts from 1908 to 1942 and giving strategy advice to every prime minister from

5976: 2198:

The racist ideology of the campaign combined with "criminal orders", such as the Commissar Order, brought about a vicious circle of deepening violence and murder. The

1363:, treating the genocidal policies of the Nazi regime in passing. Historians of the Holocaust and the occupation policies of Nazi Germany often did not write about the 1132:, modern Germany's armed forces, was established in West Germany in 1955, employing numerous World War II veterans as senior leaders and instructors; the first eight 7204: 1490:

and "cleaning" it of war crimes. His military reputation as a capable army leader meant his memoirs were widely read, however, they followed the myth of the clean

1882:(Military Research Office) started publishing the official history of Germany in the Second World War, and the successive volumes have been very critical of the 1754:

as liberators. However, just as the "Lost Cause" myth portrayed submissive slaves who rejected freedom because their masters treated them so well, in the "clean

1598:

naturally sympathised with the traditional elites in Germany, seeing them as people much like themselves, and for members of the "Establishment" like Archbishop

2191:

troops shot civilians on the slightest pretext of partisan involvement and massacred whole villages that were supposedly protecting them. Omer Bartov writes in

2290:

units were rewarded for brutal behaviour and explains how this created a culture of ever deeper involvement with the regime's genocidal aims. He discusses the

139:

leaders signed the Generals' memorandum entitled "The German Army from 1920 to 1945", which laid out the key elements of the myth, attempting to exculpate the

1692:, these efforts did bear fruit in another important sense, for they both prepared the ground for the FRG's eventual alliance with the West, and provided the 389:) jointly laid the foundations for genocide in the Soviet Union. From the outset, the war against the Soviet Union was designed as a war of annihilation. The 6421: 6404: 1589:

finding Manstein supported Hitler's "war of annihilation" against the Soviet Union, enforced the Commissar Order, and as commander of the 11th Army assisted

7194: 6542: 1456:

said: "Franz Halder embodies better than any other high German officer the dramatic difference between myth and reality as it emerged after World War II".

925:

generals. While Hankey was opposed to trying fellow soldiers on principle, some of his followers were outright Nazi apologists, such as military historian

860:

about the issue, and personally conferred with Adenauer during a London visit in 1951. When the leader of the main German veterans group, the VdS, Admiral

5566:[More than three thousand executions. Non-fiction book: The long controversial history of the "Commissar Order" of 1941 in the German Wehrmacht]. 7050: 5691:(2012). "From Clean Hands to Vernichtungskrieg. How the High Command Case Shaped the Image of the Wehrmacht". In Priemel, Kim C.; Stiller, Alexa (eds.). 729:

began the murder of the Jews from mid-1941, independently of the SS. In April 1941 in the early days of the occupation, Chief of Military Administration

202:

officers and generals produced exculpatory memoirs distorting the historical record. These writings proved enormously popular, especially the memoirs of

6612: 6021: 5538: 951:

They argued that an officer as effective and thoroughly professional as Kesselring would not have stooped to war crimes, though Lingen dismisses this.

861: 6321: 1721: 695: 5262:

Large, David C. (1987). "Reckoning without the Past: The HIAG of the Waffen-SS and the Politics of Rehabilitation in the Bonn Republic, 1950–1961".

1675:

Both myths emphasised the respective militaries as forces of order and protection against chaos by inferior elements. In the case of the South, the

686:

officers tried to pressure their Italian counterparts to stop the exodus of Jews from German-occupied areas; however, the Italians refused. General

6809: 6293: 832:. Hankey deplored the war crimes trials as an injustice to soldiers who had fought honourably, and also a blunder since Britain might need former 6116: 1525:

officer remained in custody". Consequently, a campaign started to secure the release of Manstein and the other jailed West German war criminals.

315:, and many lower ranks down to common soldiers, were willing participants in Hitler's war of annihilation against perceived enemies of Germany. 6772: 6315: 1206:. German historian Wolfram Wette wrote that most Anglo-American military historians have a strong admiration for the "professionalism" of the 975:

The Western Allies were concerned with the possibility of war with the Soviet Union and a communist invasion. In 1950, after the start of the

6712: 1066: 879: 722: 187: 6628: 5692: 2072:

had been detached from involvement in war crimes. The Battle of Stalingrad was invented as a victim event by the media. They described the

1517:, and allowing subordinates to shoot Soviet civilians in reprisals. At the time of his trial, the first major crisis of the Cold War, the 5564:"Mehr als dreitausend Exekutionen. Sachbuch: Die lange umstrittene Geschichte des 'Kommissarbefehls' von 1941 in der deutschen Wehrmacht" 2142:

allowed German soldiers to execute civilians without fear they would later be tried for war crimes by the German state. German historian

2007:

affinity for key features of the National Socialist world view, especially for its hatred of communism and its anti-Semitism". Historian

1176: 906: 1647: 1101: 883: 1958:

accustomed to seeing "unspeakable deeds" with images of concentration camps and the SS. The exhibition showed 1,380 pictures of the

1043:". Adenauer accepted the memorandum and began a series of negotiations with the three Western Allied Forces to satisfy the demands. 6623: 6521: 6163: 1606:

who went to church regularly "...was enough to confirm his opposition to the Nazi state and therefore the absurdity of the trial".

1035:, would cease, and "measures to transform both domestic and foreign public opinion" of the German military would need to be taken. 639: 1762:

are always portrayed as submissively looking up to their German liberators for guidance and leadership. The exotic members of the

7189: 6742: 6585: 6440: 5989: 5892: 2428: 2195:

that numerous interrogations by Germans had determined Soviet troops would rather die on the battlefield than be taken prisoner.

1727:

Initially, when Operation Barbarossa was launched in 1941, the peoples of the Soviet Union were portrayed in Nazi propaganda as

1720:

as liberators, the narrative tended to distract attention from war crimes committed in the Soviet Union. The involvement of the

690:

reacted with disgust, describing the Italians as weak. He wrote an angry communique to Hitler saying the "implementation of the

6486: 6283: 6014: 2064:

soldiers and to portray them as victims of Hitler, the OKH, or the enemy; and those that involved crimes by the Allied forces.

1122: 902: 597: 1919:

a "rear-guard action" against the trends in German historiography. Bartov noted that even historians who were critical of the

1083:

citizens. In the late 1940s and 1950s a flood of polemical books and essays demanded freedom for the "so-called 'war criminals

5859: 5787: 5721: 5702: 5641: 5563: 5520: 5510: 5496: 5441: 5422: 5362: 5332: 5310: 5252: 5233: 5209: 5185: 5159: 5075: 5049: 5030: 5008: 4987: 4430: 3560: 3136: 2900: 2821: 2502: 2096:

is affected by the question of who started the war. He remarks that the media blame Britain and France for the "disgraceful"

1989:

units operating in the Soviet Union in the summer and autumn of 1941 which had been intercepted and decrypted by the British

1942: 1486:. His influence was second only to that of Halder. After the war his declared lifetime task was burnishing the memory of the 348: 214: 35: 2085:

were equally culpable. Newspaper articles routinely showed dramatic pictures of Allied crimes but rarely ones depicting the

1646:

officers such as Franz Halder were most active in promoting these myths after their respective wars. Both myths glorify the

5223: 2923: 2811: 2030: 1586: 1355: 1141: 887: 1545:

displayed a large degree of restraint and discipline". Paget's closing statement echoed the core of the myth of the clean

1029:: all German soldiers convicted as war criminals would be released, the "defamation" of the German soldier, including the 6844: 6767: 2138:" were devised. These orders went beyond international law and established codes of conduct. The Commissar Order and the 1898:("historians' quarrel") began. The debate was supported with television programmes and by newspapers and publishers. The 1133: 627: 38:, began to erode the myth for the German public in the 1990s. The signs state "Glory and honour to the German soldier!". 4902:

Anderson, Truman (July 2000). "Germans, Ukrainians and Jews: Ethnic Politics in Heeresgebiet Sud, June—December 1941".

