Mutual assured destruction

3204: 3189: 70: 3311: 2888:, an American political scientist, believed that nuclear forces were in fact useful, but even more useful in the fact that they deterred other nuclear threats from using them, based on mutually assured destruction. The theory of mutually assured destruction being a safe way to deter continued even farther with the thought that nuclear weapons intended on being used for the winning of a war, were impractical, and even considered too dangerous and risky. Even with the Cold War ending in 1991, deterrence from mutually assured destruction is still said to be the safest course to avoid nuclear warfare. 3988:, for example, has retrospectively contended that it never advocated MAD as a sole strategy, and that this form of deterrence was seen as one of numerous options in US nuclear policy. Former officers have emphasized that they never felt as limited by the logic of MAD (and were prepared to use nuclear weapons in smaller-scale situations than "assured destruction" allowed), and did not deliberately target civilian cities (though they acknowledge that the result of a "purely military" attack would certainly devastate the cities as well). However, according to a declassified 1959 3733:) because, were it ever operational and effective, it would have undermined the "assured destruction" required for MAD. If the United States had a guarantee against Soviet nuclear attacks, its critics argued, it would have first-strike capability, which would have been a politically and militarily destabilizing position. Critics further argued that it could trigger a new arms race, this time to develop countermeasures for SDI. Despite its promise of nuclear safety, SDI was described by many of its critics (including Soviet nuclear physicist and later peace activist 3976:, military action has not been an option in handling the instability surrounding North Korea because of their option of nuclear retaliation in response to any conventional attack on them, thus rendering non-nuclear neighboring states such as South Korea and Japan incapable of resolving the destabilizing effect of North Korea via military force. MAD may not apply to the situation in North Korea because the theory relies on rational consideration of the use and consequences of nuclear weapons, which may not be the case for potential North Korean deployment. 3690:, though Trident II is capable of carrying up to 12) and deliver them to separate targets. If it is assumed that each side has 100 missiles, with five warheads each, and further that each side has a 95 percent chance of neutralizing the opponent's missiles in their silos by firing two warheads at each silo, then the attacking side can reduce the enemy ICBM force from 100 missiles to about five by firing 40 missiles with 200 warheads, and keeping the rest of 60 missiles in reserve. As such, this type of weapon was intended to be banned under the 3271: 3769:. Russia continues to have a strong public distaste for Western BMD initiatives, presumably because proprietary operative BMD systems could exceed their technical and financial resources and therefore degrade their larger military standing and sense of security in a post-MAD environment. Russian refusal to accept invitations to participate in NATO BMD may be indicative of the lack of an alternative to MAD in current Russian war-fighting strategy due to the dilapidation of conventional forces after the breakup of the 3718:, "countervailing strategy" stressed that the planned response to a Soviet attack was no longer to bomb Soviet population centers and cities primarily, but first to kill the Soviet leadership, then attack military targets, in the hope of a Soviet surrender before total destruction of the Soviet Union (and the United States). This modified version of MAD was seen as a winnable nuclear war, while still maintaining the possibility of assured destruction for at least one party. This policy was further developed by the 4343:, argues that although traditional deterrence is not an effective approach toward terrorist groups bent on causing a nuclear catastrophe, "the United States should instead consider a policy of expanded deterrence, which focuses not solely on the would-be nuclear terrorists but on those states that may deliberately transfer or inadvertently lead nuclear weapons and materials to them. By threatening retaliation against those states, the United States may be able to deter that which it cannot physically prevent." 11101: 2054: 3801:”. The study predicted that the debris burned in nuclear bombings would be lifted into the atmosphere and diminish sunlight worldwide, thus reducing world temperatures by “-15° to -25°C”. These findings led to theory that MAD would still occur with many fewer weapons than were possessed by either the United States or USSR at the height of the Cold War. As such, nuclear winter was used as an argument for significant reduction of nuclear weapons since MAD would occur anyway. 3513: 11113: 3868: 3002: 4052: 3815: 3452: 3081: 3933:, the US Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy, who began by writing "The essay by Keir Lieber and Daryl Press contains so many errors, on a topic of such gravity, that a Department of Defense response is required to correct the record." Regarding reductions in Russian stockpiles, another response stated that "a similarly one-sided examination of U.S. forces would have painted a similarly dire portrait". 4149: 3785:

possibility of a limited nuclear strike, as every time this was attempted, it resulted in a complete expenditure of nuclear weapons by both the United States and USSR. Proud Prophet marked a shift in American strategy; following Proud Prophet, American rhetoric of strategies that involved the use of nuclear weapons dissipated and American war plans were changed to emphasize the use of conventional forces.

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victory. To this end and so as to preserve the possibility of bargaining effectively to terminate the war on acceptable terms that are as favorable as practical, if deterrence fails initially, we must be capable of fighting successfully so that the adversary would not achieve his war aims and would suffer costs that are unacceptable, or in any event greater than his gains, from having initiated an attack.

4311:, the authors detail an explicit advocation of ambiguity regarding "what is permitted" for other nations and its endorsement of "irrationality" or, more precisely, the perception thereof as an important tool in deterrence and foreign policy. The document claims that the capacity of the United States, in exercising deterrence, would be hurt by portraying US leaders as fully rational and cool-headed: 4368:) have the ability to remove the command and control of nuclear weapons. This encourages crisis-instability and pre-emptive nuclear-disabling strikes. Third, there is a risk of asymmetrical challengers. Countries that fall behind in space weapon advancement may turn to using chemical or biological weapons. This may heighten the risk of escalation, bypassing any deterrent effects of nuclear weapons. 3236:

bomber wings had approximately one-third to one-half of their assigned aircraft on quick reaction ground alert and were able to take off within a few minutes. SAC also maintained the National Emergency Airborne Command Post (NEACP, pronounced "kneecap"), also known as "Looking Glass", which consisted of several EC-135s, one of which was airborne at all times from 1961 through 1990. During the

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possible in this case because of the decentralization of terrorist organizations, which may be operating in several countries and dispersed among civilian populations. A misguided retaliatory strike made by the targeted nation could even advance terrorist goals in that a contentious retaliatory strike could drive support for the terrorist cause that instigated the nuclear exchange.

3287:. In McNamara's formulation, there was the very real danger that a nation with nuclear weapons could attempt to eliminate another nation's retaliatory forces with a surprise, devastating first strike and theoretically "win" a nuclear war relatively unharmed. The true second-strike capability could be achieved only when a nation had a 4038:, who wrote that "A clear appreciation by the Soviet leadership of what a war under contemporary conditions would mean for mankind determines the active position of the USSR." The Soviet doctrine, although being seen as primarily offensive by Western analysts, fully rejected the possibility of a "limited" nuclear war by 1975. 3737:) as being even more dangerous than MAD because of these political implications. Supporters also argued that SDI could trigger a new arms race, forcing the USSR to spend an increasing proportion of GDP on defense—something which has been claimed to have been an indirect cause of the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union. 4389:

Hypersonic ballistic or cruise missiles threaten the retaliatory backbone of mutual assured destruction. The high precision and speed of these weapons may allow for the development of "decapitory" strikes that remove the ability of another nation to have a nuclear response. In addition, the secretive

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has been a criticism of MAD as a defensive strategy. Deterrent strategies are ineffective against those who attack without regard for their life. Furthermore, the doctrine of MAD has been critiqued in regard to terrorism and asymmetrical warfare. Critics contend that a retaliatory strike would not be

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Perfect attribution. If there is a launch from the Sino-Russian border, it could be difficult to distinguish which nation is responsible—both Russia and China have the capability—and, hence, against which nation retaliation should occur. A launch from a nuclear-armed submarine could also be difficult

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A situation in which the United States might actually be expected to carry out a "successful" attack is perceived as a disadvantage for both countries. The strategic balance between the United States and Russia is becoming less stable, and the objective, the technical possibility of a first strike by

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The deployment of fleets of ballistic missile submarines established a guaranteed second-strike capability because of their stealth and by the number fielded by each Cold War adversary—it was highly unlikely that all of them could be targeted and preemptively destroyed (in contrast to, for example, a

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The fact that some elements may appear to be potentially 'out of control' can be beneficial to creating and reinforcing fears and doubts in the minds of an adversary's decision makers. This essential sense of fear is the working force of deterrence. That the U.S. may become irrational and vindictive

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A first strike must not be capable of preventing a retaliatory second strike or else mutual destruction is not assured. In this case, a state would have nothing to lose with a first strike or might try to preempt the development of an opponent's second-strike capability with a first strike. To avoid

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principles. In addition, he questions whether it can be conclusively demonstrated that such a system has in fact served to prevent warfare in the past and may actually serve to increase the probability of waging war in the future due to its reliance upon the continuous development of new generations

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To continue to deter in an era of strategic nuclear equivalence, it is necessary to have nuclear (as well as conventional) forces such that in considering aggression against our interests any adversary would recognize that no plausible outcome would represent a victory or any plausible definition of

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Another reason is that deterrence has an inherent instability. As Kenneth Boulding said: "If deterrence were really stable... it would cease to deter." If decision-makers were perfectly rational, they would never order the largescale use of nuclear weapons, and the credibility of the nuclear threat

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study, US nuclear weapons plans specifically targeted the populations of Beijing, Moscow, Leningrad, East Berlin, and Warsaw for systematic destruction. MAD was implied in several US policies and used in the political rhetoric of leaders in both the United States and the USSR during many periods of

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The United States had achieved an early form of second-strike capability by fielding continual patrols of strategic nuclear bombers, with a large number of planes always in the air, on their way to or from fail-safe points close to the borders of the Soviet Union. This meant the United States could

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Under MAD, each side has enough nuclear weaponry to destroy the other side. Either side, if attacked for any reason by the other, would retaliate with equal or greater force. The expected result is an immediate, irreversible escalation of hostilities resulting in both combatants' mutual, total, and

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was a series of war games played out by various American military officials. The simulation revealed MAD made the use of nuclear weapons virtually impossible without total nuclear annihilation, regardless of how nuclear weapons were implemented in war plans. These results essentially ruled out the

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Deterrence theory has been criticized by numerous scholars for various reasons. A prominent strain of criticism argues that rational deterrence theory is contradicted by frequent deterrence failures, which may be attributed to misperceptions. Critics have also argued that leaders do not behave in

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may have had an effect on the continued viability of the MAD doctrine. A 2006 article by Keir Lieber and Daryl Press stated that the United States could carry out a nuclear first strike on Russia and would "have a good chance of destroying every Russian bomber base, submarine, and ICBM." This was

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and as the sole deterrent of the United Kingdom. The other elements of the US deterrent are intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) on alert in the continental United States, and nuclear-capable bombers. Ballistic missile submarines are also operated by the navies of China, France, India, and

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Strategic analysts have criticized the doctrine of MAD for its inability to respond to the proliferation of space weaponry. First, military space systems have unequal dependence across countries. This means that less-dependent countries may find it beneficial to attack a more-dependent country's

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Cold-war bipolarity no longer is applicable to the global power balance. The complex modern alliance system makes allies and enemies tied to one another. Thus, action by one country to deter another could threaten the safety of a third country. “Security trilemmas” could increase tension during

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are an example of this; because of the superiority of conventional Indian armed forces to their Pakistani counterparts, Pakistan may be forced to use their nuclear weapons on invading Indian forces out of desperation regardless of an Indian retaliatory strike. As such, any large-scale attack on

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around Moscow. Since each defensive missile could be counted on to destroy only one offensive missile, making each offensive missile have, for example, three warheads (as with early MIRV systems) meant that three times as many defensive missiles were needed for each offensive missile. This made

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During periods of increased tension in the early 1960s, SAC kept part of its B-52 fleet airborne at all times, to allow an extremely fast retaliatory strike against the Soviet Union in the event of a surprise attack on the United States. This program continued until 1969. Between 1954 and 1992,

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system, which is a semi-automatic "version of Dr. Strangelove's Doomsday Machine" which, once activated, can launch a second strike without human intervention. The purpose of the Dead Hand system is to ensure a second strike even if Russia were to suffer a decapitation attack, thus maintaining

2804:), resulting in unacceptable losses for both parties. The payoff of the MAD doctrine was and still is expected to be a tense but stable global peace. However, many have argued that mutually assured destruction is unable to deter conventional war that could later escalate. Emerging domains of 4353:

cops would collect debris samples and send them to a laboratory for radiological analysis. By identifying unique attributes of the fissile material, including its impurities and contaminants, one could trace the path back to its origin." The process is analogous to identifying a criminal by

2917:. If a nuclear monopoly exists between two states, and one state has nuclear weapons and its opponent does not, there is a greater chance of war. In contrast, if there is mutual nuclear weapon ownership with both states possessing nuclear weapons, the odds of war drop precipitously. 3067:(Soviet leader 1953 to 1964) decided that policies that facilitated nuclear war were too dangerous to the Soviet Union. His approach did not greatly change his foreign policy or military doctrine but is apparent in his determination to choose options that minimized the risk of war. 2847:

in their nuclear arsenals even if they were not intended for use. In addition, neither side could be expected or allowed to adequately defend itself against the other's nuclear missiles. This led both to the hardening and diversification of nuclear delivery systems (such as nuclear

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No false positives (errors) in the equipment and/or procedures that must identify a launch by the other side. The implication of this is that an accident could lead to a full nuclear exchange. During the Cold War there were several instances of false positives, as in the case of

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fingerprints: "The goal would be twofold: first, to deter leaders of nuclear states from selling weapons to terrorists by holding them accountable for any use of their own weapons; second, to give leaders every incentive to tightly secure their nuclear weapons and materials."

