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prepared militarily to fight Russia in a war. However, he also added that it was the Porte's decision even though the
European Powers had advised them to refrain from waging war. He also remarked that the European powers are not against war but would need convincing to keep their forces in support of the Ottoman enterprise. When asked about the Christian subjects and their loyalty, Reşid responded that Christians, like Muslims had internal differences and would not support one another solely due to their religion. Although he originally seemed to have been against the war and for diplomacy, by the end of the meetings Reşid is quoted as saying, "It is better to die with arms in hand than to die with tied hands. God willing, we will be victorious and destroy the harmful treaties as well". Stratford had even warned Reşid Pasha that England and France would not stand behind the Ottomans if they started the war. However, it appears that Reşid's arguments had persuaded the other officials, and at the end of the conference, Reşid drafted a resolution for war which was sent to and accepted by the Sultan on 30 September and 4 October the Ottoman Empire officially declared War on Russia. According to Certev Pasha, Reşid Pasha wrote this on the purpose of the
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established several middle schools as well as a school for teachers in 1848. In 1852, he established an
Academy for Sciences, Endjümen-i Daniş, which had been modeled on a French academy. Through this institution, Reşid Pasha hoped to conglomerate an extension of texts that could later be used when an Ottoman University would be created. He also sought the simplification of the Turkish language, which can be seen in his writings about the Academy for Sciences, in which he states, "…insistence is placed on the drafting of scientific and technological books written in a simple style and fitted to the needs of popular intelligence so as to provide the means of widening and completing its instruction." In 1846, Reşid ordered for the establishment of an archival system in the Sublime Porte, called the Hazine-yi Ewraḳ.
812:, "The unique objective of the Sublime Porte, the salutary aim that she entertains, is to come to the end of the war completely protected from any exterior anxiety, in order to busy herself solely with interior regulations to assure the well-well being of the empire by the perfecting of the progressive system of administration, by the just amelioration of the condition of all classes of the subjects, and by the development of her commerce and industry without any impediment; and as we have obviously just seen that the treaty of the year 1841 doesn’t suffice to give her security in the foreign quarter, the Sublime Porte believes it her duty to submit, as of now, to her allies, the necessity of making another treaty to serve as a complement to that one."
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765:, and held anti-Russian beliefs. After the presentation of the Russian demands to the Sublime Porte on 5 May 1853 and the subsequent rejection of them on 10 May, Reşid, with the help of Ambassador Stratford as well as that of Menshikov, gained back his position of Foreign Minister. Reşid immediately tried stalling the Russian diplomat in order to ensure the support of his fellow ministers. After another five-day delay, on 15 May the Sublime Porte again rejected the Russian proposition which led to the evacuation of the Russian embassy and the end of Russian-Ottoman diplomacy on 21 May. During this time, Reşid met one-on-one several times with while also writing to both
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since their previous rejections were based on the fear of further prosecution by the corrupt
Sublime Porte. Furthermore, he put forth that European support and cooperation was mandatory and essential for the preservation of the Ottoman state. All of these thoughts would later appear in the Rose Garden Edict only a few months later. His main goal was to ensure the power of the sultanate while at the same time establishing a strong central bureaucracy within the Sublime Porte to indefinitely postpone the disintegration of the
79:
948:. He wrote "We do not possess the necessary power to maintain the territorial integrity of our state. Consequently, it is our position which shall help us preserve . we must build a good administration. The foreign states shall not leave us in peace. All states aspire to possess Constantinople but the city is indivisible. If we are not able to produce a good administration will establish a joint administration too".
773:. In Menshikov's writings, he described Reşid as being almost embarrassed to talk about the unanimous rejection of the Russian proposal and had also given the Russians a Turkish counter proposal, on which he seemed ashamed to present since he explained that he had no ability to revise them. Also according to Menshikov, Reşid had clearly wanted to renew negotiations, but had been advised otherwise by Lord Stratford.
564:. Muhammad Ali took notice of Reşid's prowess as a diplomat and scribe and offered the young bureaucrat a superior position among the Egyptian administration, but Reşid denied the offer. By 1832, Reşid had been appointed to the position of amedçi, or Receiver, which was the head of the incoming correspondence secretariat. His familiarity with Egyptian affairs landed him the role of talking with Muhammad Ali's son,
912:. The Ottoman Empire was at this time also trying to ensure the support of the Great Powers. The Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane, Reşid hoped, would gain foreign and especially British support for the Ottoman Empire due to its better treatment of its subjects, especially the Christian raya. By the end of the summer 1839, the Sublime Porte held a meeting attended by Reşid Pasha, Grand Vizier
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British
Government for the Sultan against Muhammad Ali in Egypt. After being appointed Foreign Minister in 1838, as well as given the title of pasha, Reşid Pasha returned again to London in order to form a defensive alliance against the Muhammad Ali and his Egyptian forces. Although the talks materialized into nothing, on 16 August Reşid Pasha did manage to negotiate the
916:, and other major bureaucrats. During the meeting, after reading a memorandum from the Sultan, the officials created a petition for the Sultan in which they called for the protection of individual rights and property and the end of the corruption within the government, while all new laws were to remain under the principles of shar’ia law. This petition would become the
955:(Supreme Council of Judicial Ordinances, which had become law on 8 December 1839). First, he wanted to combine the Dar-ı Şura-yı Bab-ı Âli, which advised the Office of the Foreign Minister, with the Meclis-i Vâlâ, so that there was only one institution advising the Sublime Porte eliminating the frequent contradictions. The Meclis-i Vâlâ, would also be based out of the
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Commerce, which he hoped would promote foreign trade with the
Ottoman Empire. The new court would judge on commercial disputes. At the same time he created a new commercial code dealing with bankruptcies, partnerships and bills of exchange which had largely been based on French models. Upon questioning by the
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or the
Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856, was written in 1856 by Britain and France with very little consultation with Ottoman officials. Reşid Pasha, at the time was out of office, so he had no influence on the edict. However, with its proclamation, he immediately came out staunchly against the edict. He
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after it was discovered that he had held large sums of money from the
Ottoman government. Over the Spring of 1854, Reşid used his position as Foreign Minister to coordinate Ottoman naval movements with France and Britain. He also was able to officially drag both Britain and France into the war with a
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Reşid transferred to the
Ottoman Embassy in London where he created strong ties with the British Government, especially the London Diplomat Ponsonby who his Mentor, Pertew Pasha, had strong ties with as well. However, his major achievement during his stint as ambassador was gaining the support of the
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During his third stint as Grand Vizier which only lasted six months, again reformed the Meclis-I Vâlâ which he stripped of its powers regarding legislation. He create the Meclis-i
Tanzimat, or the Council of Reforms, to take over that responsibility. It was officially charged with discussing reforms
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was greatly needed and finally doable following the death of Mahmud II and the rise of the young
Abdulmecid, who needed to be led in the right direction. Reşid Pasha also wrote that the protection and security of the people was mandatory if they were to accept the new reforms he wanted to institute,
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On 26 September, following the Russian advances in the Balkans, the Sublime Porte held a two-day conference to determine a solution to the Russian problem, whether it be war or diplomacy. While many of the officials were favorable to war, Reşid Pasha cautioned them. He warned that the state was not
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In November 1856 due to British support, Reşid Pasha returned again to the Grand Vizierate for a fifth time. For the third time, he was displaced at the hands of the French who disagreed with his position against the formation of a Rumanian state in the Principalities towards the end of July 1857.