4410:

Review of Heer, Hannes. Vom Verschwinden der Täter: Der Vernichtungskrieg fand statt, aber keiner war dabei (in German)

936:

was convicted by a British military court of ordering the massacres of Italian civilians during 1943–45, including the

2215: 1594:

controversy in Britain. British historian Tom Lawson wrote that Paget was greatly helped by the fact that most of the

7184: 6856: 6601: 6357: 6007: 5836: 5815: 5669: 5622: 5601: 4945: 3045: 2972: 2935: 401:, ruled by "Jewish Bolshevik" conspirators. It was stated Nazi policy to murder, deport, or enslave the majority of 5959: 1892:

German historians critical of the myth were denounced and were told they had "fouled their own nest". In 1986, the

899: 891: 575: 1949:

to a wider audience focussing on the hostilities as a German war of extermination. The exhibition was designed by

579: 46:

About 300 Polish prisoners of war were murdered by soldiers of the German 15th Motorised Infantry Regiment in the

6752: 6747: 6570: 6471: 6180: 6069: 5087: 2018:

involvement in the crimes of the Third Reich". In 2011, German military historian Wolfram Wette called the clean

2000:

In 2000, historian Truman Anderson identified a new scholarly consensus centering around the "recognition of the

1051: 124: 6476: 6462: 6372: 6170: 6136: 5916: 2135: 2129: 1655:

wrong to try to break up the United States, but were still admirable men and great American heroes; the "clean

5924: 2261:

in his zone up to the summer of 1942. In Belorussia, over half the civilians and POWs murdered were killed by

959: 749:, where they reportedly killed 480 "enemy combatants" with a loss of one German soldier. At the same time the 6863: 6682: 6298: 5733: 5412: 5264: 5199: 3002: 2438: 2434: 2383: 2180: 1931:

The year 1995 proved to be a turning point in German public consciousness with the opening in Hamburg of the

1819:

historian to challenge the myth was Hans-Adolf Jacobsen in his essay on the Commissar Order in the 1965 book

1635: 1631: 1452: 1264: 679: 491: 390: 5551: 2175:

treatment, and given minuscule rations. Forced labour became a death sentence. German Quartermaster-General

2150:, publishing his findings in 2008. It was the first complete account of the application of the order by the 1580:

In arguing for Manstein, Paget had made contradictory arguments at the same time; namely Manstein and other

1342:

Historians outside Germany did not study the Holocaust in the 1960s and there were almost no studies of the

604:. In this area, the Holocaust was carried out near populous towns rather than in extermination centres like 103:" conspirators – has been acknowledged, they are ascribed to the "Party soldiers corps", the 7174: 7016: 6981: 6968: 6903: 6877: 6818: 6077: 2892: 2228: 806: 760: 691: 605: 195: 4955:

Bartov, Omer (Fall 1997). "German Soldiers and the Holocaust: Historiography, Research and Implications".

3126: 1902:

did not contribute any new research, but the efforts of the "revisionist" conservative historians such as

1251:

officer's corps could have been involved in genocide and war crimes. Claims by Soviet historians that the

7209: 6451: 6426: 2407: 2101: 1804: 1787: 875: 682:

and Germans. The Germans began persecuting the Jews immediately, but the Italians refused to co-operate.

283:. Approximately half of all German male citizens performed military service as conscripts or volunteers. 259: 113: 84: 5831:. U.S. Office of High Commissioner for Germany. Reactions Analysis Staff. University of Illinois Press. 1854:, which was the first German book on the topic. 1981 saw two books dealing with the co-operation of the 746: 300:

on their hands from murdered prisoners of war, Jews, or civilians. The myth asserts that Hitler and the

198:. He oversaw the writings of 700 former German officers and disseminated the myth through this network. 7024: 6941: 6762: 6497: 5946: 5694:

Reassessing the Nuremberg Military Tribunals: Transitional Justice, Trial Narratives and Historiography

990:

Konrad Adenauer, the West German chancellor, arranged secret meetings between his officials and former

980: 780:, Chief of Staff of the OKH between 1938 and 1942, played a key role in creating the myth of the clean 566:

in Poland was a prelude to the war of annihilation in Russia. On the first day of the invasion, Polish

7032: 6379: 6153: 2243:

to partisan resistance fighters. A wide-scale anti-Semitic consensus already existed amongst ordinary

1868:

Die Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges: Die Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD, 1938–1942

1758:" myth, there is never any suggestion of equality between the Germans and the Soviet peoples, and the 840:. Though little known to the public, Hankey led a powerful lobbying group in Britain on behalf of the 7199: 6646: 6126: 2796:

Crimes Committed by the Wehrmacht During the September Campaign and the Period of Military Government

1300: 5085:

Foray, Jennifer (October 2010). "The 'Clean Wehrmacht' in the German-occupied Netherlands, 1940–5".

3075: 2286:

the forests and releasing them so they could be shot as they ran away. Beorn writes that individual

7085: 6547: 6466: 6229: 6111: 3935: 2389: 1994: 1831:, which did not deal with war crimes directly, but challenged the popular claim of an "apolitical" 1464: 1415:

wrote: "In the work of the Historical Division the traces of the War of Annihilation for which the

1318: 1214:

in a very admiring tone, largely accepting the version of history set out in the memoirs of former

1878:

for the death of over 3 million Soviet prisoners of war. Starting in 1979, historians of the

1375: 871:, visited Britain in 1952 to discuss the Kesselring case, the first person he visited was Hankey. 646:

to be used as sex slaves. The women were raped by up to 32 men per day at a nominal cost of three

296:) means German soldiers, sailors and airmen had "clean hands"; in other words, it claims they did 228:

troops complicit in war crimes, sparked a long-running public debate and reappraisal of the myth.

210:, and further disseminated the myth among a German public eager to cast off the shame of Nazism. 6175: 6158: 6121: 6056: 2367: 2307: 1705: 1223:

officers, whom they identified as men much like themselves. The picture of highly "professional"

785: 643: 280: 186:

As Adenauer courted the votes of veterans and enacted amnesty laws, Halder began working for the

2033:, asserts that: "Scores of studies published in the last few decades have demonstrated that the 232:

wrote that the war crimes had been covered up by scholars and former soldiers. German historian

7153: 7130: 7093: 7080: 6896: 6870: 6651: 6347: 6234: 6030: 5681:

The Virtuous Wehrmacht: Crafting the Myth of the German Soldier on the Eastern Front, 1941–1944

4998: 3552: 2927: 2917: 2495:

The Virtuous Wehrmacht: Crafting the Myth of the German Soldier on the Eastern Front, 1941-1944

2274: 520: 453:. During the retreat from the Soviet Union, German officers destroyed incriminating documents. 341: 147: 70: 6831: 6825: 6803: 6554: 6198: 5888: 5546: 5126: 4978:

Bartov, Omer (1999). "Soldiers, Nazis and War in the Third Reich". In Christian Leitz (ed.).

3128:

National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies

2886: 2350: 2100:, that they see as triggering German militarism. They blame the Soviet Union for signing the 1500: 1430:

and was published in 1950. The work contained the central ideas behind the myth of the clean

1323: 733:

decreed the registration of Jews, including forced labor and curfews. This culminated in the

508: 429: 5320: 631:

A synagogue in France that was used as a brothel. Girls as young as 15 were abducted by the

47: 6727: 6223: 5985: 5972: 2421: 2235: 2097: 2053: 1985:

role came with the publication in 1996 of 1.3 million cables sent from the SS and the

1933: 1797: 1599: 1353:

found that in the 1950s successive publishers rejected his later critically acclaimed book

1244: 1047: 1011: 964: 918: 417: 218: 175: 28: 5594:

Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: A Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia

5124:

Förster, Jürgen (Winter 1988). "Barbarossa Revisited: Strategy and Ideology in the East".

2402: 1435:

immorality is contrasted with the moral behaviour of the commander who had done no wrong.

1400: 1025:

officers made a number of demands to cooperate in West German rearmament, laid out in the

308:

and that war crimes were only committed by the SS, the Nazi Party's special armed force.

158:

to begin rearming to counter the perceived Soviet threat. In 1950, West German chancellor

8: 7099: 6656: 6457: 5912: 5147: 4957: 1392: 1026: 866: 845: 563: 420:, the German offensive into the Soviet Union, German troops were repeatedly subjected to 305: 167: 2356: 7214: 7179: 7075: 6976: 6796: 6702: 6606: 6384: 6352: 5877: 5848: 5766: 5750: 5484: 5472: 5392: 5289: 5281: 5178:

The Discursive Construction of History: Remembering the Wehrmacht's War of Annihilation

5135: 5112: 5104: 4921: 3189: 3181: 3063: 3051: 2569: 2442: 2302: 2269: 2078: 1907: 1823:. In 1969, Manfred Messerschmidt published a book on ideological indoctrination in the 1676: 1479: 1468: 1240: 941: 937: 910: 802: 798: 715: 711: 601: 536: 207: 127:(1945–1946), which released many of the accused, was misrepresented as exonerating the 7120: 7115: 6677: 6395: 6278: 6246: 5855: 5832: 5826: 5811: 5783: 5758: 5717: 5698: 5665: 5637: 5618: 5597: 5516: 5492: 5476: 5437: 5418: 5396: 5358: 5338: 5328: 5306: 5293: 5248: 5229: 5205: 5181: 5155: 5116: 5071: 5045: 5026: 5004: 4983: 4941: 4925: 4426: 4408: 3556: 3193: 3173: 3132: 3041: 2978: 2968: 2941: 2931: 2896: 2817: 2498: 2250: 2139: 1595: 1328: 1279:

officers and generals produced a slew of memoirs that followed the myth of the clean

933: 853: 829: 818: 540: 524: 100: 42: 5770: 5688: 5680: 5195: 5064: 687: 6331: 6288: 6190: 6143: 5742: 5651: 5568: 5468: 5464: 5408: 5384: 5273: 5096: 5059: 4966: 4913: 3165: 3033: 2922:. International Centre for University Teaching of Jewish Civilisation. Rutherford: 2258: 2044: 1894: 1864:

Die Behandlung sowjetischer Kriegsgefangener im "Fall Barbarossa" Ein Dokumentation

1835:

that had largely escaped Nazi influence. The year 1969 also saw the publication of

1783: 1623: 1569: 1447: 1292: 999: 567: 438: 381:

During World War II the government of Nazi Germany, the Armed Forces High Command (

5350: 1792: 7125: 6991: 6883: 6789: 6672: 6095: 5612: 5372: 5066:

In Hitler's Shadow West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape the Nazi Past

2794: 2121: 2008: 1846: 1770:

were portrayed as romantic, but savage; people worthy enough to be allies of the

1518: 1514: 1304: 1296: 1232: 1003: 926: 914: 895: 857: 837: 651: 616:

in their task of complete extermination of the Jewish population. In the town of

410: 337: 159: 62: 1972: 1054:

and future President of the United States, changed his negative rhetoric on the

694:'s laws concerning Jews is being so undermined by Italian officials that in the 7110: 7055: 6850: 6537: 6303: 6241: 6084: 6049: 5963: 5404: 4970: 4917: 4904: 4378: 4376: 2964: 2362: 2339: 2224: 1619: 1537: 1529: 1443: 1284: 1236: 1096:

was a central founding institution of Germany, tracing its descent back to the

1015: 995: 994:

officers to discuss the rearmament of West Germany. The meetings took place at

940:, Hankey used his influence to have one of Kesselring's interrogators, Colonel 821: 790: 544: 467: 421: 394: 213:

The year 1995 proved to be a turning point in German public consciousness. The

203: 163: 23: 5994: 5981: 5968: 5951:

Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front: The German Infantry's War, 1941–1944

5414:

The Myth of the Eastern Front: The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture

5388: 3929: 3169: 3055: 2143: 357: 353: 7168: 6951: 6580: 6362: 6326: 6063: 5661: 5506: 5342: 5100: 3177: 2961:

Israel and the daughters of the Shoah: reoccupying the territories of silence

2176: 1412: 1336: 1228:

1950s and 1960s on the way the history of the Second World War was written".

1097: 825: 730: 547:, had already arranged co-operation between the intelligence sections of the 486: 442: 233: 105: 80: 5489:

Kesselring's Last Battle: War Crimes Trials and Cold War Politics, 1945–1960

4938:

The Eastern Front, 1941–1945, German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare

4562: 4550: 4538: 4373: 2982: 2945: 1870:

by historians Helmut Krausnick and Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm. In 1978, Streit's

6946: 6936: 6837: 6757: 6575: 6445: 6367: 6272: 6101: 5762: 5219: 4603: 4601: 3037: 2888:

The Blessed Abyss: Inmate #6582 in Ravensbrück Concentration Camp for Women

2193:

The Eastern Front: 1941–1945 German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare

2179:

declared, "prisoners incapable of work in the prison camps are to starve".

1915:

as it attempted to stop the "Asiatic flood" into Europe. Bartov called the

1471:, alongside Franz Halder, was instrumental in the cultivation of the Clean 1408: 1379: 1350: 1310: 1268: 1109:

cement over its past and make outraged claims that innocence was the norm.

1088: 1007: 849: 777: 668: 425: 276: 265: 257:

was the combined armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945, the Army (

155: 132: 92: 88: 5808:

Legacies of Dachau: The Uses and Abuses of a Concentration Camp, 1933–2001

5731:

Janowitz, Morris (September 1946). "German Reactions to Nazi Atrocities".

5375:(June 2009). "The Clean Wehrmacht, the War of Extermination, and Beyond". 4793: 4757: 2254: 6986: 6722: 6211: 5999: 5169: 5018: 4933: 2397: 2298: 1950: 1903: 1729: 1681: 1639: 664: 462: 398: 369: 333: 328: 297: 245:

denied having been a full partner in the Nazis' industrialised genocide.

229: 96: 5303:

The Church of England and the Holocaust: Christianity, Memory and Nazism

5108: 4598: 4586: 4574: 4526: 4514: 4438: 7135: 7105: 7008: 6434: 6215: 6148: 5754: 5285: 5173: 5139: 4781: 4613: 4361: 3185: 3153: 2576:. War Department. 15 March 1945. p. . Technical Manual TM-E 30-451 2184: 1156: 1128: 976: 707: 647: 528: 301: 5828:

Public opinion in semi-sovereign Germany: the HICOG surveys, 1949–1955

5355:

Tapping Hitler's Generals: Transcripts of Secret Conversations 1942–45

2726: 2113: 1541:

the campaign to exterminate Soviet Jews. Instead, he argued that "the

6921:

International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust

6389: 6042: 5201:

Hitler's Generals on Trial: The Last War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg

1626:

noted the close similarities of the "untarnished shield" myth of the

1509: 1060: 1031: 946: 703: 583: 271: 75: 6707: 5780:

The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War: A Handbook

1349:

involvement in the Final Solution. Austrian-born American historian

1172:

would have been damaged and discredited both in Germany and abroad.

755: 275:) totaling about 18 million men, created on 16 March 1935 with 95: – the populace of which was viewed by the Nazis as " 5746: 5277: 4484: 2813:

War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941

1767: 1603: 1439: 472: 402: 332:

The Nazi leadership aimed to conquer Eastern European territories,

151: 6890:

The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism

5714:

The Mental Aftermath: The Mentality of German Physicists 1945–1949

2431: – a similar construct in Japanese post-war memory. 1945:

initiated the touring exhibition, which exposed war crimes of the

675:

soldiers deployed to the Soviet Union participated in war crimes.

5657:

Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust

4241: 3372: 3370: 3368: 1568:

One celebrity who joined Paget's campaign, left-wing philosopher

1291:

commander found guilty of murdering U.S. prisoners of war at the

801:. The document was written at the suggestion of American general 4036: 4034: 4032: 3727: 3688: 3265: 3263: 2425: – a similar construct in Italian post-war memory 5954: 5850:

Exorcising Hitler: The Occupation and Denazification of Germany

4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4178: 4176: 4161: 4149: 4019: 4017: 4015: 3985: 3766: 3717: 3715: 1496: 699: 617: 4002: 4000: 3973: 3886: 3874: 3825: 3823: 3795: 3793: 3549:

Die deutschen Kriegsheimkehrer. Was hat die DDR für sie getan?

3365: 3205: 3203: 3154:"Wehrmacht Perceptions of Mass Violence in Croatia, 1941–1942" 594:

is estimated to have executed between 16,000 to 27,000 Poles.

6717: 4422: 4334: 4332: 4029: 3341: 3329: 3317: 3260: 2516: 2514: 1837:

Das Heer und Hitler: Armee und nationalsozialistisches Regime

1810:. One of the posters reads: "Our fathers were not criminals." 1613: 654:

mission driver Franz Mawick wrote about what he saw in 1942:

531:, and the Soviet Union. The first significant combat for the 406: 194:

officers to create a multi-volume operational account of the

5878:"Lessons Learned from Denazification and de-Ba'athification" 4462: 4229: 4188: 4173: 4012: 3712: 3700: 3295: 3293: 3280: 3278: 3250: 3248: 1602:

the mere fact that Manstein was a German Army officer and a

1438:

The Americans were aware the manuscripts contained numerous

6737: 5716:. Translated by Ann M. Hentschel. Oxford University Press. 4745: 3997: 3961: 3949: 3910: 3898: 3820: 3790: 3778: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3659: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3397: 3235: 3233: 3220: 3218: 3200: 2372: 1990: 1712:

similarly gave the image of the Slavs happy to welcome the

984: 587: 562:

participation in the large-scale killings of civilians and

6733:

Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung

5977:

Wiener Library for the Study of the Holocaust and Genocide

4882: 4880: 4709: 4625: 4388: 4329: 4125: 3387: 3385: 3028:

Kay, Alex J.; Stahel, David (2018). "Part IV. Wehrmacht".

2653: 2651: 2511: 2375:(acronym translated as: "Mutual aid association of former 2134:

During the planning of Operation Barbarossa, a series of "

1556:" myth, writing with undisguised admiration about how the 1482:

was a key figure in the creation of the myth of the clean

495:

Three men about to be hanged in front of a large crowd of

487:

Crimes in Greece, Poland, the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia

4502: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4300: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4253: 4113: 4101: 4077: 3305: 3290: 3275: 3245: 2146:

studied the implementation of the Commissar Order by the

1231:

Various historians across the political spectrum such as

836:

generals to fight against the Soviet Union in a possible

714:, and other Jews have been escorted across the border to 519:

carried out war crimes across the continent including in

386: 382: 166:

to discuss West Germany's rearmament and agreed upon the

5245:

Believe and Destroy: Intellectuals in the SS War Machine

5168: 4799: 4787: 4763: 4619: 4607: 4592: 4580: 4568: 4556: 4544: 4532: 4520: 4450: 4444: 4382: 4367: 4137: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 3850: 3739: 3671: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3596: 3569: 3480: 3463: 3436: 3230: 3215: 3082: 2732: 2714: 2600: 1708:

and other collaborationist units fighting alongside the

1386:

through his work with the U.S. Army Historical Division.