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ways that are consistent with the predictions of nuclear deterrence theory. For example, it has been argued that it is inconsistent with the logic of rational deterrence theory that states continue to build nuclear arsenals once they have reached the second-strike threshold.

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the United States is increasing. At a time of crisis, this instability could lead to an accidental nuclear war. For example, if Russia feared a US nuclear attack, Moscow might make rash moves (such as putting its forces on alert) that would provoke a US preemptive strike.

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planning, but also the conventional war that they predicted would follow after their strategic nuclear arsenal had been depleted. Official Soviet policy, though, may have had internal critics towards the end of the Cold War, including some in the USSR's own leadership:

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or other person or persons who might use nuclear weapons without a sane regard for the consequences, presents a strong case for proponents of BMD who seek a policy which both protect against attack, but also does not require an escalation into what might become

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assured destruction. The doctrine requires that neither side construct shelters on a massive scale. If one side constructed a similar system of shelters, it would violate the MAD doctrine and destabilize the situation, because it would have less to fear from a

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in 1870: "I begin to believe in only one civilizing influence—the discovery one of these days of a destructive agent so terrible that War shall mean annihilation and men's fears will force them to keep the peace." The concept was also described in 1863 by

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space weapons, which complicates deterrence. This is especially true for countries like North Korea which have extensive ballistic missiles that could strike space-based systems. Even across countries with similar dependence, anti-satellite weapons (

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attributed to reductions in Russian nuclear stockpiles and the increasing inefficiency and age of that which remains. Lieber and Press argued that the MAD era is coming to an end and that the United States is on the cusp of global nuclear primacy.

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Pakistan by India could precipitate the use of nuclear weapons by Pakistan, thus rendering MAD inapplicable. However, MAD is applicable in that it may deter Pakistan from making a “suicidal” nuclear attack rather than a defensive nuclear strike.

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When the possibility of nuclear warfare between the United States and Soviet Union started to become a reality, theorists began to think that mutual assured destruction would be sufficient to deter the other side from launching a nuclear weapon.

4404:, a member of the Manhattan Project, echoed these concerns as early as 1985 when he said that "The MAD policy as a deterrent is totally ineffective if it becomes known that in case of attack, we would not retaliate against the aggressor." 3903:. Similarly, diplomats have warned that Japan may be pressured to nuclearize by the presence of North Korean nuclear weapons. The ability to launch a nuclear attack against an enemy city is a relevant deterrent strategy for these powers. 5598: 3295:

still retaliate, even after a devastating first-strike attack. The tactic was expensive and problematic because of the high cost of keeping enough planes in the air at all times and the possibility they would be shot down by Soviet

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bombs. The multiple warheads made defense untenable with the available technology, leaving the threat of retaliatory attack as the only viable defensive option. MIRVed land-based ICBMs tend to put a premium on striking first. The

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and destroy them with nuclear bombs in the event of a Soviet first-strike attack on the United States. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy increased funding for this program and raised the commitment to 50 percent of SAC aircraft.

5193:"U.S. Strategic Air Command, History and Research Division, Historical Study No. 90, Vol. I, Strategic Air Command Operations during the Cuban Crisis of 1962, circa 1963, Top Secret, Excised Copy | National Security Archive" 3029:, both sides were gaining a greater ability to deliver nuclear weapons into the interior of the opposing country. The official policy of the United States became one of "Instant Retaliation", as coined by Secretary of State 2842:

could best be prevented if neither side could expect to survive a full-scale nuclear exchange as a functioning state. Since the credibility of the threat is critical to such assurance, each side had to invest substantial

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During the height of the tensions between the US and the USSR in the 1960s, two popular films were made dealing with what could go terribly wrong with the policy of keeping nuclear-bomb-carrying airplanes at the ready:

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emerged as a sovereign entity encompassing most of the territory of the former USSR. Relations between the United States and Russia were, at least for a time, less tense than they had been with the Soviet Union.

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might result in a potentially more constrained retaliation. Though the Minuteman III of the mid-1960s was MIRVed with three warheads, heavily MIRVed vehicles threatened to upset the balance; these included the

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who observes that mankind's reliance upon a system of preventing war which is based exclusively upon the threat of waging war is inherently irrational and must be considered immoral according to fundamental

2955:, though it was not published until 1994. The book is set in 1960 and describes "the engines of war", which have become so efficient that war is inconceivable and all countries are at a perpetual stalemate. 3432:, MAD would have been undermined. However, multiple scientific studies showed technological and logistical problems in these systems, including the inability to distinguish between real and decoy weapons. 4714:

Jones, Seth G.; Hicks, Kathleen H.; Cancian, Mark F.; Friend, Alice Hunt; Harrison, Todd; Hersman, Rebecca K.C.; Hunter, Andrew P.; Karako, Thomas; Schaus, John; Williams, Ian; Daniels, Seamus P. (2018).

6811: 4548: 3578:. The Soviet Union countered this threat by issuing a statement that any use of nuclear weapons (tactical or otherwise) against Soviet forces would be grounds for a full-scale Soviet retaliatory strike ( 4349:

makes a similar case and argues that the key to expanded deterrence is coming up with ways of tracing nuclear material to the country that forged the fissile material: "After a nuclear bomb detonates,

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decreases the risk of crisis escalation, since parties will seek to avoid situations that could lead to the use of nuclear weapons. Proponents of nuclear peace theory therefore believe that controlled

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weapons strategy necessary to fully implement the MAD doctrine. Having a three-branched nuclear capability eliminated the possibility that an enemy could destroy all of a nation's nuclear forces in a

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Webb, Rachel; Connolly, Erin; Gott, Jessica; Hadfield, Zach; Hamel, Michael; Heimer, Brandon W.; Kattan, Ari; Kirkegaard, Marie C.; Kuhns, Ryan; Maloney, Jillian; Mascaro, Anthony D. (2019).

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stated that "the day when two army corps can annihilate each other in one second, all civilized nations, it is to be hoped, will recoil from war and discharge their troops." In 1937,

4015:, which had, contrary to MAD, insisted survival was possible. The Soviets believed they could win not only a strategic nuclear war, which they planned to absorb with their extensive 3389:

are expected to be retired by 2029, meaning that a replacement platform must already be seaworthy by that time. A replacement may cost over $ 4 billion per unit compared to the USS

3040:, both the United States and the Soviet Union had developed the capability of launching a nuclear-tipped missile from a submerged submarine, which completed the "third leg" of the 3748:(BMD) argue that MAD is exceptionally dangerous in that it essentially offers a single course of action in the event of a nuclear attack: full retaliatory response. The fact that 2936:

The concept of MAD had been discussed in the literature for nearly a century before the invention of nuclear weapons. One of the earliest references comes from the English author

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himself in 1983 announced that “the continuation of the S.D.I. program will sweep the world into a new stage of the arms race and would destabilize the strategic situation.”

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and ability to carry many medium- and long-range nuclear missiles, submarines were credible and effective means for full-scale retaliation even after a massive first strike.

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this, countries may design their nuclear forces to make decapitation strike almost impossible, by dispersing launchers over wide areas and using a combination of

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released the TTAPS study (named for the respective initials of the authors), which predicted that the large scale use of nuclear weapons would cause a “

3726:(SDI, nicknamed "Star Wars"), the goal of which was to develop space-based technology to destroy Soviet missiles before they reached the United States. 7861: 4919: 3534: 3517: 2186: 6793: 3594: 3441: 6229:"Reviewed work: On War and Morality, Robert L. Holmes; Paths to Peace: Exploring the Feasibility of Sustainable Peace, Richard Smoke, Willis Harman" 5270: 10946: 9516: 9043: 7793: 4946:

The New Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media, System of Particle Acceleration for Use in National Defense

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National Archives and Records Administration, RG 200, Defense Programs and Operations, LeMay's Memo to President and JCS Views, Box 83. Secret.

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Whether MAD was the officially accepted doctrine of the United States military during the Cold War is largely a matter of interpretation. The

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agreement; however, the START II agreement was never brought into force, and neither Russia nor the United States ratified the agreement.

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are considered destabilizing because they tend to put a premium on striking first. When a missile is MIRVed, it is able to carry many

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Their ability to carry multiple MIRV warheads at once, useful for destroying a whole missile field or several cities with one missile.

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No rogue commanders will have the ability to corrupt the launch decision process. Such an incident very nearly occurred during the

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While relations have improved and an intentional nuclear exchange is more unlikely, the decay in Russian nuclear capability in the

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by a state with limited nuclear capability and was not planned to alter the nuclear posture between Russia and the United States.

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in June 2002, claiming that the limited national missile defense system which they proposed to build was designed only to prevent

3537:(MIRV) was another weapons system designed specifically to aid with the MAD nuclear deterrence doctrine. With a MIRV payload, one 3124: 9676: 9033: 7677: 1420: 5911: 5164: 9526: 7798: 4307: 4222:—an automatic system defaults to launching a nuclear strike upon some target. A particular example is the Soviet (now Russian) 2819:(1940s to 1991), in which MAD was seen as helping to prevent any direct full-scale conflicts between the United States and the 2675: 2207: 2197: 5901:"Military Planning for European Theatre Conflict During the Cold War: An Oral History Roundtable, Stockholm, 24–25 April 2006" 5304:"Navy Columbia(SSBN-826) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine Program: Background and Issues for Congress, Updated June 24, 2019" 10082: 9521: 7456: 7143: 7121: 6502: 6107: 6067: 6037: 6002: 5790: 4970: 4882: 4810: 4781: 4585: 3188: 2223: 2212: 2202: 8544: 4102: 3131: 10020: 8363: 8288: 7948: 7548: 5314: 4196: 2749: 2127: 6455:

Gallucci, Robert (September 2006). "Averting Nuclear Catastrophe: Contemplating Extreme Responses to U.S. Vulnerability".

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However, that apparent perfect rationality criticism is countered and so is consistent with current deterrence policy. In

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Additionally, many scholars have advanced philosophical objections against the principles of deterrence theory on purely

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The term "mutual assured destruction", commonly abbreviated "MAD", was coined by Donald Brennan, a strategist working in

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could hold many separate warheads. MIRVs were first created by the United States in order to counterbalance the Soviet

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when an argument broke out aboard a nuclear-armed submarine cut off from radio communication. The second-in-command,

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SDI was criticized by both the Soviets and many of America's allies (including Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

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If it was known that a country's leader would not resort to nuclear retaliation, adversaries may be emboldened.

