Mehmed II - Knowledge

2735:, was also of devşirme background. Mehmed was the first sultan who was able to codify and implement kanunname solely based on his own independent authority. Additionally, Mehmed was able to later implement kanunname that went against previous tradition or precedent. This was monumental in an empire that was so steeped in tradition and could be slow to change or adapt. Having viziers and other officials who were loyal to Mehmed was an essential part of this government because he transferred more power to the viziers than previous sultans had. He delegated significant powers and functions of government to his viziers as part of his new policy of imperial seclusions. A wall was built around the palace as an element of the more closed era, and unlike previous sultans Mehmed was no longer accessible to the public or even lower officials. His viziers directed the military and met foreign ambassadors, two essential parts of governing especially with his numerous military campaigns. One such notable ambassador was Kinsman Karabœcu Pasha (Turkish: "Karaböcü Kuzen Paşa"), who came from a rooted family of spies, which enabled him to play a notable role in Mehmed's campaign of conquering Constantinople. 2804:

states, significantly many Italian states including the Kingdom of Naples and the Republic of Florence. Furthermore, historians speculate that his Greek scriptorium was used to educate Greek chancellery officials in an attempt to reintegrate former Byzantine diplomatic channels with several Italian states that conducted their correspondences in Greek. Importantly, historians also assert that Mehmed's vast collection of art and literature worked towards promoting his imperial authority and legitimacy, especially in his newly conquered lands. This was accomplished through various means, including the invocation of Mehmed's image as an Oriental neo-Alexandrian figure, which is seen through shared helmet ornaments in depictions of Mehmed and Alexander on medallion portraits produced during Mehmed's reign, as well as being a leitmotiv in Kritiboulous' work. Additionally, his commissioning of Renaissance artwork was, itself, possibly an attempt to break down Western-Oriental cultural binaries in order for Mehmed to present himself as a Western-oriented ruler, among the ranks of contemporary European Christian monarchs.

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modern historians. This allowed Hunyadi to set up camp with his army across the Danube uncontested. Shortly after, the Ottoman navy was defeated in a five hour long battle by the newly arrived Christian Danubian navy. Following this, Hunyadi's troops started entering the city to reinforce the besieged, which increased the morale of the defending forces. Infuriated by the unfolding events, Mehmed ordered a final attack to capture the city on the 21st of July, after continuous cannon fire building up to the day of the attack. Ottoman troops were initially successful in breaching the defences and entering the city, however were eventually repulsed by the defenders. The Christians pressed their advantage by launching a counter attack, which started pushing back the Ottoman forces, managing to advance as far as the Ottoman camp. At this crucial point of the battle, one of the viziers advised Mehmed to abandon the camp for his safety, which he refused to do so on the grounds that it would be a “sign of cowardice”. After this, Mehmed personally joined the fighting, accompanied by two of his

2011: 2695: 1543: 1064:. The Sultan managed to personally kill three enemy soldiers before being injured, forcing him to abandon the battlefield. The news of their Sultan fighting alongside them and the arrival of reinforcements caused a morale boost amongst the Ottoman troops, which allowed them to go on the offensive again and push the Christian forces out of the Ottoman camp. The actions of the Sultan had prevented a complete rout of the Ottoman army, however, the army had been far too weakened to attempt to take the city again, causing the Ottoman war council to decide on ending the siege. The Sultan and his army began a retreat to Edirne during the night, without the Christian forces being able to pursue them. Hunyadi died shortly after the siege, meanwhile 7445: 7414: 2034:. Stephen inflicted a decisive defeat on the Ottomans, described as "the greatest ever secured by the Cross against Islam," with casualties, according to Venetian and Polish records, reaching beyond 40,000 on the Ottoman side. Mara Brankovic (Mara Hatun), the former younger wife of Murad II, told a Venetian envoy that the invasion had been worst ever defeat for the Ottomans. Stephen was later awarded the title "Athleta Christi" (Champion of Christ) by Pope Sixtus IV, who referred to him as "verus christianae fidei athleta" ("the true defender of the Christian faith"). Mehmed II assembled a large army and entered Moldavia in June 1476. Meanwhile, groups of 2427: 60: 1750:. Before Cappello could arrive, and as the city seemed on the verge of falling, Ömer Bey suddenly appeared with 12,000 cavalry and drove the outnumbered besiegers off. Six hundred Venetians and a hundred Greeks were taken prisoner out of a force of 2,000, while Barbarigo himself was killed. Cappello, who arrived some days later, attacked the Ottomans but was heavily defeated. Demoralized, he returned to Negroponte with the remains of his army. There Cappello fell ill and died on 13 March 1467. In 1470 Mehmed personally led an Ottoman army to 3928: 2502:, and a new palace. To encourage the return of the Greeks and the Genoese who had fled from Galata, the trading quarter of the city, he returned their houses and provided them with guarantees of safety. Mehmed issued orders across his empire that Muslims, Christians, and Jews should resettle in the city, demanding that five thousand households needed to be transferred to Constantinople by September. From all over the Islamic empire, prisoners of war and deported people were sent to the city; these people were called "Sürgün" in Turkish ( 2344: 539: 1283:, joining forces with Ismail's brother Ahmed (the Red). He captured Sinope and ended the official reign of the Jandarid dynasty, although he appointed Ahmed as the governor of Kastamonu and Sinope, only to revoke the appointment the same year. Various other members of the Jandarid dynasty were offered important functions throughout the history of the Ottoman Empire. During the march to Trebizond, Uzun Hasan sent his mother Sara Khatun as an ambassador; while they were climbing the steep heights of 1009:, after which Hunyadi went on to raid Ottoman controlled Nish and Pirot before returning back to Belgrade. Roughly a month later, on the 16th of November, the Ottomans avenged their earlier defeat at Kruševac by defeating Skobaljić's army near Tripolje, where the Serbian voivode was captured and executed via impalement. Following this a temporary treaty was signed with the Serbian despot, where Đurađ would formally recognize the recently captured Serbian forts as Ottoman land, send thirty thousand 3920: 2590: 363: 2360: 1679:) before being apprised of his Vizier's success. Immediately, he turned his men north, towards Bosnia. However, the Sultan's attempt to retake Jajce in July and August 1464 failed, with the Ottomans retreating hastily in the face of Corvinus' approaching army. A new Ottoman army under Mahmud Pasha then forced Corvinus to withdraw, but Jajce was not retaken for many years after. However, the death of Pope Pius II on 15 August in Ancona spelled the end of the Crusade. 7353: 1030:. The Serbians couldn't resist the Ottoman army out in the open, thus resorted to fortifying their various settlements and having their peasants flee to either various fortresses or forests. After forty days of siege and intense cannon fire, Novo Brdo surrendered. Following the conquest of the city, Mehmed captured various other Serbian settlements in the surrounding area, after which he started his march back towards Edirne, visiting his ancestor 812: 10235: 3110: 1134: 615:, the representative of the Pope, had convinced the king of Hungary that breaking the truce with Muslims was not a betrayal. At this time Mehmed II asked his father Murad II to reclaim the throne, but Murad II refused. According to the 17th-century chronicles, Mehmed II wrote, "If you are the sultan, come and lead your armies. If I am the sultan I hereby order you to come and lead my armies." Then, Murad II led the Ottoman army and won the 3012: 659: 2744: 3129: 1853: 1334: 1318: 7002: 667: 946: 9290: 3434: 1055:

started bombarding the city walls and Ottoman troops started filling the ditches in front the walls with earth to advance forward. As despair started to set in amongst the defenders, news started arriving of a relief force assembling across the Danube under the command of John Hunyadi. Upon learning of this development, Mehmed held a war council with his commanders to determine the army's next actions.

7014: 3415: 5042:"The great war against the Turks (See 1463–79). Negroponte was lost (1470). The Turks throughout maintained the upper hand and at times raided to the very outskirts of Venice. In the Treaty of Constantinople (1479), the Venetians gave up Scutari and other Albanian stations, as well as Negroponte and Lemnos. Thenceforth the Venetians paid an annual tribute for permission to trade in the Black Sea." 9755: 769:, and into the Golden Horn's northern shore; eighty galleys were transported from the Bosphorus after paving a route, little over one mile, with wood. Thus, the Byzantines stretched their troops over a longer portion of the walls. About a month later, Constantinople fell, on 29 May, following a fifty-seven-day siege. After this conquest, Mehmed moved the Ottoman capital from 6990: 3181:; he thus established the classical image of the autocratic Ottoman sultan. Mehmed's thirty-year rule and numerous wars expanded the Ottoman Empire to include Constantinople, the Turkish kingdoms and territories of Asia Minor, Bosnia, Serbia, and Albania. Mehmed left behind an imposing reputation in both the Islamic and Christian worlds. According to historian 1075:, the 79-year-old Branković died. Serbian independence survived after him for only around three years, when the Ottoman Empire formally annexed Serbian lands following dissension among his widow and three remaining sons. Lazar, the youngest, poisoned his mother and exiled his brothers, but he died soon afterwards. In the continuing turmoil the oldest brother 2042:(the Ottomans' recent ally) were sent to attack Moldavia. Romanian sources may state that they were repelled. Other sources state that joint Ottoman and Crimean Tartar forces "occupied Bessarabia and took Akkerman, gaining control of the southern mouth of the Danube. Stephan tried to avoid open battle with the Ottomans by following a scorched-earth policy". 1022:. The following year, Mehmed received reports from one of his frontier commanders about Serbian weakness against a possible invasion, the reports in combination with the dissatisfactory results of the 1454 campaign convinced Mehmed to initiate another campaign against Serbia. The Ottoman army marched on the important mining town of 984:'s recently made alliance with the Hungarians, and his irregular payments of tribute, further served as justifications for the invasion. The Ottomans sent an ultimatum demanding the keys to some Serbian castles which formerly belonged to the Ottomans. When Serbia refused these demands, the Ottoman army led by Mehmed set out from 1380:. In October 1451, Bogdan was assassinated and Vlad fled to Hungary. Impressed by Vlad's vast knowledge of the mindset and inner workings of the Ottoman Empire, as well as his hatred towards the Turks and new Sultan Mehmed II, Hunyadi reconciled with his former enemy and tried to make Vlad III his own advisor, but Vlad refused. 1461:, who served with distinction and wiped out a force of 6,000 Wallachians and deposited 2,000 of their heads at the feet of Mehmed II, was also reinstated, as a reward, in his old gubernatorial post in Thessaly. Vlad eventually escaped to Hungary, where he was imprisoned on a false accusation of treason against his overlord, 577:(advisors) to govern and thus gain experience, per the custom of Ottoman rulers before his time. Sultan Murad II also sent a number of teachers for him to study under. This Islamic education had a great impact in molding Mehmed's mindset and reinforcing his Muslim beliefs. He was influenced in his practice of Islamic 2212:, cut Albania effectively in half, isolating Skanderbeg's base in the northern highlands from the Venetian holdings in the south. However, following the Sultan's withdrawal Skanderbeg himself spent the winter in Italy, seeking aid. On his return in early 1467, his forces sallied from the highlands, defeated 2807:

Mehmed's affinity towards the Renaissance arts, and his strong initiative in its creation and collection, did not have a large base of support within his own court. One of the many opponents to Mehmed's collection was his own son and future Sultan, Bayezid II, who was backed by powerful religious and

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Historians believe that Mehmed's widespread cultural and artistic tastes, especially those aimed towards the West, served various important diplomatic and administrative functions. His patronage of Renaissance artists have been interpreted as a method of diplomacy with other influential Mediterranean

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of Hungary. The city was besieged starting 1 May 1481. After the death of Mehmed on 3 May, ensuing quarrels about his succession possibly prevented the Ottomans from sending reinforcements to Otranto. So, the Turkish occupation of Otranto ended by negotiation with the Christian forces, permitting the

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and a number of other settlements before moving towards Smederevo. After a battle outside the city walls, the defenders were forced to retreat inside the fortress. In the ensuing siege, the outer walls were breached by Ottoman forces, however the Serbians continued to resist inside the inner walls of

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recommended that a part of the army should cross the Danube to counter the approaching relief army. This plan was rejected by the council, particularly due to the opposition by the Rumelian Begs. Instead, the decision was made to prioritize capturing the fortress, a move seen as a tactical blunder by

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In 1453, Mehmed commenced the siege of Constantinople with an army between 80,000 and 200,000 troops, an artillery train of over seventy large field pieces, and a navy of 320 vessels, the bulk of them transports and storeships. The city was surrounded by sea and land; the fleet at the entrance of the

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Aside from his patronage of Renaissance artists, Mehmed was also an avid scholar of contemporary and Classical literature and history. This interest culminated in Mehmed's work on building a massive multilingual library that contained over 8000 manuscripts in Persian, Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Latin,

2570:, bear the names of the places of origin of their inhabitants. However, many people escaped again from the city, and there were several outbreaks of plague, so that in 1459 Mehmed allowed the deported Greeks to come back to the city. This measure apparently had no great success, since French voyager 1179:

against them, during which the brothers invited Ottoman troops to help put down the revolt. At this time, a number of influential Moreote Greeks and Albanians made private peace with Mehmed. After more years of incompetent rule by the despots, their failure to pay their annual tribute to the Sultan,

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settlements in the suburbs, and excluded Muslim and Jewish settlers entirely. This method allowed for an indirect rule of the Christian Byzantines and allowed the occupants to feel relatively autonomous even as Mehmed II began the Turkish remodeling of the city, turning it into the Turkish capital,

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died without producing an heir, and had Constantinople not fallen to the Ottomans, he likely would have been succeeded by the sons of his deceased elder brother. Those children were taken into the palace service of Mehmed after the fall of Constantinople. The oldest boy, renamed Has Murad, became a

2784:. This first attempt was unsuccessful, though, as Pasti was arrested in Crete by Venetian authorities accusing him of being an Ottoman spy. Later attempts would prove more fruitful, with some notable artists including Costanzo da Ferrara and Gentile Bellini both being invited to the Ottoman court. 2706:

Mehmed the Conqueror consolidated power by building his imperial court, the divan, with officials who would be solely loyal to him and allow him greater autonomy and authority. Under previous sultans the divan had been filled with members of aristocratic families that sometimes had other interests

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to aid the army during the siege. The exact number of troops Mehmed commanded varies between sources, but the rumours of its size were significant enough to cause panic in Italy. On the 13th of June the Ottoman army reached Belgrade. After the necessary preparations were finished, Ottoman cannons

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was put under siege by the Ottoman forces. Before the city could be taken, intelligence was received about an approaching Hungarian relief force led by Hunyadi, which caused Mehmed to lift the siege and start marching back to his domains. By August the campaign was effectively over, Mehmed left a

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Mehmed's main concern with Constantinople was with rebuilding the city's defenses and repopulation. Building projects were commenced immediately after the conquest, which included the repair of the walls, construction of the citadel, a remarkable hospital with students and medical staff, a large

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for six weeks, until the arrival of an Ottoman fleet under Mahmud Pasha on 18 May forced them to withdraw. Another attempt to capture the island shortly after also failed. The Venetian navy spent the remainder of the year in ultimately fruitless demonstrations of force before the Dardanelles. In

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literature and histories, with his school books having caricaturistic illustrations of ancient coins and portraiture sketched in distinctly European styles. Furthermore, he reportedly had two tutors, one trained in Greek and another in Latin, who read him Classical histories, including those of

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Finally, Stephen faced the Ottomans in battle. The Moldavians luring the main Ottoman forces into a forest that was set on fire, causing some casualties. According to another battle description, the defending Moldavian forces repelled several Ottoman attacks with steady fire from hand-guns. The

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rejected Ottoman suzerainty and a series of fierce wars ensued. Stephen tried to bring Wallachia under his sphere of influence and so supported his own choice for the Wallachian throne. This resulted in an enduring struggle between different Wallachian rulers backed by Hungarians, Ottomans, and

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in northeastern Anatolia in 1461. The last two vestiges of Byzantine rule were thus absorbed by the Ottoman Empire. The conquest of Constantinople bestowed immense glory and prestige on the country. There is some historical evidence that, 10 years after the conquest of Constantinople, Mehmed II

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were forced to crouch on their stomachs instead of charging headlong into the defenders positions. Seeing the imminent defeat of his forces, Mehmed charged with his personal guard against the Moldavians, managing to rally the Janissaries, and turning the tide of the battle. Turkish Janissaries

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led by Vlad III Dracula, who was apparently bent on personally killing the Sultan. However, Vlad's policy of staunch resistance against the Ottomans was not a popular one, and he was betrayed by the boyars's (local aristocracy) appeasing faction, most of them also pro-Dăneşti (a rival princely

2544:. From these nuclei, the metropolis developed rapidly. According to a survey carried out in 1478, there were then in Constantinople and neighboring Galata 16,324 households, 3,927 shops, and an estimated population of 80,000. The population was about 60% Muslim, 20% Christian, and 10% Jewish. 1436:, which is located near Chilia, from the lower Danube up to such places as Samovit and Ghighen. We killed 23,884 Turks without counting those whom we burned in homes or the Turks whose heads were cut by our soldiers.... Thus, your highness, you must know that I have broken the peace with him . 2759:

Aside from his efforts to expand Ottoman dominion throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, Mehmed II also cultivated a large collection of Western art and literature, many of which were produced by Renaissance artists. From a young age, Mehmed had shown interest in Renaissance art and Classical