1160:) was established in 1955 with prominent members of the 154:

against their former ally, the Soviet Union, and wanted

5910: 4877: 4685: 4673: 4661: 3840: 3838: 3810: 3808: 3756: 3754: 3618: 3616: 3586: 3584: 3453: 3451: 3414: 3412: 3382: 2866: 2648: 2570:"Chapter I – The German Military System" 1087:", whose guilt was thrown into doubt. German historian 5885:

Strategy Research Project for MSc in Strategic Studies

4733: 4721: 4697: 4344: 4312: 4265: 4217: 4089: 2854: 2738: 2690: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2253:

began massacring the Jewish population on day one. In

2011:

writes, "Most historians now acknowledge the scale of

1164:

in positions of authority. If large numbers of former

1018:. Foertsch became one of Adenauer's defence advisors. 150:

were becoming increasingly concerned with the growing

5434:

Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East

4865: 4817: 4490: 4058: 4046: 3640: 2702: 2636: 2474: 2322:. Approximately 1,300,000 Soviet Jews were murdered. 1716:

as their liberators and saviours. By focusing on the

1313:

and his memory were used to shape perceptions of the

710: – numerous Jews are protected by the 112:

The myth began during the war, being promoted in the

5825:

Merritt, Anna J.; Merritt, Richard L., eds. (1980).

5457:

Word & Image: A Journal of Verbal/Visual Enquiry

4853: 4841: 4769: 4637: 3931:

Nuremberg Day 200 Von Manstein (translated captions)

3862: 3835: 3805: 3751: 3628: 3613: 3581: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3448: 3409: 3106: 3094: 2612: 2329: 2301:, Nazi Germany's starvation policy. He examines the 848:. He regularly corresponded with Winston Churchill, 741:

for insurgency and sabotage. In September 1942, the

224:, which showed 1,380 graphic pictures of "ordinary" 7051:

Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime

5969:"A Blind Eye and Dirty Hands The Wehrmacht's Crimes 5875: 5799:

The German Question and the Origins of the Cold War

5451:Tymkiw, Michael (2007). "Debunking the myth of the 4829: 4805: 3424: 3353: 2842: 2830: 2774: 2762: 2750: 2663: 2624: 2588: 2550: 2538: 2526: 2455: 1503:. During this time his troops co-operated with the 678:Yugoslavia and Greece were jointly occupied by the 471:, and participated in the mass killings such as at 6613:On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians 6311:Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil 5847: 5063: 4649: 1829:Die Wehrmacht im NS-Staat: Zeit der Indoktrination 1407:were to be emphasised instead. Military historian 34:in 2002. The touring exhibition, organised by the 5923:. U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from 4415:About the disappearance of the perpetrators: The 2210: 1722:collaborationist units raised in the Soviet Union 1528:Manstein's defence attorney during his trial was 1307:and ask him if he is familiar with this idiocy". 1303:, wanted to hang Peiper and that he would "cable 1191: 73:notion that the regular German armed forces (the 7166: 5982:The Role of the German Army during the Holocaust 5960:Uncovered files shed light on Hitler's Wehrmacht 5491:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 5204:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 5150:(2005). Mark Erickson; Ljubica Erickson (eds.). 745:was also involved in a massacre of civilians in 190:. His role was to assemble and supervise former 7205:Military history of Germany during World War II 2049:Remembering the Wehrmacht's War of Annihilation 1975:wrote the number was "many tens of thousands". 753:condemned similar actions taken by the fascist 449:The murder of Jews was common knowledge in the 6773:Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt 5824: 5436:. Cambridge, Ma.: Cambridge University Press. 3032:. Indiana University Press. pp. 173–194. 2919:Hebrew literature in the wake of the Holocaust 1247:all found it inconceivable that the "correct" 624:was a full partner in systematic mass murder. 479:officers considered the relationship with the 6713:Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War 6015: 5536: 5403: 4751: 4247: 4235: 4211: 4182: 4167: 4155: 4040: 4023: 4006: 3991: 3979: 3967: 3955: 3916: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3829: 3799: 3784: 3772: 3733: 3721: 3706: 3694: 3665: 3403: 3376: 3209: 2520: 1419:leadership was responsible were covered up". 1077: 874:Members of Hankey's group included Labour MP 793:, the lead counsel for the defence of senior 5515:. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press. 2497:. Cornell University Press. pp. 12–13. 2124:(pictured) were the cornerstone of the myth. 1010:. During the war, Foertsch had worked under 291: 7195:World War II-related historical negationism 5917:"Germany 1947–1949: The Story In Documents" 5741:(2). University of Chicago Press: 141–146. 5631: 4294: 2492: 1866:by war crimes prosecutor Alfred Streim and 1271:'s memory was used for post-war propaganda. 998:between 5 and 9 October 1950, and included 771: 457:soldiers actively worked together with the 109:(SS), but not the regular German military. 6845:A History of the Palestinian People (2017) 6029: 6022: 6008: 5547:Kehila Kedosha Janina Synagogue and Museum 5483: 4143: 3391: 3347: 3335: 3323: 3311: 3299: 3284: 3269: 3254: 3124: 2884: 340:with ethnic German settlers as part of a " 6810:Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by 6485: 5796: 5711: 5650: 3027: 3005:[Sex slaves of the Third Reich]. 2445:other than the desire to preserve slavery 2026:Jennifer Foray, in her 2010 study of the 1168:officers were indicted on war crimes the 6189: 5730: 5611:Balfour, Michael Leonard Graham (1988). 5537:Raptis, Alekos; Tzallas, Thanos (2005). 5417:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 5371: 5172:; Manoschek, Walter; Pollak, Alexander; 5003:. London, UK: Harvard University Press. 4901: 4468: 4456: 3546: 2809: 2441:as having a noble justification for the 2214: 2112: 1967:, standing inside the 'heart of darkness 1852:mass murder of three million Soviet POWs 1791: 1634:myth, starting with the way that former 1463: 1374: 1263: 1121: 958: 626: 612:was initially tasked with assisting the 502: 490: 432:indoctrination. Following the invasion, 347: 327: 311:In reality, the general officers of the 41: 22: 6586:There was no such thing as Palestinians 5990:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 5805: 5614:Withstanding Hitler in Germany, 1933–45 5610: 5349: 5218: 5146: 5123: 5039: 4886: 4691: 4679: 4667: 4406: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2744: 2696: 2642: 2429:Japanese history textbook controversies 1668:it was denied that they fought for the 376: 7167: 6284:Denial of state terrorism in Argentina 5845: 5777: 5687: 5450: 5431: 5319: 5305:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell and Brewer. 5300: 5242: 5194: 4980:The Third Reich The Essential Readings 4977: 4954: 4932: 4739: 4727: 4715: 4703: 4631: 4394: 4355: 4338: 4323: 4282: 4223: 4131: 4095: 3653: 3224: 2958: 2915: 2792: 2708: 2657: 2556: 2120:veterans' denials of adherence to the 1963:my opinion, at the centre of Hitler's 1844:. In 1978, Christian Streit published 1724:in the Holocaust was never mentioned. 1704:" myth by emphasising the role of the 1177:prisoners of war from Soviet captivity 971:to facilitate West German re-armament. 954: 248: 6117:Atrocities against Indigenous peoples 6003: 5876:Howard, Lawrence E. (30 March 2007). 5634:The Denazification of Germany 1945–48 5561: 5512:The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality 5505: 5261: 5154:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 5084: 5058: 5044:. London, UK: John Wiley & Sons. 5017: 4996: 4871: 4859: 4847: 4835: 4823: 4811: 4775: 4655: 4643: 4508: 4496: 4306: 4259: 4119: 4107: 4083: 4071: 4052: 3868: 3856: 3844: 3814: 3760: 3745: 3682: 3634: 3622: 3607: 3590: 3575: 3534: 3522: 3510: 3498: 3486: 3474: 3457: 3442: 3430: 3418: 3359: 3239: 3112: 3100: 3088: 3030:Mass Violence in Nazi-Occupied Europe 2872: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2720: 2684: 2672: 2630: 2618: 2606: 2594: 2544: 2532: 2480: 2468: 1943:Hamburg Institute for Social Research 1803:in 2002. The exhibition detailed the 1459: 1112: 586:, Kochcice, Zawiść, Ornontowice, and 483:to be very close and almost cordial. 215:Hamburg Institute for Social Research 36:Hamburg Institute for Social Research 16:Aspect of World War II historiography 6164:U.S. cover-up of Japanese war crimes 5949:with Jeff Rutherford, the author of 5697:. Berghahn Books. pp. 194–220. 5591: 5225:The Destruction of the European Jews 3151: 3000: 2989: 2924:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press 2092:Pollak notes that the honour of the 1880:Militargeschichtliches Forschungsamt 1356:The Destruction of the European Jews 1134:Inspector Generals of the Bundeswehr 1117: 766: 162:and former officers met secretly at 6768:United Daughters of the Confederacy 5869: 4483:. Interview mit Wolfram Wette, in: 3125:Herbert, Ulrich; Aly, Götz (2000). 1154:. The new German armed forces (the 812: 539:on 1 September 1939. In April 1939 13: 6743:Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum 5585: 5042:Nazi Germany Confronting the Myths 2574:Handbook on German Military Forces 2437:– Pseudohistory that portrays the 2265:units, many Jews were among them. 2108: 1874:exposed the responsibility of the 1777: 698: – particularly in 334:exterminate the Slavic populations 14: 7226: 6857:The Hoax of the Twentieth Century 6602:Allegations of genocide in Donbas 6494:Destruction of Armenian heritage 6401:Destruction of cultural heritage 6358:Ancient Egyptian race controversy 5940: 5898:from the original on 30 July 2018 5539:"Deportation of Jews of Ioannina" 5530: 4419:took place, but no one was there. 3003:"Seksualne niewolnice III Rzeszy" 1991:Government Code and Cipher School 1426:which translates into English as 1175:Following the return of the last 1142:political parties in West Germany 1092:distance themselves from it. The 1064:debate on the Article 131 of the 7149: 7148: 5327:. University Press of Kentucky. 5228:. New York: Holmes & Meier. 5180:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 4940:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 4474: 4400: 2584:– via Hyperwar Foundation. 2332: 2223:enforced the deportation of the 2183:, while being secretly taped at 1993:, and then shared with the U.S. 1614:The "Lost Cause" of Nazi Germany 1210:, and tended to write about the 1014:, an ardent Nazi who issued the 511:executing Soviet civilians, 1943 6753:Institute for Historical Review 6748:Institute for Armenian Research 6571:Denial of the 7 October attacks 6472:Shakespeare authorship question 6181:Denial of the 7 October attacks 5984:: A Brief Summary – lecture by 5357:. London, UK: Frontline Books. 5152:Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy 5088:Journal of Contemporary History 4895: 3922: 3540: 3145: 3118: 3021: 2952: 2909: 2878: 2803: 2786: 1774:, but not really their equals. 1499:while he was in command of the 1370: 1052:Supreme Allied Commander Europe 917:, and the bishop of Chichester 737:, the reprisal killings by the 178:, had previously described the 174:must be raised. U.S. President 125:International Military Tribunal 7190:Historiography of Nazi Germany 6477:Territorial losses of Thailand 5810:. Cambridge University Press. 5782:. Cambridge University Press. 5678:Harrisville, David A. (2021). 5469:10.1080/02666286.2007.10435801 3001:Gmyz, Cezary (22 April 2007). 2810:Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2007). 2562: 2493:Harrisville, David A. (2021). 2486: 2211:Participation in the Holocaust 2130:Criminal orders (Nazi Germany) 1659:" myth likewise portrayed the 1192:Memoirs and historical studies 1: 6864:I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle 6683:Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth 6299:Lost Cause of the Confederacy 6132:Genocide of Serbs during WWII 6070:school textbook controversies 5971:" – lecture by the historian 5734:American Journal of Sociology 5325:Hitler's Wehrmacht, 1935–1945 5265:The Journal of Modern History 2449: 2439:Confederate States of America 2435:Lost Cause of the Confederacy 2416:Similar phenomena elsewhere: 2384:The Myth of the Eastern Front 2181:Friedrich Freiherr von Broich 2031:occupation of the Netherlands 1632:Lost Cause of the Confederacy 1453:The Myth of the Eastern Front 1382:covered up the crimes of the 1295:. Guderian said that General 932:In 1950, after Field Marshal 409:populations according to the 391:racial policy of Nazi Germany 385:) and the Army High Command ( 323: 188:U.S. Army Historical Division 67:Mythos der sauberen Wehrmacht 7017:Lehideux and Isorni v France 6904:Report about Case Srebrenica 6878:Journal of Historical Review 6380:Censorship of Great Zimbabwe 5070:. New York: Pantheon Books. 