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This deterrence strategy and the program have continued into the 21st century, with nuclear submarines carrying

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missile silo with a fixed location that could be targeted during a first strike). Given their long-range, high

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An outline of current US nuclear strategy toward both Russia and other nations was published as the document "

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in 1862 with the partial intention of illustrating the futility of war. Likewise, after his 1867 invention of

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the bombers were dispersed to several different airfields, and sixty-five B-52s were airborne at all times.

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In November 2020, the US successfully destroyed a dummy ICBM outside the atmosphere with another missile.

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if its vital interests are attacked should be part of the national persona we project to all adversaries.

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may be beneficial for global stability. Critics argue that nuclear proliferation increases the chance of

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defending against missile attacks more costly and difficult. One of the largest US MIRVed missiles, the

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is quoted as saying that any strategy will not "cover the case of lunatics or dictators in the mood of

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existing between the US and the Soviet Union developed, there was increasing priority being given to

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Hoffenaar, Jan; Findlay, Christopher; Wenger, Andreas (series); et al., eds. (November 2007).

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However, in a follow-up article in the same publication, others criticized the analysis, including

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on December 3, 2001, for an intercept of a ballistic missile target over the central Pacific Ocean.

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While MAD has become less applicable for the US and Russia, it has been argued as a factor behind

11119: 10688: 10543: 9839: 8463: 8408: 8393: 8333: 8141: 8121: 7881: 7558: 7163: 6803: 6754: 5165:"Annual Budget Message to the Congress: Fiscal Year 1961. | the American Presidency Project" 4739: 4062: 3985: 3880: 3825: 3610: 3466: 3091: 2549: 2479: 2370: 2122: 2088: 1954: 1936: 1692: 1251: 1173: 1118: 716: 379: 7366: 6788: 11134: 10968: 10915: 10809: 10632: 10477: 9835: 9253: 8757: 8151: 7825: 7301: 7061: 7056: 6849: 6359: 5275: 4805:, Lessons from the Cold War for a New Era of Strategic Piracy, RAND Corporation, pp. 1–8, 4513: 4501: 4491: 4451: 3409: 3296: 3194: 2959: 2914: 1821: 1796: 1518: 1430: 1303: 1178: 779: 756: 202: 101: 9463: 4734: 2365:

through either deliberate or inadvertent use of nuclear weapons, as well as the likelihood of

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networks of sufficient capacity to protect large segments of the population and/or industry.

2835:. Although the Cold War ended in the early 1990s, the MAD doctrine continues to be applied. 10903: 10700: 10602: 10467: 10429: 10179: 9983: 9877: 9028: 8795: 8650: 8604: 8519: 8514: 8313: 8212: 8161: 8156: 8048: 8003: 7958: 7896: 7727: 7702: 7652: 7580: 7494: 7344: 6946: 6925: 5450: 5207:"50 Years Later, '2001: A Space Odyssey' Is Still an Unparalleled Marvel on the Big Screen" 5083: 4257: 4211: 3547: 3383: 3367: 3237: 3037: 2872: 2809: 2690: 2110: 2098: 1801: 1703: 1560: 1555: 1373: 1338: 1073: 893: 751: 687: 541: 511: 108: 4851: 2346:

in which, once armed, neither side has any incentive to initiate a conflict or to disarm.

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weapons. Tesla described his device as a "superweapon that would put an end to all war."

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Cited in Wolfgang Panofsky, "The Mutual-Hostage Relations between America and Russia,"

6340: 6293: 6251: 6209: 6167: 6159: 6113: 5973: 5965: 5698: 5660: 5529: 5482: 5360: 5003: 4816: 4639: 4457: 4436: – Military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons 3892: 3655:

first strike was being prepared for. This led to the development of the aforementioned

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Turco, R. P.; Toon, O. B.; Ackerman, T. P.; Pollack, J. B.; Sagan, Carl (1983-12-23).

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All leaders with launch capability seem to care about the survival of their citizens.

10980: 10881: 10676: 10484: 10449: 10410: 10360: 10251: 10235: 9978: 9941: 9919: 9904: 9887: 9805: 9640: 9493: 9438: 9413: 9368: 9298: 9273: 9238: 9228: 9197: 9084: 8968: 8938: 8675: 8665: 8579: 8473: 8318: 8033: 7830: 7687: 7640: 7538: 7489: 7463: 7441: 7281: 7261: 7205: 7193: 7007: 6842: 6711: 6672: 6645: 6625: 6576: 6537: 6441: 6421: 6332: 6171: 6151: 6117: 6103: 6063: 6033: 6008: 5998: 5977: 5957: 5900: 5690: 5652: 5537: 5521: 5474: 5466: 5352: 5007: 4966: 4888: 4878: 4806: 4777: 4631: 4591: 4581: 4473: 4433: 4415: 4350: 4327: 4268: 4200: 3948: 3930: 3915: 3738: 3730: 3351:

nuclear force became possible and a retaliatory second strike capability guaranteed.

3334: 3327: 3064: 2793: 2645: 2609: 2583: 2513: 2445: 2339: 2335: 2323: 2319: 2157: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2068: 2022: 1931: 1878: 1781: 1771: 1766: 1736: 1719: 1714: 1687: 1632: 1333: 1323: 1318: 1308: 1228: 1218: 1213: 1188: 1158: 1048: 1018: 1013: 1003: 998: 988: 903: 856: 826: 665: 458: 435: 369: 9617: 9288: 6476: 6402:"Mutually Assured Support: A Security Doctrine for Terrorist Nuclear Weapon Threats" 5486: 4292:

No development of anti-missile technology or deployment of remedial protective gear.

3270: 1991: 11129: 11064: 10893: 10871: 10715: 10683: 10671: 10647: 10273: 10220: 10210: 10169: 10099: 10094: 9823: 9731: 9403: 9328: 9258: 9243: 9223: 9170: 8953: 8948: 8928: 8878: 8868: 8695: 8660: 8645: 8594: 8323: 8263: 8103: 7762: 7742: 7451: 7393: 7387: 7354: 7334: 7324: 7173: 6974: 6966: 6615: 6464: 6413: 6324: 6285: 6243: 6201: 6143: 6095: 5949: 5517: 5513: 5458: 5133: 4995: 4773: 4769: 4623: 4479: 4239: 4165: 3648: 3425: 3060: 2381: 2366: 2343: 1996: 1961: 1893: 1786: 1724: 1617: 1545: 1538: 1395: 1328: 1278: 1268: 1143: 1063: 1023: 1008: 975: 960: 831: 816: 769: 677: 635: 578: 573: 531: 354: 331: 238: 167: 96: 79: 6823: 6778: 5462: 4820: 4798: 3597:

land-based ICBMs are generally considered suitable for a first strike (inherently

2980:

The Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media

10958: 10799: 10370: 10230: 10146: 10134: 10114: 10010: 9800: 9780: 9703: 9622: 9478: 9468: 9453: 9433: 9418: 9393: 9338: 9103: 9071: 8963: 8923: 8685: 8680: 8620: 8561: 8293: 8171: 7998: 7963: 7871: 7866: 7590: 7484: 7158: 7091: 7081: 7046: 7002: 6989: 6941: 6815: 6313:"Canada's Functional Isolationism: And the Future of Weapons of Mass Destruction" 6057: 6027: 5821: 5602: 5575: 5078:

Office for the Deputy Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear Matters.

4960: 4563: 4552: 4507: 4476: – Scenario of civilization collapse or human extinction by nuclear weapons 4336: 4286: 4204: 3734: 3563:

agreement was proposed to ban this type of weapon, but never entered into force.

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in 1962. Brennan conceived the acronym cynically, spelling out the English word "

2354: 2078: 1806: 1791: 1709: 1665: 1607: 1263: 1258: 1148: 1138: 1053: 1028: 970: 811: 741: 731: 583: 568: 491: 463: 263: 243: 91: 11100: 7585: 6620: 6603: 6526:"Finding Space in Deterrence: Toward a General Framework for "Space Deterrence"" 4944: 4838: 4763: 4522: – Israel's deterrence strategy of massive retaliation with nuclear weapons 10936: 10876: 10861: 10814: 10710: 10656: 10516: 10174: 10151: 10124: 10042: 10032: 9934: 9929: 9795: 9746: 9448: 9373: 9363: 9358: 9218: 8958: 8747: 8670: 8398: 8303: 8053: 7993: 7625: 7543: 7446: 7406: 7376: 7276: 7231: 6270: 6228: 6186: 6059:

The Revolution that Failed: Nuclear Competition, Arms Control, and the Cold War

5994:

GETTING MAD : nuclear mutual assured destruction, its origins and practice

5825: 4986:

Brown, Andrew; Arnold, Lorna (2010-09-20). "The Quirks of Nuclear Deterrence".

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The original US MAD doctrine was modified on July 25, 1980, with US President

2838:

Proponents of MAD as part of the US and USSR strategic doctrine believed that

2388:" to argue that holding weapons capable of destroying society was irrational. 11156: 11079: 10963: 10920: 10866: 10854: 10839: 10829: 10752: 10666: 10642: 10637: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10417: 10005: 9946: 9909: 9861: 9612: 9458: 9353: 9318: 9303: 9263: 8805: 8635: 8373: 8283: 8146: 8126: 8013: 7774: 7752: 7717: 7296: 7291: 7246: 7168: 7128: 6877: 6715: 6676: 6629: 6580: 6541: 6468: 6425: 6417: 6336: 6155: 6012: 5961: 5848:"Soviet Civil Defense U.S.S.R. preparations for industrial-base war survival" 5694: 5656: 5556: 5525: 5470: 5356: 5303: 4999: 4661: 4635: 4519: 4485: 4401: 4188: 4170: 4016: 3781: 3766: 3719: 3641: 3602: 3429: 3379: 3356: 3348: 3265: 3049: 3041: 3026: 2885: 2801: 2778: 2722: 2712: 2523: 2331: 1828: 1816: 1672: 1592: 1508: 1491: 1348: 1203: 1183: 866: 861: 841: 821: 736: 707: 682: 558: 536: 521: 496: 336: 258: 221: 216: 113: 9661: 4892: 3616:

Their fast response time, compared to bombers which are considered too slow;

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nature of these weapons' development can make deterrence more asymmetrical.

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In August 1945, the United States became the first nuclear power after the

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Another method of ensuring second strike capability is through the use of

3582:). Thus it was generally assumed that any combat in Europe would end with 3512: 3105: in this subsection. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2385: 11084: 10627: 10622: 10459: 10444: 10320: 10295: 9924: 9844: 9751: 9736: 9443: 9048: 9018: 8873: 8863: 8762: 8625: 8418: 7907: 7737: 7722: 7533: 7381: 7349: 7236: 7051: 6956: 6895: 6770:"The Rise of U.S. Nuclear Primacy" from Foreign Affairs, March/April 2006 4496: 4439: 4215: 3876: 3757: 3656: 3637: 3300: 2963: 2946: 2797: 2732: 2727: 2680: 2558: 2538: 2474: 2440: 2415: 2406: 2377: 2362: 1926: 1677: 1642: 1481: 1168: 1133: 846: 789: 692: 476: 197: 192: 10766: 6723: 6699: 6684: 6660: 6637: 6588: 6564: 6549: 6525: 6433: 6401: 6344: 6312: 5702: 5678: 5664: 5640: 5593:

Nuclear Exchange: Does Washington Really Have (or Want) Nuclear Primacy?