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and the slave trade within the Empire. Reşid also strove to improve the educational system. In 1846 he created the Meclis-i Maarif, a committee of education that was designed to reduce the ulema's influence on education, essentially creating a secular system of learning. In 1847, the Sublime Porte
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and created their own solution to the Russian-Turkish crisis using a previous French proposal that had already been accepted by the Tsar. The Vienna Note, as it was known, was accepted by the governments of all four of the neutral powers and by Russia, but was met with swift outcry in the Sublime
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During the Crimean War, after his successful negotiation of an alliance with Britain and France, he was reinstalled as Grand Vizier in November 1854. During this short stint as Grand Vizier he continued with his reforms, but he was displaced yet again less than a year later due to his position
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due to his apostleship to Pertev Pasha. Third, Reşid Pasha and many of the other Porte officials had been well versed in European political thought and institutions due to their extended connections as current and former ambassadors. In fact, on 11 August 1839, while still in London serving as
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One of the greatest and most versatile statesmen of his time, thoroughly acquainted with European politics and well-versed in national and international affairs, he was a convinced partisan for reform and the principal author of the legislative remodeling of the Ottoman administration known as
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reformers would have over the drafting of new legislature. Also in 1841, Reşid Pasha renamed the new army, which had replaced the Janissaries after their fall in 1826, the Asakir-i Nizamiye-i Şihane. Reşid Pasha also created a new court of justice within the also newly established Ministry of
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in 1838, his son Abdulmecid rose to the throne with completely different ideals from his father; unlike his father, who focused on creating a stronger and more powerful throne, Abdulmecid wanted to enact liberal reforms to bring the Ottoman Empire along the lines of other European monarchies.
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conceded not only Syria but also Egypt and Adana as well. Mustafa Reşid quickly realized the errors in Hüsrev Pasha's actions, which would have led to the destruction of the Ottoman Empire and inevitable Russian domination, and gained the support of the British due to his strong ties from his
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and rumors of Reşid Pasha's peace negotiations, students began revolting in the streets of Istanbul forcing Reşid and many of his followers to hide for their lives. Reşid submitted his resignation immediately but it was not accepted. Reşid Pasha's rivalry with one of his prior proteges,
658:. Mustafa Reşid, now Foreign Minister, played a key role in the crisis. Throughout the crisis, Mustafa Reşid remained on the side of the Great Powers and consistently refused a direct settlement without the involvement of the Great Powers, much to the disappointment of Egypt and France.
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while also starting the legal equality of the Empire's subjects. However, poor funds as well as inefficient leaders handicapped many of his installments. Nevertheless, his ideology was ever persistent though in the Ottoman transition from a patriarchal government to a legal one.
825:. On 20 October, the requests were fulfilled and both fleets were sailing to the straits. Two days prior, on 18 October, Reşid Pasha had sent orders for the Ottoman forces to commence fighting which began on 23 October. In December, following an Ottoman naval defeat at the
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which reached the Vienna Conference a day after the completion of their proposal. Reşid Pasha was furious that the British governments had gone behind their backs, and were now trying to force them to concede their sovereignty. He would also draft several amendments to the
548:, who promoted Reşid into the Amedi Odasi, where he worked as the secretariat for incoming correspondence to the Porte. At the conclusion of the war, Mustafa Reşid was appointed as secretary to the Ottoman delegation to the Peace talks in Adrianople (
674:, a position that could be passed down to his sons and grandsons. The condition was that none of them could accumulate any more provinces, and after their deaths the provinces would return to Ottoman control. This plan was never put into place due to the
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However, unbeknownst to the Great Powers, Mustafa Reşid, with approval from the Sultan, had drafted a settlement by the summer 1840 due to his impatience with the Great Powers' inability to reach an agreement. This secret settlement would grant Egypt to
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Reşid Pasha immediately immersed himself in gaining European support. On 8 October 1853, only four days following the declaration of war, he petitioned the British and French Ambassadors for their support in the form of naval vessels in the straits of
694:, all the Great Power diplomats met with Reşid Pasha in order to draft Ali Pasha's removal from office much to the dismay of their respective countries. After a swift military intervention that led to the defeat of Egyptian forces in Syria,
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520:. During the war, Reşid noted for the first time several key points that would majorly influence his later political life. First, he noted that Ottoman institutions required major reform, especially needing a modernized army like that of
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in hopes of becoming a religious leader. However, when his father died, Reşid was forced to end his education in the madrassa in order to live with his uncle, Ispartalı Ali Pasha, who at the time was a court chamberlain under Sultan
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It was not too long before Mustafa Reşid Pasha was appointed Grand Vizier for the sixth and final time on 22 October 1857. This appointment only lasted a few months, when he suffered a heart attack and died on 7 January 1858.
757:, who had been sent on special mission to Istanbul in 1853 to restore the privileges inside the Ottoman Empire that Russia had enjoyed for centuries, used Reşid Pasha, who he thought to be favorable to Christians due to the
718:, Muhammad Ali Pasha bribed the Ottoman Porte to remove Mustafa Reşid Pasha from his post as Foreign Minister. He returned to his post as Ambassador to Paris soon after where he mainly focused his efforts on solving the
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834:, came to fruition during this time period as well. It is believed that Mehmed Ali, who favored the war, had helped instigate the students. Reşid, with the help of Lord Stratford, had Mehmed deposed and even exiled to
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from 1846 to 1852. These years proved to be his most productive in establishing his Tanzimat reforms. He would be disposed under foreign, especially French, pressure in January 1852 due to his strong bias to Britain.
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After the London Crisis, Mustafa Reşid received threats from the French embassy that if they were to ratify it, France would actively support the rebellious Egyptian Governor. Reşid ignored the threats and the
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1088:, continued their service to the state along with Reşid's many sons. Mehmed Ali and Fuad led the Tanzimat reforms following their leader's death. Reşid Pasha led the strengthening of the bureaucracy of the
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which was a commercial treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Britain. The treaty allowed for British goods within the Ottoman markets and also promised to end state monopolies within the Ottoman Empire.
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and the ensuing peace negotiations, he rendered important diplomatic services to the Ottoman state. He returned a third time as ambassador to France in 1843. Between 1845 and 1857, he held the office of
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During this time, he became a follower of Pertew Pasha, his superior in the office of incoming correspondence. Pertew Pasha held strong pro-British policies and relationship with the British ambassador
524:, who had led the Egyptian army in support of the Ottomans against the Greek rebels. Secondly, he realized that foreign European assistance and support was essential for the continuation of the empire.
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after begging for Stratford's support which stressed the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire against Russian advances, and only with these changes did he and several other Ottoman diplomats agree to the
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with whom he had a close relationship. The memorandum was not an Ottoman document but only the personal views of Reşid Pasha. He told Lord Palmerston that reform within the Ottoman
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936:. During this period, Reşid Pasha would serve six times as Grand Vizier and several times as Foreign Minister. Reşid thought that the Ottoman existence was based on four pillars:
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previous ambassadorship. The French, who supported the Egyptians due to their desire to gain more influence in the region after the conquest of Algeria, went up against the other
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After being removed from his position, along with all the followers of Seyyid Ali Pasha following his rout and dismissal as commander-in-chief, Mustafa Reşid landed a job in the
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Reforms were at their peak. He focused on creating liberal economic policies, again established commercial courts and laws based on French models, as well as finally abolished
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1076:(another principal author of Tanzimat) called Reşid an "apostle of civilization" and "president of virtuous people" (Millennium 65). After Reşid Pasha's death, his protégés
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Only two months later he was reinstalled as Grand Vizier but only to be removed once again in August, due to a rift between him and the commander of the Imperial Arsenal.
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Mustafa Reşid Pasha married twice during his lifetime and had a total of five sons, one with his first wife and four with his second. One of his granddaughters,
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but was currently out of office, to talk with the Sultan. Yet, Menshikov failed to realize that Reşid Pasha had remained close with his British ties, especially
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against the Suez Canal which upset the French who again pressured the Sultan to dismiss Reşid Pasha. This dismissal resulted in his exclusion from the
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441:(1836), minister for foreign affairs (1837), and once again ambassador to the United Kingdom (1838) and to France (1841). In the settlement of the
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Subaşı, Turgut (January 2011). "Volume:Ottoman relations in the nineteenth century:Mustafa Reşid Paşa's Memorandum to Palmerston,11 August 1839".