4487:vom 1. June 2011, S. 22 3551:(Eastern ed.). Berlin: 2893:Wayne State University Press 2816:. Rowman & Littlefield. 2229:Auschwitz concentration camp 2158:killed utilising the order. 2081:to argue the Allies and the 1978:Further confirmation of the 1179:, 600 former members of the 761:Independent State of Croatia 393:viewed the Soviet Union and 7: 6819:Did Six Million Really Die? 6452:Like sheep to the slaughter 5684:. Cornell University Press. 5632:Biddiscombe, Perry (2006). 5040:Epstein, Catherine (2015). 2325: 1788:War crimes of the Wehrmacht 1235:, General J. F. C. Fuller, 967:changed his opinion of the 590:. During the invasion, the 279:'s Defence Law introducing 10: 7231: 7025:Irving v Penguin Books Ltd 6942:J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing 6763:Turkish Historical Society 6294:Ferdinand Marcos apologism 5846:Taylor, Frederick (2011). 5243:Ingrao, Christian (2013). 4971:10.2979/HIS.1997.9.1-2.162 4918:10.1177/096834450000700304 3152:Gumz, Jonathan E. (2001). 2885:Herbermann, Nanda (2000). 2127: 1781: 1672:ideology of Nazi Germany. 1243:, Basil Liddell Hart, and 1078:West German public opinion 1050:, soon to be appointed as 1046:In response, U.S. general 981:European Defence Community 368:) officers performing the 7144: 7086:Historical misconceptions 7068: 7043: 7000: 6967: 6960: 6929: 6913: 6781: 6695: 6665: 6639: 6594: 6563: 6530: 6340: 6262: 6094: 6037: 5712:Hentschel, Klaus (2007). 5389:10.1017/S0018246X09007547 4982:. London, UK: Blackwell. 4752:Raptis & Tzallas 2005 4407:Semmens, Kristin (2006), 4248:Smelser & Davies 2008 4236:Smelser & Davies 2008 4212:Smelser & Davies 2008 4183:Smelser & Davies 2008 4168:Smelser & Davies 2008 4156:Smelser & Davies 2008 4041:Smelser & Davies 2008 4024:Smelser & Davies 2008 4007:Smelser & Davies 2008 3992:Smelser & Davies 2008 3980:Smelser & Davies 2008 3968:Smelser & Davies 2008 3956:Smelser & Davies 2008 3917:Smelser & Davies 2008 3905:Smelser & Davies 2008 3893:Smelser & Davies 2008 3881:Smelser & Davies 2008 3830:Smelser & Davies 2008 3800:Smelser & Davies 2008 3785:Smelser & Davies 2008 3773:Smelser & Davies 2008 3734:Smelser & Davies 2008 3722:Smelser & Davies 2008 3707:Smelser & Davies 2008 3695:Smelser & Davies 2008 3666:Smelser & Davies 2008 3404:Smelser & Davies 2008 3377:Smelser & Davies 2008 3210:Smelser & Davies 2008 3170:10.1017/S0018246X01001996 2521:Smelser & Davies 2008 2346:Related to Nazi Germany: 1536:, he defended the army's 1507:and the peninsula became 635:to be used as sex slaves. 7185:Historical controversies 6629:Denial of Crimean Tatars 6458:Myth of the golden exile 5806:Marcuse, Harold (2001). 5101:10.1177/0022009410375178 3936:Robert H. Jackson Center 1995:National Security Agency 1319:Friedrich von Mellenthin 772:The Generals' memorandum 663:According to a study by 640:German military brothels 582:, Gierałtowice, Bojków, 411:Master Plan for the East 7033:Perinçek v. Switzerland 6463:Phantom time hypothesis 6057:Knowledge falsification 5778:Junker, Detlef (2004). 5562:Wette, Wolfram (2009). 5301:Lawson, Thomas (2006). 5247:. Malden, Ma.: Polity. 4997:Beorn, Waitman (2014). 3547:Reichelt, Hans (2007). 2959:Lenṭin, Ronit. (2000). 2793:Datner, Szymon (1962). 2368:German collective guilt 2308:crimes against humanity 2102:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1821:Anatomie des SS Staates 1796:Protesters against the 1706:Russian Liberation Army 1596:British "Establishment" 1422:In 1949, Halder wrote, 1100:of the "Great Elector" 786:Walther von Brauchitsch 543:, the architect of the 79:) were not involved in 27:Germans protesting the 7131:Genocide justification 7094:Accusation in a mirror 7081:Historical revisionism 6897:The Ottoman Lieutenant 6348:Allah as a lunar deity 6235:Double genocide theory 6031:Historical negationism 5797:Lewkowicz, N. (2008). 5432:Stahel, David (2009). 5025:. Boston, Ma.: Brill. 5000:Marching into Darkness 3553:University of Michigan 3158:The Historical Journal 3038:10.2307/j.ctv3znw3v.11 2275:Marching into Darkness 2232: 2125: 1814:The myth of the clean 1811: 1476: 1387: 1299:, Commander in Chief, 1272: 1137: 1136:were wartime veterans. 972: 944:, publish a letter to 846:Japanese war criminals 661: 636: 512: 500: 399:non-Aryan "sub-humans" 373: 345: 342:Greater Germanic Reich 338:colonise the territory 292: 66: 51: 39: 6826:Falsifiers of History 6804:The Birth of a Nation 6555:Stab-in-the-back myth 6332:Operation Legacy (UK) 6199:Austria victim theory 5889:U.S. Army War College 5636:. The History Press. 5592:Adam, Thomas (2005). 5127:Jewish Social Studies 2916:Yudkin, Leon (1993). 2351:Austria victim theory 2318:conjunction with the 2218: 2116: 1934:Wehrmachtsausstellung 1795: 1750:" myth portrayed the 1677:Reconstruction period 1467: 1378: 1301:U.S. European Command 1267: 1125: 962: 656: 630: 570:were murdered by the 506: 494: 364:(Naval branch of the 351: 331: 320:into German society. 45: 26: 6952:Nation Europa Verlag 6728:FactCheckArmenia.com 6624:Censorship of images 6341:Other manifestations 6224:Italiani brava gente 5986:Geoffrey P. Megargee 5973:Geoffrey P. Megargee 5854:. Bloomsbury Press. 5652:Goldhagen, Daniel J. 5557:on 26 February 2009. 4958:History & Memory 2422:Italiani brava gente 2272:writing in his book 2236:Walter von Reichenau 2098:Treaty of Versailles 2054:Battle of Stalingrad 1648:Confederate military 1618:American historians 1245:John Wheeler-Bennett 1048:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1012:Walter von Reichenau 965:Dwight D. Eisenhower 844:generals as well as 418:Operation Barbarossa 377:War of extermination 176:Dwight D. Eisenhower 50:on 9 September 1939. 7175:1940s introductions 7116:Conspiracy theories 7100:Ash heap of history 6657:Sun Language Theory 6422:Myth of English aid 5913:Department of State 5485:von Lingen, Kerstin 5321:Müller, Rolf-Dieter 4718:, pp. 119–121. 4634:, pp. 100–101. 4571:, pp. 143–146. 4559:, pp. 142–143. 4547:, pp. 139–140. 4511:, pp. 769–770. 4471:, pp. 455–456. 4417:War of Annihilation 4397:, pp. 485–492. 4385:, pp. 238–243. 4341:, pp. 167–168. 4309:, pp. 275–277. 4262:, pp. 270–272. 4250:, pp. 181–185. 4134:, pp. 159–160. 4122:, pp. 224–226. 4110:, pp. 225–226. 4086:, pp. 224–225. 3859:, pp. 232–233. 3748:, pp. 276–277. 3736:, pp. 111–113. 3697:, pp. 104–105. 3685:, pp. 234–235. 3610:, pp. 230–231. 3578:, pp. 229–231. 3489:, pp. 241–242. 3477:, pp. 240–241. 3445:, pp. 236–238. 3350:, pp. 163–164. 3338:, pp. 163–167. 3326:, pp. 162–163. 3272:, pp. 161–162. 3242:, pp. 206–207. 3091:, pp. 134–135. 2723:, pp. 199–201. 2609:, pp. 292–297. 2268:American historian 2207:as they retreated. 1428:Hitler as Commander 1424:Hitler als Feldherr 1393:Gehlen Organisation 1140:In the early 1950s 1027:Himmerod memorandum 955:Himmerod memorandum 718:and Italy itself". 692:Croatian government 306:war of annihilation 304:alone designed the 249:Outline of the myth 168:Himmerod memorandum 120:official propaganda 7210:Propaganda legends 7076:Historical fiction 6871:Jasenovac – istina 6797:A Verdade Sufocada 6703:Adelaide Institute 6607:All-Russian nation 6564:Israel / Palestine 6543:Myth of Langemarck 6522:Western Azerbaijan 6385:Christ myth theory 6353:Ancient astronauts 6263:Other whitewashing 6137:Croatian Knowledge 6127:Cambodian genocide 3994:, pp. 99–100. 3775:, pp. 56, 65. 3227:, pp. 99–101. 3131:. Berghahn Books. 2967:. pp. 33–34. 2875:, pp. 65, 76. 2443:American Civil War 2408:War crimes of the 2303:Mogilev Conference 2270:Waitman Wade Beorn 2233: 2126: 2079:bombing of Dresden 1941:Exhibition"); the 1908:Andreas Hillgruber 1812: 1805:war crimes of the 1480:Erich von Manstein 1477: 1469:Erich von Manstein 1460:Erich von Manstein 1388: 1273: 1241:Friedrich Meinecke 1138: 1113:Growth of the myth 973: 942:Alexander Scotland 938:Ardeatine massacre 911:Basil Liddell Hart 803:William J. Donovan 799:High Command Trial 797:commanders at the 671:, the majority of 637: 602:Pale of Settlement 537:invasion of Poland 513: 501: 461:(SS) paramilitary 416:Before and during 374: 346: 208:Erich von Manstein 143:from war crimes. 56:myth of the clean 52: 48:Ciepielów massacre 40: 7162: 7161: 7121:False attribution 7064: 7063: 7044:International law 6930:Publishing houses 6691: 6690: 6678:Irish slaves myth 6498:Cemetery in Julfa 6441:Khazar hypothesis 6396:Damnatio memoriae 6279:Czechoslovak myth 6258: 6257: 6171:Rohingya genocide 6112:Armenian genocide 5861:978-1-60819-503-9 5789:978-0-52179-112-0 5723:978-0-19920-566-0 5704:978-0-85745-532-1 5643:978-0-75242-346-3 5522:978-0-674-02577-6 5498:978-0-70061-641-1 5443:978-0-52176-847-4 5424:978-0-52183-365-3 5409:Davies, Edward J. 5364:978-1-84832-715-3 5334:978-0-81316-811-1 5312:978-1-84383-219-5 5254:978-0-74566-026-4 5235:978-0-84190-832-1 5211:978-0-70061-698-5 5187:978-0-23001-323-0 5161:978-0-29784-913-1 5077:978-0-39457-686-2 5060:Evans, Richard J. 5051:978-1-11829-479-6 5032:978-9-00420-317-4 5010:978-0-67472-550-8 4989:978-0-63120-700-9 4802:, pp. 24–25. 4766:, pp. 22–23. 4432:978-3-35102-565-6 4421:], H-German, 4170:, pp. 86–87. 4158:, pp. 85–86. 3982:, pp. 97–98. 3895:, pp. 66–67. 3883:, pp. 56–57. 3562:978-3-36001-089-6 3379:, pp. 72–73. 3138:978-1-57181-751-8 2902:978-0-8143-2920-7 2863:, pp. 27–29. 2823:978-0-7425-4482-6 2799:. Drukarnia Univ. 2687:, pp. 59–60. 2660:, pp. 96–99. 2504:978-1-5017-6006-8 2483:, pp. 12–17. 2251:Army Group Centre 2140:Barbarossa decree 1926:Alltagsgeschichte 1850:dealing with the 1741:as allies of the 1638:officers such as 1401:Georg von Küchler 1329:Hans-Ulrich Rudel 1118:Political climate 1102:Frederich Wilhelm 934:Albert Kesselring 854:Douglas MacArthur 830:Winston Churchill 819:Paymaster General 767:Start of the myth 735:Geiselmordpolitik 541:Reinhard Heydrich 293:saubere Wehrmacht 269:) and Air Force ( 236:called the clean 7222: 7200:Holocaust denial 7152: 7151: 6965: 6964: 6551: 6511: 6483: 6482: 6430: 6319: 6289:Driftwood theory 6187: 6186: 6176:Rwandan genocide 6159:Nanjing Massacre 6154:Khojaly massacre 6122:Bosnian genocide 6024: 6017: 6010: 6001: 6000: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5927:on 20 April 2010 5921:Publication 3556 5907: 5905: 5903: 5897: 5882: 5865: 5853: 5842: 5821: 5802: 5793: 5774: 5727: 5708: 5675: 5647: 5628: 5607: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5569:Badische Zeitung 5558: 5556: 5550:. Archived from 5543: 5526: 5502: 5480: 5447: 5428: 5400: 5373:Shepherd, Ben H. 5368: 5346: 5316: 5297: 5258: 5239: 5215: 5191: 5165: 5143: 5120: 5081: 5069: 5055: 5036: 5023:Rearming Germany 5014: 4993: 4974: 4965:(1/2): 162–188. 