5364: 5340: 4504: – Phrase that suggests that military power can help preserve peace 3280:

The strategy of MAD was fully declared in the early 1960s, primarily by

11034: 10849: 10819: 10804: 10592: 10580: 10340: 10202: 9828: 9202: 8913: 8883: 8837: 8752: 8720: 8712: 8655: 8343: 8058: 7747: 7635: 7241: 6297: 6255: 6213: 6163: 6131: 5969: 5871: 5616:"A Successful U.S. Missile Intercept Ends the Era of Nuclear Stability" 5533: 5501: 4643: 4615: 4076: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3867: 3839: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3794: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3583: 3555: 3363: 2902: 2831:, as both nations struggled to keep nuclear parity, or at least retain 1883: 1853: 1575: 944: 7856: 5573:

Keir A. Lieber and Daryl G. Press "The Rise of U.S. Nuclear Primacy,"

4877:. Howard, Richard, 1929- (first US ed.). New York: Random House. 4765:

When the stakes are high :deterrence and conflict among major powers /

4557:

Mutually Assured Destruction Revisited, Strategic Doctrine in Question

3951:

writes that this defense ability "ends the era of nuclear stability".

3001: 10776: 10565: 10494: 10439: 10434: 10300: 10141: 10047: 9790: 9498: 9343: 9192: 9165: 8978: 8933: 8842: 8810: 8790: 8782: 8111: 7901: 6328: 6092:

Before and After the Fall: World Politics and the End of the Cold War

5992: 5937: 5379:"UGM-133 Trident D-5 - Missile ThreatTrident 2 | Missile Threat" 4223: 3761: 3687: 3660: 3006: 2958:

MAD has been invoked by more than one weapons inventor. For example,

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The doctrine further assumes that neither side will dare to launch a

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The Second Nuclear Age: Strategy, Danger, and the New Power Politics

5052: 4627: 4482: – Doctrines and plans for production and use of atomic weapons 4264:, refused to launch despite an order from Captain Savitsky to do so. 4051: 3814: 3451: 3080: 3048:

attack; this, in turn, ensured the credible threat of a devastating

2338:

of both the attacker and the defender. It is based on the theory of

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Perception and Misperception in International Politics: New Edition

5726:"Strategic Air Command Declassifies Nuclear Target List from 1950s" 5057: 3691: 3560: 3554:(1.3 PJ)—all together, an explosive payload equivalent to 230 3400:

class, which began construction in 2021 and enter service in 2031.

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Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

6406:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

5754:"Why the Soviet Union Thinks It Could Fight and Win a Nuclear War" 4034:

Other evidence of this comes from the Soviet minister of defense,

11049: 10898: 10735: 10725: 10533: 10345: 10057: 10052: 9023: 8908: 8898: 8847: 8388: 7133: 5820:

Burr, William; Savranskaya, Svetlana, eds. (September 11, 2009).

4962:

Wizard: the life and times of Nikola Tesla: biography of a genius

4161: 4148: 3683: 3323: 2420: 1898: 1858: 1622: 1456: 1452: 799: 784: 660: 321: 316: 286: 225: 187: 6086:

Jervis, Robert (2021), Bartel, Fritz; Monteiro, Nuno P. (eds.),

5791:"Why the Soviet Union thinks it can fight and win a Nuclear War" 4841:

Evaluating the Nuclear Peace Hypothesis A Quantitative Approach.

3550:, could hold up to 10 warheads, each with a yield of around 300 11059: 10985: 9091: 8893: 8832: 7767: 4448: – Hong Kong slang referring to mutual assured destruction 3645: 3213: 2913:

and prevent large-scale wars but simultaneously allow for more

2857: 1405: 806: 623: 359: 6604:"Getting Deterrence Right: The Case for Stratified Deterrence" 6457:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

4152:

Nuclear weapon test Apache (yield 1.85 Mt or 7.7 PJ)

10730: 10489: 9576: 9532:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

9038: 8821: 6900: 6360:"Soviets Close to Using A-Bomb in 1962 Crisis, Forum is Told" 4768:. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press. p. 10. 3396:

s $ 2 billion. The USN's follow-on class of SSBN will be the

3299:

before reaching their targets. In addition, as the idea of a

3209: 3018: 2053: 881: 417: 412: 6565:"THE WEAPONISATION OF SPACE: justification and consequences" 4011:

The doctrine of MAD was officially at odds with that of the

4005:

Presidential Directive 59, Nuclear Weapons Employment Policy

2815:

The primary application of this doctrine started during the

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which was deployed in 1976, and was considered to threaten

3571: 3538: 3304: 177: 172: 5641:""Nuclear Nihilism of North Korea: Perils and Path Ahead"" 5136:, "MAD, not Marx: Khrushchev and the nuclear revolution." 4920:"Everything You Need to Know About the First Nobel Prizes" 9571: 9551: 9546: 5850:. Air University Review, March–April 1977. Archived from 3959:

MAD does not entirely apply to all nuclear-armed rivals.

3259: 3017:. Four years later, on August 29, 1949, the Soviet Union 2533: 2430: 50: 6661:"Hypersonic Weapons and Escalation Control in East Asia" 5436: 5402: 3752:

has led to an increase in the number of nations in the "

3291:

ability to fully retaliate after a first-strike attack.

6400:

Fischhoff, Baruch; Atran, Scott; Sageman, Marc (2008).

6271:"Reviewed work: On War and Morality., Robert L. Holmes" 5845: 4713: 4662:"How did we forget about mutually assured destruction?" 3589: 6789:

Robert McNamara's "Mutual Deterrence" speech from 1967

6187:"Reviewed work: On War and Morality, Robert L. Holmes" 9893:

Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal

6399: 5874:"War Survival in Soviet Strategy: USSR Civil Defense" 5747: 5745: 4442: – Mathematical models of strategic interactions 3756:", including nations of questionable stability (e.g. 9819:

Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

4467:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

3760:), and that a nuclear nation might be hijacked by a 2909:. The study determined that nuclear weapons promote 2812:

threaten to circumvent MAD as a deterrent strategy.