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Subaşı, Turgut (January 2011). "Volume:Ottoman relations in the nineteenth century:Mustafa Reşid Paşa's Memorandum to Palmerston,11 August 1839".
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799:. Russia, who had been waiting for Ottoman acceptance of the Vienna Note, rejected the Ottoman modifications, and peace seemed to be impossible.
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Porte, led by Mustafa Reşid Pasha. The Ottomans had already presented their own ultimatum, drafted by Reşid Pasha, to the Russian Ambassador
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Immediately following the reading of the Hatti-Sherif of Gülhane, Reşid Pasha presented the sultan with two propositions concerning the
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Tanzimat. His efforts to promote reforms within the government led to the advancement of the careers of many other reformers, such as
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Shaw, Stanford J. (January 1970). "The Central Legislative Councils in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Reform Movement before 1876".
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Shaw, Stanford J. (January 1970). "The Central Legislative Councils in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Reform Movement before 1876".
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in western Anatolia by 1833. However, Reşid faced backlash after appointing Ibrahaim Pasha as the tax collector for the district of
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believed that it was a complete overstep of foreign governments against the sovereignty and principles of the Ottoman government.
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968:, Reşid responded that Islam had no pertinence to these codes leading to his immediate removal from office as Foreign Minister.
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609:. Although he ultimately failed, he would remain in Paris as a permanent ambassador until being transferred to London in 1836.
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544:, Reşid worked sending reports to Istanbul on the war. His good work during the war found him the attention of the Sultan,
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878:. The edict was the result of the combination of several powerful circumstances. First, after the death of Sultan
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statesman and diplomat, known best as the chief architect behind the Imperial Ottoman government reforms known as
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Mardin, Serif (April 1961). "Some Notes on an Early Phase in the Modernization of Communications in Turkey".
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Mardin, Serif (April 1961). "Some Notes on an Early Phase in the Modernization of Communications in Turkey".
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Mustafa Reşid Pasha is credited with playing a leading role in the authorship of the decree that started the
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Reforms, which lasted from 1839 with the reading of the Rose Garden Edict, to 1876 and the creation of the
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The Politicization of Islam:Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State
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The Politicization of Islam:Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State
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in 1800, Mustafa Reşid entered public service at an early age and rose rapidly, becoming ambassador to
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702:, which was met with great reprisal from Mustafa Reşid and the other diplomats. On 11 December 1840,
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In late July 1853, diplomats of the four major powers, France, Britain, Austria and Prussia met in
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military alliance in March 1854. In November of that year, he was rewarded with an appointment as
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2034:"The exile of Husayn b. Ali, ex-sharif of Mecca and ex-king of the Hijaz, in Cyprus (1925–1930)"
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At the start of 1853, Mustafa Reşid held no political office. In 1852–53, tensions rose between
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ambassador, Mustafa Reşid Pasha sent a confidential memorandum to then British ambassador
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and had the support of major European countries, Reşid acted as the seal carrier for the
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on government institutional reform. Another circumstance was the ongoing crisis with
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between 1820 and 1822, which occurred during his uncle's second term as governor of
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William L. Cleveland. "A History of the Modern Middle East", Westview Press, 2004,
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Abdu-Manneh, Butrus (November 1994). "The Islamic Roots of the Gülhane Rescript".
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Abdu-Manneh, Butrus (November 1994). "The Islamic Roots of the Gülhane Rescript".
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finally submitted to the sultan and pledged his allegiance to the Sublime Porte.
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With only an interruption of four months in 1848, Mustafa Reşid Pasha served as
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During this same time period, Reşid Pasha also conferred with Austrian diplomat
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4559:
4541:
3002:
2366:
2263:
1926:
1847:
4711:
4145:
3290:
2774:
2403:
1757:
1089:
956:
893:
683:
585:
533:
434:
2744:
1710:
4649:
4481:
4445:
4397:
3374:
1050:
972:
509:
488:
451:
120:
2710:
1072:
failed to take hold, his influence was widespread. The famed Ottoman poet
4505:
3254:
2978:
2930:
2900:
2876:
2858:
1030:
822:
809:
739:
601:
Mustafa Reşid was first sent to Paris in 1834 with the task of regaining
446:
78:
2120:
1718:
883:
Secondly, up to this point Mustafa Reşid Pasha had been well versed in
875:
698:, leader of the allied forces, held a peace convention of his own with
37:
2374:
2271:
1934:
1855:
573:
879:
835:
723:
722:, which resulted from a dispute between a Christian group called the
545:
484:
2112:
1108:
1069:
976:
960:
945:
929:
863:
430:
423:
373:
479:
1181:. Vol. 8 (New ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 484.
1060:
He died of a heart attack on 7 January 1858 in Constantinople.
782:
727:
549:
475:
2451:
A website that contains information about Mustafa Reshid Pasha
1649:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. p. 108.
753:
and France over the Holy Lands in Palestine. Russian diplomat
965:
937:
928:
Mustafa Reşid Pasha is credited with being the father of the
577:
569:
474:
Mustafa Reşid was born on 13 March 1800. His father, Mustafa
69:
50:
1068:
Although many of the reforms introduced under Reşid and the
726:
based out of Lebanon and an extremist Shia group called the
641:
moved to occupy Syria with his Egyptian army led by his son
1246:(2nd ed.). Lanham: The Scare Crow Press. p. 263.
654:: England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, who supported the
971:
Starting in 1846, during Reşid Pasha's first two terms as
666:
as a hereditary state along with the provinces of Acre,
527:
4748:
Ambassadors of the Ottoman Empire to the United Kingdom
1454:. Hanover: University Press of New England. p. 52.
2317:
Metternich,the Great Powers and the Eastern Question
1890:. New York: William Morrow and Company. p. 476.
1364:
Metternich,the Great Powers and the Eastern Question
2420:Zürcher, E.J. (1995). "Res̲h̲īd Pas̲h̲a, Muṣṭafā".
1730:
1728:
1366:. Pilsen: University of West Bohemia. p. 796.
1177:Zürcher, E.J. (1995). "Res̲h̲īd Pas̲h̲a, Muṣṭafā".
1133:Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (21 May 2010).
4768:Ministers of foreign affairs of the Ottoman Empire
2424:. Vol. 8 (New ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill.
612:
2300:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
2031:
1814:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 336.
709:
596:
4743:19th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
4709:
1725:
1588:. Boulder: East European Monographs. p. 92.
1348:
1346:
988:that would lead to the prosperity of the state.
2018:
2016:
1899:
1897:
1769:
1767:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
991:
2338:(2nd ed.). Lanham: The Scare Crow Press.
1988:
1986:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1132:
27:Ottoman statesman and Grand Vizier (1800–1858)
4031:
3614:
3393:Civankapıcıbaşı Sultanzade Semiz Mehmed Pasha
3044:
2822:
2696:
2642:
2334:Somel, Selcuk (2012). "Mustafa Reşid Pasha".
2147:Celik, Yuksel (2009). "Mustafa Resid Pasha".
1622:
1620:
1618:
1512:. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 135.
1469:. New York: Metropolitan Books. p. 113.
1343:
1336:
1334:
1317:. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 413.
1313:Celik, Yuksel (2009). "Mustafa Resid Pasha".
1242:Somel, Selcuk (2012). "Mustafa Reşid Pasha".
959:compound, indicating the major influence the
2355:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2013:
1969:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP. p. 102.
1894:
1836:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1764:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1265:
1263:
1195:
499:
4753:Ambassadors of the Ottoman Empire to France
3903:Yağlıkçızade Nişancı Hacı Mehmed Emin Pasha
2336:Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire
2291:. Hanover: University Press of New England.
2098:
1983:
1696:
1272:
1244:Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire
1219:
4038:
4024:
3621:
3607:
3051:
3037:
2829:
2815:
2703:
2689:
2649:
2635:
2252:Comparative Studies in Society and History
2215:A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire
1967:A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire
1915:Comparative Studies in Society and History
1615:
1331:
1044:
626:
319:28 September 1846 – 28 April 1848
77:
2075:. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse UP. p. 65.