1921:. Nevertheless, with the help of Uzun Hasan, İshak was able to ascend to the throne. His reign was short, however, as Pir Ahmet appealed to Sultan Mehmed II for help, offering Mehmed some territory that İshak refused to cede. With Ottoman help, Pir Ahmet defeated İshak in the battle of 6035: 1929:

to the Ottomans, but he was uneasy about the loss. So, during the Ottoman campaign in the West, he recaptured his former territory. Mehmed returned, however, and captured both Karaman (Larende) and Konya in 1466. Pir Ahmet barely escaped to the East. A few years later, Ottoman

2224:); they also attacked Elbasan but failed to capture it. Mehmed II responded by marching again against Albania. He energetically pursued the attacks against the Albanian strongholds, while sending detachments to raid the Venetian possessions to keep them isolated. The Ottomans 1253:. The Ottomans were motivated to capture Trebizond or to get an annual tribute. In the time of Murad II, they first attempted to take the capital by sea in 1442, but bad weather made the landings difficult and the attempt was repulsed. While Mehmed II was away laying siege to 1356:

and for a yearly tribute did not meddle in their internal affairs. The two primary Balkan powers, Hungary and the Ottomans, maintained an enduring struggle to make Wallachia their own vassal. To prevent Wallachia from falling into the Hungarian fold, the Ottomans freed young

2664:, a group that took Christian subjects at a young age (8–20 yrs): they were converted to Islam, then schooled for administration or the military Janissaries. This was a meritocracy which "produced from among their alumni four out of five Grand Viziers from this time on". 1629:, which controlled the northwestern Peloponnese. The Venetians engaged in repeated clashes with the defenders and with Ömer Bey's forces, until they suffered a major defeat on 20 October and were then forced to lift the siege and retreat to the Hexamilion and to Nauplia ( 1997:

Another important political entity that shaped the Eastern policy of Mehmed II were the Aq Qoyunlu. Under the leadership of Uzun Hasan, this kingdom gained power in the East, but because of its strong relations with Christian powers like the Empire of Trebizond and the

3058:, or learned Muslim teachers, and caused them to discuss theological problems in his presence. During his reign, mathematics, astronomy, and theology reached their highest level among the Ottomans. His social circle included a number of humanists and sages such as 1493:, son of the king of Bosnia, tried to bring Serbia under his control, but Ottoman expeditions forced him to give up his plan and Stephen fled to Bosnia, seeking refuge at the court of his father. After some battles, Bosnia became tributary kingdom to the Ottomans. 1690:

in August through October. Small-scale warfare continued on both sides, with raids and counter-raids, but a shortage of manpower and money meant that the Venetians remained largely confined to their fortified bases, while Ömer Bey's army roamed the countryside.

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fell exactly seven years after Constantinople, on 29 May 1460. Demetrios ended up a prisoner of the Ottomans and his younger brother Thomas fled. By the end of the summer, the Ottomans had achieved the submission of virtually all cities possessed by the Greeks.

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return to the throne of Wallachia for the third and final time. Even after Vlad's untimely death several months later Stephen continued to support, with force of arms, a variety of contenders to the Wallachian throne succeeding after Mehmet's death to instate

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Portrait of Mehmed II with a young man on the left. It is assumed that Bellini himself did not create the two portraits in Istanbul, but only after his return to Venice. The young man is sometimes interpreted as Mehmed's son Cem, but there is no proof of

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wrote in the middle of the 16th century that the Greek population of Constantinople was unable to name any of the ancient Byzantine churches that had been transformed into mosques or abandoned. This shows that the population substitution had been total.

1096:. During this meeting, reports were received that a Hungarian army was assembling near the Danube to launch an offensive against the Ottoman positions in the region. The Hungarians crossed the Danube near Belgrade, after which they marched south towards 2228:

to take Croia, and they failed to subjugate the country. However, the winter brought an outbreak of plague, which would recur annually and sap the strength of the local resistance. Skanderbeg himself died of malaria in the Venetian stronghold of Lissus

2313:, which had been under Genoese control since 1357. After the conquest of Constantinople, Genoese communications were disrupted, and when the Crimean Tatars asked for help from the Ottomans, they responded with an invasion of the Genoese towns, led by 510:. At home, he made many political and social reforms. He encouraged the arts and sciences, and by the end of his reign, his rebuilding program had changed Constantinople into a thriving imperial capital. He is considered a hero in modern-day 1672:. The Morean campaign was swiftly victorious for the Ottomans; they razed the Hexamilion, and advanced into the Morea. Argos fell, and several forts and localities that had recognized Venetian authority reverted to their Ottoman allegiance. 2244:(1400–81) wrote, "All the conquests of Sultan Mehmed were fulfilled with the seizure of Shkodra." The Venetians and Shkodrans resisted the assaults and continued to hold the fortress until Venice ceded Shkodra to the Ottoman Empire in the 1566:

from his master's treasure. The fugitive then converted to Christianity, so Ottoman demands for his rendition were refused by the Venetian authorities. Using this as a pretext in November 1462, the Ottoman commander in central Greece,

2723:, issued during 1477–1481, which for the first time listed the chief officials in the Ottoman government, their roles and responsibilities, salaries, protocol and punishments, as well as how they related to each other and the sultan. 1104:

by the Ottoman forces in the region, forcing them to retreat. Despite this victory, for Serbia to be fully annexed into the empire, Smederevo still had to be taken. The opportunity for its capture presented itself the following year.

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from Venice to paint his portrait as well as Venetian frescoes that are vanished today. He collected in his palace a library that included works in Greek, Persian, and Latin. Mehmed invited Muslim scientists and astronomers such as

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Once Mehmed had created an Ottoman bureaucracy and transformed the empire from a frontier society to a centralized government, he took care to appoint officials who would help him implement his agenda. His first grand vizier was

2380:, leaving a garrison of 800 infantry and 500 cavalry behind to defend Otranto in Italy. It was assumed he would return after the winter. Since it was only 28 years after the fall of Constantinople, there was some fear that 1769:), ending the ability of Venice to use the Albanian lords for its own advantage. After Skanderbeg died, some Venetian-controlled northern Albanian garrisons continued to hold territories coveted by the Ottomans, such as 700:

vessel ignoring signals to stop was sunk with a single shot and all the surviving sailors beheaded, except for the captain, who was impaled and mounted like a human scarecrow as a warning to other sailors on the strait.

1961:. Before that, Pir Ahmet with Akkoyunlu help had captured Karaman. However, Pir Ahmet could not enjoy another term. Because immediately after the capture of Karaman, the Akkoyunlu army was defeated by the Ottomans near 2775:

From early on in his reign, Mehmed invested in the patronage of Italian Renaissance artists. His first documented request in 1461 was a commission from artist Matteo de' Pasti, who resided in the court of the lord of

1409:, to make peace and, if necessary, eliminate Vlad III. Vlad III set an ambush; the Ottomans were surrounded and almost all of them caught and impaled, with Hamza Pasha impaled on the highest stake, as befit his rank. 1049:

in 1427. Significant preparations were made by the Sultan for the conquest of the city, including the casting of 22 large cannons alongside many smaller ones and the establishment of a navy which would sail up the

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part of his force under the command of Firuz Bey in Serbia in anticipation of a possible offensive on Ottoman territories by Hunyadi. This force was defeated by a combined Hungarian-Serbian army led by Hunyadi and

867:) status, and rights of property that made him the second largest landlord in the empire after the sultan himself in 1454, and in turn, Gennadius II recognized Mehmed the Conqueror as the successor to the throne. 1192:

refused to surrender, and it was ruled for a brief time by a Catalan corsair. When the population drove him out they obtained the consent of Thomas to submit to the Pope's protection before the end of 1460. The

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In 1446, while Murad II returned to the throne, Mehmed retained the title of sultan but only acted as a governor of Manisa. Following the death of Murad II in 1451, Mehmed II became sultan for the second time.

1213:(also known as Castle Orgia). While the town eventually surrendered, Graitzas and his garrison and some town residents held out in the castle until July 1461, when they escaped and reached Venetian territory. 6019: 2927:

by his first wife Sitti Nefise Hatun. She entered the harem in 1463. In return, her father was able to marry Anna Hatun, Mehmed's consort or "noble guest". After Mehmed's death she remarried with a statesman.

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Mehmed II introduced the word Politics into Arabic "Siyasah" from a book he published and claimed to be the collection of Politics doctrines of the Byzantine Caesars before him. He gathered Italian artists,

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and utilizing his command of the Turkish language and customs, Vlad III infiltrated Ottoman camps, ambushed, massacred or captured several Ottoman forces. In a letter to Corvinus dated 2 February, he wrote:

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as yearly tribute and provide troops for Ottoman campaigns. The 1454 campaign had resulted in the capture of fifty thousand prisoners from Serbia, four thousand of whom were settled in various villages near

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Ahmad, Al-Musnad 14:331 #18859: "The Prophet ﷺ is reported to have said, 'Verily you shall conquer Constantinople. What a wonderful leader will her leader be, and what a wonderful army will that army be!'"

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The news of Mehmed's death caused great rejoicing in Europe; church bells were rung, and celebrations held. The news was proclaimed in Venice thus: "La Grande Aquila è morta!" ('The Great Eagle is dead!')

1391:: While he himself moved into Serbia and relieved the siege (before dying of the plague), Vlad III Dracula led his own contingent into Wallachia, reconquered his native land, and killed Vladislav II. 7625: 635:

invaded the disputed area and instigated various revolts against Ottoman rule. Mehmed II conducted his first campaign against İbrahim of Karaman; Byzantines threatened to release Ottoman claimant

6210: 7630: 2946: 271: 1765:. The winter brought an outbreak of plague, which would recur annually and sap the strength of the local resistance. Skanderbeg himself died of malaria in the Venetian stronghold of Lissus ( 3170:

complex. According to the historian Colin Heywood, "there is substantial circumstantial evidence that Mehmed was poisoned, possibly at the behest of his eldest son and successor, Bayezid."

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system. In addition, he founded, and encouraged his viziers to found, a number of Muslim institutions and commercial installations in the main districts of Constantinople, such as the

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Stephen. An Ottoman army under Hadim Pasha (governor of Rumelia) was sent in 1475 to punish Stephen for his meddling in Wallachia; however, the Ottomans suffered a great defeat at the

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on the European side, and thus gained complete control of the strait. Having completed his fortresses, Mehmed proceeded to levy a toll on ships passing within reach of their cannon. A

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agreed to pay the Ottomans an annual tribute of 2,000 gold ducats to ensure his southern borders, thus becoming the first Moldavian ruler to accept the Turkish demands. His successor

1175:, brothers of the last emperor, failed to send any aid. The chronic instability and the tribute payment to the Turks, after the peace treaty of 1446 with Mehmed II, resulted in an 589:

in Mehmed's life became predominant from a young age, especially in the imperative of fulfilling his Islamic duty to overthrow the Byzantine Empire by conquering Constantinople.

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on the 20th of June 1459. After the surrender of the capital, other Serbian castles which continued to resist were captured in the following months, ending the existence of the

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and other Athenian monuments were spared destruction. Besides, Mehmed II himself was a poet writing under the name "Avni" (the helper, the helpful one) and he left a classical

2233:), ending the ability of Venice to use the Albanian lords for its own advantage. The Albanians were left to their own devices and were gradually subdued over the next decade. 1953:

escaped to Uzun Hasan's territory. This gave Uzun Hasan a chance to interfere. In 1472, the Akkoyunlu army invaded and raided most of Anatolia (this was the reason behind the

2905:, Mehmed asked her for himself after the Morea campaign, having heard of her beauty. However, the union was never consummated because Mehmed feared that she might poison him. 1994:

in 1402, the newly formed unification was gone. Mehmed II recovered Ottoman power over the other Turkish states, and these conquests allowed him to push further into Europe.

1895:, the most important power in Anatolia. But towards the end of the 14th century, Ottomans began to dominate on most of Anatolia, reducing the Karaman influence and prestige. 1352:) under their control by putting their own candidate on the throne, but each attempt ended in failure. The Ottomans regarded Wallachia as a buffer zone between them and the 680:

When Mehmed II ascended the throne again in 1451, he devoted himself to strengthening the Ottoman navy and made preparations for an attack on Constantinople. In the narrow

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Mehmed II allowed his subjects a considerable degree of religious freedom, provided they were obedient to his rule. After his conquest of Bosnia in 1463, he issued the

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By the end of his reign, Mehmed's ambitious rebuilding program had changed the city into a thriving imperial capital. According to the contemporary Ottoman historian

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and its environs before attacking and capturing the fortress of Golubac. Subsequently, Mehmed who had returned from his campaign in Morea met up with Mahmud Pasha in

10317: 2963:, Italy) – son of Çiçek Hatun. Governor of Konya after the death of his brother Mustafa, he fought for the throne against his half-brother Bayezid. He died in exile. 5771: 2796:. His interest in Classical works extended in many directions, including the patronage of the Greek writer Kritiboulos of Imbros, who produced the Greek manuscript 10322: 5838:

Necipoğlu, Gülru (1 January 2012). "Visual Cosmopolitanism and Creative Translation: Artistic Conversations with Renaissance Italy in Mehmed Ii's Constantinople".

6497: 7046: 3841: 2861:, she was his legal wife, but the marriage was unhappy and it remained childless. Her niece Ayşe Hatun, daughter of her brother, became a consort of Bayezid II. 9412: 5494: 2010: 5147: 2096:) and were constantly harassed by small-scale Moldavian attacks. Soon they were also confronted with starvation, a situation made worse by an outbreak of the 6001:

Necdet Sakaoğlu (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak publications. pp. 110–112.

2178:

offered a golden opportunity to reassert Albanian independence; for the Venetians, the Albanians provided a useful cover to the Venetian coastal holdings of

8080: 10297: 6382:تاريخ الدولة العليّة العثمانية، تأليف: الأستاذ محمد فريد بك المحامي، تحقيق: الدكتور إحسان حقي، دار النفائس، الطبعة العاشرة: 1427 هـ – 2006 م، صفحة:178–177 1450: 1272:. Mehmed II eventually heard of these intrigues and was further provoked to action by David's demand that Mehmed remit the tribute imposed on his brother. 2100:, and the Ottoman army returned to Ottoman lands. The threat of Stephen to Wallachia continued for decades. That very same year Stephen helped his cousin 1079:

gained the throne. Observing the chaotic situation in Serbia, the Ottoman government decided to definitively conclude the Serbian issue. The Grand Vizier

10292: 6475: 3864: 1785:

of 1478–79. The Venetians and Shkodrans resisted the assaults and continued to hold the fortress until Venice ceded Shkodra to the Ottoman Empire in the

7989: 5358: 6202: 2979: 2909: 2694: 2658:, and practice their religion free from official and unofficial persecution, insult, or disturbance. However, his standing army was recruited from the 232: 7927: 2711:

mentality that emphasizes ancient traditions and ceremonies in governance and moved it towards a centralized bureaucracy largely made of officials of

2329:. However, the Crimean khans still had a large amount of autonomy from the Ottoman Empire, while the Ottomans directly controlled the southern coast. 2326: 2167:. After Skanderbeg died in 1468, the Albanians could not find a leader to replace him, and Mehmed II eventually conquered Krujë and Albania in 1478. 1917:. İbrahim escaped to a small city in western territories where he died in 1464. The competing claims to the throne resulted in an interregnum in the 988:

towards Serbia in 1454, sometime after the 18th of April. Mehmed's forces quickly succeeded in capturing Sivricehisar (sometimes identified with the

8110: 5585: 7953: 6527: 4716: 3480: 808:

referred specifically to Mehmed's conquest of Constantinople, seeing it as the fulfillment of a prophecy and a sign of the approaching apocalypse.

731:

stretched from shore to shore in the form of a crescent, to intercept or repel any assistance for Constantinople from the sea. In early April, the

1957:

in 1473). But then Mehmed led a successful campaign against Uzun Hasan in 1473 that resulted in the decisive victory of the Ottoman Empire in the

1761:, they had long resisted the Ottomans, and had repeatedly sought assistance from Italy. Mehmed II responded by marching again against Albania but 7994: 6724: 2870: 1268:

came to power and intrigued with various European powers for help against the Ottomans, speaking of wild schemes that included the conquest of

222: 6868: 2677:

as religious leader for the Orthodox Christians of the city. His authority extended to all Ottoman Orthodox Christians, and this excluded the

1965:

and Pir Ahmet had to escape once more. Although he tried to continue his struggle, he learned that his family members had been transferred to

1440:

Mehmed II abandoned his siege of Corinth to launch a punitive attack against Vlad III in Wallachia but suffered many casualties in a surprise

3898: 1237:(also known as White Sheep Turkomans), in return for his promise to defend Trebizond. He also secured promises of support from the Turkish 1365:, so that Vlad could claim the throne of Wallachia. His rule was short-lived, however, as Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and restored his ally 7039: 2949:(1450, Manisa – 25 December 1474, Konya) – son of Gülşah Hatun. Governor of Konya until his death. He was the favorite son of his father. 2895: 227: 3519: 4058: 4019: 3980: 3811: 3431: 3412: 2808:

Turkish factions in his opposition. Upon his accession, Bayezid II sold Mehmed's collection of portraits and disposed of his statuary.