3714:. According to its architect, Secretary of Defense 2827:around the world. MAD was also responsible for the 5742: 5280: 4578:Whole earth security : a geopolitics of peace 3535:multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicle 3328:Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarines, Nuclear (SSBN) 6779:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 4852:"Wilkie Collins and Mutually Assured Destruction" 3686:(up to eight in existing US missiles, limited by 3442:Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle 3197:Rocket-Assisted Take Off (RATO) on April 15, 1954 11154: 10947:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 9517:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 6094:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 115–131, 5872:Leon Gouré Reviewed by John C. Campbell (1977). 5679:"Time to re-assess mutually assured destruction" 4580:. Washington: Worldwatch Institute. p. 80. 3566:In the event of a Soviet conventional attack on 2330:by an attacker on a nuclear-armed defender with 7954:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 7361:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 6794:Getting MAD: Nuclear Mutual Assured Destruction 5819: 4379:mundane acts of cooperation, complicating MAD. 3528: 10845:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events 5405:"Defensive Satellites:: Who Will Shoot First?" 4510: – Victory at a cost tantamount to defeat 4383: 4174:of technologically advanced nuclear weapons. 3871:A payload launch vehicle carrying a prototype 34:. For particle–antiparticle annihilation, see 9850:Existential risk from artificial intelligence 9691: 9677: 6850: 6799:Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation 6658: 5788: 5751: 4839:http://jcr.sagepub.com/content/53/2/258.short 4488: – Societal view against nuclear weapons 4341:John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation 3052:against the aggressor, increasing a nation's 2757: 2288: 2023: 9593:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 7144:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 4872: 4177: 3005:Aftermath of the atomic bomb explosion over 32:Mutually Assured Destruction (The Americans) 9898:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal 8454:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 6523: 5502:"Will Deterrence Survive a Nuclear Winter?" 4985: 4275:when he found himself in his final dugout." 4182: 3480:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2905:and found support for the existence of the 10001:Climate change and civilizational collapse 9684: 9670: 9557:United States involvement in regime change 7112:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 6857: 6843: 5938:"Deterrence and Coercion in Soviet Policy" 5815: 5813: 5811: 5341:"Episode II: US Ballistic Missile Defense" 5082:. US Department of Defense. Archived from 5050: 3793:In 1983, a group of researchers including 2871:This MAD scenario is often referred to as 2764: 2750: 2295: 2281: 2052: 2030: 2016: 6619: 4952: 4854:. The Wilkie Collins Society. Spring 2009 4761: 4136:Learn how and when to remove this message 3855:Learn how and when to remove this message 3500:Learn how and when to remove this message 3165:Learn how and when to remove this message 3015:nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki 11004:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk 10942:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 6454: 5990: 5638: 5554: 4659: 4430: – Metaphor about spiteful attitude 4418: – Cold War policy of tenuous peace 4147: 3866: 3511: 3366:ballistic missiles as one leg of the US 3309: 3269: 3070: 3000: 2781:. The same principle is invoked against 994:List of military strategies and concepts 7683:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 6524:Finch, James P.; Steene, Shawn (2011). 6492: 5908:Zürcher Beiträge zur Sicherheitspolitik 5808: 5645:The Indian Journal of Political Science 5596:Foreign Affairs, September/October 2006 5587: 5585: 4796: 4575: 4394: 4296: 3901:Israel's acquisition of nuclear weapons 14: 11155: 9527:Russian espionage in the United States 7799:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 6697: 6601: 6495:"How to Keep the Bomb From Terrorists" 6488: 6486: 6184: 6085: 6025: 4958: 4803:Nuclear Deterrence in the 21st Century 4613: 4328:foreign and domestic nuclear terrorism 4308:Essentials of Post-Cold War Deterrence 4279: 4250: 3942:Essentials of Post–Cold War Deterrence 3260:Retaliation capability (second strike) 2879:Theory of mutually assured destruction 2676:Forum (alternative dispute resolution) 2326:which posits that a full-scale use of 9665: 9522:Soviet espionage in the United States 7678:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 7457:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 7122:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 6838: 6357: 6351: 6236:The American Political Science Review 6129: 6081: 6079: 6055: 6051: 6049: 5935: 5613: 5499: 5262: 5053:"Do We Still Need a Nuclear 'Triad'?" 4704:, Freeman Dyson, Harper Collins, 1985 3954: 3223:Beginning in 1955, the United States 10021:Tipping points in the climate system 9598:Soviet Union–United States relations 7949:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 6562: 6310: 6226: 5582: 5338: 5097: 5020: 4655: 4653: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4231: 4074:adding citations to reliable sources 4045: 3837:adding citations to reliable sources 3808: 3590:Land-based MIRVed ICBMs threaten MAD 3478:adding citations to reliable sources 3445: 3420:In the 1960s both the Soviet Union ( 3403: 3103:adding citations to reliable sources 3074: 10016:Extinction risk from climate change 9915:New World Order (conspiracy theory) 9562:Soviet involvement in regime change 6483: 6268: 6056:Green, Brendan Rittenhouse (2020). 5421: 4164:grounds. Included in this group is 3906:The administration of US President 3543:A-35 anti-ballistic missile systems 3378:anticipates a continued need for a 3212:Stratofortress being refueled by a 24: 10976:List of fictional doomsday devices 9603:Soviet Union–United States summits 7077:1947 Polish parliamentary election 6962:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 6775:First Strike and Mutual Deterrence 6076: 6046: 5313:. Congressional Research Service. 5044: 4024:Nuclear use would be catastrophic. 3979: 3422:A-35 anti-ballistic missile system 3282:United States Secretary of Defense 2932:The bomber will always get through 25: 11214: 9996:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis 8364:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 8299:United States invasion of Grenada 7569:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 7510:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 6734: 6493:Allison, Graham (13 March 2009). 6358:Lloyd, Marion (13 October 2002). 5268: 4717:"The Return of Political Warfare" 4650: 4602: 4555:; Col. Alan J. Parrington, USAF, 3380:sea-based strategic nuclear force 2996: 11112: 11111: 11099: 10257:Decline in amphibian populations 8439:United States invasion of Panama 8289:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 7929:1971 Turkish military memorandum 7892:Communist insurgency in Thailand 7862:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 7794:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 7621:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 7549:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 7067:Restatement of Policy on Germany 6569:New Zealand International Review 4566:, Airpower Journal, Winter 1997. 4372: 4357: 4050: 4003:President Jimmy Carter in 1980, 3813: 3804: 3776: 3697: 3450: 3202: 3187: 3079: 3019:detonated its own nuclear device 68: 10608:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 10105:Land surface effects on climate 10078:Human impact on the environment 9709:Future of an expanding universe 9159:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 8540:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 8469:Fall of the inner German border 8369:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 8019:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 8009:Spanish transition to democracy 7969:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 7596:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 7102:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 6983:Occupation of the Baltic states 6700:"Defense as a Deterrent of War" 6691: 6652: 6595: 6556: 6517: 6448: 6393: 6380: 6304: 6262: 6220: 6178: 6123: 6019: 5984: 5929: 5917:from the original on 2013-05-23 5892: 5865: 5839: 5782: 5718: 5709: 5671: 5632: 5607: 5567: 5548: 5493: 5430: 5415: 5396: 5371: 5332: 5320:from the original on 2011-05-04 5296: 5271:"Newport News contract awarded" 5248: 5224: 5199: 5185: 5171: 5157: 5143: 5126: 5071: 5014: 4979: 4937: 4912: 4899: 4866: 4844: 4832: 4790: 4660:Castella, Tom de (2012-02-15). 4061:needs additional citations for 3824:needs additional citations for 3333:It was only with the advent of 3090:needs additional citations for 7939:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 7574:Mozambican War of Independence 7013:Indonesian National Revolution 6784:Herman Kahn's Doomsday Machine 6390:, 52/1, (October 1973): p 118. 6062:. Cambridge University Press. 6032:. Princeton University Press. 5518:10.1126/science.225.4659.268-a 4875:Paris in the twentieth century 4755: 4727: 4707: 4695: 4678: 4569: 4539: 4029:1981, the Soviet General Staff 3974:North Korea as a nuclear state 3967: 3788: 2952:Paris in the Twentieth Century 2894:Journal of Conflict Resolution 2823:while they engaged in smaller 2800:) or with surviving forces (a 2641:Alternative dispute resolution 13: 1: 10554:Interpretations of Revelation 10356:Cosmological phase transition 10262:Decline in insect populations 9714:Ultimate fate of the universe 9537:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 8552:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 8505:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 8227:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 8192:Seven Days to the River Rhine 7924:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 7211:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 7139:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 6659:Ekmektsioglou, Eleni (2015). 6608:Journal of Strategic Security 5614:Kluth, Andreas (2020-11-29). 5579:, March/April 2006, pp 42–55. 5463:10.1126/science.222.4630.1283 5256:"NMHB 2020 [Revised]" 5105:"Toning Up the Nuclear Triad" 5032:. The New York TImes Archives 5021:Abel, Elie (March 17, 1954). 4532: 4526:Stability–instability paradox 3912:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 3722:with the announcement of the 2940:, writing at the time of the 2907:stability-instability paradox 2866:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 2792:because the other side would 27:Doctrine of military strategy 11009:Future of Humanity Institute 10406:Potentially hazardous object 10306:Interplanetary contamination 8530:Fall of communism in Albania 8500:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 8449:Polish Round Table Agreement 7789:1968 Polish political crisis 7606:Eritrean War of Independence 7372:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 7267:East German uprising of 1953 7199:Chinese Communist Revolution 6864: 6760:Resources in other libraries 6704:Harvard International Review 5846:Captain John W. Dorough Jr. 5683:BMJ: British Medical Journal 5345:Harvard International Review 5138:Journal of Strategic Studies 5111:. 1985-09-23. Archived from 4735:"mutual assured destruction" 4616:"Mutual Assured Destruction" 4320: 4085:"Mutual assured destruction" 4041: 3724:Strategic Defense Initiative 3529:MIRVs as counter against ABM 3416:Strategic Defense Initiative 3338:ballistic missile submarines 3114:"Mutual assured destruction" 2854:ballistic missile submarines 2808:, proxy-state conflict, and 18:Mutually assured destruction 7: 10889:Nemesis (hypothetical star) 10038:Global terrestrial stilling 8404:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 8132:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 7877:Corrective Movement (Syria) 7841:New People's Army rebellion 7836:Sino-Soviet border conflict 7564:Angolan War of Independence 7427:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 7307:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 6952:Jamaican political conflict 6824:Soviet Intentions 1965–1985 6804:Council for a Livable World 6665:Strategic Studies Quarterly 6621:10.5038/1944-0472.13.1.1748 6530:Strategic Studies Quarterly 6311:Ross, Douglas Alan (1998). 5555:SOKOLSKI, HENRY D. (2004). 5151:"CQ Almanac Online Edition" 4516: – Sociological theory 4463:Minimum Credible Deterrence 4408: 4384:Emerging hypersonic weapons 4205:mobile land-based launchers 3873:exoatmospheric kill vehicle 3382:. The first of the current 3368:strategic nuclear deterrent 2925: 2873:rational nuclear deterrence 2353:, in which the presence of 1487:Military–industrial complex 966:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 11219: 10401:Asteroid impact prediction 10376:Heat death of the universe 9786:Mutual assured destruction 8600:Sino-Indian border dispute 8429:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 8359:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 8117:1976 Argentine coup d'état 8029:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 7979:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 7663:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 7631:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 7320:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 7087:Asian Relations Conference 6818:Mutual Assured Destruction 6746:Mutual assured destruction 5936:Simes, Dimitri K. (1980). 4905:Paul Wahl and Don Toppel, 4546:Mutual Assured Destruction 4186: 3439: 3413: 3407: 3263: 3176: 2929: 2920: 2708:Peace and conflict studies 2615:Mutual assured destruction 2369:falling into the hands of 2332:second-strike capabilities 2308:Mutual assured destruction 29: 11093: 11027: 11019:Nuclear Threat Initiative 10996: 10952:List of apocalyptic films 10929: 10795:2011 end times prediction 10787: 10527:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks 10522:Abomination of desolation 10458: 10396:Asteroid impact avoidance 10333: 10244: 10226:List of extinction events 10201: 10194: 10160: 10068:Environmental degradation 9964: 9955: 9870: 9855:Technological singularity 9724: 9699: 9693:Global catastrophic risks 9636: 9585: 9507: 9484:William Appleman Williams 9429:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 9211: 9183: 9132: 9064: 9057: 8991: 8856: 8781: 8711: 8704: 8613: 8560: 8492: 8205: 7944:Bangladesh Liberation War 7934:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 7849: 7821:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 7809:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 7472: 7247:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 7224: 6934: 6872: 6755:Resources in your library 6602:Talbot, Brent J. (2020). 6227:Rock, Stephen R. (1989). 6185:Meyers, Diana T. (1992). 6100:10.1017/9781108910194.008 5639:Baranwal, Sanjay (2011). 5051:John Barry (2009-12-12). 4797:DELPECH, THÉRÈSE (2012), 4762:Danilovic, Vesna (2002). 4576:Daniel., Deudney (1983). 4178:Challengeable assumptions 3746:ballistic missile defense 3712:Presidential Directive 59 3609:Their high accuracy (low 3516:A time exposure of seven 3424:) and the United States ( 2991:Frisch–Peierls memorandum 2891:A study published in the 2391: 1551:Loss-of-strength gradient 408:Combat information center 11014:Future of Life Institute 10916:Resurrection of the dead 10909:Post-tribulation rapture 10291:Colony collapse disorder 8259:1980 Turkish coup d'état 8094:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 8064:1978 Somali coup attempt 8024:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 7989:1973 Chilean coup d'état 7814:Revolutionary Government 7708:South African Border War 7500:1960 Turkish coup d'état 7417:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 7272:1953 Iranian coup d'état 7252:1952 Egyptian revolution 6469:10.1177/0002716206290457 6418:10.1177/0002716208317247 6194:The Philosophical Review 6130:Sagan, Scott D. (1994). 5991:Sokolski, Henry (2014). 