1592:
1260:
1139:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 413–414.
418:; 13 March 1800 – 7 January 1858) was an
278:12 August 1848 – 26 January 1852
112:22 October 1857 – 7 January 1858
2212:
1964:
157:1 November 1856 – 6 August 1857
2787:Osmancıklı Koca Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha
2419:
2392:International Journal of Human Sciences
2289:Why the Crimean War?: A Cautionary Tale
2245:. New York: William Morrow and Company.
2240:
2165:
1885:
1746:International Journal of Human Sciences
1507:
1452:Why the Crimean War?: A Cautionary Tale
1176:
874:among foreign diplomats and the sultan
744:
494:
14:
4710:
3957:Silahdar Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Pasha
2410:
2389:
2319:. Pilsen: University of West Bohemia.
2314:
2249:
2231:
2193:
2070:
1912:
1809:
1743:
1583:
1361:
686:went on to sign the conference. After
591:
196:24 November 1854 – 2 May 1855
4056:Decline and Modernization (1789–1922)
4019:
3602:
3032:
2810:
2684:
2630:
2413:The Crimean War: A Diplomatic History
2333:
2174:
2146:
2127:
1586:The Crimean War: A Diplomatic History
1540:
1464:
1312:
1241:
802:
528:In the office of the Foreign Minister
237:5 March 1852 – 5 August 1852
3663:Sührablı Kavanoz Nişancı Ahmed Pasha
2446:Bibliography of Mustafa Reshid Pasha
2415:. Boulder: East European Monographs.
2352:
2295:
2286:
2236:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1833:
1644:
1449:
1111:(3 November 1839 – 22 November 1876)
580:, along with making him governor of
568:, after he routed Ottoman forces at
411:
4738:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
3585:Köprülü Amcazade Hacı Hüseyin Pasha
2757:Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha
2298:The Origins of the Crimean Alliance
2149:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire
2130:The Ottoman Crimean War (1835–1836)
1647:The Origins of the Crimean Alliance
1543:The Ottoman Crimean War (1835–1836)
1315:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire
851:
846:
24:
2919:Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Younger
2609:Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
2582:Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
2555:Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
2528:Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
2501:Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
2478:28 September 1846 – 28 April 1848
2474:Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
2196:A Millennium of Turkish Literature
2073:A Millennium of Turkish Literature
1136:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1008:
491:in 1816, Reşid traveled with him.
100:Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
54:, and there is no family name.
25:
4779:
4733:Ottoman people of the Crimean War
3945:Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha
2739:Mahmudoğlu Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha
2733:Hacıkemaleddinoğlu Alaeddin Pasha
2613:22 October 1857 – 7 January 1858
2505:12 August 1848 – 26 January 1852
2439:
815:
730:who came from Syria and Lebanon.
4002:
3861:Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha
3453:Bıyıklı Koca Derviş Mehmed Pasha
2793:Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger
2781:Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Elder
2670:
2657:
2586:1 November 1856 – 6 August 1857
2179:. New York: Metropolitan Books.
2170:. Durham: Duke University Press.
2151:. New York: Facts on File, Inc.
4092:Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha
3567:Bozoklu (Bıyıklı) Mustafa Pasha
3561:Merzifonlu Çalık Hacı Ali Pasha
2769:Osmancıklı Imamzade Halil Pasha
2217:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP.
2064:
2025:
2004:
1995:
1958:
1949:
1906:
1879:
1870:
1827:
1818:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1737:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1638:
1629:
1606:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1458:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1355:
613:Ambassador to London, 1836–1838
3741:Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha
3543:Tekirdağlı Bekri Mustafa Pasha
2559:23 November 1854 – 2 May 1855
1306:
1235:
1170:
1153:
1126:
776:
733:
710:Ambassador to Paris, 1841–1845
645:, then Grand Vizier of Egypt,
597:Ambassador to Paris, 1834–1836
416:Mustafa Reshid Pasha the Great
393:Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
13:
1:
4758:Turks from the Ottoman Empire
3555:Bahadırzade Arabacı Ali Pasha
3513:Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha
3237:Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha
2532:5 March 1852 – 5 August 1852
2198:. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse UP.
2050:10.1080/00263206.2019.1596895
1545:. Leiden: Brill. p. 83.
1115:List of Ottoman grand viziers
920:, or the "Edict of Gülhane."
536:working as a clerk under the
469:
84:
4074:Çelebizade Şerif Hasan Pasha
3777:Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha
3519:Bayburtlu Kara Ibrahim Pasha
3195:Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha
2751:Sinanüddin Fakih Yusuf Pasha
2258:(3). Cambridge UP: 250–271.
992:Criticism of Islahat Firmani
714:After the conclusion of the
7:
4416:Şirvanlı Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha
3747:Silahdar Damat Mehmet Pasha
3735:Tevkii Nişancı Mehmed Pasha
3675:Kalaylıkoz Hacı Ahmed Pasha
3549:Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha
1096:
542:Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)
10:
4784:
4518:Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha
4350:Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha
4338:Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha
4296:Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha
3993:Kethüda Meyyit Hasan Pasha
3939:Moralı Derviş Mehmed Pasha
3897:Silahdar Hamza Mahir Pasha
3855:Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Pasha
3831:Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha
3339:Filibeli Hafız Ahmed Pasha
3243:Boşnak Derviş Mehmed Pasha
3069:Transformation (1550–1700)
2548:Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha
2361:(1). Cambridge UP: 51–84.
2177:The Crimean War: A History
2092:
2032:Martin Strohmeier (2019).
1467:The Crimean War: A History
923:
855:
737:
630:
215:Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha
31:
4134:Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha
4098:Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha
4063:
4015:
4000:
3981:Hazinedar Şahin Ali Pasha
3819:Tiryaki Hacı Mehmed Pasha
3783:Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha
3646:
3598:
3507:Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha
3076:
3028:
2854:
2847:Classical Age (1453–1550)
2806:
2728:
2680:
2615:
2606:
2598:
2588:
2579:
2571:
2561:
2552:
2544:
2534:
2525:
2517:
2507:
2498:
2490:
2480:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2367:10.1017/S0020743800023904
2315:Šedivý, Miroslav (2013).
2264:10.1017/S0010417500012214
2232:Karpat, Kemal h. (2001).
2194:Halman, Talat S. (2011).
2166:Curtiss, John S. (1979).
2071:Halman, Talat S. (2011).
1927:10.1017/s0010417500012214
1848:10.1017/s0020743800023904
1810:Karpat, Kemal h. (2001).
1508:Curtiss, John S. (1979).
1362:Šedivý, Miroslav (2013).
1063:
759:Rose Garden Edict of 1839
692:London Convention of 1840
676:London Convention of 1840
506:Greek War of Independence
500:Greek War of Independence
397:
383:
360:
355:
351:
341:
331:
323:
312:
302:
290:
282:
271:
261:
249:
241:
230:
220:
208:
200:
189:
179:
169:
161:
150:
138:
126:
116:
105:
98:
94:
76:
59:
4236:Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha
4224:Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha
4206:Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha
3885:Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
3879:Tevkii Hamza Hamid Pasha
3867:Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
3837:Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
3723:Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha
3495:Boynuyaralı Mehmed Pasha
3369:Tabanıyassı Mehmed Pasha
3315:Gürcü Hadım Mehmed Pasha
2213:Hanioglu, Sükrü (2008).
1965:Hanioglu, Sükrü (2008).
1921:(3). Cambridge UP: 266.
1120:
914:Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha
607:recent French occupation
516:and commander-in-chief,
4626:Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha
4194:Mehmed Said Galip Pasha
4068:Hassan Pasha of Algiers
3969:Yeğen Hacı Mehmed Pasha
3927:Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha
3891:Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha
3753:Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha
3351:Gazi Ekrem Hüsrev Pasha
3327:Kemankeş Kara Ali Pasha
3129:Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha
3111:Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha
2961:Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha
2175:Figes, Orlando (2011).