1500:

died, and Stephen Tomašević succeeded him as King of Bosnia. In 1461, Stephen Tomašević made an alliance with the Hungarians and asked

1398:

of 10,000 ducats and 500 recruits into the Ottoman forces. Vlad III Dracula refused and had the Ottoman envoys killed by nailing their

7403: 4685: 2920:, executed by Mehmed II. She was judicated as the most beautiful woman of her age and entered in the harem after her capture in 1462. 2888:

in 1461, Anna entered Mehmed's harem as a "noble tribute" or guest and stayed there for two years, after which Mehmed married her to

2881: 2788:

and Greek, among other languages. Of note in this large collection was Mehmed's Greek scriptorium, which included copies of Arrians'

1432:

I have killed peasants men and women, old and young, who lived at Oblucitza and Novoselo, where the Danube flows into the sea, up to

1402:

to their heads, on the pretext that they had refused to raise their "hats" to him, as they only removed their headgear before Allah.

1088:

the fortress. Not wanting to waste time capturing the inner citadel, Mahmud lifted the siege diverted his army elsewhere, conquering

936: 7365: 2719:

into salaried employees of the Ottoman bureaucracy who were loyal to him. This centralization was possible and formalized through a

2175: 1537: 6310: 7370: 4264:

Türkmen, İlhan (5 January 2015). "The Campaigns Against Serbia During the Reign of Mehmed the Conqueror per Ottoman Chronicles".

2529: 1542: 4988: 3192:(completed 1988), which crosses the Bosporus Straits, is named after him, and his name and picture appeared on the Turkish 1000 1781: – the most significant. Mehmed II sent his armies to take Shkodra in 1474 but failed. Then he went personally to lead the 9417: 8267: 7356: 7032: 2715:

background. Additionally, Mehmed the Conqueror took the step of converting the religious scholars who were part of the Ottoman

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The new alliance launched a two-pronged offensive against the Ottomans: a Venetian army, under the Captain General of the Sea

9928: 7058: 6960: 6941: 6846: 6771: 6741: 6719: 6689: 6661: 6423: 6412: 6256: 6132: 6006: 5987: 5702: 4398: 4052: 4013: 3974: 3604: 3513: 3474: 708: 81: 7755: 6441: 5328: 4568: 2838: 2325:

captive, later releasing him in return for accepting Ottoman suzerainty over the Crimean Khans and allowing them to rule as

202: 9592: 5395:

Inalcik, Halil. "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City".

2643:, which, for nearly a century, kept their rank as the highest teaching institutions of the Islamic sciences in the empire. 1558:, hostilities broke out after an Albanian slave of the Ottoman commander of Athens fled to the Venetian fortress of Coron ( 17: 7635: 6863: 2551:, "Sultan Mehmed created all of Istanbul". Fifty years later, Constantinople had again become the largest city in Europe. 1652:, with an army against the Venetians. To confront the Venetian fleet, which had taken station outside the entrance of the 1481:

to the Catholic monks of the recently conquered Bosnia issued in 1463, granting them full religious freedom and protection

996:

a Serbian cavalry force of 9,000 cavalry sent against them by the despot. Following these actions, the Serbian capital of

9338: 8951: 5763: 5559: 5204: 4132:

Elizabeth A. Zachariadou, Romania and the Turks Pt. XIII p. 837-840, “First Serbian Campaigns of Mehemmed II (1454-1455)”

3340: 3027:

and he could discuss Christian religion with some authority. He was reputed to be fluent in several languages, including

1337: 1305:

Having isolated Trebizond, Mehmed quickly swept down upon it before the inhabitants knew he was coming, and he placed it

7796: 5688: 3223:

offer a nuanced picture of Mehmed, portraying him as a fearless and magnanimous leader, even on the verge of conquering

1703:

early 1465, Mehmed II sent peace feelers to the Venetian Senate; distrusting the Sultan's motives, these were rejected.

1489:, died in 1458, and a civil war broke out among his heirs that resulted in the Ottoman conquest of Serbia in 1459/1460. 8250: 6880: 6701:

Modern History; From the Coming of Christ and Change of the Roman Republic into an Empire, to the Year of Our Lord 1888

5527: 4562: 3874: 7786: 3833: 3671: 1504:

for help in the face of an impending Ottoman invasion. In 1463, after a dispute over the tribute paid annually by the

1197:, on the Morea's south end, resisted under a loose coalition of local clans, and the area then came under the rule of 7837: 7251: 6818: 6798: 6791:

Emperors, Patriarchs, and Sultans of Constantinople, 1373–1513: An Anonymous Greek Chronicle of the Sixteenth Century

6642: 6610: 6582: 6563: 6387: 6185: 6157: 6029: 5308: 5181: 5159: 5080: 5060: 4509: 4423: 4373: 4337: 4303: 4225: 4193: 4168: 4112: 2081: 1901:

was the ruler of Karaman, and during his last years, his sons began struggling for the throne. His heir apparent was

48: 5486: 10307: 8820: 7083: 2148: 7459: 6072: 4603:"Contemporary Copy of the Letter of Mehmet II to the Greek Archons 26 December 1454 (ASV Documenti Turchi B.1/11)" 780:, known to the Ottomans and Persians as the Palace of the Caesars, probably built over a thousand years before by 10302: 9183: 5035: 3345: 2321:

and the other trading towns under their control. After the capture of the Genoese towns, the Ottoman Sultan held

2245: 1969:

by Gedik Ahmet Pasha, so he finally gave up. Demoralized, he escaped to Akkoyunlu territory where he was given a

1925:. İshak had to be content with Silifke up to an unknown date. Pir Ahmet kept his promise and ceded a part of the 1786: 735:

began. At first, the city's walls held off the Turks, even though Mehmed's army used the new bombard designed by

384: 65: 1287:

on foot, she asked Sultan Mehmed why he was undergoing such hardship for the sake of Trebizond. Mehmed replied:

9518: 8370: 8171: 8125: 8100: 8065: 4602: 3232: 2800:, alongside his efforts to salvage and rebind Greek manuscripts acquired after his conquest of Constantinople. 1512:. However, none ever reached Bosnia. In 1463, Sultan Mehmed II led an army into the country. The royal city of 496: 6471: 6401: 5350: 5096: 3627: 2002:

and the alliance between the Turcomans and the Karamanid tribe, Mehmed saw them as a threat to his own power.

1686:

for the upcoming campaign of 1464. He launched attacks against Ottoman forts and engaged in a failed siege of

1412:

In the winter of 1462, Vlad III crossed the Danube and scorched the entire Bulgarian land in the area between

843:

since 330 AD and whoever possessed the Imperial capital was the ruler of the empire. The contemporary scholar

10257: 9714: 9313: 9022: 8571: 7811: 7396: 7241: 5517: 3273: 1683: 1675:

Sultan Mehmed II, who was following Mahmud Pasha with another army to reinforce him, had reached Zeitounion (

1176: 1142: 915: 8666: 2206:, allegedly within just 25 days. This strategically sited fortress, at the lowlands near the end of the old 2084:

and began forming another army. The Ottomans were unable to conquer any of the major Moldavian strongholds (

1113:, the future king of Bosnia, which infuriated Sultan Mehmed. After Mahmud Pasha suppressed an uprising near 960:

Mehmed II's first campaigns after Constantinople were in the direction of Serbia, which had been an Ottoman

9064: 8524: 8145: 3307: 2558:

gave a list of groups introduced into the city with their respective origins. Even today, many quarters of

1383:

In 1456, three years after the Ottomans had conquered Constantinople, they threatened Hungary by besieging

440: 8140: 8090: 8045: 8014: 2442:

After conquering Constantinople, when Mehmed II finally entered the city through what is now known as the

10327: 10075: 9686: 9383: 9201: 9154: 8838: 8447: 8004: 7444: 7413: 5581: 5296: 3775:Şahin, K. (2010), "Constantinople and the End Time: The Ottoman Conquest as a Portent of the Last Hour", 2338: 748: 600:

on 12 June 1444, he abdicated the throne in favour of his 12-year-old son Mehmed II in July/August 1444.

8095: 8070: 8055: 8029: 7984: 6523: 4712: 3466:

The Grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II – Conqueror of Constantinople, Master of an Empire and Lord of Two Seas

3464: 2943:(3 December 1447 – 10 June 1512) – son of Gülbahar Hatun. He succeeded his father as the Ottoman Sultan. 2163:

while Skanderbeg was alive, even though he twice (1466 and 1467) led the Ottoman armies himself against

1633:). In Bosnia, Matthias Corvinus seized over sixty fortified places and succeeded in taking its capital, 1261:

attacked Trebizond, and although he was defeated, he took many prisoners and extracted a heavy tribute.

362: 8915: 8731: 8489: 8300: 8120: 8024: 6980: 6889: 3189: 2310: 1751: 1598:, hoping to lead it in person. Negotiations were also begun with other rivals of the Ottomans, such as 871: 719:

at the site to emphasize the importance of the conquest to the Islamic world and highlight his role as

523: 31: 9388: 7088: 6839:

The Sultan of Vezirs: The Life and Times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelovic (1453–1474)

3294: 2623:

and artists to his court in Constantinople, started a university, and built mosques (for example, the

9564: 9485: 8844: 8536: 8364: 8186: 6628: 5679: 3185:, Mehmed was regarded as a bloodthirsty tyrant by the Christian world and by a part of his subjects. 3153: 3059: 2996:

Kemaleddin İsmail Bey and Hatice Hatun, full-sister of Mehmed II. They had a daughter, Hanzade Hatun.

2853:. Sometimes mistakenly believed to be the mother of Bayezid II. Called also Sitti Hatun. Daughter of 2140: 1568: 1458: 1453:. Vlad III had to retreat to the mountains. After this, the Ottomans captured the Wallachian capital 1366: 1306: 1180:

and finally their own revolt against Ottoman rule, Mehmed entered the Morea in May 1460. The capital

1027: 624: 9136: 8060: 7999: 6764:

Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17 Jh

6759: 6605:. Edited, with a preface, by William C. Hickman. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2732: 2384:

would suffer the same fate. Plans were made for the Pope and citizens of Rome to evacuate the city.

1649: 1571:, attacked and nearly succeeded in taking the strategically important Venetian fortress of Lepanto ( 1521: 1080: 10337: 10287: 9923: 9908: 9648: 9470: 9255: 9052: 8998: 8986: 8939: 8761: 8506: 8430: 7651: 7469: 7389: 7196: 5582:"A Culture of Peaceful Coexistence: The Ottoman Turkish Example; by Prof. Dr. Ekmeleddin IHSANOGLU" 3312: 3178: 3177:

Mehmed II is recognized as the first sultan to codify criminal and constitutional law, long before

3028: 3019:

Mehmed had a strong interest in ancient Greek and medieval Byzantine civilization. His heroes were

2825: 1757:

In spring 1466, Sultan Mehmed marched with a large army against the Albanians. Under their leader,

1497: 1449:, who had promised to help him, seized the chance and instead attacked him trying to take back the 1345: 1072: 953: 375: 6634:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

6249:

The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography, and Military Studies

2707:

and loyalties than that of the sultan. Mehmed the Conqueror transitioned the empire away from the

2654:, granting them the freedom to move freely within the Empire, offer worship in their churches and 2217: 2058:

say that the entire battlefield was covered with the bones of the dead, a probable source for the

1898: 10081: 9742: 9578: 9323: 9260: 9034: 8974: 8968: 8861: 8832: 8713: 8530: 8465: 8459: 8388: 8105: 8085: 3890: 2669: 2584: 2567: 2537: 2533: 2237: 2152: 1770: 1524:. Mehmed invaded Bosnia and conquered it very quickly, executing Stephen Tomašević and his uncle 1446: 1291:

Mother, in my hand is the sword of Islam, without this hardship I should not deserve the name of

852: 805: 9082: 8130: 8050: 6783:

Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

5800:

Raby, J. (1 January 1982). "A Sultan of Paradox: Mehmed the Conqueror as a Patron of the Arts".

5747:

Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the fifteenth and sixteenth Centuries

5732:

Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

5652:

Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

5637:

Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

3268: 2640: 2225: 1762: 1575:). On 3 April 1463, however, the governor of the Morea, Isa Beg, took the Venetian-held town of 1065: 1046: 981: 10332: 10016: 9237: 9040: 8826: 8565: 8471: 8400: 8347: 8288: 8282: 8243: 3350: 3167: 2917: 2913: 2698:

Medal of Mehmet II, with mention "Emperor of Byzantium" ("Byzantii Imperatoris 1481"), made by

2431: 1817: 1490: 1148: 1110: 1037:

In 1456, Mehmed decided to continue his momentum towards the northwest and capture the city of

732: 707:, the companion and standard bearer of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, had died during the first 674: 653: 578: 527: 459: 187: 8161: 8135: 6705: 3160:. But after some days he died, on 3 May 1481, at the age of forty-nine, and was buried in his 2647: 1656:

Straits, the Sultan further ordered the creation of the new shipyard of Kadirga Limani in the

1546:

Scene depicts the fifth and greatest assault upon the Shkodra Castle by Ottoman forces in the

10181: 10134: 10099: 10057: 9998: 9938: 9231: 9189: 9166: 9028: 8980: 8927: 8767: 8737: 8595: 8294: 7801: 6498:"Mehmed: Fetihler Sultanı Mehmed kimdir? Serkan Çayoğlu kaç yaşında, hangi dizilerde oynadı?" 5300: 5289: 5017: 4042: 4003: 3964: 3622: 3503: 3400:

Pashas, Begs, and Effendis: A Historical Dictionary of Titles and Terms in the Ottoman Empire

2902: 2731:, who was of devşirme background as opposed to an aristocrat, and Zaganos Pasha's successor, 2404: 2400: 1377: 1370: 1168: 670: 632: 492: 9142: 8166: 8075: 7552: 5271:. Tirana: Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, Instituti i Historisë dhe Gjuhësisë, 1968, p. 72 3807: 2884:. The marriage was initially proposed by her father, but Mehmed refused. However, after the 1528:. Bosnia officially fell in 1463 and became the westernmost province of the Ottoman Empire. 1006: 716: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10217: 10093: 9913: 9328: 9265: 9225: 9160: 9130: 9118: 9100: 9046: 9010: 8921: 8879: 8796: 8743: 8660: 8418: 8412: 8406: 7511: 7134: 2854: 2781: 2674: 2611: 2524:

being appointed as the first Orthodox Patriarch, and established a Jewish Grand Rabbinate (

2521: 2392:. Several Italian city-states, Hungary, and France responded positively to the appeal. The 2352: 2054:

The Moldavian army was utterly defeated (casualties were very high on both sides), and the

1910: 1226: 1206: 856: 8672: 8207: 5225: 4689: 2426: 2241: 1792:

The agreement was established as a result of the Ottomans having reached the outskirts of

607:

after the Hungarian incursions into his country broke the conditions of the truce per the

450:

after the Hungarian incursions into his country broke the conditions of the truce per the

30:"Fatih Sultan Mehmed" redirects here. For the bridge that spans the Bosphorus strait, see 8: 10163: 10028: 9535: 9475: 9213: 9058: 8814: 8589: 8382: 7122: 7078: 6145: 3386:

Mehmed presented himself to the world as The Sultan of two lands and the Khan of two seas

3327: 3255: 3024: 2699: 2651: 2421: 2106: 1958: 1954: 1922: 1876: 1861: 1735: 1222: 1151:

bordered the southern Ottoman Balkans. The Ottomans had already invaded the region under

919: 844: 704: 9270: 8329: 8212: 7702: 7687: 3074:

thanks to his interest in Grecian antiquities and relics. It was on his orders that the

2748: 2396:

did not, however, as it had signed an expensive peace treaty with the Ottomans in 1479.

2174:. Skanderbeg had repeatedly sought assistance from Italy, and believed that the ongoing 1950: 1902: 1309:. The city held out for a month before the emperor David surrendered on 15 August 1461. 1106: 1076: 1002: 487:), based on the fact that Constantinople had been the seat and capital of the surviving 10267: 10187: 10128: 10122: 9606: 9550: 9511: 9333: 9318: 9243: 9148: 9016: 8992: 8903: 8897: 8885: 8873: 8701: 8642: 8583: 8542: 8453: 8317: 7806: 6302: 6244: 5947: 5914: 5895: 4933: 3220: 3067: 2885: 2877: 2858: 2682: 2393: 1999: 1625:

and equipping it with many cannons. They then proceeded to besiege the fortress of the

1618: 1614: 1576: 1555: 1509: 1353: 1275:

Mehmed the Conqueror's response came in the summer of 1461. He led a sizable army from

1265: 1198: 1172: 1160: 1042: 993: 907: 892: 697: 597: 7697: 7677: 4044:

The Grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II – Conqueror of Constantinople and Master of an Empire

2816:

Mehmed II had at least eight known consorts, at least one of whom was his legal wife.