5886:Foreign Affairs magazine 5000:10.1177/0047117810377278 4965:. Citadel. p. 454. 4959:Seifer, Marc J. (2001). 4909:, Arco Publishing, 1971. 4183:Second-strike capability 3889:fall of the Soviet Union 3576:tactical nuclear weapons 3435: 3376:US Department of Defense 3347:in 1959, that a genuine 3036:By the time of the 1962 2982:, a treatise concerning 2899:quantitatively evaluated 2833:second-strike capability 2703:Non-aggression principle 2661:Conflict style inventory 2465:Nonviolent Communication 2371:violent non-state actors 2324:national security policy 1869:Military science fiction 1354:Technology and equipment 775:List of military tactics 9840:Artificial intelligence 8464:Fall of the Berlin Wall 8409:People Power Revolution 8394:Central American crisis 8334:1986 Black Sea incident 7984:1973 Afghan coup d'état 7882:Western Sahara conflict 7693:1966 Syrian coup d'état 7616:1963 Syrian coup d'état 7559:Portuguese Colonial War 7522:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 7287:1954 Syrian coup d'état 7164:Annexation of Hyderabad 7107:1947–1949 Palestine war 6698:Teller, Edward (1985). 6026:Jervis, Robert (1976). 4988:International Relations 4774:2027/mdp.39015056796371 4740:Encyclopedia Britannica 4686:Disturbing the Universe 4614:Jervis, Robert (2002). 4339:, the president of the 3986:United States Air Force 3972:Since the emergence of 3881:Kwajalein Missile Range 3708:countervailing strategy 3611:circular error probable 3322:, the lead ship of the 2915:low intensity conflicts 2550:International relations 2480:Speaking truth to power 1937:Wartime sexual violence 1693:Full-spectrum dominance 1504:Supply-chain management 10969:List of disaster films 10810:Apocalyptic literature 9910:Malthusian catastrophe 9836:Synthetic intelligence 8758:Neoclassical economics 8269:Gulf of Sidra incident 7826:1969 Libyan revolution 7517:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 7302:1954 Geneva Conference 7062:Turkish straits crisis 7057:Corfu Channel incident 6136:International Security 5942:International Security 5789:Richard Pipes (1977). 5752:Richard Pipes (1977). 5236:The Hollywood Reporter 5140:(2018) 41#1/2:208-233. 4514:Rational choice theory 4502:Peace through strength 4492:Nuclear weapons debate 4452:Letters of last resort 4318: 4153: 4032: 4009: 3884: 3525: 3524:passing through clouds 3410:Anti-ballistic missile 3330: 3297:anti-aircraft missiles 3277: 3195:Boeing B-47B Stratojet 3010: 2962:patented his namesake 2960:Richard Jordan Gatling 1849:Awards and decorations 1822:Peace through strength 1797:Low-intensity conflict 1431:Conscientious objector 1304:Area of responsibility 10351:Coronal mass ejection 9813:Electromagnetic pulse 9774:Kinetic energy weapon 9608:Russia–NATO relations 9489:Jonathan Reed Winkler 8773:Democratic capitalism 8768:Supply-side economics 8736:American conservatism 8535:Breakup of Yugoslavia 8424:Bougainville conflict 8339:South Yemen civil war 8274:Martial law in Poland 8137:Nicaraguan Revolution 8112:Dirty War (Argentina) 7919:1971 JVP insurrection 7733:Years of Lead (Italy) 7611:North Yemen civil war 7529:Berlin Crisis of 1961 7505:Albanian–Soviet split 7437:1959 Tibetan uprising 7402:Syrian Crisis of 1957 7257:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 7117:1948 Arab–Israeli War 6821:John G. Hines et al. 6317:International Journal 5500:Plous, Scott (1984). 4873:Verne, Jules (1996). 4690:The Ethics of Defense 4313: 4151: 4022: 3995: 3990:Strategic Air Command 3870: 3750:nuclear proliferation 3720:Reagan administration 3515: 3313: 3273: 3225:Strategic Air Command 3179:Operation Chrome Dome 3071:Strategic Air Command 3004: 2984:charged particle beam 2625:Nuclear proliferation 2359:nuclear proliferation 2336:complete annihilation 441:Torpedo data computer 431:Ship gun fire-control 11193:Cold War terminology 10753:War of Gog and Magog 10430:Near-Earth supernova 10180:Human overpopulation 9984:Mass mortality event 9878:Anthropogenic hazard 9029:Non-Aligned Movement 8651:Peaceful coexistence 8605:North Borneo dispute 8520:German reunification 8515:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 8213:Salvadoran Civil War 8162:Grand Mosque seizure 8157:Yemenite War of 1979 8049:Mozambican Civil War 8004:Carnation Revolution 7959:Yemenite War of 1972 7897:1970 Polish protests 7728:1967 Hong Kong riots 7703:Argentine Revolution 7653:Guatemalan Civil War 7581:Cuban Missile Crisis 7495:Bay of Pigs Invasion 7367:1956 Poznań protests 7345:Geneva Summit (1955) 6947:Hukbalahap Rebellion 6926:Non-Aligned Movement 6563:Dorn, Bryan (2005). 6269:Lee, Steven (1992). 5770:on December 14, 2013 5339:HSIN, HONOR (2003). 4949:, circa 16 May 1935. 4721:Defense Outlook 2018 4692:, Basic Books, 1981. 4395:Failure to retaliate 4297:Inherent instability 4258:Cuban Missile Crisis 4070:improve this article 3833:improve this article 3601:) or a counterforce 3548:LGM-118A Peacekeeper 3474:improve this section 3340:, starting with the 3238:Cuban Missile Crisis 3099:improve this article 3038:Cuban Missile Crisis 2691:Paradox of tolerance 2349:The result may be a 2334:would result in the 2177:Nuclear-armed states 1967:Military occupations 1802:Military engineering 1704:Unrestricted Warfare 1561:Force multiplication 459:Military manoeuvrers 11203:Theories of history 10825:Blood moon prophecy 10618:Number of the Beast 10216:Holocene extinction 10162:Earth Overshoot Day 10110:Ocean acidification 10073:Habitat destruction 10063:Ecological collapse 9769:Kinetic bombardment 9704:Future of the Earth 9474:Alex von Tunzelmann 9464:Vladimir Tismăneanu 9389:Thomas J. McCormick 9384:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 9284:Robert Hugh Ferrell 9147:Crusade for Freedom 8944:Illiberal democracy 8828:Ho Chi Minh Thought 8631:Eisenhower Doctrine 8484:Peaceful Revolution 8479:Romanian Revolution 8459:Revolutions of 1989 8444:1988 Polish strikes 8354:Operation INFEKTION 8349:1987 Lieyu massacre 8254:Eritrean Civil Wars 8237:Peruvian Revolution 8187:1979 Herat uprising 8177:Sino-Vietnamese War 8142:Uganda–Tanzania War 8122:Egyptian–Libyan War 8089:Third Indochina War 8084:Sino-Albanian split 8074:Ethiopian Civil War 7974:Eritrean Civil Wars 7914:Ping-pong diplomacy 7887:Cambodian Civil War 7713:Korean DMZ Conflict 7698:Cultural Revolution 7668:Dominican Civil War 7646:Tlatelolco massacre 7432:1959 Mosul uprising 7422:1958 Lebanon crisis 7149:Al-Wathbah uprising 7072:First Indochina War 7042:Iran crisis of 1946 5455:1983Sci...222.1283T 5449:(4630): 1283–1292. 5132:Campbell Craig and 5080:"Nuclear Stockpile" 4446:Lam chau (doctrine) 4280:Inability to defend 4251:Perfect rationality 4220:decapitation strike 4203:, underground, and 3633:counterforce strike 3629:countervalue strike 3625:decapitation strike 3580:massive retaliation 3522:Peacekeeper missile 3059:Campbell Craig and 2942:Franco-Prussian War 2911:strategic stability 2864:points) and to the 2810:high-speed missiles 2620:Nuclear disarmament 2519:Conflict escalation 2496:Conflict management 2400:Conflict resolution 2340:rational deterrence 1653:Penal military unit 1638:Rules of engagement 1314:Command and control 939:Operations research 403:Director (military) 393:Fire-control system 163:Command and control 44:Part of a series on 11188:Military doctrines 11140:Doomsday scenarios 10706:Beast of the Earth 10598:Book of Revelation 10386:Virtual black hole 10366:False vacuum decay 10316:Pollinator decline 10279:Biological warfare 10269:Biotechnology risk 10120:Resource depletion 9628:Russian Revolution 9424:Mary Elise Sarotte 9409:William B. Pickett 9334:Patrick J. Hearden 9314:Gabriel Gorodetsky 9309:Timothy Garton Ash 9294:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 8889:Ethnic nationalism 8641:Hallstein Doctrine 8525:Yemeni unification 8314:1985 Geneva Summit 8279:Casamance conflict 8182:New Jewel Movement 8167:Iranian Revolution 8152:Chadian–Libyan War 8099:Cambodian conflict 8079:Lebanese Civil War 8069:Western Sahara War 8044:June 1976 protests 8039:Cambodian genocide 7804:17 July Revolution 7758:Nigerian Civil War 7673:Rhodesian Bush War 7658:Colombian conflict 7601:Ramadan Revolution 7340:Bandung Conference 7216:Operation Valuable 7097:Partition of India 6814:2018-01-03 at the 5601:2006-09-25 at the 5591:Peter C. W. Flory 5030:The New York TImes 4821:10.7249/mg1103rc.5 4562:2015-06-20 at the 4551:2018-01-03 at the 4458:Minimum deterrence 4154: 3961:India and Pakistan 3955:India and Pakistan 3910:withdrew from the 3893:Russian Federation 3885: 3767:global nuclear war 3678:MIRVed land-based 3526: 3331: 3326:'s first class of 3278: 3216:Stratotanker, 1965 3054:nuclear deterrence 3050:retaliatory strike 3031:John Foster Dulles 3011: 2901:the nuclear peace 2738:Track II diplomacy 2686:Prisoner's dilemma 2656:Conflict continuum 2651:Conflict avoidance 2436:Dispute resolution 1762:Counter-insurgency 1683:Command of the sea 1628:Jewish laws on war 1603:Geneva Conventions 1139:Divide and conquer 934:Military operation 899:Tactical objective 398:Fire-control radar 375:Electronic-warfare 11163:Cold War policies 11150: 11149: 10981:Zombie apocalypse 10882:Postmillennialism 10677:Great Tribulation 10450:Stellar collision 10411:Near-Earth object 10361:Geomagnetic storm 10329: 10328: 10252:Biodiversity loss 10236:Genetic pollution 10190: 10189: 9979:Biodiversity loss 9942:Societal collapse 9920:Nuclear holocaust 9905:Economic collapse 9888:Doomsday argument 9806:Antimatter weapon 9659: 9658: 9646:List of conflicts 9494:Rudolph Winnacker 9439:Giles Scott-Smith 9414:Ronald E. Powaski 9369:Melvyn P. Leffler 9299:John Lewis Gaddis 9274:Robert D. English 9239:Warren H. Carroll 9229:Michael Beschloss 9198:Nuclear arms race 9179: 9178: 9085:Neues Deutschland 8987: 8986: 8969:White nationalism 8939:Liberal democracy 8676:Ulbricht Doctrine 8666:Brezhnev Doctrine 8474:Velvet Revolution 8218:Soviet–Afghan War 8034:Angolan Civil War 7831:Goulash Communism 7688:ASEAN Declaration 7641:Mexican Dirty War 7539:Annexation of Goa 7490:1960 U-2 incident 7464:Sino-Soviet split 7442:Laotian Civil War 7282:Bricker Amendment 7262:Mau Mau rebellion 7206:Malayan Emergency 7194:Chinese Civil War 7154:Tito–Stalin split 7008:Division of Korea 6809:Nuclear Files.org 6741:Library resources 6109:978-1-108-90677-7 6088:"The Nuclear Age" 6069:978-1-108-48986-7 6039:978-1-4008-8511-4 6004:978-1-312-32984-3 5730:nsarchive.gwu.edu 5426:. pp. 81–90. 4972:978-0-8065-1960-9 4884:978-0-679-44434-3 4812:978-0-8330-5930-7 4783:978-0-472-11287-6 4743:. 9 February 2024 4587:978-0-916468-54-5 4474:Nuclear holocaust 4434:Deterrence theory 4416:Balance of terror 4269:Winston Churchill 4232:Perfect detection 4212:dead man's switch 4146: 4145: 4138: 4120: 3949:Bloomberg Opinion 3923:post–Cold War era 3916:nuclear blackmail 3875:is launched from 3865: 3864: 3857: 3731:Margaret Thatcher 3667:, as well as the 3644:silos, which led 3510: 3509: 3502: 3404:ABMs threaten MAD 3343:George Washington 3318:George Washington 3175: 3174: 3167: 3149: 3065:Nikita Khrushchev 2794:launch on warning 2774: 2773: 2646:Anti-war movement 2610:Nuclear blackmail 2514:Communal violence 2320:military strategy 2305: 2304: 2069:Nuclear explosion 2040: 2039: 1932:Horses in warfare 1879:Anti-war movement 1782:Gunboat diplomacy 1772:Disaster response 1720:Philosophy of war 1715:Principles of war 1688:Deterrence theory 1633:Right of conquest 1556:Lanchester's laws 1324:Principles of war 1014:Counter-offensive 999:Military campaign 904:Target saturation 827:Counterinsurgency 436:Gun data computer 370:Close air support 332:Aircraft carriers 16:(Redirected from 11210: 11198:Nuclear doomsday 11168:Nuclear strategy 11115: 11114: 11106:World portal 11104: 11103: 11065:Financial crisis 10894:Nibiru cataclysm 10872:Premillennialism 10716:Dhul-Suwayqatayn 10684:Son of perdition 10672:Olivet Discourse 10648:Whore of Babylon 10274:Biological agent 10221:Human extinction 10211:Extinction event 10199: 10198: 10170:Overexploitation 10100:Land consumption 10095:Land degradation 9962: 9961: 9824:Micro black hole 9732:Chemical warfare 9686: 9679: 9672: 9663: 9662: 9404:David S. Painter 9329:John Earl Haynes 9259:Nicholas J. Cull 9244:Adrian Cioroianu 9224:Thomas A. Bailey 9171:Voice of America 9062: 9061: 8974:White separatism 8954:Social democracy 8949:Guided democracy 8929:Authoritarianism 8879:Ultranationalism 8869:Anti-imperialism 8796:Marxism–Leninism 8709: 8708: 8696:Kinmen Agreement 8661:Johnson Doctrine 8646:Kennedy Doctrine 8562:Frozen conflicts 8545:1991 August Coup 8434:Afghan Civil War 8329:Reykjavík Summit 8324:Somali Rebellion 8264:Ugandan Bush War 8242:Gdańsk Agreement 7763:Protests of 1968 7743:War of Attrition 7452:Cuban Revolution 7388:We will bury you 7355:Cyprus Emergency 7335:Kashmir Princess 7325:Jebel Akhdar War 7174:Western betrayal 6859: 6852: 6845: 6836: 6835: 6728: 6727: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6623: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6501:. Archived from 6490: 6481: 6480: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6397: 6391: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6329:10.2307/40203359 6308: 6302: 6301: 6275: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6242:(4): 1447–1448. 6233: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6191: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6083: 6074: 6073: 6053: 6044: 6043: 6023: 6017: 6016: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5916: 5905: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5884:(January 1977). 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5817: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5769: 5763:. Archived from 5758: 5749: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5722: 5716: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5611: 5605: 5589: 5580: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5381:. Archived from 5375: 5369: 5368: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5319: 5308: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5284: 5279:. Archived from 5266: 5260: 5259: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5147: 5141: 5134:Sergey Radchenko 5130: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5115:on March 7, 2008 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5027: 5018: 5012: 5011: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4956: 4950: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4922:. Archived from 4916: 4910: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4711: 4705: 4702:Weapons and Hope 4699: 4693: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4657: 4648: 4647: 4611: 4600: 4599: 4573: 4567: 4543: 4480:Nuclear strategy 4468: 4351:nuclear forensic 4240:Stanislav Petrov 4166:Robert L. Holmes 4141: 4134: 4130: 4127: 4121: 4119: 4078: 4054: 4046: 4030: 4007: 3860: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3840: 3817: 3809: 3649:neoconservatives 3505: 3498: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3454: 3446: 3426:LIM-49 Nike Zeus 3395: 3206: 3191: 3170: 3163: 3159: 3156: 3150: 3148: 3107: 3088:This subsection 3083: 3075: 3061:Sergey Radchenko 2766: 2759: 2752: 2396: 2395: 2382:Hudson Institute 2367:nuclear material 2344:Nash equilibrium 2297: 2290: 2283: 2234: 2128:Target selection 2056: 2042: 2041: 2032: 2025: 2018: 1787:Humanitarian aid 1725:Security dilemma 1546:Power projection 1329:Economy of force 1309:Chain of command 1024:Defence in depth 1009:Commerce raiding 832:Defeat in detail 168:Defense ministry 72: 63: 62: 53: 41: 40: 21: 11218: 11217: 11213: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11208: 11207: 11183:English phrases 11178:Nuclear warfare 11173:Nuclear weapons 11153: 11152: 11151: 11146: 11125:Future problems 11098: 11089: 11023: 10992: 10959:Climate fiction 10925: 10800:2012 phenomenon 10783: 10689:Sheep and Goats 10576:2 Thessalonians 10454: 10371:Gamma-ray burst 10325: 10240: 10231:Genetic erosion 10186: 10156: 10147:Water pollution 10115:Ozone depletion 10011:Desertification 9951: 9866: 9801:Doomsday device 9781:Nuclear warfare 9720: 9695: 9690: 9660: 9655: 9632: 9623:Second Cold War 9581: 9509: 9503: 9479:Odd Arne Westad 9469:Patrick Vaughan 9454:Athan Theoharis 9434:Ellen Schrecker 9419:Yakov M. Rabkin 9394:Timothy Naftali 9339:Tvrtko Jakovina 9324:Jussi Hanhimäki 9207: 9185: 9175: 9153:Paix et Liberté 9128: 9072:Active measures 9053: 8983: 8964:White