1842:(1). Cambridge UP: 57.
1711:10.1163/157006094x00080
1465:Figes, Orlando (2011).
1045:Personal life and death
1002:Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümâyûnu
918:Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane
868:Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane
633:Oriental Crisis of 1840
627:Oriental Crisis of 1840
443:Oriental Crisis of 1840
404:Koca Mustafa Reşid Paşa
4763:19th-century diplomats
4284:Damat Mehmed Ali Pasha
4266:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
4242:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
4230:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
4218:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
4152:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
3717:Kel Hoca Ibrahim Pasha
3711:Nişancı Süleyman Pasha
3651:Daltaban Mustafa Pasha
3639:Old Regime (1700–1789)
3531:Abaza Siyavuş Pasha II
3483:Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha
3387:Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha
3159:Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha
3141:Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha
3123:Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha
2967:Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha
2943:Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha
2913:Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha
2775:Amasyalı Bayezid Pasha
2763:Çandarlızade Ali Pasha
2521:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
2511:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
2467:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
2422:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2411:Wetzel, David (1985).
2241:Kinross, Lord (1977).
2128:Badem, Candan (2010).
2038:Middle Eastern Studies
1886:Kinross, Lord (1977).
1584:Wetzel, David (1985).
1541:Badem, Candan (2010).
1179:Encyclopaedia of Islam
337:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
308:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
256:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
4386:Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha
4356:Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha
4332:Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha
4308:Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha
4278:Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha
4128:Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha
4122:Alemdar Mustafa Pasha
3921:Silahdar Mehmed Pasha
3825:Seyyid Abdullah Pasha
3489:Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I
3471:Ermeni Süleyman Pasha
3435:Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I
3411:Hezarpare Ahmed Pasha
3399:Nevesinli Salih Pasha
3309:Lefkeli Mustafa Pasha
2991:Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha
2895:Karamani Mehmed Pasha
2619:Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha
2575:Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha
2565:Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha
2538:Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha
2296:Saab, Ann P. (1977).
2287:Rich, Norman (1985).
2243:The Ottoman Centuries
2107:(2). Brill: 173–203.
1888:The Ottoman Centuries
1645:Saab, Ann P. (1977).
1450:Rich, Norman (1985).
1082:Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha
910:Muhammad Ali of Egypt
620:Treaty of Balta Liman
464:Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha
267:Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha
226:Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha
175:Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha
145:Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha
4638:Mahmud Shevket Pasha
4158:Dervish Mehmed Pasha
4140:Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha
4116:Çelebi Mustafa Pasha
3951:Kalafat Mehmed Pasha
3915:Ivazzade Halil Pasha
3909:Moldovancı Ali Pasha
3849:Naili Abdullah Pasha
3699:Baltaji Mehmet Pasha
3681:Baltaji Mehmet Pasha
3501:Köprülü Mehmed Pasha
3465:Kara Dev Murad Pasha
3447:Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha
3285:Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha
3099:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha
3009:Hadım Suleiman Pasha
2168:Russia's Crimean War
1510:Russia's Crimean War
1029:talks following the
1000:, also known as the
763:Ambassador Stratford
745:Escalation of crisis
690:refusal to sign the
495:Early political life
4614:Ibrahim Hakki Pasha
4608:Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha
4596:Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha
4476:Mehmed Rushdi Pasha
4452:Ibrahim Edhem Pasha
4440:Mehmed Rushdi Pasha
4404:Mehmed Rushdi Pasha
4380:Mehmed Rushdi Pasha
4344:Mehmed Rushdi Pasha
4326:Mustafa Reşid Pasha
4320:Mustafa Naili Pasha
4314:Mustafa Reşid Pasha
4302:Mustafa Reşid Pasha
4290:Mustafa Naili Pasha
4272:Mustafa Reşid Pasha
4260:Mustafa Reşid Pasha
4254:Ibrahim Sarim Pasha
4248:Mustafa Reşid Pasha
4182:Deli Abdullah Pasha
4110:Ibrahim Hilmi Pasha
3843:Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha
3807:Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha
3801:Nişancı Ahmed Pasha
3765:Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha
3693:Köprülü Numan Pasha
3537:Ayaşlı Ismail Pasha
3525:Sarı Süleyman Pasha
3459:Ibşir Mustafa Pasha
3381:Tayyar Mehmed Pasha
3333:Çerkes Mehmed Pasha
3225:Yemişçi Hasan Pasha
3219:Damat Ibrahim Pasha
3213:Cerrah Mehmed Pasha
3201:Damat Ibrahim Pasha
3189:Damat Ibrahim Pasha
3171:Serdar Ferhad Pasha
3153:Serdar Ferhad Pasha
2602:Mustafa Naili Pasha
2592:Mustafa Naili Pasha
2494:Ibrahim Sarim Pasha
2484:Ibrahim Sarim Pasha
2101:Die Welt des Islams
1699:Die Welt des Islams
755:Alexander Menshikov
592:Foreign interaction
347:Ibrahim Sarim Pasha
297:Ibrahim Sarim Pasha
185:Mustafa Naili Pasha
133:Mustafa Naili Pasha
4692:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
4680:Salih Hulusi Pasha
4662:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
4650:Mehmed Talat Pasha
4602:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
4578:Mehmed Ferid Pasha
4470:Mehmed Sadık Pasha
4434:Mahmud Nedim Pasha
4422:Hüseyin Avni Pasha
4392:Mahmud Nedim Pasha
4212:Reşid Mehmed Pasha
4200:Mehmed Selim Pasha
4188:Silahdar Ali Pasha
4170:Benderli Ali Pasha
4104:Hafiz Ismail Pasha
4086:Melek Mehmed Pasha
3963:Izzet Mehmed Pasha
3933:Izzet Mehmed Pasha
3813:Seyyid Hasan Pasha
3789:Yeğen Mehmed Pasha
3771:Gürcü Ismail Pasha
3579:Elmas Mehmed Pasha
3477:Gazi Hüseyin Pasha
3441:Gürcü Mehmed Pasha
3321:Mere Hüseyin Pasha
3303:Mere Hüseyin Pasha
3249:Kuyucu Murad Pasha
2955:Koca Mustafa Pasha
2459:Political offices
1057:, King of Hejaz.
803:Declaration of war
704:Muhammad Ali Pasha
562:Muhammad Ali Pasha
522:Muhammad Ali Pasha
437:(1834) and to the
18:Mustafa Reşid Paşa
4705:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4686:Damat Ferid Pasha
4668:Damat Ferid Pasha
4656:Ahmed Izzet Pasha
4620:Mehmed Said Pasha
4584:Mehmed Said Pasha
4572:Mehmed Said Pasha
4566:Halil Rifat Pasha
4554:Mehmed Said Pasha
4548:Ahmed Cevad Pasha
4536:Mehmed Said Pasha
4530:Ahmed Vefik Pasha
4524:Mehmed Said Pasha
4512:Mehmed Said Pasha
4500:Mehmed Said Pasha
4494:Ahmed Arifi Pasha
4464:Ahmed Vefik Pasha
4458:Ahmed Hamdi Pasha
4374:Mehmed Fuad Pasha
4368:Yusuf Kamil Pasha
4362:Mehmed Fuad Pasha
4011:
4010:
3975:Halil Hamid Pasha
3795:Ivaz Mehmed Pasha
3759:Topal Osman Pasha
3687:Çorlulu Ali Pasha
3669:Damat Hasan Pasha
3657:Rami Mehmed Pasha
3594:
3593:
3573:Sürmeli Ali Pasha
3429:Melek Ahmed Pasha
3417:Sofu Mehmed Pasha
3363:Topal Recep Pasha
3357:Hafiz Ahmed Pasha
3345:Damat Halil Pasha
3279:Güzelce Ali Pasha
3273:Öküz Mehmed Pasha
3267:Damat Halil Pasha
3261:Öküz Mehmed Pasha
3207:Hadım Hasan Pasha
3177:Lala Mehmed Pasha
3135:Hadim Mesih Pasha
3105:Semiz Ahmed Pasha
3024:
3023:
2997:Ayas Mehmed Pasha
2985:Piri Mehmed Pasha
2973:Hadım Sinan Pasha
2889:Gedik Ahmed Pasha
2883:Veli Mahmud Pasha
2865:Veli Mahmud Pasha
2802:
2801:
2625:
2624:
2616:Succeeded by
2589:Succeeded by
2562:Succeeded by
2535:Succeeded by
2508:Succeeded by
2481:Succeeded by
2345:978-90-04-09834-3
2326:978-80-261-0223-6
2224:978-0-691-13452-9
2205:978-0-8156-0958-2
2158:978-0-8160-6259-1
2139:978-90-04-18205-9
2132:. Leiden: Brill.