2156: 2126: 1486: 1361:(Dracula), who had spent four years as a prisoner of Murad, together with his brother 1101: 1084: 59: 10312: 10234: 10063: 9980: 9634: 9373: 9343: 9219: 9094: 9088: 9070: 8867: 8808: 8755: 8518: 8236: 7827: 7062: 6842: 6814: 6794: 6767: 6737: 6715: 6685: 6657: 6638: 6616: 6606: 6578: 6559: 6383: 6252: 6181: 6153: 6128: 6025: 6002: 5983: 5952: 5934: 5855: 5817: 5698: 5523: 5304: 5177: 5155: 5076: 5056: 4992: 4558: 4505: 4419: 4394: 4369: 4333: 4299: 4221: 4189: 4164: 4108: 4048: 4009: 3970: 3870: 3600: 3509: 3470: 3260: 3210: 3141: 2960: 2844: 2678: 2563: 2471: 2408: 2369: 2314: 2136: 2080:

Stephen the Great retreated into the north-western part of Moldavia or even into the

2067: 2026: 1939: 1880: 1698:, the Venetians tried to take Lesbos in the spring of 1464, and besieged the capital 1665: 1587: 1525: 1462: 1376:

Vlad III Dracula fled to Moldavia, where he lived under the protection of his uncle,

1250: 1122: 1089: 989: 969: 949: 759: 582: 245: 207: 158: 8228: 8181: 7682: 7615: 7531: 7153: 3152:, however according to some historians his next voyage was planned to overthrow the 2850: 2752: 2628: 977: 336: 212: 10262: 10022: 9992: 9986: 9308: 9249: 9195: 9004: 8802: 8678: 8577: 8115: 6994: 5975: 5942: 5926: 5887: 5847: 5809: 5176:. Vol. 1: Empire of Gazis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 68. 3784: 3040: 3032: 2864: 2607: 2541: 2195: 2183: 2170:

In spring 1466, Sultan Mehmed marched with a large army against Skanderbeg and the

2101: 2074: 2031: 1991: 1888: 1868: 1809: 1782: 1707: 1547: 1441: 1358: 1322: 1210: 965: 927:

and boasted that he had avenged the Trojans by conquering the Greeks (Byzantines).

839:), based on the assertion that Constantinople had been the seat and capital of the 777: 762: 488: 463: 407: 395: 217: 7656: 7610: 6420: 6409: 6280: 2982:(1446 – Constantinople, 1514) – daughter of Gülbahar Hatun. She was the mother of 2555: 2322: 2089: 1109:

was ousted from power in March 1459. After that the Serbian throne was offered to

685: 443:

from August 1444 to September 1446 and then later from February 1451 to May 1481.

10211: 10199: 10087: 9974: 9918: 9900: 9890: 9728: 9708: 9620: 9363: 8891: 8684: 7516: 7128: 7073: 6905: 6884: 6828: 6808: 6747: 6699: 6671: 6632: 6596: 6427: 6416: 6405: 6173: 6076: 5324: 5208: 5139: 5039: 4552: 3438: 3419: 3382:

The Ottomans and the Mamluks: Imperial Diplomacy and Warfare in the Islamic World

2708: 2615: 2435: 2376:. Because of lack of food, Gedik Ahmed Pasha returned with most of his troops to 2283: 2257: 2213: 2039: 2022: 1622: 1607: 1505: 1454: 1362: 1156: 848: 740: 616: 612: 608: 451: 309: 261: 70: 7573: 7490: 2287: 2109:, half brother to Vlad the Impaler, for a period of 13 years from 1482 to 1495. 1083:

was dispatched with an army to the region in 1458, where he initially conquered

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Turks to withdraw to Albania, and Otranto was retaken by Papal forces in 1481.

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penetrated inside the forest and engaged the defenders in man-to-man fighting.

2015: 1892: 1638: 1583: 1421: 1293: 1194: 1164: 1019: 940: 828: 816: 720: 555: 467: 9855: 7661: 7526: 7140: 6887:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Roger Crowley, Judith Herrin & Colin Imber ( 5979: 5851: 5764:"Europe and the Turks: The Civilization of the Ottoman Empire | History Today" 5555: 5201: 4525: 10251: 10051: 9953: 9586: 9558: 9504: 9480: 9442: 9378: 9368: 9275: 9124: 8945: 8725: 8191: 8019: 7896: 7336: 7286: 6872: 6620: 6602: 6332:

Heywood, Colin (2009). "Mehmed II". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.).

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Ibn Kemal, Tevarih-i Al-i Osman, VII. Defter, ed. Ş. Turan, 1957, pp. 109-118

3788: 3596: 3090: 3063: 2829: 2728: 2589: 2571: 2202:). The major result of this campaign was the construction of the fortress of 1280: 1276: 1242: 1225:

formed alliances through royal marriages with various Muslim rulers. Emperor

1014: 820: 785: 781: 715:

discovered the tomb of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari. After the conquest, Mehmed built

620: 7024: 6877: 5930: 5487:"Gentile Bellini | The Sultan Mehmet II | NG3099 | National Gallery, London" 3663: 2143:

against the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Europe. Skanderbeg, son of

563: 329: 10238: 10157: 9880: 9600: 9353: 8625: 8512: 8394: 8176: 7943: 7739: 7306: 7006: 6869:

Chapter LXVIII: "Reign of Mahomet the Second, Extinction of Eastern Empire"

5956: 5813: 4362:

Osmanlı Kaynaklarına Göre Fatih Sultan Mehmed'in Siyasi ve Askeri Faaliyeti

3193: 3133: 2673:, or an autonomous religious community, and appointed the former Patriarch 2636: 2624: 2594: 2525: 2459: 2447: 2348: 2291: 2275: 1935: 1723: 1676: 1645: 1501: 1056: 961: 896: 840: 832: 712: 604: 586: 515: 471: 455: 447: 7485: 4366:

Mehmed the Conqueror's Political and Military Activity per Ottoman Sources

2359: 1669: 1100:. While the Hungarian troops were engaged in plunder near Užice, they got 758:

On 22 April, Mehmed transported his lighter warships overland, around the

10193: 9885: 9700: 9670: 9642: 9112: 9106: 8707: 8559: 8341: 8323: 8217: 7891: 7281: 3240: 3215: 3071: 2924: 2889: 2720: 2632: 2491: 2271: 2208: 1872: 1840:. As a result of this treaty, Venice acquired a weakened position in the 1657: 1653: 1626: 1603: 1284: 1137:

15th century portrait of Mehmed II (1432–1481), showing Italian influence

911: 906:

After the fall of Constantinople, Mehmed would also go on to conquer the

884: 744: 349: 3206: 3015:

The territorial extent of the Ottoman Empire upon the death of Mehmed II

2712: 2343: 1962: 1478: 1297:, and today and tomorrow I should have to cover my face in shame before 454:. When Mehmed II ascended the throne again in 1451, he strengthened the 9779: 9694: 9680: 9572: 8909: 8749: 8613: 8477: 8335: 8259: 7917: 7858: 7734: 7594: 7589: 7381: 7296: 7261: 7211: 7185: 7179: 6970: 6810:

The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century

6069: 5899: 3246: 2952: 2940: 2620: 2282:

earlier in the 15th century, the Crimean Tatars founded an independent

2159:, in 1444. Mehmed II was never successful in his efforts to subjugate 2132: 2122: 1884: 1796:. Based on the terms of the treaty, the Venetians were allowed to keep 1758: 1719: 1695: 1599: 1234: 1230: 1189: 1117:, Mehmed personally led an army against the Serbian capital, capturing 900: 888: 276: 266: 138: 5029: 2191: 1754:. The Venetian relief navy was defeated, and Negroponte was captured. 811: 10175: 10045: 9794: 9774: 9736: 9722: 9662: 9656: 9628: 9614: 9544: 9358: 8784: 8654: 8601: 8424: 8009: 7948: 7922: 7912: 7884: 7863: 7832: 7765: 7718: 7495: 7331: 7311: 7301: 7291: 7276: 7266: 7246: 7231: 7221: 7206: 7116: 3618:"Bosphorus (i.e. Bosporus), View from Kuleli, Constantinople, Turkey" 3157: 3109: 3098: 3086: 3075: 2983: 2824:

Mehmed II was the last sultan to legally marry until 1533/1534, when

2769: 2660: 2655: 2318: 2171: 2055: 2047: 1987: 1837: 1829: 1572: 1417: 1406: 1326: 1269: 1246: 1202: 1133: 1118: 1023: 997: 876: 728: 689: 681: 458:

and made preparations to attack Constantinople. At the age of 21, he

5891: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 4729:

Student paper for Romanian Student Association, Stanford University.

4609: 3011: 2450:, where he ordered the building to be protected. He ordered that an 2179: 1801: 1394:

In 1459, Mehmed II sent envoys to Vlad to urge him to pay a delayed

1344:

The Ottomans since the early 15th century tried to bring Wallachia (

1071:

Shortly before the end of the year 1456, roughly 5 months after the

658: 9933: 9819: 9809: 9804: 9447: 9207: 7979: 7879: 7842: 7791: 7781: 7692: 7547: 7521: 7326: 7271: 7256: 7236: 7226: 7201: 7169: 7159: 7147: 6951: 6934: 6408:. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group – One Thousand Turkish Lira – 6398: 5092: 3617: 3330:

in the Turkish television series "Mehmed: Fetihler Sultanı" (2024).

3122: 3094: 3020: 2761: 2743: 2603: 2559: 2487: 2463: 2117: 1990:, more than fifty years before Mehmed II but after the destructive 1966: 1813: 1699: 1630: 1473: 1384: 1254: 1152: 1038: 973: 851:

and most of, if not all, Western Europe, but was recognized by the

692:

on the Asian side; Mehmed erected an even stronger fortress called

593: 559: 503: 319: 104: 85: 3750:: Krijna Nelly Ciggaar, Adelbert Davids, Herman G. B. Teule, p. 51 3162: 3128: 3114: 2548: 2434:, built by order of Sultan Mehmed II in Constantinople, the first 2297:

The Crimean Tatars controlled the steppes that stretched from the

2230: 2221: 2164: 1971: 1852: 1766: 1644:

Ottoman reaction was swift and decisive: Mehmed II dispatched his

1167:, Mehmed ordered Ottoman troops to attack the Morea. The despots, 1097: 827:

After the conquest of Constantinople, Mehmed claimed the title of

623:

states that Mehmed II did not ask for his father. Instead, it was

10151: 9850: 9814: 9784: 9754: 9452: 9348: 7969: 7760: 7620: 7464: 7316: 7216: 7191: 7111: 7101: 6243: 5878:

Raby, Julian (1983). "Mehmed the Conqueror's Greek Scriptorium".

5621: 3432:

The Rise of Turkey: The Twenty-First Century's First Muslim Power

3093:. Young men condemned to death were spared and added to Mehmed's 3085:

Some sources claim that Mehmed had a passion for his hostage and

2874: 2716: 2455: 2389: 2377: 2373: 2203: 2160: 2085: 2059: 2035: 1976: 1906: 1816:

coastline, and they relinquished control of the Greek islands of

1805: 1778: 1727: 1591: 1513: 1395: 1333: 1317: 1181: 1114: 1031: 880: 752: 711:. As Mehmed II's army approached Constantinople, Mehmed's sheikh 304: 6203:"Fatih, Hakan ve Roma Kayzeri | İlber Ortaylı | Milliyet.com.tr" 5126:

The A to Z of Moldova, Andrei Brezianu, Vlad Spânu, p. 242, 2010

5117:

The A to Z of Moldova, Andrei Brezianu, Vlad Spânu, p. 273, 2010

3140:

In 1481 Mehmed marched with the Ottoman army, but upon reaching

2892:. In exchange, Mehmed had the Zaganos's daughter as his consort. 1457:

and Mehmed II withdrew, having left Radu as ruler of Wallachia.

945: 666: 411:; 30 March 1432 – 3 May 1481), commonly known as 10116: 9789: 9527: 9437: 9432: 9289: 8790: 6125:

The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire

5351:"Mehmed II | Bellini, Gentile | V&A Search the Collections" 3224: 3145: 3036: 2777: 2499: 1931: 1841: 1825: 1821: 1797: 1793: 1774: 1747: 1739: 1731: 1715: 1711: 1706:

In April 1466, the Venetian war effort was reinvigorated under

1687: 1661: 1595: 1563: 1559: 1433: 1424: 1413: 1399: 1388: 1258: 1093: 1051: 1010: 985: 801: 770: 766: 662:

The Ottoman Empire at the beginning of Mehmed II's second reign

603:

During Mehmed II's first reign, he defeated the crusade led by

570: 551: 543: 511: 507: 356: 154: 5391: 5389: 5211:(The special role of artillery in the larger Moldavian armies) 3144:

he became ill. He was just beginning new campaigns to capture

673:, built by Sultan Mehmed II between 1451 and 1452, before the 506:

with its reunification and in Southeast Europe as far west as

9875: 9870: 9860: 9845: 9835: 9799: 9769: 9427: 7434: 7106: 5522:(3 ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 272. 4266:

Asia Minor Studies - International Journal of Social Sciences

3921:"List of Ecumenical Patriarchs – The Ecumenical Patriarchate" 3118: 3055: 2956: 2899: 2479: 2467: 2306: 2298: 2279: 2093: 1914: 1833: 1746:, which was being besieged by a joint force of Venetians and 1634: 1517: 1298: 736: 519: 482: 423: 389: 175: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 1340:, which resulted in a failed assassination attempt of Mehmed 9865: 9840: 8483: 5386: 4732: 4639: 4627: 4583: 4391:

The Crusade of 1456: Texts and Documentation in Translation

2916:, brother of Anna Hatun's father and by him she had a son, 2765: 2475: 2451: 2381: 2305:, but they were unable to take control over the commercial 1913:, a younger son, declared himself as the bey of Karaman in 1828:. Moreover, the Venetians were forced to pay 100,000 ducat 1734:, the Ottomans' major regional base. He failed to take the 924: 446:

In Mehmed II's first reign, he defeated the crusade led by

6673:

A history of modern Europe From the fall of Constantinople

5202:

Rolul distinctiv al artileriei în marile oști moldovenești

3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 27:

7th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1444–1446, 1451–1481)

9496: 6682:

Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923

6654:

Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923

4432: 4368:] (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu. pp. 122–123. 3320: 3299: 3101:

went to great lengths to procure young noblemen for him.

2992:

Kamerhan Hatun. She married her cousin Hasan Bey, son of

2614:

to translate Christian doctrine into Turkish, and called

2474:

cathedral was transformed into a Muslim mosque through a

1743: 1742:, the capital of Peloponnese and the seat of the Ottoman 1238: 1061: 847:

supported his claim. The claim was not recognized by the

581:

by practitioners of science, particularly by his mentor,

6714:. New Haven CT and London: Yale University Press, 2010. 6364: 5711: 5075:

Cilt I, Akdtyttk Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 pp. 256–258.

5055:

Cilt I, Akdtykttk Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 pp. 256–257

4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4298:] (in Turkish). Oğlak Yayıncılık. pp. 132–137. 3319:

His childhood is portrayed by Miraç Sözer in web series

2772:, in the days leading up to the fall of Constantinople. 6050: 5556:"Croatia and Ottoman Empire, Ahdnama, Sultan Mehmet II" 5467: 4768: 4756: 4651: 4554:

The Balkans: Roumania, Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro

4107:] (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu. pp. 13–18. 3891:"Gennadios II Scholarios | patriarch of Constantinople" 3834:"Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924" 3729: 3686: 3577: 3575: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3541: 3539: 3537: 2415: 1836:

per year in order to acquire trading privileges in the

1229:

married his daughter to the son of his brother-in-law,

793:

The spider is curtain-bearer in the palace of Chosroes,

9413:

2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny

4751:

Dracula: Prince of many faces – His life and his times

2955:(22 December 1459, Constantinople – 25 February 1495; 2554:

Two centuries later, the well-known Ottoman itinerant

1312: 795:

The owl sounds the relief in the castle of Afrasiyab.

8258: 6978: 6734:

The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power

6637:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 6601:. Bollingen Series 96. Translated from the German by 6237: 6138: 5431: 5402: 4470: 4451: 3705: 2139:

and a former member of the Ottoman ruling elite, led

1812:

for many months, as well as other territories on the

1682:

In the meantime, the Venetian Republic had appointed

968:

in 1389. The Ottoman ruler had a connection with the

6813:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. 6359:

Minorities and the destruction of the Ottoman Empire

5758: 5756: 5269:

Lufta shqiptaro-turke në shekullin XV. Burime osmane

5233:(Anniversaries on 26 July 2005. A historical moment) 4663: 3572: 3551: 3534: 3444: 2270:, had been inhabiting the peninsula since the early 2236:

After Skanderbeg died, Mehmed II personally led the

1216: 1128: 776:

When Sultan Mehmed II stepped into the ruins of the

6736:. 2nd Edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 5519:

Venetian Narrative Painting in the Age of Carpaccio

5381:

Istanbul and the Civilization if the Ottoman Empire

4504:] (in Turkish). K Kitaplığı. pp. 228–229. 4332:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 323–325. 4220:] (in Turkish). Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 109. 3413:

The Essential World History, Volume II: Since 1500.