supremacy 8924:Totalitarianism 8852: 8777: 8700: 8686:Reagan Doctrine 8681:Carter Doctrine 8621:Truman Doctrine 8609: 8556: 8488: 8383:Soviet reaction 8294:Ndogboyosoi War 8201: 8172:Saur Revolution 7999:1973 oil crisis 7964:Munich massacre 7872:Alcora Exercise 7867:Black September 7845: 7591:Sino-Indian War 7485:Simba rebellion 7468: 7312:Capture of the 7220: 7159:Berlin Blockade 7092:May 1947 crises 7082:Truman Doctrine 7047:Greek Civil War 7036:Blacklist Forty 7003:Gouzenko Affair 6990:Cursed soldiers 6942:Morgenthau Plan 6930: 6868: 6863: 6816:Wayback Machine 6766: 6765: 6764: 6749: 6748: 6744: 6737: 6732: 6731: 6696: 6692: 6657: 6653: 6600: 6596: 6561: 6557: 6522: 6518: 6508: 6506: 6491: 6484: 6453: 6449: 6398: 6394: 6388:Foreign Affairs 6385: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6356: 6352: 6309: 6305: 6290:10.2307/2216042 6273: 6267: 6263: 6248:10.2307/1961738 6231: 6225: 6221: 6206:10.2307/2185583 6189: 6183: 6179: 6148:10.2307/2539178 6128: 6124: 6110: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6024: 6020: 6005: 5989: 5985: 5954:10.2307/2538421 5934: 5930: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5903: 5897: 5893: 5878:Foreign Affairs 5870: 5866: 5857: 5855: 5844: 5840: 5830: 5828: 5818: 5809: 5799: 5797: 5787: 5783: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5756: 5750: 5743: 5734: 5732: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5637: 5633: 5624: 5622: 5612: 5608: 5603:Wayback Machine 5590: 5583: 5576:Foreign Affairs 5572: 5568: 5553: 5549: 5498: 5494: 5435: 5431: 5422:Bracken, Paul. 5420: 5416: 5401: 5397: 5388: 5386: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5337: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5288: 5286: 5267: 5263: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5240: 5238: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5216: 5214: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5131: 5127: 5118: 5116: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5089: 5087: 5076: 5072: 5063: 5061: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5025: 5019: 5015: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4957: 4953: 4943:Tesla, Nikola, 4942: 4938: 4929: 4927: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4907:The Gatling Gun 4904: 4900: 4885: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4855: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4825: 4823: 4813: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4760: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4712: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4684:Freeman Dyson, 4683: 4679: 4670: 4668: 4658: 4651: 4628:10.2307/3183553 4612: 4603: 4588: 4574: 4570: 4564:Wayback Machine 4553:Wayback Machine 4544: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4508:Pyrrhic victory 4466: 4411: 4397: 4386: 4375: 4360: 4337:Robert Gallucci 4323: 4299: 4287:fallout shelter 4282: 4262:Vasili Arkhipov 4253: 4234: 4191: 4185: 4180: 4142: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4079: 4077: 4067: 4055: 4044: 4036:Dmitriy Ustinov 4031: 4028: 4008: 4002: 3982: 3980:Official policy 3970: 3957: 3861: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3830: 3818: 3807: 3791: 3779: 3735:Andrei Sakharov 3706:'s adoption of 3700: 3592: 3574:planned to use 3552:kilotons of TNT 3531: 3506: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3471: 3455: 3444: 3438: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3393: 3335:nuclear-powered 3285:Robert McNamara 3275:Robert McNamara 3268: 3262: 3247:Dr. Strangelove 3221: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3217: 3207: 3199: 3198: 3192: 3181: 3171: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3108: 3106: 3096: 3084: 3073: 3025:and the Soviet 2999: 2989:The March 1940 2934: 2928: 2923: 2806:cyber-espionage 2783:missile defense 2770: 2698:Liaison officer 2605:Nuclear warfare 2589:Multilateralism 2529:Just war theory 2394: 2355:nuclear weapons 2328:nuclear weapons 2301: 2252: 2232: 2222: 2191: 2046:Nuclear weapons 2036: 2007: 2006: 1957: 1947: 1946: 1912: 1904: 1903: 1844: 1834: 1833: 1807:Multilateralism 1792:Law enforcement 1752: 1742: 1741: 1710:Just war theory 1668: 1658: 1657: 1608:Geneva Protocol 1578: 1568: 1567: 1541: 1531: 1530: 1472: 1462: 1461: 1369: 1359: 1358: 1299: 1289: 1288: 1254: 1244: 1243: 1174:Network-centric 1094: 1084: 1083: 991: 981: 980: 929: 919: 918: 867:Rapid dominance 772: 762: 761: 717:Electromagnetic 626: 616: 615: 602: 555: 503: 479: 469: 468: 464:Combat training 445: 422: 388:Combat systems: 384: 346: 342:Auxiliary ships 308: 268: 264:Military police 230: 153: 143: 142: 82: 56: 55: 54: 49: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11216: 11206: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11144: 11143: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11120:Apocalypticism 11109: 11094: 11091: 11090: 11088: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11031: 11029: 11025: 11024: 11022: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11000: 10998: 10994: 10993: 10991: 10990: 10989: 10988: 10978: 10973: 10972: 10971: 10964:Disaster films 10961: 10956: 10955: 10954: 10949: 10939: 10937:Alien invasion 10933: 10931: 10927: 10926: 10924: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10912: 10911: 10906: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10885: 10884: 10879: 10877:Amillennialism 10874: 10864: 10862:Millenarianism 10859: 10858: 10857: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10815:Apocalypticism 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10791: 10789: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10769: 10764: 10763: 10762: 10761: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10740: 10739: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10711:Dhu al-Qarnayn 10708: 10703: 10693: 10692: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10680: 10679: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10657:Great Apostasy 10654: 10653: 10652: 10651: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10595: 10590: 10589: 10588: 10583: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10557: 10556: 10546: 10536: 10531: 10530: 10529: 10524: 10514: 10504: 10502:Last Judgement 10499: 10498: 10497: 10492: 10482: 10481: 10480: 10475: 10464: 10462: 10460:Eschatological 10456: 10455: 10453: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10426: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10414: 10413: 10403: 10398: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10337: 10335: 10331: 10330: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10287: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10266: 10265: 10264: 10259: 10248: 10246: 10242: 10241: 10239: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10207: 10205: 10196: 10192: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10185: 10184: 10183: 10182: 10175:Overpopulation 10172: 10166: 10164: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10154: 10152:Water scarcity 10149: 10144: 10139: 10138: 10137: 10127: 10125:Sea level rise 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10091: 10090: 10088:on marine life 10085: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10043:Global warming 10040: 10035: 10033:Global dimming 10030: 10025: 10024: 10023: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9991:Cascade effect 9988: 9987: 9986: 9976: 9970: 9968: 9966:Climate change 9959: 9953: 9952: 9950: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9938: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9901: 9900: 9895: 9885: 9880: 9874: 9872: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9864: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9833: 9832: 9831: 9826: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9796:Doomsday Clock 9793: 9788: 9778: 9777: 9776: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9755: 9754: 9749: 9747:Cyberterrorism 9744: 9734: 9728: 9726: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9718: 9717: 9716: 9706: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9689: 9688: 9681: 9674: 9666: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9589: 9587: 9583: 9582: 9580: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9513: 9511: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9449:Timothy Snyder 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9379:Vojtech Mastny 9376: 9374:Geir Lundestad 9371: 9366: 9364:Walter Laqueur 9361: 9359:Walter LaFeber 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9289:André Fontaine 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9219:Gar Alperovitz 9215: 9213: 9209: 9208: 9206: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9189: 9187: 9181: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9173: 9168: 9162: 9161: 9156: 9149: 9144: 9136: 9134: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9126: 9119: 9114: 9107: 9100: 9095: 9088: 9081: 9074: 9068: 9066: 9059: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8995: 8993: 8989: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8959:Third-Worldism 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8860: 8858: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8787: 8785: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8748:Libertarianism 8745: 8740: 8739: 8738: 8728: 8726:Chicago school 8723: 8717: 8715: 8706: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8671:Nixon Doctrine 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8617: 8615: 8614:Foreign policy 8611: 8610: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8566: 8564: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8554: 8549: 8548: 8547: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8496: 8494: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8399:Operation RYAN 8396: 8391: 8386: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8304:Able Archer 83 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8250: 8249: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8220: 8215: 8209: 8207: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8054:Oromo conflict 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7994:Yom Kippur War 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7817: 7816: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7777: 7772: 7771: 7770: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7626:Aden Emergency 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7544:Papua conflict 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7449: 7447:Kitchen Debate 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7407:Sputnik crisis 7404: 7399: 7391: 7384: 7379: 7377:Polish October 7374: 7369: 7364: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7277:Pact of Madrid 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7232:Bamboo Curtain 7228: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7031: 7023: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6992: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6972: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6881: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6862: 6861: 6854: 6847: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6819: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6772: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735:External links 6733: 6730: 6729: 6690: 6651: 6594: 6555: 6516: 6505:on 13 May 2013 6482: 6447: 6392: 6379: 6368:. pp. A20 6350: 6323:(1): 120–142. 6303: 6284:(4): 559–562. 6261: 6219: 6200:(2): 481–484. 6177: 6122: 6108: 6075: 6068: 6045: 6038: 6018: 6003: 5983: 5928: 5891: 5864: 5838: 5826:Washington, DC 5807: 5781: 5741: 5717: 5708: 5670: 5651:(2): 547–554. 5631: 5606: 5581: 5566: 5547: 5492: 5429: 5414: 5409:On the Horizon 5395: 5370: 5331: 5295: 5269:Frost, Peter. 5261: 5247: 5223: 5198: 5184: 5170: 5156: 5142: 5125: 5096: 5070: 5043: 5013: 4994:(3): 293–312. 4978: 4971: 4951: 4936: 4911: 4898: 4883: 4865: 4843: 4831: 4811: 4799:"Introduction" 4789: 4782: 4754: 4726: 4706: 4694: 4688:, Chapter 13, 4677: 4649: 4622:(133): 40–42. 4620:Foreign Policy 4601: 4586: 4568: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4428:Crab mentality 4425: 4419: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4359: 4356: 4347:Graham Allison 4333: 4332: 4326:The threat of 4322: 4319: 4302:would be low. 4298: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4265: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4208: 4187:Main article: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4144: 4143: 4058: 4056: 4049: 4043: 4040: 4026: 4000: 3993:the Cold War: 3981: 3978: 3969: 3966: 3956: 3953: 3908:George W. Bush 3863: 3862: 3821: 3819: 3812: 3806: 3803: 3799:nuclear winter 3790: 3787: 3778: 3775: 3744:Proponents of 3699: 3696: 3651:to conclude a 3621: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3591: 3588: 3568:Western Europe 3556:Hiroshima-type 3530: 3527: 3508: 3507: 3458: 3456: 3449: 3440:Main article: 3437: 3434: 3408:Main article: 3405: 3402: 3307:over bombers. 3261: 3258: 3208: 3201: 3200: 3193: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3173: 3172: 3087: 3085: 3078: 3072: 3069: 2998: 2997:Early Cold War 2995: 2938:Wilkie Collins 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2856:, and nuclear 2772: 2771: 2769: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2678: 2673: 2671:Family therapy 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2553: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2508: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2458:Party-directed 2450: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2410: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2393: 2390: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2299: 2292: 2285: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2226: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2203:United Kingdom 2200: 2195: 2180: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2049: 2048: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2034: 2027: 2020: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1972:Military terms 1969: 1964: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1845: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1753: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1730:Tripwire force 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1579: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1553: 1548: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1484: 1479: 1473: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1300: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1255: 1252:Administrative 1250: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1179:New generation 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1154:Fleet in being 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1095: 1092:Grand strategy 1090: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1079:Scorched earth 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 992: 987: 986: 983: 982: 979: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 956:Deep operation 953: 948: 941: 936: 930: 925: 924: 921: 920: 917: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 885: 884: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 803: 802: 797: 792: 782: 773: 768: 767: 764: 763: 760: 759: 757:Unconventional 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 705: 703:Disinformation 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 674: 673: 668: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 627: 622: 621: 618: 617: 614: 613: 608: 601: 600: 599: 598: 597: 596: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 554: 553: 552: 551: 550: 549: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 502: 501: 500: 499: 494: 489: 480: 475: 474: 471: 470: 467: 466: 461: 456: 454:Basic training 451: 444: 443: 438: 433: 428: 421: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 383: 382: 380:Reconnaissance 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 345: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 307: 306: 301: 299:Special forces 296: 291: 290: 289: 279: 274: 267: 266: 261: 256: 254:Reconnaissance 251: 246: 241: 236: 229: 228: 219: 214: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 154: 149: 148: 145: 144: 141: 140: 139: 138: 133: 