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deputy of the sultan. The code of law (kanunname) of Mehmed II described the grand vizier in the following manner: "Know that the grand vizier is, above all, the head of viziers and commanders. He is greater than all men: he (the grand vizier) is in all matters the sultan's absolute deputy. The
Defterdar (the chief treasurer) is deputy from my treasurer, and he (the grand vizier) is the supervisor. In all meetings and in all ceremonies the grand vizier takes his place before all others." This paragraph legally established the precedence of the grand vizier over all other Ottoman officials. Also, the delegation of sultanic power was sanctioned legally by the description of the grand vizier as the sultan's absolute deputy (vekil-i mutlak). The grand vizier was responsible for appointing officials, overseeing the treasury and the supervising the regulation of the prices in the market. With the conquest of the Balkans, the sultan found that he could lessen his dependence on his Turcoman notables by creating a counter-force from among the Christians in the newly conquered territories.
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any officers suspected of corruption; those who did not leave were executed. He also conducted campaigns against Venice and the
Habsburgs, as well as quelling rebellions in Anatolia. On his deathbed five years later, he convinced Mehmed to appoint his son (Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha) as the next Grand Vizier, thus securing his dynasty a position of supreme power in the Empire. It was during the Köprülü era that the Ottoman Empire reached its largest geographic expansion across Europe, Asia Minor, and Africa.
653:
294:. He was the first advisor with a military background – his forerunners had come from a more scholarly class of men. It is also significant that he was the first of a political family that, at the time, rivaled the Ottoman dynasty itself. Several of Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder's kin went on to hold the office of Grand Vizier in the decades following his death.
326:
was a powerful political figure during the reign of Mehmed IV, and was appointed to the office of Grand Vizier in 1656. He consolidated power within the position and sent the Sultan away from the city on hunting trips, thus stopping Mehmed's direct management over the state. Next, he forcibly removed
342:
or with other courtiers than he did with the Grand Vizier, and these too could petition the sultan on their own or somebody else’s behalf. He might, too, be more inclined to take the advice of his mother, a concubine, or the head gardener at the helm of the royal barge, than of the Grand Vizier".
1121:
From the very beginning, the relationship between the ruler and his
Turcoman allies was fraught with tension which undermined all attempts by the sultan to create a strong state. The grand vizier was the highest-ranking administrative officer in the Ottoman Empire, head of the government and the
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system. Often, the men who were chosen had a
Byzantine or Balkan background. According to Gábor, this was usually a political move, designed to appease powerful European factions to Ottoman supremacy. In fact, it was easier for the sultan to control an enslaved and non-Turk administrator. In the
300:, the grandson of Pasha the Elder, was also highly influential in shaping the role of the Grand Vizier. During the reign of Mehmed II, the Younger opposed the siege of Constantinople and the ongoing hostilities with Christians. Two days after the siege was won by
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289:
Halil Pasha the Elder reformed the role of the vizier in several ways. Several viziers before him held an equivalent, but differently named office; he was the first who held the position of "Grand Vizier", during the reign of
1285:
174:
was originally used in the
Abbasid Caliphate in the 8th century AD. This position was later adopted by the Ottomans in the early 14th century, by the Seljuks of Anatolia. During the nascent phases of the
628:
330:
In
Ottoman legal theory, the Sultan was supposed to conduct affairs of state exclusively via the Grand Vizier, but in reality, this arrangement was often circumvented. As the Ottomanist
311:
Ottoman Empire, executing a Grand Vizier of
Turkish origin (in the event they were rebellious) and an enslaved foreigner would also give rise to different reactions. Further, the
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1099:
The outsides would owe their position, and their continuance on it, solely to the Sultan, and so be more reliably loyal than Turks subject to influence from court factions.
652:
508:
187:. The purpose in instituting the title "Grand Vizier" was to distinguish the holder of the sultan's seal from other viziers. The initially more frequently used title of
315:
were less subject to influence from court factions. From the very beginning, the
Turcoman were a danger that undermined the Sultan's creation of a strong state.
430:
made the biggest contribution to the organization and administration of the Mughal Empire, he is considered the best of the long line of Mughal Grand
Viziers.
318:
Grand
Viziers gained immense political supremacy in the later days of the Ottoman Empire. Power was centralized in the position of the Grand Vizier during the
614:
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Initially, the grand viziers were exclusively of Turk origin in the Ottoman Empire. However, after there were troubles between the Turkish grand vizier
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1225:
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Forty nine Grand Viziers of Albanian ethnicity served the empire during the Ottoman period and most of them were southern Albanians (
304:, the Younger was executed for his opposition. After his death, the position of Grand Vizier was chosen nearly exclusively from the
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952:
297:
151:). These were much easier for the sultans to control, as compared to the free administrators of Turkish aristocratic origin.
138:
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184:
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179:, "vizier" was the only title used. The first of these Ottoman viziers who was titled "Grand Vizier" (French spelling:
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1250:
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Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia
226:), both meaning "grand vizier" in practice. Throughout the Ottoman history, the Grand Viziers have also been termed
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would lead to his downfall when rogue generals executed him in a power struggle after the death of Aurangzeb.
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was handpicked to be the Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire, by Asaf Jah I. He successfully repelled
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in 1723, and trying to expand Maratha rule in the Deccan and beyond, causing the outbreak of the
32:
1095:
Greece, the Hidden Centuries: Turkish Rule from the Fall of Constantinople to Greek Independence
1036:
The Rise of the Ottoman Empire: Studies in the History of Turkey, thirteenth–fifteenth Centuries
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999:
and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
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and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
709:
102:. In the Ottoman Empire, the grand vizier held the imperial seal and could convene all other
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to the Maratha Confederacy during its onset in 1718 and in 1721, after the nobility of the
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935:, who were much easier for the sultan to control than free administrators of noble origin.