2738: 1531: 1516:soon fell, leaving Stephen Tomašević to retreat to 585:, and he followed their approach. The influence of 569:When Mehmed II was eleven years old he was sent to 6180:. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 56. 5913:Akkoc, Yunus; Gozuacik, Devrim (18 October 2018). 5669: 5288: 3379: 2112: 1847: 1188:A few holdouts remained for a time. The island of 6201:sitesi, milliyet.com.tr Türkiye'nin lider haber. 6166: 5753: 4989:"1474 | George Merula: The Siege of Shkodra" 4418:(in Turkish). Yeditepe Yayınevi. pp. 93–97. 4163:(in Turkish). Yeditepe Yayınevi. pp. 73–84. 1887:initially centred around the modern provinces of 1405:Meanwhile, the Sultan sent the Bey of Nicopolis, 930: 10249: 4981: 4496:Aşıkpaşazade, Ahmed (2003). Yavuz, Kemal (ed.). 3969:. University of California Press. pp. 38–. 2005: 1710:: the fleet took the northern Aegean islands of 980:– and he used that fact to claim Serbian lands. 627:'s effort to bring Murad II back to the throne. 52:The sultan of two lands and the khan of two seas 5974:, Duke University Press, 1998, pp. 17–44, 5749:. Architectural History Foundation. p. 18. 5734:. Architectural History Foundation. p. 15. 5663: 5661: 5654:. Architectural History Foundation. p. 16. 5639:. Architectural History Foundation. p. 21. 5283: 5174:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 3251:(2012). His childhood is portrayed by Ege Uslu. 3230:Portrayed by Sami Ayanoğlu in the Turkish film 3199: 2689: 2610:to continue functioning, ordered the patriarch 1209:was the military commander there, stationed at 1155:, destroying the Byzantine defenses – the 863:with all the ceremonial elements, ethnarch (or 466:. After the conquest, Mehmed claimed the title 6793:. Brookline MA: Hellenic College Press, 1990. 6127:. Oxford University Press. pp. 303–304 n. 51. 5452:: Fikret Adanır, Suraiya Faroqhi, p. 358, 2002 5242: 5240: 4864: 4862: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3397: 2407:. A contingent of troops was provided by king 1279:by land and the Ottoman navy by sea, first to 9512: 8244: 7397: 7054: 7040: 6758: 6251:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 255–256. 6152:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 81–82. 6011: 5912: 5425: 5383:. 1, University of Oklahoma Press, 1963. p. 6 3244: 2966:Şehzade Nureddin. Probably died as an infant. 2606:and Greek scholars at his court, allowed the 2578: 2332: 1387:. Hunyadi began a concerted counterattack in 1068:regained possession of some parts of Serbia. 647: 533: 10318:Ottoman people of the Byzantine–Ottoman wars 6279:(in Turkish). 6 January 2015. Archived from 5658: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4888: 4886: 4849: 4847: 4834: 4832: 4785: 4783: 4495: 4188:. Center for Romanian Studies. p. 205. 3962: 2667:Within Constantinople, Mehmed established a 2438:built in the city after the Ottoman conquest 1468: 10323:Ottoman people of the Ottoman–Venetian Wars 10298:Burials at Fatih Mosque Graveyard, Istanbul 5279: 5277: 5237: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4859: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4445: 4393:. University of Toronto Press. p. 26. 4098: 4040: 4008:. Stanford University Press. pp. 78–. 4001: 3724:The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare 3642: 3422:By William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel 2593:Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror with patriarch 2155:in a military and diplomatic alliance, the 1508:to the Ottomans, he sent for help from the 859:, a staunch antagonist of the West, as the 435:'the Father of Conquest'; Turkish: 430: 10293:15th-century sultans of the Ottoman Empire 9519: 9505: 8251: 8237: 7404: 7390: 7047: 7033: 5689:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5246:Setton, Hazard & Norman (1969), p. 327 5014:Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World 4868:Setton, Hazard & Norman (1969), p. 326 4686:"Vlad the Impaler second rule [3]" 4680: 4678: 4034: 3866:Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453 3508:. Princeton University Press. p. 11. 1664:), and of two forts to guard the Straits, 887:, became admiral of the Ottoman fleet and 875:personal favorite of Mehmed and served as 58: 6836: 6780: 6575:Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium 6439: 6207:Milliyet Haber – Türkiye'nin Haber Sitesi 6086: 6084: 5946: 5837: 5744: 5729: 5649: 5634: 5249: 4943: 4910: 4883: 4844: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4780: 4710: 3995: 3735: 3699: 1832:and agreed to a tribute of around 10,000 937:List of campaigns of Mehmed the Conqueror 7411: 6746: 6591: 6442:"A Rossini Masterwork Ahead of Its Time" 6370: 6231: 6172: 6107: 6105: 6056: 5717: 5473: 5274: 4964: 4795: 4762: 4738: 4669: 4657: 4645: 4633: 4589: 4289: 4211: 4183: 3956: 3592: 3590: 3501: 3127: 3108: 3010: 2742: 2693: 2588: 2425: 2358: 2342: 2251: 2116: 2009: 1851: 1541: 1472: 1332: 1316: 1264:After John's death in 1459, his brother 1132: 944: 810: 688:had been built by his great-grandfather 665: 657: 550:Mehmed II was born on 30 March 1432, in 537: 499:, albeit not by most European monarchs. 6754:. Istanbul: Çituri Biraderler Basımevi. 6670:Dyer, T. H., & Hassall, A. (1901). 6572: 6331: 6144: 6017: 5919:The Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology 5667: 5437: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5408: 4675: 4544: 4263: 3862: 3581: 3566: 3545: 3450: 2975:Mehmed II had at least four daughters: 2898:(1442–1469). Daughter of the despot of 2530:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople 2446:, he immediately rode his horse to the 2327:tributary princes of the Ottoman Empire 495:. The claim was soon recognized by the 14: 10250: 9418:2020 International Maturidi Conference 6803: 6679: 6651: 6553: 6399:Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey 6081: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5833: 5831: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5255: 5099:from the original on 28 September 2013 4975: 4949: 4921: 4904: 4892: 4877: 4853: 4838: 4812: 4806: 4789: 4688:. Exploringromania.com. Archived from 4550: 4502:Aşıkpaşazade's History of the Ottomans 4483: 4464: 4388: 4359: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4327: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4259: 4257: 3953:. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 115–116. 3711: 3462: 2834:Mehmed II's eight known consorts are: 2458:: "I testify that there is no god but 1613:In early August, the Venetians retook 861:ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople 9929:The Revival of the Religious Sciences 9500: 8232: 7385: 7028: 6313:from the original on 25 February 2020 6102: 5515: 5231:Calendar 26 iulie 2005.Moment istoric 5152:Istoria României (History of Romania) 5134: 5132: 4991:. Albanianhistory.net. Archived from 4719:from the original on 20 November 2012 4413: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4207: 4205: 4186:John Hunyadi: Defender of Christendom 4158: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4005:East West Mimesis: Auerbach in Turkey 3951:The Nature of the Early Ottoman State 3810:. Milliyet.com.tr. 19 December 2004. 3774: 3587: 3271:in the Turkish surreal comedy series 2454:meet him there in order to chant the 1879:principalities collectively known as 1554:According to the Byzantine historian 406: 9687:Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Azhari 8450:(d. beginning of the 6th century AH) 7347:First Ottoman caliph • Caliph only 6627: 6478:from the original on 3 December 2023 6361:, Salâhi Ramadan Sonyel, p. 14, 1993 6113:The structure of the Ottoman Dynasty 6038:from the original on 12 October 2020 5877: 5799: 5414: 5171: 5165: 4940:(London, 1853–1857) Vol 2, pp. 84–85 4823: 4774: 4704: 4061:from the original on 12 October 2013 4022:from the original on 12 October 2013 3983:from the original on 12 October 2013 3901:from the original on 31 October 2017 3814:from the original on 31 October 2007 3748:East and West in the Crusader States 3630:from the original on 20 October 2013 3522:from the original on 12 October 2020 3483:from the original on 12 October 2020 3070:of Imbros, who mentions Mehmed as a 2416:Return to Constantinople (1453–1478) 2403:raised an army to be led by his son 2240:, of which early Ottoman chronicler 1860:(Declaration of conquest) after the 1420:. Allegedly disguising himself as a 1349: 800:Some Muslim scholars claimed that a 491:since its consecration in 330 AD by 475: 416: 379: 6785:. Architectural History Foundation. 6440:Tommasini, Anthony (30 July 2012). 5866: 5828: 5786: 4713:"Dracula: Between Myth and Reality" 4346: 4312: 4272:(5): 115–132 – via Dergipark. 3664:"Byzantium: A Tale of Three Cities" 3610: 3341:Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire 3156:and to capture Egypt and claim the 3132:Mehmed II on the backside of 1,000 3104: 2873:. Daughter of the Greek emperor of 2686:which it remained until the 1920s. 1986:s was first accomplished by Sultan 1942:captured the coastal region of the 1660:(named after the "kadirga" type of 1313:Submission of Wallachia (1459–1462) 1249:, and from the king and princes of 1163:in 1446. Before the final siege of 815:The entry of Sultan Mehmed II into 24: 6452:from the original on 24 April 2018 6334:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 6213:from the original on 23 April 2019 6200: 5606:The Ottoman Centuries Lord Kinross 5562:from the original on 18 March 2016 5331:from the original on 1 August 2012 5216: 5129: 5071:Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: 5051:Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: 4938:Istoria tis Ellinikis Epanastaseos 4571:from the original on 29 April 2016 4296:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Times 4276: 4234: 4218:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Times 4202: 4147: 4135: 4121: 4099:Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı (2019). 4073: 2936:Mehmed II had at least four sons: 2597:depicted on an 18th-century mosaic 2248:as a condition of ending the war. 1789:as a condition of ending the war. 1590:invaded Bosnia. At the same time, 1445:branch). His best friend and ally 502:Mehmed continued his conquests in 174:Hünkârçayırı (Tekfurçayırı), near 25: 10349: 9593:Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi 8260:Maturidi school of Sunni theology 6857: 6833:. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 6727:Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time 6704:. Baltimore: J. Murphy & Co. 6598:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time 6530:from the original on 7 March 2024 6504:from the original on 7 March 2024 5588:from the original on 3 March 2016 5536:from the original on 9 April 2017 5497:from the original on 9 April 2017 5361:from the original on 9 April 2017 5031:The Encyclopedia of World History 3844:from the original on 24 July 2019 3674:from the original on 8 March 2017 3505:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time 3297:in the Turkish television series 3258:in the Turkish television series 3097:if he found them attractive, and 2372:invaded Italy in 1480, capturing 2147:(who had joined the unsuccessful 1949:Pir Ahmet as well as his brother 1726:. On 12 July, Cappello landed at 1257:in 1456, the Ottoman governor of 1217:Conquest of Trebizond (1460–1461) 1129:Conquest of the Morea (1458–1460) 1034:'s grave in Kosovo on the way. 784:, he uttered the famous lines of 709:Siege of Constantinople (674–678) 518:. Among other things, Istanbul's 10233: 9753: 9288: 8821:Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi 7443: 7412: 7352: 7351: 7012: 7000: 6988: 6766:(in German). Tübingen: Wasmuth. 6516: 6490: 6464: 6433: 6392: 6376: 6352: 6340: 6325: 6295: 6265: 6225: 6194: 6178:The Fall of Constantinople: 1453 6117: 6093: 6062: 5995: 5963: 5906: 5774:from the original on 12 May 2017 5738: 5723: 5643: 5609: 5600: 5574: 5548: 5516:Brown, Patricia Fortini (1994). 5509: 5479: 4608:. Angiolello.net. Archived from 4416:Büyük Türk - Fatih Sultan Mehmed 4161:Büyük Türk - Fatih Sultan Mehmed 3931:from the original on 2 July 2017 3006: 2739:Patronage of Renaissance artists 2639:that he constructed, he erected 2518:Ecumenical Orthodox Patriarchate 2176:Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479) 1538:Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479) 1532:Ottoman-Venetian War (1463–1479) 895:. He eventually served twice as 739:, a giant cannon similar to the 361: 9184:Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi 6878:Constantinople Siege & Fall 6430:. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009. 6150:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall 5455: 5443: 5373: 5343: 5317: 5261: 5190: 5154:, Ed. Corint, Bucharest, 2002, 5120: 5111: 5085: 5065: 5045: 5023: 5007: 4955: 4927: 4898: 4871: 4744: 4595: 4518: 4489: 4407: 4382: 4177: 3943: 3913: 3883: 3856: 3826: 3800: 3777:Journal of Early Modern History 3765: 3753: 3741: 3717: 3656: 3346:Decline of the Byzantine Empire 2828:married his favorite concubine 2798:History of Mehmed the Conqueror 2790:Anabasis of Alexander the Great 2532:in the capital, as part of the 2274:. After the destruction of the 2113:Conquest of Albania (1466–1478) 2014:Mehmed the Second, portrait by 1848:Anatolian conquests (1464–1473) 566:, a slave of uncertain origin. 554:, then the capital city of the 8371:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari 6524:"En çok 'Fatih'e duygulanıyor" 5464:, Ira M. Lapidus, p. 272, 2002 5462:A History of Islamic Societies 4557:. London: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 3495: 3456: 3425: 3406: 3391: 3373: 3233:The Conquest of Constantinople 2486:cultural complex, two sets of 2351:of Mehmed II the Conqueror by 1871:era in the second half of the 1338:The Night Attack of Târgovişte 1041:, which had been ceded to the 931:Conquest of Serbia (1454–1459) 916:two campaigns in 1458 and 1460 497:Patriarchate of Constantinople 13: 1: 9023:Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui 7366:Heads of the Osmanoğlu family 6965:3 February 1451 – 3 May 1481 6946:August 1444 ‒ September 1446 6837:Stavrides, Théoharis (2001). 6472:"Kızılelma: Bir Fetih Öyküsü" 5618:: James Patrick, p. 170, 2007 4292:Fatih Sultan Mehmed ve Zamanı 4214:Fatih Sultan Mehmed ve Zamanı 3599:, (2009), Truvanın İntikamı ( 3361: 2627:), waterways, and Istanbul's 2388:repeated his 1481 call for a 2006:War with Moldavia (1475–1476) 1738:and was forced to retreat to 1586:, landed in the Morea, while 1143:Ottoman conquest of the Morea 751:and defended by twenty-eight 609:Treaties of Edirne and Szeged 452:Treaties of Edirne and Szeged 5915:"Autophagy and liver cancer" 5450:The Ottomans and the Balkans 3760:The Lord of the Panther-Skin 3366: 3200:Portrayal in popular culture 2970: 2847:. Mother of Şehzade Mustafa. 2690:Centralization of government 2266:, collectively known as the 2149:Albanian revolt of 1432–1436 1594:began assembling an army at 1205:, in the Morea's northwest. 642: 611:in September 1444. Cardinal 483: 441:sultan of the Ottoman Empire 424: 390: 122:3 February 1451 – 3 May 1481 96:August 1444 – September 1446 82:Sultan of the Ottoman Empire 7: 9715:Muhammad ibn 'Ali Ba 'Alawi 9467:Maturidi-related templates 9384:Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad 6676:. London: G. Bell and Sons. 6349:: John Freely, p. 180, 2009 5616:Renaissance and Reformation 5399:23, (1969): 229–249. p. 236 5297:University of Toronto Press 4360:Tansel, Selahattin (1953). 4328:Setton, Kenneth M. (1989). 3966:In Search of the Trojan War 3808:"Milliyet İnternet – Pazar" 3380:Cihan Yüksel Muslu (2014). 3334: 3321:Kızılelma: Bir Fetih Öyküsü 3054:At times, he assembled the 2819: 2339:Ottoman invasion of Otranto 2238:siege of Shkodra in 1478–79 1722:, and then sailed into the 1005:on the 2nd of October near 883:. The younger son, renamed 562:(1404–1451) and his mother 10: 10354: 9526: 8744:'Abd al-Hakim al-Siyalkoti 8490:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi 8301:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi 8081:Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin 7990:Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin 7441: 6830:The evolution of sea-power 6827:Silburn, P. A. B. (1912). 6725:İnalcık; Halil, Review of 6546: 6247:; Walter K. Hanak (2011). 5491:www.nationalgallery.org.uk 4961:Setton (1978), pp. 284–285 4047:. Overlook. pp. 95–. 3762:, Shota Rustaveli, p. xiii 3469:. I.B. Tauris. p. 9. 3402:. Isis Press. p. 150. 3190:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge 3117:of Mehmed II (d. 1481) in 2923:Hatice Hatun. Daughter of 2582: 2579:Administration and culture 2540:built by the Grand Vizier 2419: 2336: 2333:Expedition to Italy (1480) 2311:Gazaria (Genoese colonies) 2255: 2220:of the fortress of Croia ( 1535: 1323:Vlad (Dracula) the Impaler 1140: 934: 872:Constantine XI Palaiologos 651: 648:Conquest of Constantinople 542:Accession of Mehmed II in 534:Early life and first reign 524:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge 462:and brought an end to the 32:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge 29: 10231: 10144: 10109: 10038: 9961: 9952: 9899: 9828: 9762: 9751: 9534: 9465: 9408: 9401: 9304: 9297: 9286: 9176: 9065:Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i 8961: 8854: 8845:Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan 8777: 8694: 8635: 8552: 8525:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar 8499: 8440: 8357: 8336:Fakhr al-Islam al-Bazdawi 8310: 8275: 8266: 8200: 8172:Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim 8154: 8141:Şehzade Mehmed Nizameddin 8126:Şehzade Mehmed Şerafeddin 8101:Şehzade Mehmed Abdülhalim 8091:Şehzade Mehmed Cemaleddin 8066:Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir 8046:Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin 8038: 8015:Şehzade Mahmud Celaleddin 7962: 7936: 7905: 7872: 7851: 7820: 7774: 7748: 7727: 7711: 7670: 7644: 7603: 7582: 7561: 7540: 7504: 7478: 7452: 7422: 7345: 7097: 7069: 6967: 6958: 6948: 6939: 6931: 6926: 6899: 6781:Necipoğlu, Gülru (1991). 