2082:978-0-8156-0958-2
1976:978-0-691-13452-9
1782:Subaşı, 1734–1738
1705:(2). Brill: 192.
1552:978-90-04-18205-9
1373:978-80-261-0223-6
1324:978-0-8160-6259-1
1253:978-90-04-09834-3
1146:978-1-4381-1025-7
1105:(3 November 1839)
906:Prince Metternich
445:, and during the
401:
400:
16:(Redirected from
4775:
4644:Said Halim Pasha
4428:Ahmed Esad Pasha
4410:Ahmed Esad Pasha
4176:Hacı Salih Pasha
4164:Seyyid Ali Pasha
4080:Koca Yusuf Pasha
4040:
4033:
4026:
4017:
4016:
4006:
3987:Koca Yusuf Pasha
3873:Koca Ragıp Pasha
3729:Hacı Halil Pasha
3623:
3616:
3609:
3600:
3599:
3423:Kara Murat Pasha
3297:Kara Davud Pasha
3183:Koca Sinan Pasha
3165:Koca Sinan Pasha
3147:Koca Sinan Pasha
3117:Koca Sinan Pasha
3081:Kara Ahmed Pasha
3053:
3046:
3039:
3030:
3029:
2907:Koca Davud Pasha
2871:Rum Mehmed Pasha
2831:
2824:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2721:Rise (1299–1453)
2705:
2698:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2661:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2599:Preceded by
2572:Preceded by
2545:Preceded by
2518:Preceded by
2491:Preceded by
2464:Preceded by
2456:
2455:
2435:
2416:
2407:
2386:
2349:
2330:
2311:
2292:
2283:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2209:
2190:
2171:
2162:
2143:
2124:
2087:
2086:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1801:
1800:Abdu-Manneh, 193
1798:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1741:
1735:
1734:Abdu-Manneh, 182
1732:
1723:
1722:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1499:
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1490:
1487:
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1480:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1341:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1270:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1217:
1214:
1193:
1192:
1174:
1168:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1130:
1103:Edict of Gülhane
858:Edict of Gülhane
852:Edict of Gülhane
847:Domestic affairs
720:Lebanon Question
696:Commodore Napier
538:Foreign Minister
518:Seyyid Ali Pasha
413:
390:
370:
368:
356:Personal details
344:
334:
317:
305:
293:
276:
264:
252:
235:
223:
211:
194:
182:
172:
155:
141:
129:
110:
89:
86:
81:
57:
56:
36:style name, the
21:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4697:
4488:Hayreddin Pasha
4059:
4044:
4007:
3998:
3705:Ağa Yusuf Pasha
3642:
3627:
3590:
3405:Kara Musa Pasha
3231:Yavuz Ali Pasha
3093:Semiz Ali Pasha
3072:
3057:
3020:
2949:Hadim Ali Pasha
2937:Hadim Ali Pasha
2850:
2835:
2798:
2724:
2709:
2676:
2669:
2655:
2621:
2612:
2604:
2594:
2585:
2577:
2567:
2558:
2550:
2540:
2531:
2523:
2513:
2504:
2496:
2486:
2477:
2469:
2442:
2432:
2346:
2327:
2308:
2225:
2206:
2187:
2159:
2140:
2113:10.2307/1570929
2095:
2090:
2083:
2069:
2065:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1808:
1804:
1799:
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1786:
1781:
1777:
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1742:
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1677:
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1657:
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1611:
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1602:
1593:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
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1539:
1535:
1530:
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1521:
1517:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1463:
1459:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:Šedivý, 842–846
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:Šedivý, 839–841
1403:
1399:
1395:Šedivý, 797–798
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1220:
1215:
1196:
1189:
1175:
1171:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1099:
1066:
1055:Hussein bin Ali
1047:
1011:
1009:Grand Vizierate
998:Islahat Firmani
994:
926:
890:Lord Palmerston
860:
854:
849:
832:Mehmed Emin Ali
818:
805:
779:
747:
742:
736:
716:Oriental Crisis
712:
635:
629:
615:
599:
594:
530:
502:
497:
472:
412:مصطفى رشيد باشا
408:Ottoman Turkish
392:
388:
372:
366:
364:
342:
332:
318:
313:
303:
291:
277:
272:
262:
250:
236:
231:
221:
209:
195:
190:
180:
170:
156:
151:
139:
127:
111:
106:
90:
87:
72:
67:
64:
55:
34:Ottoman Turkish
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4781:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4674:Ali Rıza Pasha
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4051:Ottoman Empire
4043:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4020:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3634:Ottoman Empire
3626:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3603:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
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3426:
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3408:
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3396:
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3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3064:Ottoman Empire
3056:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
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2922:
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2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2842:Ottoman Empire
2834:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2716:Ottoman Empire
2708:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2685:
2678:
2677:
2667:Ottoman Empire
2654:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2605:
2600:
2596:
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2440:External links
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2186:978-0805074604
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2044:(5): 733–755.