4951: 4929: 4890: 4884: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4800:Heer et al. 2008 4797: 4791: 4788:Heer et al. 2008 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4764:Heer et al. 2008 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4620:Heer et al. 2008 4617: 4611: 4608:Heer et al. 2008 4605: 4596: 4593:Heer et al. 2008 4590: 4584: 4581:Heer et al. 2008 4578: 4572: 4569:Heer et al. 2008 4566: 4560: 4557:Heer et al. 2008 4554: 4548: 4545:Heer et al. 2008 4542: 4536: 4533:Heer et al. 2008 4530: 4524: 4521:Heer et al. 2008 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4445:Heer et al. 2008 4442: 4436: 4435: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4383:Heer et al. 2008 4380: 4371: 4368:Heer et al. 2008 4365: 4359: 4353: 4342: 4336: 4327: 4321: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4295:Harrisville 2021 4292: 4286: 4280: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4186: 4180: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4027: 4021: 4010: 4004: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3833: 3827: 3818: 3812: 3803: 3797: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3611: 3605: 3594: 3588: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3461: 3455: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3380: 3374: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3288: 3282: 3273: 3267: 3258: 3252: 3243: 3237: 3228: 3222: 3213: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3164:(4): 1015–1038. 3149: 3143: 3142: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3067: 3059: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2998: 2987: 2986: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2733:Heer et al. 2008 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2661: 2655: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2509: 2508: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2357:Bandenbekämpfung 2342: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2296: 2284: 2259:Army Group South 2156: 2045:Alexander Pollak 2039: 2017: 2006: 1984: 1970: 1917:Historikerstreit 1900:Historikerstreit 1895:Historikerstreit 1888: 1784:Historikerstreit 1698: 1624:Edward J. Davies 1570:Bertrand Russell 1448:Edward J. Davies 1348: 1305:President Truman 1293:Malmedy massacre 1086: 1042: 1000:Hermann Foertsch 903:Frederic Maugham 880:Harold Alexander 878:, Field Marshal 870: 862:Gottfried Hansen 813:The Hankey lobby 716:Italian Dalmatia 712:Italian military 568:prisoners of war 561: 507:Officers of the 439:4th Panzer Group 397:as populated by 295: 286:The term "clean 119: 101:Jewish Bolshevik 7230: 7229: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7140: 7126:Furtive fallacy 7090: 7060: 7039: 6996: 6956: 6925: 6909: 6884:Leuchter report 6790:A Town Betrayed 6777: 6687: 6673:1776 Commission 6661: 6647:Denial of Kurds 6635: 6590: 6559: 6545: 6526: 6505: 6481: 6424: 6336: 6313: 6264: 6254: 6185: 6104: 6099: 6096:Genocide denial 6090: 6078:Rationalization 6033: 6028: 5947:Video interview 5943: 5930: 5928: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5880: 5872: 5862: 5839: 5818: 5790: 5724: 5705: 5689:Hébert, Valerie 5672: 5644: 5625: 5604: 5588: 5586:Further reading 5575: 5573: 5554: 5541: 5533: 5523: 5499: 5444: 5425: 5405:Smelser, Ronald 5365: 5335: 5313: 5255: 5236: 5212: 5196:Hébert, Valerie 5188: 5162: 5148:Förster, Jürgen 5078: 5052: 5033: 5019:Corum, James S. 5011: 4990: 4948: 4898: 4893: 4885: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4345: 4337: 4330: 4322: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4189: 4181: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4144:von Lingen 2009 4142: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4070: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4039: 4030: 4022: 4013: 4005: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3836: 3828: 3821: 3813: 3806: 3798: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3621: 3614: 3606: 3597: 3589: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3464: 3456: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3392:von Lingen 2009 3390: 3383: 3375: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3348:von Lingen 2009 3346: 3342: 3336:von Lingen 2009 3334: 3330: 3324:von Lingen 2009 3322: 3318: 3312:von Lingen 2009 3310: 3306: 3300:von Lingen 2009 3298: 3291: 3285:von Lingen 2009 3283: 3276: 3270:von Lingen 2009 3268: 3261: 3255:von Lingen 2009 3253: 3246: 3238: 3231: 3223: 3216: 3208: 3201: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3071: 3070: 3061: 3060: 3048: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3010: 2999: 2990: 2975: 2957: 2953: 2938: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2808: 2804: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2664: 2656: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2512: 2505: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2456: 2452: 2390:Nazism and the 2338: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2294: 2282: 2213: 2154: 2136:criminal orders 2132: 2122:Commissar Order 2111: 2109:Criminal orders 2037: 2015: 2009:Ben H. Shepherd 2004: 1982: 1968: 1886: 1872:Keine Kameraden 1847:Keine Kameraden 1790: 1780: 1778:End of the myth 1696: 1616: 1519:Berlin Blockade 1515:Commissar Order 1462: 1373: 1346: 1233:Gordon A. Craig 1194: 1120: 1115: 1084: 1080: 1040: 1004:Adolf Heusinger 963:U.S. President 957: 927:J. F. C. Fuller 915:J. F. C. Fuller 896:Victor Gollancz 864: 858:Konrad Adenauer 838:Third World War 815: 774: 769: 652:Swiss Red Cross 559: 489: 379: 326: 251: 160:Konrad Adenauer 146:The victorious 117: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7228: 7218: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7111:Cherry picking 7108: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7056:Right to truth 7053: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7029: 7021: 7013: 7004: 7002: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6973: 6971: 6962: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6851:Hitler Diaries 6848: 6841: 6834: 6829: 6822: 6815: 6807: 6800: 6793: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6652:History Thesis 6649: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6604: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6567: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6540: 6538:Borussian myth 6534: 6532: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6517:Nizami Ganjavi 6514: 6513: 6512: 6500: 6491: 6489: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6467:New chronology 6460: 6455: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6431: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6399: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6304:Dunning School 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6268: 6266: 6265:of governments 6260: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6244: 6242:Vichy syndrome 6239: 6238: 6237: 6230:Trivialization 6227: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6201: 6195: 6193: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6156: 6151: 6149:Katyn massacre 6146: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6108: 6106: 6105:and atrocities 6092: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6085:Victim blaming 6081: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6060: 6053: 6050:Disinformation 6046: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6027: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5992: 5979: 5966: 5964:Deutsche Welle 5962:, article via 5957: 5942: 5941:External links 5939: 5938: 5937: 5908: 5871: 5870:Online sources 5868: 5867: 5866: 5860: 5843: 5837: 5822: 5816: 5803: 5801:. Milan: IPOC. 5794: 5788: 5775: 5747:10.1086/219961 5728: 5722: 5709: 5703: 5685: 5676: 5670: 5648: 5642: 5629: 5623: 5608: 5602: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5559: 5532: 5531:Online sources 5529: 5528: 5527: 5521: 5507:Wette, Wolfram 5503: 5497: 5481: 5463:(4): 485–492. 5448: 5442: 5429: 5423: 5401: 5383:(2): 455–473. 5377:War in History 5369: 5363: 5351:Neitzel, Sönke 5347: 5333: 5317: 5311: 5298: 5278:10.1086/243161 5259: 5253: 5240: 5234: 5216: 5210: 5192: 5186: 5166: 5160: 5144: 5134:(1/2): 21–36. 5121: 5095:(4): 768–787. 5082: 5076: 5056: 5050: 5037: 5031: 5015: 5009: 4994: 4988: 4975: 4952: 4946: 4930: 4912:(3): 325–351. 4905:War in History 4897: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4889:, p. 157. 4876: 4874:, p. 239. 4864: 4852: 4840: 4828: 4826:, p. 191. 4816: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4768: 4756: 4744: 4742:, p. 129. 4732: 4730:, p. 122. 4720: 4708: 4706:, p. 118. 4696: 4694:, p. 141. 4684: 4682:, p. 109. 4672: 4670:, p. 140. 4660: 4648: 4636: 4624: 4612: 4610:, p. 152. 4597: 4595:, p. 150. 4585: 4583:, p. 146. 4573: 4561: 4549: 4537: 4535:, p. 154. 4525: 4523:, p. 137. 4513: 4501: 4499:, p. 278. 4489: 4473: 4461: 4459:, p. 325. 4449: 4447:, p. 239. 4437: 4431: 4399: 4387: 4372: 4360: 4358:, p. 168. 4343: 4328: 4326:, p. 171. 4311: 4299: 4287: 4285:, p. 166. 4264: 4252: 4240: 4228: 4226:, p. 147. 4216: 4187: 4172: 4160: 4148: 4136: 4124: 4112: 4100: 4098:, p. 159. 4088: 4076: 4074:, p. 226. 4057: 4055:, p. 225. 4045: 4043:, p. 100. 4028: 4026:, p. 101. 4011: 3996: 3984: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3885: 3873: 3871:, p. 229. 3861: 3849: 3847:, p. 232. 3834: 3819: 3817:, p. 231. 3804: 3789: 3777: 3765: 3763:, p. 257. 3750: 3738: 3726: 3724:, p. 111. 3711: 3709:, p. 110. 3699: 3687: 3670: 3658: 3656:, p. 165. 3639: 3637:, p. 345. 3627: 3625:, p. 230. 3612: 3595: 3593:, p. 251. 3580: 3568: 3561: 3539: 3537:, p. 247. 3527: 3525:, p. 242. 3515: 3513:, p. 241. 3503: 3501:, p. 240. 3491: 3479: 3462: 3460:, p. 239. 3447: 3435: 3423: 3421:, p. 236. 3408: 3396: 3381: 3364: 3352: 3340: 3328: 3316: 3314:, p. 189. 3304: 3302:, p. 162. 3289: 3287:, p. 163. 3274: 3259: 3257:, p. 161. 3244: 3229: 3214: 3199: 3144: 3137: 3117: 3115:, p. 137. 3105: 3103:, p. 136. 3093: 3081: 3056:j.ctv3znw3v.11 3046: 3020: 2988: 2973: 2965:Berghahn Books 2951: 2936: 2908: 2901: 2895:. p. 34. 2877: 2865: 2853: 2841: 2829: 2822: 2802: 2785: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2747:, p. 301. 2737: 2725: 2713: 2711:, p. 140. 2701: 2699:, p. 127. 2689: 2677: 2662: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2621:, p. 222. 2611: 2599: 2597:, p. 195. 2587: 2561: 2549: 2547:, p. 158. 2537: 2535:, p. 157. 2525: 2510: 2503: 2485: 2473: 2471:, p. 269. 2453: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2432: 2426: 2414: 2413: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2387: 2380: 2370: 2365: 2363:Denazification 2360: 2353: 2344: 2343: 2340:History portal 2327: 2324: 2225:Romaniote Jews 2212: 2209: 2128:Main article: 2110: 2107: 1860:Einsatzgruppen 1779: 1776: 1620:Ronald Smelser 1615: 1612: 1538:scorched earth 1530:Reginald Paget 1505:Einsatzgruppen 1461: 1458: 1444:Ronald Smelser 1372: 1369: 1339:among others. 