8:
824:
456:
319:
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Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
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Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
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529:. He fell in battle after being struck by a stray artillery shell, in battle against
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during the Battle of Delhi (1737), and negotiated peace after the occupation of the
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in the 19th century, the Grand Viziers came to assume a role more like that of the
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23:
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became Grand Vizier, his fame as one of the most greatest military leaders in the
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The disappearance of this dynasty was symptomatic with the rise of the class of
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writes, the sultan "had closer contact with the pages of the privy chamber, the
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The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913
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Abu'l Fazl Ibn Mubarak presenting the Akbarnama to the emperor (D. 1602 AD)
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to attend to affairs of the state; the viziers in conference were called "
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Title for the heads of government of states throughout the Islamic world
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222:"superior, major, maximal, paramount, grand", informally pronounced
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assassinated. However, the Marathas had already expanded up to the
347:
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had substantially weakened. Asaf Jah I, however, refused to grant
145:(who had him executed), there was a rise of slave administrators (
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was the Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire, who led the forces of
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1302:"Marathas and the English Company 1707-1818 by Sanderson Beck"
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127:
426:, Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire during the reign of
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Barbudo Grande (Grand Vizier of the Imperial Corsairs
1333:
The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power
37:
1154:
779:(Grand Vizier of Lord High Emperor of the Universe
216:"front part, bosom, forehead, lead, forefront" and
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110:viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the
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940:
134:, which translates literally to grand vizier.
78:. It was first held by officials in the later
1068:. New York, NY: Facts on File, Inc. pp.
1283:Digital Library of India Accessed 7 Jan 2012
1224:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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971:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
665:in 1722 (after resigning as Grand Vizier).
592:served as the leading Grand Vizier of the
1280:. Allen &co Waterloo Place Pall Mall.
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1002:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
954:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
197:) was gradually replaced by another one,
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755:Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time
503:later instigated war by collecting
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27:
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1064:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1023:) // CITED: p. 38 (PDF p. 40/338).
586:from treacherous subjects failed.
582:'s efforts to defend the reign of
118:. His offices were located at the
14:
1372:
1179:. London: IB Tauris. p. 23.
849:In languages of ethnic minorities
159:
70:) was the title of the effective
1206:. U.C. Kapur. pp. 165–167.
1203:History of the Punjab, 1500–1858
912:The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire
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639:
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298:Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger
139:Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger
74:of many sovereign states in the
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1200:Singh., Narang, Kirpal (1969).
1193:
805:List of grand viziers of Persia
699:Notable fictional grand viziers
568:, the son of late Grand Vizier
459:, secured the right to collect
433:During the reign of Aurangzeb,
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185:Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder
1:
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820:List of Safavid grand viziers
815:List of Ottoman grand viziers
659:Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asif Jah I
455:, leader of the antagonistic
166:List of Ottoman Grand Viziers
1239:Sen, S. N. (19 March 2018).
985:) - Cited: p. 40 (PDF p. 42)
909:Aksin Somel, Selcuk (2010).
810:List of Mughal grand viziers
391:List of Mughal Grand Viziers
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7:
1113:The Making of Modern Turkey
1033:Wittek, Paul (2013-05-20).
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100:Cherifian Empire of Morocco
38:
10:
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540:, the new Mughal emperor,
477:Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha
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256:, "holder of the State"),
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124:Prime Minister of Pakistan
82:. It was then held in the
1262:– via Google Books.
1245:. New Age International.
871:
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725:The Thief and the Cobbler
533:forces in the year 1748.
509:Later Mughal-Maratha Wars
442:Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung
437:was bestowed this title.
1173:Gawrych, George (2006).
1021:Martin Luther University
1011:Orient-Institut Istanbul
983:Martin Luther University
835:
566:Muin ul-Mulk (Mir Mannu)
556:as Mughal Grand Vizier,
404:Second Battle of Panipat
246:, "absolute attorney"),
1060:Ágoston, Gábor (2009).
881:
854:Armenian: Mec epark‘osi
598:Third Battle of Panipat
266:, "most noble chief"),
1336:. Palgrave Macmillan.
661:became viceroy of the
604:, and a loyal ally of
479:, whose grip over the
412:, Grand Vizier of the
410:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
402:to victory during the
286:, "vizieral person").
114:('under the dome') in
67:
1330:Imber, Colin (2002).
710:The Horse and His Boy
572:, as the governor of
276:, "grand chief") and
236:, "sublime vizier"),
1242:History Modern India
933:slave administrators
475:by the rogue Vizier
416:during the reign of
324:Köprülü Mehmed Pasha
825:Sokoto Grand Vizier
457:Maratha Confederacy
1288:2013-07-21 at the
600:. He was also the
584:Ahmad Shah Bahadur
542:Ahmad Shah Bahadur
538:Ahmad Shah Durrani
126:is referred to in
72:head of government
1017:info page on book
1013:. pp. 21–51.
979:info page on book
961:. pp. 21–51.
874:(Megalou Vezyrou)
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525:by the forces of
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491:had the two
465:Sardeshmukhi
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332:Colin Imber
320:Köprülü era
278:zât-ı âsafî
181:grand-vézir
141:and Sultan
1161:Imber 2002
893:References
882:gran vizir
777:Rude Ralph
678:Safdarjung
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562:Mir Bakshi
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527:Nader Shah
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501:Baji Rao I
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273:سردار اعظم
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112:Kubbealtı
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1355:Category
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1007:Würzburg
959:Würzburg
799:See also
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717:Iznogoud
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233:صدر عالی
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