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1489:Figes, 113–114
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1074:İbrahim Şinasi
1065:
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1043:
1010:
1007:
993:
990:
925:
922:
899:Ottoman Empire
885:Orthodox Islam
872:Topkapi Palace
856:Main article:
853:
850:
848:
845:
817:
816:During the war
814:
804:
801:
778:
775:
746:
743:
738:Main article:
735:
732:
711:
708:
688:Muhammad Ali's
656:Ottoman Empire
631:Main article:
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625:
614:
611:
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439:United Kingdom
431:Constantinople
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394:
391:(aged 57)
387:7 January 1858
385:
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378:Ottoman Empire
374:Constantinople
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4147:
4146:Hurshid Pasha
4144:
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4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
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4111:
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4047:Grand Viziers
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3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3630:Grand Viziers
3624:
3619:
3617:
3612:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3291:Dilaver Pasha
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3060:Grand Viziers
3054:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2838:Grand Viziers
2832:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2712:Grand Viziers
2706:
2701:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2663:Grand Viziers
2660:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2431:90-04-09834-8
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2307:0-8139-0699-7
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2019:
2017:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1882:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1813:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1658:
1656:0-8139-0699-7
1652:
1648:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1609:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1587:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1511:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1352:Waldner, 1624
1349:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1216:Waldner, 1623
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1190:
1188:90-04-09834-8
1184:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1165:0-8133-4048-9
1162:
1156:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:, as well as
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1006:
1003:
999:
989:
985:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
962:
958:
957:Sublime Porte
954:
953:Meclis-i Vâlâ
949:
947:
943:
942:Osman dynasty
939:
935:
931:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
900:
895:
894:Sublime Porte
891:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
859:
844:
842:
837:
833:
828:
824:
813:
811:
800:
798:
794:
789:
784:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
741:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:Sublime Porte
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
659:
657:
653:
648:
644:
640:
634:
624:
621:
610:
608:
604:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:Ibrahim Pasha
563:
559:
558:Lord Ponsonby
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:Ottoman Porte
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
492:
490:
486:
481:
477:
467:
465:
461:
455:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
409:
405:
396:
386:
382:
379:
375:
371:13 March 1800
363:
359:
354:
350:
346:
340:
336:
330:
326:
322:
316:
311:
307:
301:
298:
295:
289:
285:
281:
275:
270:
266:
260:
257:
254:
248:
244:
240:
234:
229:
225:
219:
216:
213:
207:
203:
199:
193:
188:
184:
178:
174:
168:
164:
160:
154:
149:
146:
143:
137:
134:
131:
125:
122:
119:
115:
109:
104:
101:
97:
93:
80:
75:
71:
66:Mustafa Reşid
63:
58:
53:
52:
47:
43:
42:Mustafa Reşid
39:
35:
30:
19:
4482:Saffet Pasha
4446:Midhat Pasha
4398:Midhat Pasha
4325:
4313:
4301:
4271:
4259:
4247:
4054:
3637:
3375:Bayram Pasha
3087:Rüstem Pasha
3067:
3015:Rüstem Pasha
2845:
2719:
2607:
2580:
2553:
2526:
2499:
2472:
2421:
2412:
2395:
2391:
2358:
2354:
2335:
2316:
2297:
2288:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2214:
2195:
2176:
2167:
2148:
2129:
2104:
2100:
2072:
2066:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2022:Zürcher, 486
2006:
1997:
1966:
1960:
1955:Waldner, 162
1951:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1903:Kinross, 476
1887:
1881:
1872:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1773:Subaşı, 1734
1749:
1745:
1739:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1683:
1678:Saab, 144-45
1674:
1665:
1646:
1640:
1631:
1608:
1585:
1579:
1574:Curtiss, 162
1570:
1561:
1542:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1466:
1460:
1451:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1363:
1357:
1314:
1308:
1303:Zürcher, 485
1243:
1237:
1232:Zürcher, 484
1178:
1172:
1155:
1135:
1128:
1086:Cevdet Pasha
1067:
1059:
1051:Adila Khanum
1048:
1039:
1035:
1023:
1020:
1015:Grand Vizier
1012:
1001:
995:
986:
973:Grand Vizier
970:
950:
934:constitution
927:
903:
861:
841:Grand Vizier
827:bay of Sinop
819:
806:
780:
748:
713:
700:Muhammad Ali
680:
664:Muhammad Ali
660:
652:Great Powers
647:Hüsrev Pasha
639:Muhammad Ali
636:
616:
600:
572:and reached
554:
531:
514:Grand Vizier
503:
489:Morea Eyalet
473:
456:
452:Grand Vizier
428:
415:
414:; literally
403:
402:
389:(1858-01-07)
343:Succeeded by
327:Abdulmejid I
314:
304:Succeeded by
286:Abdulmejid I
273:
263:Succeeded by
245:Abdulmejid I
232:
222:Succeeded by
204:Abdulmejid I
191:
181:Succeeded by
165:Abdulmejid I
152:
140:Succeeded by
121:Abdulmejid I
107:
88: 1850s
49:
41:
29:
4723:1858 deaths
4718:1800 births
4694:(1920–1922)
4676:(1919–1920)
4664:(1918–1919)
4652:(1917–1918)
4646:(1913–1917)
4634:(1912–1913)
4632:Kâmil Pasha
4622:(1911–1912)
4616:(1910–1911)
4610:(1909–1910)
4592:(1908–1909)
4590:Kâmil Pasha
4580:(1903–1908)
4574:(1901–1903)
4568:(1895–1901)
4560:Kâmil Pasha
4550:(1891–1895)
4544:(1885–1891)
4542:Kâmil Pasha
4538:(1882–1885)
4514:(1880–1882)
4506:Kadri Pasha
4502:(1879–1880)
4490:(1878–1879)
4454:(1877–1878)
4448:(1876–1877)
4442:(1876–1876)
4436:(1875–1876)
4424:(1874–1875)
4418:(1873–1874)
4406:(1872–1873)
4394:(1871–1872)
4388:(1866–1871)
4382:(1866–1867)
4376:(1863–1866)
4364:(1861–1866)
4352:(1860–1861)
4346:(1859–1860)
4334:(1858–1859)
4328:(1857–1858)
4316:(1856–1857)
4310:(1855–1856)
4304:(1854–1855)
4292:(1853–1854)
4286:(1852–1853)
4262:(1848–1852)
4250:(1846–1848)
4244:(1842–1846)
4238:(1841–1842)
4232:(1840–1841)
4226:(1839–1840)
4220:(1833–1839)
4214:(1829–1833)
4208:(1828–1829)
4202:(1824–1828)
4196:(1823–1824)
4184:(1822–1823)
4178:(1821–1822)
4166:(1820–1821)
4160:(1818–1820)
4154:(1815–1818)
4148:(1812–1815)
4142:(1811–1812)
4136:(1809–1811)
4130:(1808–1809)
4118:(1807–1808)
4112:(1806–1807)
4106:(1805–1806)
4100:(1798–1805)
4094:(1794–1798)
4088:(1792–1794)
4082:(1791–1792)
4076:(1790–1791)
4070:(1789–1790)
3989:(1786–1789)
3983:(1785–1786)
3977:(1782–1785)
3965:(1781–1782)
3959:(1779–1781)
3953:(1778–1779)
3947:(1777–1778)
3941:(1775–1777)
3935:(1774–1775)
3929:(1771–1774)
3923:(1770–1771)
3917:(1769–1770)
3905:(1768–1769)
3893:(1765–1768)
3887:(1763–1765)
3875:(1757–1763)
3869:(1756–1757)
3863:(1755–1756)
3839:(1752–1755)
3833:(1750–1752)
3827:(1747–1750)
3821:(1746–1747)
3815:(1743–1746)
3809:(1742–1743)
3803:(1740–1742)
3797:(1739–1740)
3791:(1737–1739)
3779:(1736–1737)
3773:(1735–1736)
3767:(1732–1735)
3761:(1731–1732)
3749:(1730–1731)
3743:(1718–1730)
3737:(1717–1718)
3731:(1716–1717)
3725:(1713–1716)
3713:(1712–1713)
3707:(1711–1712)
3701:(1710–1711)
3689:(1706–1710)
3683:(1704–1706)
3671:(1703–1704)
3653:(1702–1703)
3587:(1697–1702)
3581:(1695–1697)
3575:(1694–1695)
3563:(1692–1693)
3557:(1691–1692)
3551:(1689–1691)
3545:(1688–1689)
3533:(1687–1688)
3527:(1685–1687)
3521:(1683–1685)
3515:(1676–1683)
3509:(1661–1676)
3503:(1656–1661)
3461:(1654–1655)
3455:(1653–1654)
3449:(1652–1653)
3443:(1651–1652)
3431:(1650–1651)
3425:(1649–1650)
3419:(1648–1649)
3413:(1647–1648)
3401:(1645–1647)
3395:(1644–1645)
3389:(1638–1644)
3377:(1637–1638)
3371:(1632–1637)
3359:(1631–1632)
3353:(1628–1631)
3347:(1626–1628)
3341:(1625–1626)
3335:(1624–1625)
3329:(1623–1624)
3317:(1622–1623)
3293:(1621–1622)
3281:(1619–1621)
3275:(1619–1619)
3269:(1616–1619)
3263:(1614–1616)
3257:(1611–1614)
3255:Nasuh Pasha
3251:(1606–1611)
3239:(1604–1606)
3233:(1603–1604)
3227:(1601–1603)
3221:(1599–1601)
3215:(1598–1599)
3209:(1597–1598)
3203:(1596–1597)
3185:(1595–1596)
3167:(1593–1595)
3161:(1592–1593)
3155:(1591–1592)
3149:(1589–1591)
3143:(1586–1589)
3137:(1585–1586)
3131:(1584–1585)
3125:(1582–1584)
3119:(1580–1582)
3107:(1579–1580)
3101:(1565–1579)
3095:(1561–1565)
3089:(1555–1561)
3083:(1553–1555)
3017:(1544–1553)
3011:(1541–1544)
3005:(1539–1541)
3003:Lütfi Pasha
2999:(1536–1539)
2993:(1523–1536)
2987:(1517–1523)
2979:Yunus Pasha
2975:(1516–1517)
2969:(1515–1516)
2963:(1512–1515)
2957:(1511–1512)
2951:(1509–1511)
2945:(1503–1506)
2939:(1501–1503)
2931:Mesih Pasha
2927:(1499–1501)
2925:Yakub Pasha
2921:(1498–1499)
2915:(1497–1498)
2909:(1482–1497)
2903:(1481–1482)
2901:Ishak Pasha
2897:(1477–1481)
2891:(1474–1477)
2885:(1472–1474)
2879:(1469–1472)
2877:Ishak Pasha
2873:(1466–1469)
2867:(1456–1466)
2861:(1453–1456)
2859:Zagan Pasha
2795:(1439–1453)
2789:(1429–1439)
2783:(1421–1429)
2777:(1413–1421)
2771:(1406–1413)
2765:(1387–1406)
2759:(1364–1387)
2753:(1349–1364)
2747:(1348–1349)
2741:(1331–1348)
2735:(1320–1331)
1992:Mardin, 263
1824:Karpat, 190
1791:Šedivý, 929
1752:(1): 1733.