6680:Finkel, Caroline (2007). 6656:. New York: Basic Books. 6652:Finkel, Caroline (2005). 6123:Leslie P. Peirce (1993). 5980:10.1215/9780822399896-002 5852:10.1163/22118993-90000183 5745:Necipoğlu, Gülru (1991). 5730:Necipoğlu, Gülru (1991). 5650:Necipoğlu, Gülru (1991). 5635:Necipoğlu, Gülru (1991). 5207:27 September 2007 at the 5172:Shaw, Stanford J (1976). 5093:"Karamanogullari Beyligi" 4389:Mixson, James D. (2022). 4330:A History of the Crusades 3653:Silburn, P. A. B. (1912). 3219:. Rossini and librettist 3154:Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt 2855:Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey 2811: 2507: 2077:for "The White Valley"). 1469:Conquest of Bosnia (1463) 1026:, which Mehmed put under 964:intermittently since the 408:[icinˈdʒiˈmehmet] 355: 345: 325: 315: 303: 294: 289: 285: 251: 244: 195: 182: 164: 148: 144: 134: 126: 118: 110: 100: 92: 80: 57: 46: 41: 10076:Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi 9924:The Alchemy of Happiness 9909:Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya 9649:Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili 9202:Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi 9155:Muhammad Shafi' Deobandi 9053:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri 8999:Imdadullah Muhajir Makki 8981:Rahmatullah al-Kairanawi 8975:Shihab al-Din al-Marjani 8969:'Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi 8952:'Abd al-Ghani al-Maydani 8940:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi 8833:'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi 8811:(d. 1158 AH, or 1178 AH) 8762:Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji 8507:Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi 8448:Abu al-Thana' al-Lamishi 8431:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi 8096:Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri 8071:Şehzade Mahmud Necmeddin 8056:Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin 8030:Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin 7985:Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin 7084:Family tree (simplified) 6021:Turkey's Religious Sites 5970:"Circular Definitions", 4551:Miller, William (1896). 4498:Osmanoğulları'nın Tarihi 4290:Babinger, Franz (2003). 4212:Babinger, Franz (2003). 4184:Muresanu, Camil (2018). 3949:Lowry, Heath W. (2003). 3789:10.1163/157006510X512223 3502:Babinger, Franz (1978). 3437:18 February 2018 at the 3418:18 February 2018 at the 3313:Rise of Empires: Ottoman 3196:note from 1986 to 1992. 3179:Suleiman the Magnificent 2867:. Mother of Şehzade Cem. 2826:Suleiman the Magnificent 2482:rule in Constantinople. 2246:Treaty of Constantinople 1787:Treaty of Constantinople 558:. His father was Sultan 460:conquered Constantinople 10308:Medieval child monarchs 10158:Muzaffar al-Din Gökböri 9743:Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi 9551:'Abd al-Qadir al-Gilani 9261:Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri 9035:Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi 8916:Muhammad 'Abid al-Sindi 8862:Gelenbevi Ismail Efendi 8732:'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi 8572:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari 8531:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti 8460:Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki 8389:Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi 8146:Şehzade Mehmed Ertuğrul 6760:Müller-Wiener, Wolfgang 6573:Nicolle, David (2000). 6554:Arnold, Thomas (2001). 6277:Güncel Kaynağın Merkezi 6099:Uluçay 2011, pp. 39, 42 6024:. Damko. p. 1997. 5931:10.5152/tjg.2018.150318 5697:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 5668:İnalcık, Halil (1991). 5558:. Croatianhistory.net. 4530:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi 4414:Jorga, Nicolae (2018). 4159:Jorga, Nicolae (2018). 4105:History of the Ottomans 3895:Encyclopædia Britannica 3863:Crowley, Roger (2009). 3398:Gustav Bayerle (1997). 3300:Mehmed Bir Cihan Fatihi 2931: 2914:Alexander Komnenos Asen 2747:Portrait of Mehmed, by 2585:Millet (Ottoman Empire) 2538:Rum Mehmed Pasha Mosque 2153:Albanian principalities 1447:Stephen III of Moldavia 1201:. The last holdout was 855:. Mehmed had installed 853:Eastern Orthodox Church 733:Siege of Constantinople 514:and parts of the wider 10303:Fall of Constantinople 10152:Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi 9999:'Abd al-Wahid ibn Zaid 9565:Baha' al-Din Naqshband 9324:Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya 9238:Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni 9137:Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan 9131:Husayn Ahmad al-Madani 9041:Shakarim Qudayberdiuli 8839:İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi 8827:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 8714:Hasan Kafi al-Aqhisari 8566:Shams al-Din al-Fanari 8537:Baha' al-Din Naqshband 8472:Saif ed-Din al-Boharsi 8365:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi 8348:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi 8289:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi 8283:Abu Mansur al-Maturidi 8111:Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin 8061:Şehzade Ibrahim Tevfik 8005:Şehzade Selim Süleyman 8000:Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin 7995:Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin 7079:Family tree (detailed) 6883:4 January 2019 at the 6864:Contemporary portraits 6752:The Tourists' Istanbul 6698:Fredet, Peter (1888). 6556:The Renaissance at War 6018:Edmonds, Anna (1997). 5327:. Avalanchepress.com. 3245: 3137: 3125: 3060:Ciriaco de' Pizzicolli 3016: 2851:Sittişah Mukrime Hatun 2756: 2733:Mahmud Pasha Angelović 2703: 2598: 2528:) and the prestigious 2439: 2368:An Ottoman army under 2365: 2356: 2199: 2187: 2129: 2018: 1982:Uniting the Anatolian 1864: 1804:. However, they ceded 1650:Mahmud Pasha Angelović 1562:) with 100,000 silver 1551: 1485:The despot of Serbia, 1482: 1438: 1341: 1330: 1303: 1149:Despotate of the Morea 1138: 1045:by the Serbian despot 957: 824: 798: 677: 675:Fall of Constantinople 663: 654:Fall of Constantinople 547: 436: 399: 295:Meḥemmed bin Murad Han 10218:'Izz al-Din al-Qassam 10182:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi 10135:Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi 10100:Abu al-Husain al-Nuri 10058:Al-Harith al-Muhasibi 9256:Muhammad Rafi' Usmani 9232:Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri 9190:Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi 9167:Abdul Majid Daryabadi 9029:Mahmud Hasan Deobandi 8928:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi 8768:Khayr al-Din al-Ramli 8738:Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri 8596:Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam 8295:Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi 8121:Şehzade Mahmud Şevket 8025:Şehzade Mehmed Şevket 6789:Philippides, Marios, 6577:. Osprey Publishing. 6090:Babinger 1992, p. 230 5880:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 5397:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 5355:collections.vam.ac.uk 5018:Alexander Mikaberidze 3963:Michael Wood (1985). 3869:. Faber & Faber. 3726:, Jim Bradbury, p. 68 3623:World Digital Library 3607:), p. 2, (In Turkish) 3463:Freely, John (2009). 3131: 3112: 3014: 2903:Demetrios Palaiologos 2886:conquest of Trebizond 2841:Mother of Bayezid II. 2746: 2697: 2592: 2429: 2420:Further information: 2405:Alphonso II of Naples 2401:Ferdinand I of Naples 2362: 2346: 2252:Crimean policy (1475) 2120: 2013: 1899:İbrahim II of Karaman 1883:emerged in Anatolia. 1855: 1639:after a 3-month siege 1545: 1476: 1430: 1373:clan, to the throne. 1336: 1320: 1289: 1177:Albanian-Greek revolt 1169:Demetrios Palaiologos 1136: 992:) and Omolhisar, and 948: 935:Further information: 814: 790: 671:Roumeli Hissar Castle 669: 661: 633:Ibrahim II of Karaman 619:on 10 November 1444. 541: 530:are named after him. 493:Emperor Constantine I 66:Portrait of Mehmet II 10258:Mehmed the Conqueror 10094:Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi 10082:Abu Sa'id al-Kharraz 9579:Mu'in al-Din Chishti 9389:Hak Dīni Kur'an Dili 9266:Muhammad Taqi Usmani 9226:Muhammad Salim Qasmi 9161:Abul Wafa Al Afghani 9119:Kifayatullah Dehlawi 9101:Shabbir Ahmad Usmani 9083:Muhammed Hamdi Yazır 9047:Muhammad Ali Mungeri 9011:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi 8922:Mamluk Ali Nanautawi 8880:Ghabdennasir Qursawi 8797:Ismail Haqqi Bursevi 8661:Abdul Quddus Gangohi 8590:Badr al-Din al-'Ayni 8466:Mu'in al-Din Chishti 8419:Fatima al-Samarqandi 8413:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni 8407:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi 8187:Şehzade Mahmud Namık 8131:Şehzade Ahmed Tevhid 8051:Şehzade Mehmed Selim 6712:The End of Byzantium 6629:Fine, John V. A. Jr. 6558:. Cassell & Co. 6426:16 June 2011 at the 6415:16 June 2011 at the 6404:15 June 2009 at the 6146:Norwich, John Julius 6075:4 March 2016 at the 5814:10.1093/oxartj/5.1.3 5768:www.historytoday.com 5584:. Light Millennium. 4041:John Freely (2009). 4002:Kader Konuk (2010). 3925:www.patriarchate.org 2925:Zaganos Mehmed Pasha 2890:Zaganos Mehmed Pasha 2782:Sigismondo Malatesta 2675:Gennadius Scholarius 2516:Mehmed restored the 2498:gun foundry outside 2466:is the messenger of 2430:Historical photo of 2353:Bertoldo di Giovanni 1730:and marched against 1684:Sigismondo Malatesta 1617:and refortified the 1569:Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey 1459:Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey 1227:John IV of Trebizond 1207:Graitzas Palaiologos 923:visited the site of 899:under Mehmed's son, 857:Gennadius Scholarius 743:. The harbor of the 625:Çandarlı Halil Pasha 489:Eastern Roman Empire 413:Mehmed the Conqueror 18:Mehmed the Conqueror 10164:Yusuf Abu al-Haggag 10017:Al-Fudayl ibn 'Iyad 10005:Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya 9675:('Umar al-Khalwati) 9214:Anzar Shah Kashmiri 9059:Anwar Shah Kashmiri 8987:Giritli Sırrı Pasha 8815:Nizamuddin Sihalivi 8793:(d. around 1123 AH) 8752:(d. around 1068 AH) 8383:Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami 8162:Şehzade Ahmed Nihad 8136:Şehzade Mehmed Abid 7364:Related templates: 6893:, 28 December 2006) 5150:, Pompiliu Teodor, 5038:5 July 2007 at the 4777:, pp. 575–581. 4741:, pp. 204–205. 4648:, pp. 176–177. 4636:, pp. 173–175. 4592:, pp. 125–126. 3441:. By Soner Cagaptay 3256:Mehmet Akif Alakurt 3082:poetry collection. 3025:Alexander the Great 2912:, she was widow of 2882:Helena Kantakuzenos 2700:Costanzo da Ferrara 2652:Bosnian Franciscans 2648:Ahdname of Milodraž 2422:History of Istanbul 1979:. He died in 1474. 1959:Battle of Otlukbeli 1955:Battle of Otlukbeli 1862:Battle of Otlukbeli 1810:under Ottoman siege 920:Empire of Trebizond 845:George of Trebizond 773:to Constantinople. 705:Abu Ayyub al-Ansari 437:Fâtih Sultan Mehmed 10328:People from Edirne 10188:Bahadur Shah Zafar 10129:Abu Talib al-Makki 10123:Abu Bakr al-Shibli 10096:(d. 295 or 320 AH) 10084:(d. 277 or 286 AH) 10048:(d. 205 or 215 AH) 9939:Dala'il al-Khayrat 9334:Tabsirat al-Adilla 9319:Tafsir al-Maturidi 9244:Nur Hossain Kasemi 9208:Muhammad Ayyub Ali 9149:Muhammad Abu Zahra 9143:Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen 9017:Ahmad Hasan Amrohi 8993:Ahmed Cevdet Pasha 8904:Syed Ahmad Barelvi 8898:Shah Ismail Dehlvi 8886:Ghulam Ali Dehlavi 8874:Sanaullah Panipati 8809:Liu Zhi of Nanjing 8702:Khwaja Baqi Billah 8584:Ahmad ibn Arabshah 8543:Kadi Burhan al-Din 8318:Abu Zayd al-Dabusi 8167:Şehzade Osman Fuad 8106:Şehzade Ömer Faruk 8086:Şehzade Ömer Hilmi 8076:Şehzade Ahmed Nuri 7089:Line of succession 6805:Setton, Kenneth M. 6710:Harris, Jonathan, 6526:. 5 October 2013. 6446:The New York Times 6283:on 13 January 2017 6245:Marios Philippides 6068:Wedding portrait, 5802:Oxford Art Journal 5426:Müller-Wiener 1977 5291:Ukraine: A History 5138:Mihai Bărbulescu, 4934:Spyridon Trikoupis 3310:in the docuseries 3308:Cem Yiğit Üzümoğlu 3295:Kenan İmirzalıoğlu 3221:Cesare della Valle 3138: 3126: 3068:Michael Critobulus 3017: 2908:Maria Hatun. Born 2757: 2704: 2599: 2520:(6 January 1454), 2440: 2394:Republic of Venice 2366: 2357: 2317:in 1475, bringing 2290:, a descendant of 2135:, a member of the 2130: 2046:attacking Turkish 2019: 2000:Republic of Venice 1905:, the governor of 1865: 1771:Žabljak Crnojevića 1752:besiege Negroponte 1641:, on 16 December. 1619:Isthmus of Corinth 1556:Michael Critobulus 1552: 1483: 1451:Fortress of Chilia 1354:Kingdom of Hungary 1342: 1331: 1173:Thomas Palaiologos 1161:Isthmus of Corinth 1139: 1043:Kingdom of Hungary 958: 908:Despotate of Morea 825: 717:Eyüp Sultan Mosque 678: 664: 548: 474:(Ottoman Turkish: 415:(Ottoman Turkish: 190:, Istanbul, Turkey 10245: 10244: 10227: 10226: 10170:Muhammad al-Fateh 10064:Dhul-Nun al-Misri 9981:Ibrahim ibn Adham 9969:Al-Hasan al-Basri 9944:Fadha'il al-'Amal 9914:Hilyat al-Awliya' 9746: 9732: 9718: 9704: 9690: 9676: 9666: 9652: 9638: 9635:Ibrahim al-Desuqi 9624: 9610: 9596: 9582: 9568: 9554: 9494: 9493: 9461: 9460: 9397: 9396: 9374:Tafsir al-Mazhari 9344:Talkhis al-Adilla 9339:'Aqa'id al-Nasafi 9329:Al-Sawad al-A'zam 9284: 9283: 9220:Wahbah al-Zuhayli 9095:Ubaidullah Sindhi 9089:Ashraf Ali Thanwi 9071:Fatma Aliye Topuz 8868:Murtada al-Zabidi 8667:Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī 8519:Nizamuddin Auliya 8492:(d. after 690 AH) 8268:Maturidi scholars 8226: 8225: 8208:Şehzade Ali Vasib 7379: 7378: 6977: 6976: 6968:Succeeded by 6949:Succeeded by 6848:978-90-04-12106-5 6773:978-3-8030-1022-3 6742:978-0-230-57451-9 6720:978-0-300-11786-8 6691:978-0-465-02396-7 6663:978-0-465-02396-7 6307:Islamic Landmarks 6258:978-1-4094-1064-5 6133:978-0-195-08677-5 6007:978-9-753-29623-6 5989:978-0-8223-2155-2 5704:978-90-04-08112-3 5226:Jurnalul Național 5148:Șerban Papacostea 4995:on 5 October 2013 4400:978-1-4875-3262-8 4054:978-1-59020-449-8 4015:978-0-8047-7575-5 3976:978-0-520-21599-3 3605:978-605-4052-11-0 3515:978-0-691-01078-6 3476:978-1-84511-704-7 3243:the Turkish film 3142:Maltepe, Istanbul 2961:Kingdom of Naples 2878:David II Komnenos 2857:, sixth ruler of 2513:; "immigrants"). 2462:. I testify that 2409:Matthias Corvinus 2370:Gedik Ahmed Pasha 2315:Gedik Ahmed Pasha 2216:, and lifted the 2137:Albanian nobility 2027:Stephen the Great 1940:Gedik Ahmet Pasha 1881:Anatolian beyliks 1808:, which had been 1588:Matthias Corvinus 1496:On 10 July 1461, 1491:Stephen Tomašević 1463:Matthias Corvinus 1123:Serbian Despotate 1111:Stephen Tomašević 1073:siege of Belgrade 990:Ostrvica Fortress 970:Serbian Despotate 954:Siege of Belgrade 950:Ottoman miniature 747:was blocked by a 682:Bosphorus Straits 481: 439:), was twice the 434: 422: 388: 369: 368: 299: 298: 159:Ottoman Sultanate 16:(Redirected from 10345: 10237: 10200:Emir Abdel-Kader 10029:Ma'ruf al-Karkhi 10023:Shaqiq al-Balkhi 9987:Sufyan al-Thawri 9959: 9958: 9757: 9740: 9726: 9712: 9698: 9684: 9674: 9660: 9646: 9632: 9618: 9604: 9590: 9576: 9562: 9548: 9521: 9514: 9507: 9498: 9497: 9486:Islamic theology 9406: 9405: 9309:Al-Fiqh al-Akbar 9302: 9301: 9292: 9271:Husein Kavazović 9250:Usmankhan Alimov 9196:Abdul Haq Akorwi 9005:Abai Qunanbaiuly 8803:Shah Abdur Rahim 8679:Muhammad Birgivi 8578:Yaqub al-Charkhi 8454:Al-Mu'azzam 'Isa 8401:Nur al-Din Zengi 8330:Yūsuf Balasaguni 8273: 8272: 8253: 8246: 8239: 8230: 8229: 8213:Dündar Ali Osman 8116:Mehmed Abdulaziz 7802:Şehzade Süleyman 7703:Şehzade Cihangir 7688:Şehzade Abdullah 7626:Şehzade Abdullah 7447: 7416: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7383: 7382: 7355: 7354: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7026: 7025: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7005: 7004: 7003: 6993: 6992: 6991: 6984: 6932:Preceded by 6922: 6915: 6897: 6896: 6852: 6824: 6786: 6777: 6755: 6748:Mamboury, Ernest 6695: 6667: 6648: 6624: 6588: 6569: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6437: 6431: 6396: 6390: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6309:. 26 June 2014. 6299: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6174:Runciman, Steven 6170: 6164: 6163: 6142: 6136: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6100: 6097: 6091: 6088: 6079: 6066: 6060: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6015: 6009: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5950: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5875: 5864: 5863: 5835: 5826: 5825: 5797: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5760: 5751: 5750: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5673: 5665: 5656: 5655: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5632: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5393: 5384: 5379:Lewis, Bernard. 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5294: 5281: 5272: 5267:Pulaha, Selami. 