123: 122: 121: 116: 106: 105: 104: 97:Post-classical 94: 89: 83: 78: 77: 74: 73: 65: 64: 46: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11215: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11135:Risk analysis 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11117: 11110: 11108: 11107: 11102: 11096: 11095: 11092: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11080:Social crisis 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11032: 11030: 11026: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10997:Organizations 10995: 10987: 10984: 10983: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10970: 10967: 10966: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10934: 10932: 10928: 10922: 10921:World to come 10919: 10917: 10914: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10901: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10869: 10868: 10867:Millennialism 10865: 10863: 10860: 10856: 10855:Messianic Age 10853: 10852: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10840:Gog and Magog 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10830:Earth Changes 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10786: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10744: 10741: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10698: 10697: 10694: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10678: 10675: 10674: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10667:New Jerusalem 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10643:War in Heaven 10641: 10639: 10638:Two witnesses 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10604: 10601: 10600: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10578: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10555: 10552: 10551: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10509: 10508: 10507:Second Coming 10505: 10503: 10500: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10487: 10486: 10483: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10470: 10469: 10466: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10457: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10412: 10409: 10408: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10332: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10267: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10254: 10253: 10250: 10249: 10247: 10243: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10208: 10206: 10204: 10200: 10197: 10193: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10163: 10159: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10136: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10080: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10022: 10019: 10018: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10006:Deforestation 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9985: 9982: 9981: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9967: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9954: 9948: 9947:World War III 9945: 9943: 9940: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9922: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9875: 9873: 9869: 9863: 9862:Transhumanism 9860: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9841: 9837: 9834: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9821: 9820: 9817: 9814: 9811: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9782: 9779: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9725:Technological 9723: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9701: 9698: 9694: 9687: 9682: 9680: 9675: 9673: 9668: 9667: 9664: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9635: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9613:War on terror 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9584: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9508:Espionage and 9506: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9459:Andrew Thorpe 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9354:Gabriel Kolko 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9319:Fred Halliday 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9304:Lloyd Gardner 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9264:Norman Davies 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9249:John Costello 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9216: 9214: 9210: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9184:Technological 9182: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9154: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9142: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9131: 9125: 9124: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9112: 9108: 9106: 9105: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9089: 9087: 9086: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9065:Pro-communist 9063: 9060: 9056: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8992:Organizations 8990: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8855: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8823: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8806:Eurocommunism 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8780: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8737: 8734: 8733: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8710: 8707: 8703: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8636:Domino theory 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8612: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8590:South Ossetia 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8565: 8563: 8559: 8553: 8550: 8546: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8491: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8384: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8374:8888 Uprising 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8319:Iran–Iraq War 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8284:Falklands War 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8204: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8147:NDF Rebellion 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8127:German Autumn 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8107: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8014:Metapolitefsi 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7909: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7848: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7815: 7812: 7811: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7778: 7776: 7775:Prague Spring 7773: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7753:Al-Wadiah War 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7718:12-3 incident 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7515: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7297:Domino theory 7295: 7293: 7292:Petrov Affair 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7169:Madiun Affair 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7129:Marshall Plan 7127: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6978: 6973: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6882: 6880: 6879: 6878:United States 6875: 6874: 6871: 6867: 6860: 6855: 6853: 6848: 6846: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6830: 6826: 6825: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6694: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6655: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6598: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6520: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6489: 6487: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6383: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6354: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6307: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6142:(4): 66–107. 6141: 6137: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6080: 6071: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6052: 6050: 6041: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6022: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5948:(3): 80–103. 5947: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5854:on 2013-12-17 5853: 5849: 5842: 5827: 5823: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5746: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5635: 5621: 5620:Bloomberg.com 5617: 5610: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5578: 5577: 5570: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5512:(4659): 268. 5511: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5425: 5418: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5385:on 2015-10-27 5384: 5380: 5374: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5335: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5299: 5285:on 2009-04-26 5283: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5265: 5257: 5251: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5212: 5208: 5202: 5194: 5188: 5180: 5174: 5166: 5160: 5152: 5146: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5086:on 2010-05-10 5085: 5081: 5074: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5047: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4974: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4955: 4948: 4947: 4940: 4926:on 2016-08-01 4925: 4921: 4915: 4908: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4853: 4847: 4840: 4835: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4785: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4758: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4703: 4698: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4667: 4663: 4656: 4654: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4520:Samson Option 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4486:Nuclear taboo 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4403: 4402:Edward Teller 4399: 4398: 4388: 4387: 4377: 4376: 4373:Entanglements 4367: 4362: 4361: 4358:Space weapons 4355: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4317: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4303: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4246:to attribute. 4244: 4241: 4236: 4235: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4189:Second strike 4175: 4172: 4171:deontological 4167: 4163: 4158: 4150: 4140: 4137: 4129: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4087: – 4086: 4082: 4081:Find sources: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4059:This section 4057: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4039: 4037: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4017:civil defense 4014: 4006: 3999: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3965: 3962: 3952: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3932: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3902: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3859: 3856: 3848: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3822:This section 3820: 3816: 3811: 3810: 3805:Post-Cold War 3802: 3800: 3796: 3786: 3783: 3782:Proud Prophet 3777:Proud Prophet 3774: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3698:Late Cold War 3695: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3642:Minuteman III 3639: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3603:second strike 3600: 3596: 3587: 3586:conclusions. 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3504: 3501: 3493: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3459:This section 3457: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3430:second strike 3427: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3392: 3388: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3358: 3357:survivability 3352: 3350: 3346: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3319: 3312: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3266:Second strike 3257: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3241: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3196: 3190: 3180: 3169: 3166: 3158: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3116: – 3115: 3111: 3110:Find sources: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3076: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3042:nuclear triad 3039: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3027:Tupolev Tu-95 3024: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3003: 2994: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2949:in his novel 2948: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2889: 2887: 2886:Kenneth Waltz 2881: 2880: 2876: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2850:missile silos 2846: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802:second strike 2799: 2796:(also called 2795: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2779:second strike 2767: 2762: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2723:Peacebuilding 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2713:Peace process 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2524:De-escalation 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2446:Collaborative 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2351:nuclear peace 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2193:United States 2190: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2148:Proliferation 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2010: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1951: 1950: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1859:Warrior caste 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1838: 1837: 1830: 1829:Show of force 1827: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1817:Peacebuilding 1815: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1673:Air supremacy 1671: 1670: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1613:Islamic rules 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1593:Court-martial 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1535: 1534: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1492:Arms industry 1490: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1362: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1293: 1292: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1109:Broken-backed 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1088: 1087: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 996: 995: 990: 985: 984: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 951:Expeditionary 949: 947: 946: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 931: 928: 923: 922: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 883: 880: 879: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 822:Counterattack 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 787: 786: 783: 781: 778: 777: 776: 771: 766: 765: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 747:Psychological 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 683:Combined arms 681: 679: 676: 672: 669: 667: 664: 663: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 628: 625: 620: 619: 612: 609: 607: 604: 603: 595: 592: 591: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 561: 560: 557: 556: 548: 545: 544: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 522:Fortification 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 509: 508: 505: 504: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 484: 482: 481: 478: 473: 472: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 446: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 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9883:Collapsology 9871:Sociological 9785: 9742:Cyberwarfare 9618:Brinkmanship 9510:intelligence 9399:Marius Oprea 9349:Harvey Klehr 9279:Herbert Feis 9269:Willem Drees 9234:Archie Brown 9151: 9139: 9121: 9111:Trybuna Ludu 9109: 9102: 9098:Radio Moscow 9090: 9083: 9076: 8904:Anti-Zionism 8820: 8743:Keynesianism 8731:Conservatism 8595:Transnistria 8575:China-Taiwan 8232:Gera Demands 8105: 7906: 7781: 7586:El Porteñazo 7480:Congo Crisis 7395: 7330:Algerian War 7313: 7189:Western Bloc 7184:Eastern Bloc 7179:Iron Curtain 7035: 7027: 7019: 6996: 6976: 6968: 6885:Soviet Union 6883: 6876: 6822: 6745: 6710:(4): 11–13. 6707: 6703: 6693: 6671:(2): 43–68. 6668: 6664: 6654: 6614:(1): 26–40. 6611: 6607: 6597: 6572: 6568: 6558: 6536:(4): 10–17. 6533: 6529: 6519: 6507:. 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