1324:Panzer Battles 1285:Joachim Peiper 1275:After the war 1237:Gerhard Ritter 1193: 1190: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1079: 1076: 1016:Severity Order 996:Himmerod Abbey 956: 953: 907:Reginald Paget 888:Frank Pakenham 884:Lord De L'Isle 876:Richard Stokes 822:Maurice Hankey 814: 811: 791:Hans Laternser 773: 770: 768: 765: 688:Alexander Löhr 614:Einsatzgruppen 598:Soviet Belarus 553:Einsatzgruppen 545:Final Solution 488: 485: 481:Einsatzgruppen 468:Einsatzgruppen 422:anti-Bolshevik 395:Eastern Europe 378: 375: 325: 322: 298:not have blood 250: 247: 204:Heinz Guderian 164:Himmerod Abbey 148:Western Allies 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7227: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7155: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7067: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7048: 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6619: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6581:Temple denial 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6509: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6423: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6405:Islamic State 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6368:Book burnings 6366: 6364: 6363:Antiquization 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6327:Neo-Stalinism 6325: 6323: 6317: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6261: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6102:mass killings 6097: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6064:Pseudohistory 6061: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6020: 6018: 6013: 6011: 6006: 6005: 6002: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5874: 5873: 5863: 5857: 5852: 5851: 5844: 5840: 5838:0-252-00731-X 5834: 5830: 5829: 5823: 5819: 5817:0-521-55204-4 5813: 5809: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5671:0-679-77268-5 5667: 5663: 5662:Vintage Books 5659: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5626: 5624:0-415-00617-1 5620: 5617:. Routledge. 5616: 5615: 5609: 5605: 5603:1-851-09628-0 5599: 5595: 5590: 5589: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5524: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5272:(1): 79–113. 5271: 5267: 5266: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5220:Hilberg, Raul 5217: 5213: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5068: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4953: 4949: 4947:0-312-22486-9 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4888: 4883: 4881: 4873: 4868: 4862:, p. 92. 4861: 4856: 4850:, p. 51. 4849: 4844: 4837: 4832: 4825: 4820: 4813: 4808: 4801: 4796: 4790:, p. 24. 4789: 4784: 4778:, p. 28. 4777: 4772: 4765: 4760: 4753: 4748: 4741: 4736: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4712: 4705: 4700: 4693: 4688: 4681: 4676: 4669: 4664: 4657: 4652: 4646:, p. 58. 4645: 4640: 4633: 4628: 4622:, p. 17. 4621: 4616: 4609: 4604: 4602: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4534: 4529: 4522: 4517: 4510: 4505: 4498: 4493: 4486: 4482: 4481:Zähe Legenden 4477: 4470: 4469:Shepherd 2009 4465: 4458: 4457:Anderson 2000 4453: 4446: 4441: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4403: 4396: 4391: 4384: 4379: 4377: 4370:, p. 95. 4369: 4364: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4325: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4308: 4303: 4296: 4291: 4284: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4261: 4256: 4249: 4244: 4238:, p. 83. 4237: 4232: 4225: 4220: 4214:, p. 86. 4213: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4185:, p. 87. 4184: 4179: 4177: 4169: 4164: 4157: 4152: 4145: 4140: 4133: 4128: 4121: 4116: 4109: 4104: 4097: 4092: 4085: 4080: 4073: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4054: 4049: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4025: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4009:, p. 99. 4008: 4003: 4001: 3993: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3970:, p. 96. 3969: 3964: 3958:, p. 92. 3957: 3952: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3925: 3919:, p. 63. 3918: 3913: 3907:, p. 71. 3906: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3882: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3858: 3853: 3846: 3841: 3839: 3832:, p. 66. 3831: 3826: 3824: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3802:, p. 67. 3801: 3796: 3794: 3787:, p. 65. 3786: 3781: 3774: 3769: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3747: 3742: 3735: 3730: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3708: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3668:, p. 90. 3667: 3662: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3617: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3577: 3572: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3536: 3531: 3524: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3444: 3439: 3433:, p. 24. 3432: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3413: 3406:, p. 74. 3405: 3400: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3362:, p. 80. 3361: 3356: 3349: 3344: 3337: 3332: 3325: 3320: 3313: 3308: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3271: 3266: 3264: 3256: 3251: 3249: 3241: 3236: 3234: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3212:, p. 56. 3211: 3206: 3204: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3121: 3114: 3109: 3102: 3097: 3090: 3085: 3077: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3047:9780253036810 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2974:1-57181-774-3 2970: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2937:0-838-63499-0 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2912: 2904: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2862: 2857: 2851:, p. 30. 2850: 2845: 2839:, p. 27. 2838: 2833: 2825: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2806: 2798: 2797: 2789: 2783:, p. 48. 2782: 2777: 2771:, p. 46. 2770: 2765: 2759:, p. 16. 2758: 2753: 2746: 2741: 2735:, p. 38. 2734: 2729: 2722: 2717: 2710: 2705: 2698: 2693: 2686: 2681: 2675:, p. 59. 2674: 2669: 2667: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2645:, p. 21. 2644: 2639: 2633:, p. 25. 2632: 2627: 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2596: 2591: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2559:, p. 16. 2558: 2553: 2546: 2541: 2534: 2529: 2523:, p. 64. 2522: 2517: 2515: 2506: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2482: 2477: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2454: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2412: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2341: 2330: 2323: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2278:examined the 2277: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2177:Eduard Wagner 2173: 2170:In 1941, the 2168: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2106: 2103: 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1436: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1413:Wolfram Wette 1410: 1406: 1402: 1396: 1394: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1337:Josef Mengele 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1124: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098:Prussian Army 1095: 1090: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1036: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 986: 982: 978: 970: 966: 961: 952: 949: 948: 943: 939: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 909:, historians 908: 904: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 872: 868: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 820: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 783: 779: 764: 762: 759:party of the 758: 757: 752: 748: 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Retrieved 5925:the original 5920: 5900:. Retrieved 5884: 5849: 5827: 5807: 5798: 5779: 5738: 5732: 5713: 5693: 5679: 5656: 5633: 5613: 5596:. ABC-CLIO. 5593: 5574:. Retrieved 5567: 5552:the original 5545: 5511: 5488: 5460: 5456: 5455:Wehrmacht". 5452: 5433: 5413: 5380: 5376: 5354: 5324: 5302: 5269: 5263: 5244: 5224: 5200: 5177: 5170:Heer, Hannes 5151: 5131: 5125: 5092: 5086: 5065: 5041: 5022: 4999: 4979: 4962: 4956: 4937: 4934:Bartov, Omer 4909: 4903: 4896:Bibliography 4887:Epstein 2015 4867: 4855: 4843: 4838:, p. 7. 4831: 4819: 4814:, p. 5. 4807: 4795: 4783: 4771: 4759: 4754:, p. 1. 4747: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4699: 4692:Epstein 2015 4687: 4680:Neitzel 2005 4675: 4668:Epstein 2015 4663: 4651: 4639: 4627: 4615: 4588: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4540: 4528: 4516: 4504: 4492: 4480: 4476: 4464: 4452: 4440: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4402: 4390: 4363: 4302: 4297:, p. 4. 4290: 4255: 4243: 4231: 4219: 4163: 4151: 4146:, p. 2. 4139: 4127: 4115: 4103: 4091: 4079: 4048: 3987: 3975: 3963: 3951: 3939:. 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Asquith 817:In Britain, 816: 794: 781: 778:Franz Halder 775: 754: 750: 742: 738: 734: 726: 720: 696:coastal zone 683: 677: 672: 669:David Stahel 662: 657: 638: 632: 621: 613: 609: 596: 591: 571: 556: 552: 548: 532: 516: 514: 496: 480: 476: 466: 463:death squads 458: 454: 450: 448: 433: 415: 380: 365: 362:Kriegsmarine 361: 360:and several 352: 316: 312: 310: 287: 285: 281:conscription 277:Adolf Hitler 270: 266:Kriegsmarine 264: 258: 254: 252: 242: 237: 225: 219: 212: 199: 191: 185: 179: 171: 156:West Germany 145: 140: 136: 133:Franz Halder 128: 114: 111: 104: 99:" ruled by " 93:Soviet Union 89:World War II 74: 57: 55: 53: 29: 20: 18: 6969:Statute law 6914:Conferences 6723:Dalit Voice 6546: [ 6506: [ 6425: [ 6314: [ 5576:22 December 5572:(in German) 5174:Wodak, Ruth 4740:Bartov 1986 4728:Bartov 1986 4716:Bartov 1986 4704:Bartov 1986 4632:Stahel 2009 4395:Tymkiw 2007 4356:Bartov 1997 4339:Bartov 1997 4324:Bartov 1997 4283:Bartov 1997 4224:Bartov 1999 4132:Lawson 2006 4096:Lawson 2006 3654:Bartov 1997 3225:Hébert 2010 3072:|work= 3009:(in Polish) 2926:. pp. 2709:Ingrao 2013 2658:Stahel 2009 2557:Müller 2016 2398:Rommel myth 2299:Hunger Plan 2144:Felix Römer 2047:writing in 1951:Hannes Heer 1904:Ernst Nolte 1764:Vlasov Army 1760:Vlasov Army 1739:Vlasov Army 1690:Third Reich 1682:Omer Bartov 1642:and former 1640:Jubal Early 1636:Confederate 1600:George Bell 1450:writing in 1333:Stuka Pilot 1067:Grundgesetz 919:George Bell 892:Lord Dudley 865: [ 665:Alex J. 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