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5244: 5235: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5169: 5163: 5136: 5127: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5089: 5083: 5069: 5063: 5049: 5043: 5027: 5021: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4962: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4866: 4857: 4851: 4842: 4836: 4827: 4821: 4810: 4804: 4793: 4787: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4682: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4614: 4607: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4468: 4462: 4449: 4446:Uzunçarşılı 2019 4443: 4430: 4429: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4357: 4344: 4343: 4325: 4310: 4309: 4287: 4274: 4273: 4261: 4232: 4231: 4209: 4200: 4199: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4156: 4145: 4142: 4133: 4130: 4119: 4118: 4096: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4027: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3960: 3954: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3804: 3798: 3791: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3614: 3608: 3594: 3585: 3579: 3570: 3564: 3549: 3543: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3429: 3423: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3377: 3355:Ḡazā-nāma-ye Rum 3250: 3105:Death and legacy 3066:of Florence and 2984:Sultan Ahmad Beg 2910:Maria Gattilusio 2749:Nakkaş Sinan Bey 2608:Byzantine Church 2542:Rum Mehmed Pasha 2509: 2476:charitable trust 2102:Vlad the Impaler 2032:Battle of Vaslui 1992:Battle of Ankara 1903:İshak of Karaman 1867:During the post- 1783:siege of Shkodra 1763:was unsuccessful 1708:Vettore Cappello 1621:, restoring the 1548:Siege of Shkodra 1351: 1233:, sultan of the 1211:Salmeniko Castle 1107:Stefan Branković 1077:Stefan Branković 1003:Nikola Skobaljić 966:Battle of Kosovo 596:made peace with 486: 480:romanized: 479: 477: 464:Byzantine Empire 432: 429: 427: 421:romanized: 420: 418: 410: 405: 393: 383: 381: 365: 341: 334: 287: 286: 255: 178:, Ottoman Empire 171: 62: 39: 38: 21: 10353: 10352: 10348: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10343: 10342: 10338:Sons of sultans 10288:Turkish Muslims 10248: 10247: 10246: 10241: 10223: 10212:Omar al-Mukhtar 10140: 10105: 10088:Sahl al-Tustari 10034: 9975:Malik ibn Dinar 9948: 9919:Kashf al-Mahjub 9901:Sufi literature 9895: 9891:Sufi philosophy 9824: 9758: 9749: 9729:Ahmad al-Tijani 9621:Ahmad al-Badawi 9607:Ahmad al-Rifa'i 9530: 9525: 9495: 9490: 9457: 9393: 9364:Qingzhen Zhinan 9314:Kitab al-Tawhid 9293: 9280: 9177:14th AH/20th AD 9172: 8962:13th AH/19th AD 8957: 8892:Shah Abdul Aziz 8855:12th AH/18th AD 8850: 8778:11th AH/17th AD 8773: 8695:10th AH/16th AD 8690: 8685:Ebussuud Efendi 8643:Ali-Shir Nava'i 8631: 8548: 8495: 8436: 8353: 8306: 8262: 8257: 8227: 8222: 8201:23rd generation 8196: 8155:22nd generation 8150: 8039:21st generation 8034: 7963:20th generation 7958: 7937:19th generation 7932: 7906:18th generation 7901: 7873:17th generation 7868: 7852:16th generation 7847: 7821:15th generation 7816: 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Basic Books. 6664: 6645: 6613: 6593:Babinger, Franz 6585: 6566: 6549: 6544: 6543: 6533: 6531: 6522: 6521: 6517: 6507: 6505: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6481: 6479: 6474:. 11 May 2023. 6470: 6469: 6465: 6455: 6453: 6438: 6434: 6428:Wayback Machine 6417:Wayback Machine 6406:Wayback Machine 6397: 6393: 6381: 6377: 6369: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6330: 6326: 6316: 6314: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6286: 6284: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6259: 6242: 6238: 6230: 6226: 6216: 6214: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6171: 6167: 6160: 6143: 6139: 6122: 6118: 6110: 6103: 6098: 6094: 6089: 6082: 6077:Wayback Machine 6067: 6063: 6055: 6051: 6041: 6039: 6032: 6016: 6012: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5911: 5907: 5892:10.2307/1291474 5876: 5867: 5840:Muqarnas Online 5836: 5829: 5798: 5787: 5777: 5775: 5762: 5761: 5754: 5743: 5739: 5728: 5724: 5716: 5712: 5705: 5676:Bosworth, C. E. 5666: 5659: 5648: 5644: 5633: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5591: 5589: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5565: 5563: 5554: 5553: 5549: 5539: 5537: 5530: 5514: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5394: 5387: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5285:Subtelny, Orest 5282: 5275: 5266: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5238: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5209:Wayback Machine 5196: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5170: 5166: 5140:Dennis Deletant 5137: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5102: 5100: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5070: 5066: 5050: 5046: 5040:Wayback Machine 5033:(2001) – Venice 5028: 5024: 5012: 5008: 4998: 4996: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4891: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4860: 4852: 4845: 4837: 4830: 4822: 4813: 4805: 4796: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4737: 4733: 4722: 4720: 4711:Adrian Axinte. 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4684: 4683: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4615:on 27 July 2013 4612: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4565: 4549: 4545: 4535: 4533: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4471: 4463: 4452: 4444: 4433: 4426: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4358: 4347: 4340: 4326: 4313: 4306: 4288: 4277: 4262: 4235: 4228: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4157: 4148: 4143: 4136: 4131: 4122: 4115: 4097: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4055: 4039: 4035: 4025: 4023: 4016: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3977: 3961: 3957: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3838:Washington Post 3832: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3595: 3588: 3580: 3573: 3565: 3552: 3544: 3535: 3525: 3523: 3516: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3477: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3439:Wayback Machine 3430: 3426: 3420:Wayback Machine 3411: 3407: 3396: 3392: 3384:. p. 118. 3378: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3353:(author of the 3337: 3269:İsmail Hacıoğlu 3202: 3107: 3009: 2980:Gevherhan Hatun 2973: 2947:Şehzade Mustafa 2934: 2822: 2814: 2741: 2692: 2616:Gentile Bellini 2587: 2581: 2436:imperial mosque 2424: 2418: 2341: 2335: 2284:Crimean Khanate 2260: 2258:Crimean Khanate 2254: 2157:League of Lezhë 2127:League of Lezhë 2115: 2040:Crimean Khanate 2023:Peter III Aaron 2008: 1850: 1800:, Antivan, and 1623:Hexamilion wall 1608:Crimean Khanate 1540: 1534: 1506:Bosnian Kingdom 1487:Lazar Branković 1471: 1346:Ottoman Turkish 1315: 1219: 1159: – at the 1157:Hexamilion wall 1145: 1131: 1066:Đurađ Branković 1047:Đurađ Branković 982:Đurađ Branković 943: 933: 849:Catholic Church 797: 794: 741:Dardanelles Gun 684:, the fortress 656: 650: 645: 617:Battle of Varna 613:Julian Cesarini 536: 403: 376:Ottoman Turkish 339: 335: 332: 281: 272:Şehzade Mustafa 262:Gevherhan Hatun 249: 248: 240: 191: 173: 169: 153: 76: 74: 71:Gentile Bellini 51: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10351: 10341: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10243: 10242: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10225: 10224: 10222: 10221: 10215: 10209: 10208:(d. 1302/1885) 10206:Muhammad Ahmad 10203: 10197: 10191: 10185: 10179: 10173: 10167: 10161: 10155: 10148: 10146: 10142: 10141: 10139: 10138: 10132: 10126: 10120: 10113: 10111: 10110:4th AH/10th AD 10107: 10106: 10104: 10103: 10097: 10091: 10085: 10079: 10073: 10070:Sari al-Saqati 10067: 10061: 10055: 10049: 10042: 10040: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10032: 10026: 10020: 10014: 10011:Ibn al-Mubarak 10008: 10002: 9996: 9990: 9984: 9978: 9972: 9965: 9963: 9956: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9905: 9903: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9832: 9830: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9766: 9764: 9760: 9759: 9752: 9750: 9748: 9747: 9733: 9719: 9705: 9691: 9677: 9667: 9653: 9639: 9625: 9611: 9597: 9583: 9569: 9555: 9540: 9538: 9532: 9531: 9524: 9523: 9516: 9509: 9501: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9466: 9463: 9462: 9459: 9458: 9456: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9409: 9403: 9399: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9305: 9299: 9298:Theology books 9295: 9294: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9247: 9241: 9235: 9229: 9223: 9217: 9211: 9205: 9199: 9193: 9187: 9180: 9178: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9164: 9158: 9152: 9146: 9140: 9134: 9128: 9122: 9116: 9110: 9104: 9098: 9092: 9086: 9080: 9077:Meher Ali Shah 9074: 9068: 9062: 9056: 9050: 9044: 9038: 9032: 9026: 9020: 9014: 9008: 9002: 8996: 8990: 8984: 8978: 8972: 8965: 8963: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8934:Yusuf Ma Dexin 8931: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8889: 8883: 8877: 8871: 8865: 8858: 8856: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8848: 8842: 8836: 8830: 8824: 8818: 8812: 8806: 8800: 8794: 8788: 8781: 8779: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8771: 8765: 8759: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8720:Ahmad Sirhindi 8717: 8711: 8705: 8698: 8696: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8688: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8652: 8649:Husayn Kashifi 8646: 8639: 8637: 8636:9th AH/15th AD 8633: 8632: 8630: 8629: 8623: 8617: 8614:'Ali al-Qushji 8611: 8608:Ali al-Bistami 8605: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8569: 8563: 8556: 8554: 8553:8th AH/14th AD 8550: 8549: 8547: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8516: 8510: 8503: 8501: 8500:7th AH/13th AD 8497: 8496: 8494: 8493: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8457: 8451: 8444: 8442: 8441:6th AH/12th AD 8438: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8428: 8422: 8416: 8410: 8404: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8377:Yusuf Hamadani 8374: 8368: 8361: 8359: 8358:5th AH/11th AD 8355: 8354: 8352: 8351: 8345: 8339: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8314: 8312: 8311:4th AH/10th AD 8308: 8307: 8305: 8304: 8298: 8292: 8286: 8279: 8277: 8270: 8264: 8263: 8256: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8233: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8182:Ertuğrul Osman 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8158: 8156: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7975:Abdul Hamid II 7972: 7966: 7964: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7954:Mustafa Efendi 7951: 7946: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7909: 7907: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7887: 7882: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7855: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7824: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7787:Şehzade Mehmed 7784: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7756:Şehzade Mahmud 7752: 7750: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7742: 7737: 7731: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7715: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7683:Şehzade Mehmed 7680: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7648: 7646: 7645:9th generation 7642: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7631:Şehzade Mahmud 7628: 7623: 7618: 7616:Şehzade Korkut 7613: 7607: 7605: 7604:8th generation 7601: 7600: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7586: 7584: 7583:7th generation 7580: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7565: 7563: 7562:6th generation 7559: 7558: 7556: 7555: 7550: 7544: 7542: 7541:5th generation 7538: 7537: 7535: 7534: 7532:Mustafa Çelebi 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7508: 7506: 7505:4th generation 7502: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7482: 7480: 7479:3rd generation 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7460:Süleyman Pasha 7456: 7454: 7453:2nd generation 7450: 7449: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7437: 7432: 7430:Alaeddin Pasha 7426: 7424: 7423:1st generation 7420: 7419: 7409: 7408: 7401: 7394: 7386: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7371:Valide sultans 7368: 7361: 7360: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7322:Abdul Hamid II 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7154:Mustafa Çelebi 7150: 7145: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7052: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7029: 7022: 7021: 7009: 6997: 6975: 6974: 6969: 6966: 6961:Ottoman Sultan 6956: 6955: 6950: 6947: 6942:Ottoman Sultan 6938: 6933: 6929: 6928: 6927:Regnal titles 6924: 6923: 6906:House of Osman 6903: 6900: 6895: 6894: 6875: 6866: 6859: 6858:External links 6856: 6854: 6853: 6847: 6834: 6825: 6819: 6801: 6787: 6778: 6772: 6756: 6744: 6732:Imber, Colin, 6730: 6722: 6708: 6696: 6690: 6677: 6668: 6662: 6649: 6643: 6625: 6611: 6589: 6583: 6570: 6564: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6515: 6489: 6463: 6432: 6391: 6375: 6373:, p. 432. 6363: 6351: 6347:The Grand Turk 6339: 6336:. p. 368. 6324: 6303:"Fatih Mosque" 6294: 6264: 6257: 6236: 6224: 6193: 6186: 6165: 6158: 6137: 6116: 6101: 6092: 6080: 6061: 6049: 6030: 6010: 5994: 5988: 5962: 5925:(3): 270–282. 5905: 5865: 5827: 5785: 5752: 5737: 5722: 5720:, p. 114. 5710: 5703: 5680:van Donzel, E. 5657: 5642: 5620: 5608: 5599: 5573: 5547: 5529:978-0300047431 5528: 5508: 5478: 5466: 5454: 5442: 5430: 5413: 5401: 5385: 5372: 5342: 5325:"Soldier Khan" 5316: 5309: 5273: 5260: 5248: 5236: 5215: 5189: 5182: 5164: 5144:Keith Hitchins 5128: 5119: 5110: 5084: 5073:Türkiye tarihi 5064: 5053:Türkiye tarihi 5044: 5022: 5020:, p. 917, 2011 5006: 4980: 4963: 4954: 4942: 4926: 4909: 4897: 4882: 4870: 4858: 4843: 4828: 4811: 4794: 4779: 4767: 4765:, p. 207. 4755: 4743: 4731: 4703: 4692:on 8 June 2009 4674: 4662: 4660:, p. 193. 4650: 4638: 4626: 4594: 4582: 4564:978-0836999655 4563: 4543: 4517: 4510: 4488: 4486:, p. 131. 4469: 4467:, p. 130. 4450: 4431: 4424: 4406: 4399: 4381: 4374: 4345: 4338: 4311: 4304: 4275: 4233: 4226: 4201: 4194: 4176: 4169: 4146: 4134: 4120: 4113: 4101:Osmanlı Tarihi 4072: 4053: 4033: 4014: 3994: 3975: 3955: 3942: 3912: 3882: 3876:978-0571250790 3875: 3855: 3825: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3783:(4): 317–354, 3771: 3764: 3752: 3740: 3736:Stavrides 2001 3728: 3716: 3714:, p. 111. 3704: 3700:Stavrides 2001 3685: 3655: 3641: 3609: 3586: 3571: 3550: 3533: 3514: 3494: 3475: 3455: 3443: 3424: 3405: 3390: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3358: 3348: 3343: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3328:Serkan Çayoğlu 3324: 3317: 3304: 3291: 3287:Dracula Untold 3282:Dominic Cooper 3278: 3274:Osmanlı Tokadı 3265: 3252: 3237: 3228: 3205:Mehmed is the 3201: 3198: 3183:Franz Babinger 3150:southern Italy 3106: 3103: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2990: 2987: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2950: 2944: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2921: 2906: 2893: 2868: 2862: 2848: 2842: 2839:Gülbahar Hatun 2821: 2818: 2813: 2810: 2753:Topkapı Palace 2740: 2737: 2691: 2688: 2641:eight madrasas 2629:Topkapı Palace 2583:Main article: 2580: 2577: 2522:monk Gennadios 2478:, solidifying 2417: 2414: 2386:Pope Sixtus IV 2337:Main article: 2334: 2331: 2303:Dniester River 2268:Crimean Tatars 2264:Turkic peoples 2256:Main article: 2253: 2250: 2214:Ballaban Pasha 2151:), united the 2145:Gjon Kastrioti 2114: 2111: 2107:Vlad Călugărul 2082:Polish Kingdom 2016:Paolo Veronese 2007: 2004: 1849: 1846: 1584:Alvise Loredan 1536:Main article: 1533: 1530: 1498:Stephen Thomas 1470: 1467: 1314: 1311: 1218: 1215: 1195:Mani Peninsula 1165:Constantinople 1141:Main article: 1130: 1127: 1020:Constantinople 978:Mara Branković 941:Ottoman Serbia 932: 929: 819:, painting by 817:Constantinople 791: 652:Main article: 649: 646: 644: 641: 535: 532: 391:Meḥmed-i s̱ānī 367: 366: 359: 353: 352: 347: 343: 342: 337:Mara Branković 327: 323: 322: 317: 313: 312: 307: 301: 300: 297: 296: 292: 291: 283: 282: 280: 279: 274: 269: 264: 258: 256: 242: 241: 239: 238: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 213:Sittişah Hatun 210: 205: 203:Gülbahar Hatun 199: 197: 193: 192: 186: 184: 180: 179: 172:(aged 49) 166: 162: 161: 150: 146: 145: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 128: 124: 123: 120: 116: 115: 112: 108: 107: 102: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 78: 77: 63: 55: 54: 49:Caesar of Rome 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10350: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10333:Turkish poets 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10240: 10236: 10230: 10219: 10216: 10213: 10210: 10207: 10204: 10201: 10198: 10195: 10192: 10189: 10186: 10183: 10180: 10177: 10174: 10171: 10168: 10165: 10162: 10159: 10156: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10143: 10136: 10133: 10130: 10127: 10124: 10121: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10108: 10101: 10098: 10095: 10092: 10089: 10086: 10083: 10080: 10077: 10074: 10071: 10068: 10065: 10062: 10059: 10056: 10053: 10052:Bishr al-Hafi 10050: 10047: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10039:3rd AH/9th AD 10037: 10030: 10027: 10024: 10021: 10018: 10015: 10012: 10009: 10006: 10003: 10000: 9997: 9994: 9993:Dawud al-Ta'i 9991: 9988: 9985: 9982: 9979: 9976: 9973: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9962:2nd AH/8th AD 9960: 9957: 9955: 9954:Notable Sufis 9951: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9902: 9898: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9827: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9761: 9756: 9744: 9739: 9738: 9734: 9730: 9725: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9711: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9697: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9683: 9682: 9678: 9673: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9659: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9645: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9631: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9617: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9603: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9589: 9588: 9587:Suhrawardiyya 9584: 