1498:Rich, 54–55
1440:Šedivý, 857
1431:Šedivý, 854
1413:Šedivý, 841
1386:Šedivý, 797
1031:Crimean War
823:Dardanelles
810:Crimean War
797:Vienna Note
793:Vienna Note
777:Vienna Note
740:Crimean War
734:Crimean War
678:, however.
552:) in 1829.
504:During the
454:six times.
447:Crimean War
333:Preceded by
292:Preceded by
251:Preceded by
210:Preceded by
171:Preceded by
128:Preceded by
4712:Categories
2745:Hacı Pasha
2010:Karpat, 77
1626:Wetzel, 92
1340:Celik, 423
1269:Somel, 263
1078:Fuad Pasha
1053:, married
876:Abdulmecid
788:Nesselrode
470:Early life
460:Fuad Pasha
367:1800-03-13
44:, the
38:given name
2404:1303-5134
2383:159487875
2280:143607351
2058:164473838
1943:143607351
1864:159487875
1758:1303-5134
1687:Saab, 150
1669:Saab, 136
1635:Badem, 99
1612:Badem, 97
1603:Badem, 96
880:Mahmud II
866:era. The
836:Kastamonu
771:Stratford
767:Menshikov
724:Maronites
605:from the
546:Mahmud II
485:Mahmud II
315:In office
274:In office
233:In office
192:In office
153:In office
108:In office
2001:Shaw, 65
1876:Shaw, 57
1565:Rich, 77
1531:Rich, 74
1522:Rich, 73
1167:, p. 82.
1109:Tanzimat
1097:See also
1070:Tanzimat
977:Tanzimat
961:Tanzimat
946:Istanbul
930:Tanzimat
864:Tanzimat
582:Damascus
429:Born in
424:Tanzimat
32:In this
4049:of the
3632:of the
3062:of the
2840:of the
2714:of the
2665:of the
2121:1570929
2093:Sources
1719:1570929
981:slavery
924:Reforms
672:Tripoli
643:Ibrahim
603:Algeria
574:Kütahya
480:madrasa
420:Ottoman
324:Monarch
283:Monarch
242:Monarch
201:Monarch
162:Monarch
117:Monarch
83:Reşid,
4728:Pashas
4688:(1920)
4682:(1920)
4670:(1919)
4658:(1918)
4640:(1913)
4628:(1912)
4604:(1909)
4598:(1909)
4586:(1908)
4562:(1895)
4556:(1895)
4532:(1882)
4526:(1882)
4520:(1882)
4508:(1880)
4496:(1879)
4484:(1878)
4478:(1878)
4472:(1878)
4466:(1878)
4460:(1878)
4430:(1875)
4412:(1873)
4400:(1872)
4370:(1863)
4358:(1861)
4340:(1859)
4322:(1857)
4298:(1854)
4280:(1852)
4274:(1852)
4268:(1852)
4256:(1848)
4190:(1823)
4172:(1821)
4124:(1808)
3995:(1789)
3971:(1782)
3911:(1769)
3899:(1768)
3881:(1763)
3857:(1755)
3851:(1755)
3845:(1755)
3785:(1737)
3755:(1731)
3719:(1713)
3695:(1710)
3677:(1704)
3665:(1703)
3659:(1703)
3569:(1694)
3539:(1688)
3497:(1656)
3491:(1656)
3485:(1656)
3479:(1656)
3473:(1655)
3467:(1655)
3437:(1651)
3407:(1647)
3383:(1638)
3365:(1632)
3323:(1623)
3311:(1622)
3305:(1622)
3299:(1622)
3287:(1621)
3245:(1606)
3197:(1596)
3191:(1596)
3179:(1595)
3173:(1595)
3113:(1580)
2981:(1517)
2933:(1501)
2428:
2402:
2381:
2375:162065
2373:
2342:
2323:
2304:
2278:
2272:177914
2270:
2221:
2202:
2183:
2155:
2136:
2119:
2079:
2056:
1973:
1941:
1935:177914
1933:
1862:
1856:162065
1854:
1756:
1717:
1653:
1549:
1473:
1370:
1321:
1250:
1185:
1163:
1143:
1064:Legacy
1027:treaty
975:, the
940:, the
783:Vienna
751:Russia
728:Druzes
670:, and
586:Aleppo
550:Edirne
476:Efendi
435:France
2398:(1).
2379:S2CID
2371:JSTOR
2276:S2CID
2268:JSTOR
2117:JSTOR
2054:S2CID
1939:S2CID
1931:JSTOR
1860:S2CID
1852:JSTOR
1715:JSTOR
1121:Notes
1090:Porte
966:ulema
938:Islam
668:Saida
637:When
578:Adana
570:Konya
510:Morea
70:Pasha
51:Pasha
46:title
2426:ISBN
2400:ISSN
2340:ISBN
2321:ISBN
2302:ISBN
2219:ISBN
2200:ISBN
2181:ISBN
2153:ISBN
2134:ISBN
2077:ISBN
1971:ISBN
1754:ISSN
1651:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1319:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1141:ISBN
1080:and
996:The
769:and
584:and
462:and
384:Died
361:Born
62:Koca
2363:doi
2260:doi
2109:doi
2046:doi
1923:doi
1844:doi
1707:doi
48:is
40:is
4714::
4053:–
3636:–
3066:–
2844:–
2718:–
2394:.
2377:.
2369:.
2357:.
2274:.
2266:.
2254:.
2115:.
2105:34
2103:.
2052:.
2042:55
2040:.
2036:.
2015:^
1985:^
1937:.
1929:.
1917:.
1896:^
1858:.
1850:.
1838:.
1766:^
1748:.
1727:^
1713:.
1703:34
1701:.
1617:^
1594:^
1345:^
1333:^
1274:^
1262:^
1221:^
1197:^
1033:.
901:.
588:.
466:.
426:.
410::
376:,
85:c.
4039:e
4032:t
4025:v
3622:e
3615:t
3608:v
3052:e
3045:t
3038:v
2830:e
2823:t
2816:v
2704:e
2697:t
2690:v
2650:e
2643:t
2636:v
2434:.
2406:.
2396:8
2385:.
2365::
2359:1
2348:.
2329:.
2310:.
2282:.
2262::
2256:3
2227:.
2208:.
2189:.
2161:.
2142:.
2123:.
2111::
2085:.
2060:.
2048::
1979:.
1945:.
1925::
1919:3
1866:.
1846::
1840:1
1760:.
1750:8
1721:.
1709::
1659:.
1555:.
1479:.
1376:.
1327:.
1256:.
1191:.
1149:.
406:(
369:)
365:(
20:)
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