9580: 9575: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9561: 9560: 9559:Naqshbandiyya 9556: 9552: 9547: 9546: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9522: 9517: 9515: 9510: 9508: 9503: 9502: 9499: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9464: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9443:Firangi Mahal 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9407: 9404: 9400: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9379:Izhar ul-Haqq 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9369:Kutadgu Bilig 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9303: 9300: 9296: 9291: 9277: 9276:Salah Mezhiev 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9251: 9248: 9245: 9242: 9239: 9236: 9233: 9230: 9227: 9224: 9221: 9218: 9215: 9212: 9209: 9206: 9203: 9200: 9197: 9194: 9191: 9188: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9175: 9168: 9165: 9162: 9159: 9156: 9153: 9150: 9147: 9144: 9141: 9138: 9135: 9132: 9129: 9126: 9125:Mustafa Sabri 9123: 9120: 9117: 9114: 9111: 9108: 9105: 9102: 9099: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9087: 9084: 9081: 9078: 9075: 9072: 9069: 9066: 9063: 9060: 9057: 9054: 9051: 9048: 9045: 9042: 9039: 9036: 9033: 9030: 9027: 9024: 9021: 9018: 9015: 9012: 9009: 9006: 9003: 9000: 8997: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8979: 8976: 8973: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8960: 8953: 8950: 8947: 8946:Naqi Ali Khan 8944: 8941: 8938: 8935: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8917: 8914: 8911: 8908: 8905: 8902: 8899: 8896: 8893: 8890: 8887: 8884: 8881: 8878: 8875: 8872: 8869: 8866: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8853: 8846: 8843: 8840: 8837: 8834: 8831: 8828: 8825: 8822: 8819: 8816: 8813: 8810: 8807: 8804: 8801: 8798: 8795: 8792: 8789: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8776: 8769: 8766: 8763: 8760: 8757: 8754: 8751: 8748: 8745: 8742: 8739: 8736: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8726:Mahmud Hudayi 8724: 8721: 8718: 8715: 8712: 8709: 8706: 8703: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8693: 8686: 8683: 8680: 8677: 8674: 8671: 8668: 8665: 8662: 8659: 8656: 8653: 8650: 8647: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8634: 8627: 8624: 8621: 8618: 8615: 8612: 8609: 8606: 8603: 8600: 8597: 8594: 8591: 8588: 8585: 8582: 8579: 8576: 8573: 8570: 8567: 8564: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8551: 8544: 8541: 8538: 8535: 8532: 8529: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8517: 8514: 8511: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8498: 8491: 8488: 8485: 8482: 8479: 8476: 8473: 8470: 8467: 8464: 8461: 8458: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8439: 8432: 8429: 8426: 8423: 8420: 8417: 8414: 8411: 8408: 8405: 8402: 8399: 8396: 8393: 8390: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8378: 8375: 8372: 8369: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8356: 8349: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8337: 8334: 8331: 8328: 8325: 8322: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8293: 8290: 8287: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8276:3rd AH/9th AD 8274: 8271: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8254: 8249: 8247: 8242: 8240: 8235: 8234: 8231: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8193: 8192:Bayezid Osman 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8037: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8020:Abdulmejid II 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7928:Şehzade Selim 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7904: 7898: 7897:Abdul Hamid I 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7807:Şehzade Kasım 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7773: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7747: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7710: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7669: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7657:Şehzade Murad 7655: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7636:Şehzade Murad 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7611:Şehzade Ahmet 7609: 7608: 7606: 7602: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7554: 7553:Küçük Mustafa 7551: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7503: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7470:Şehzade Halil 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7446: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7421: 7415: 7407: 7402: 7400: 7395: 7393: 7388: 7387: 7384: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7349: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7337:Abdulmejid II 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7287:Abdul Hamid I 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7187: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7155: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7136: 7131: 7130: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7057: 7050: 7045: 7043: 7038: 7036: 7031: 7030: 7027: 7020: 7010: 7008: 6998: 6996: 6986: 6985: 6982: 6972: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6953: 6944: 6943: 6936: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6914:30 March 1432 6913: 6908: 6907: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6873:Edward Gibbon 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6850: 6844: 6840: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6822: 6820:0-87169-127-2 6816: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6802: 6800: 6799:0-917653-16-5 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6683: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6655: 6650: 6646: 6644:0-472-08260-4 6640: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6612:0-691-09900-6 6608: 6604: 6603:Ralph Manheim 6600: 6599: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6584:1-84176-091-9 6580: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6565:0-304-35270-5 6561: 6557: 6552: 6551: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6477: 6473: 6467: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6395: 6389: 6388:9953-18-084-9 6385: 6379: 6372: 6371:Babinger 1992 6367: 6360: 6355: 6348: 6343: 6335: 6328: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6268: 6260: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6234:, p. 207 6233: 6232:Babinger 1992 6228: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6197: 6189: 6187:0-521-39832-0 6183: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6161: 6159:0-679-41650-1 6155: 6151: 6147: 6141: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6106: 6096: 6087: 6085: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6065: 6059:, p. 51. 6058: 6057:Babinger 1992 6053: 6037: 6033: 6031:975-8227-00-9 6027: 6023: 6022: 6014: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5991: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5972:Ladies Errant 5966: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5832: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5757: 5748: 5741: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5718:Babinger 1992 5714: 5706: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5671:"Meḥemmed II" 5664: 5662: 5653: 5646: 5638: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5617: 5612: 5603: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5512: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5476:, p. 99. 5475: 5474:Mamboury 1953 5470: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5440:, p. 17. 5439: 5434: 5427: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5411:, p. 84. 5410: 5405: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5382: 5376: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5312: 5310:0-8020-8390-0 5306: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5278: 5270: 5264: 5258:, p. 278 5257: 5252: 5243: 5241: 5234: 5232: 5227: 5223:(in Romanian) 5219: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5197:(in Romanian) 5193: 5185: 5183:0-521-29163-1 5179: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5160:973-653-215-1 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5123: 5114: 5098: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5081:975-16-0258-0 5078: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5061:975-16-0258-0 5058: 5054: 5048: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5026: 5019: 5015: 5010: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4958: 4952:, p. 284 4951: 4946: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4924:, p. 283 4923: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4907:, p. 273 4906: 4901: 4895:, p. 251 4894: 4889: 4887: 4880:, p. 270 4879: 4874: 4865: 4863: 4856:, p. 250 4855: 4850: 4848: 4841:, p. 248 4840: 4835: 4833: 4825: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4808: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4792:, p. 241 4791: 4786: 4784: 4776: 4771: 4764: 4763:Babinger 1992 4759: 4752: 4747: 4740: 4739:Babinger 1992 4735: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4671: 4670:Babinger 1992 4666: 4659: 4658:Babinger 1992 4654: 4647: 4646:Babinger 1992 4642: 4635: 4634:Babinger 1992 4630: 4611: 4604: 4598: 4591: 4590:Babinger 1992 4586: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4556: 4555: 4547: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4513: 4511:975-296-043-X 4507: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4466: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4448:, p. 20. 4447: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4427: 4425:9786052070383 4421: 4417: 4410: 4402: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4377: 4375:9789751610812 4371: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4341: 4339:0-299-10740-X 4335: 4331: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4307: 4305:975-329-417-4 4301: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4229: 4227:975-329-417-4 4223: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4206: 4197: 4195:9781592111152 4191: 4187: 4180: 4172: 4170:9786052070383 4166: 4162: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4116: 4114:9789751600127 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4046: 4045: 4037: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4007: 4006: 3998: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3959: 3952: 3946: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3878: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3859: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3756: 3749: 3744: 3738:, p. 22. 3737: 3732: 3725: 3720: 3713: 3708: 3702:, p. 23. 3701: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3629: 3626:. 1890–1900. 3625: 3624: 3619: 3613: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3597:Erhan Afyoncu 3593: 3591: 3583: 3578: 3576: 3569:, p. 91. 3568: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3548:, p. 19. 3547: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3498: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3459: 3453:, p. 85. 3452: 3447: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3428: 3421: 3417: 3414: 3409: 3401: 3394: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3372: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3329: 3326:Portrayed by 3325: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3306:Portrayed by 3305: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3293:Portrayed by 3292: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3280:Portrayed by 3279: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3267:Portrayed by 3266: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3254:Portrayed by 3253: 3249: 3248: 3242: 3239:Portrayed by 3238: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3091:Radu the Fair 3088: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3064:Benedetto Dei 3061: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3013: 3007:Personal life 3001: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2937: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2880:and his wife 2879: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2830:Hürrem Sultan 2827: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2729:Zaganos Pasha 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2701: 2696: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2671: 2665: 2663: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2635:. Around the 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2576: 2573: 2572:Pierre Gilles 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2556:Evliya Çelebi 2552: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2399:In 1481 king 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2323:Meñli I Giray 2320: 2316: 2312: 2309:towns called 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2110: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2012: 2003: 2001: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1777:, Lezhë, and 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1520:and later to 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1480: 1475: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1437: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1347: 1339: 1335: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1310: 1308: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1144: 1135: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 976:'s wives was 975: 971: 967: 963: 955: 951: 947: 942: 938: 928: 926: 921: 917: 913: 909: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 822: 821:Fausto Zonaro 818: 813: 809: 807: 803: 796: 789: 787: 783: 782:Theodosius II 779: 774: 772: 768: 764: 761: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 699: 695: 691: 687: 686:Anadoluhisarı 683: 676: 672: 668: 660: 655: 640: 638: 634: 628: 626: 622: 621:Halil Inalcik 618: 614: 610: 606: 601: 599: 595: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 573:with his two 572: 567: 565: 561: 557: 556:Ottoman state 553: 545: 540: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 500: 498: 494: 490: 485: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 426: 414: 409: 401: 397: 392: 386: 377: 373: 364: 360: 358: 354: 351: 348: 344: 338: 331: 328: 324: 321: 318: 314: 311: 308: 306: 302: 293: 288: 284: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 259: 257: 254: 253: 247: 243: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 200: 198: 194: 189: 185: 181: 177: 167: 163: 160: 156: 152:30 March 1432 151: 147: 143: 140: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 106: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 72: 68: 67: 61: 56: 53: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 10220:(d. 1354 AH) 10214:(d. 1350 AH) 10202:(d. 1300 AH) 10196:(d. 1287 AH) 10190:(d. 1278 AH) 10184:(d. 1277 AH) 10178:(d. 1118 AH) 10169: 10145:Sufi leaders 9881:Sufi studies 9735: 9721: 9709:Ba 'Alawiyya 9707: 9693: 9679: 9669: 9655: 9641: 9627: 9613: 9599: 9585: 9571: 9557: 9543: 9354:Fihi Ma Fihi 9252:(d. 1443 AH) 9246:(d. 1442 AH) 9240:(d. 1442 AH) 9234:(d. 1441 AH) 9228:(d. 1439 AH) 9222:(d. 1436 AH) 9216:(d. 1428 AH) 9210:(d. 1415 AH) 9204:(d. 1412 AH) 9198:(d. 1409 AH) 9192:(d. 1403 AH) 9186:(d. 1402 AH) 9169:(d. 1397 AH) 9163:(d. 1395 AH) 9157:(d. 1395 AH) 9151:(d. 1394 AH) 9145:(d. 1391 AH) 9139:(d. 1378 AH) 9133:(d. 1377 AH) 9127:(d. 1373 AH) 9121:(d. 1371 AH) 9115:(d. 1371 AH) 9109:(d. 1368 AH) 9103:(d. 1368 AH) 9097:(d. 1364 AH) 9091:(d. 1361 AH) 9085:(d. 1361 AH) 9079:(d. 1356 AH) 9073:(d. 1354 AH) 9067:(d. 1354 AH) 9061:(d. 1352 AH) 9055:(d. 1346 AH) 9049:(d. 1346 AH) 9043:(d. 1344 AH) 9037:(d. 1340 AH) 9031:(d. 1338 AH) 9025:(d. 1335 AH) 9019:(d. 1330 AH) 9013:(d. 1323 AH) 9007:(d. 1321 AH) 9001:(d. 1317 AH) 8995:(d. 1312 AH) 8989:(d. 1312 AH) 8983:(d. 1308 AH) 8977:(d. 1306 AH) 8971:(d. 1304 AH) 8954:(d. 1298 AH) 8948:(d. 1297 AH) 8942:(d. 1297 AH) 8936:(d. 1291 AH) 8930:(d. 1278 AH) 8924:(d. 1267 AH) 8918:(d. 1257 AH) 8912:(d. 1252 AH) 8906:(d. 1246 AH) 8900:(d. 1246 AH) 8894:(d. 1239 AH) 8888:(d. 1239 AH) 8882:(d. 1226 AH) 8876:(d. 1225 AH) 8870:(d. 1205 AH) 8864:(d. 1204 AH) 8847:(d. 1195 AH) 8841:(d. 1193 AH) 8835:(d. 1176 AH) 8829:(d. 1176 AH) 8823:(d. 1174 AH) 8817:(d. 1161 AH) 8805:(d. 1131 AH) 8799:(d. 1127 AH) 8787:(d. 1118 AH) 8770:(d. 1081 AH) 8764:(d. 1069 AH) 8758:(d. 1068 AH) 8756:Kâtip Çelebi 8746:(d. 1067 AH) 8740:(d. 1061 AH) 8734:(d. 1052 AH) 8728:(d. 1037 AH) 8722:(d. 1034 AH) 8716:(d. 1025 AH) 8710:(d. 1014 AH) 8708:'Ali al-Qari 8704:(d. 1011 AH) 8673:Taşköprüzade 8626:Khwaja Ahrar 8619: 8513:Sultan Walad 8395:Ahmad Yasawi 8177:Mehmed Orhan 7944:Abdulmejid I 7828:Şehzade Ömer 7740:Sultan Yahya 7574:Orhan Çelebi 7568: 7491:Yakub Çelebi 7350: 7307:Abdulmejid I 7184: 7174: 7164: 7152: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 6959: 6940: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6888: 6838: 6829: 6809: 6790: 6782: 6763: 6751: 6733: 6726: 6711: 6700: 6681: 6672: 6653: 6633: 6597: 6574: 6555: 6532:. 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Retrieved 3465: 3458: 3451:Nicolle 2000 3446: 3427: 3408: 3399: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3354: 3311: 3298: 3285: 3272: 3259: 3231: 3214: 3213:1820 opera, 3187: 3176: 3172: 3168:Fatih Mosque 3161: 3139: 3134:Turkish lira 3084: 3053: 3018: 2999: 2974: 2935: 2896:Helena Hatun 2845:Gülşah Hatun 2833: 2823: 2815: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2792:and Homer's 2789: 2786: 2774: 2758: 2725: 2705: 2702:(1450-1524). 2668: 2666: 2659: 2645: 2637:grand mosque 2625:Fatih Mosque 2600: 2595:Gennadius II 2553: 2546: 2526:Ḥakham Bashi 2515: 2511:sourgounides 2510: 2508:σουργούνιδες 2495: 2484: 2456:Muslim Creed 2448:Hagia Sophia 2444:Topkapi Gate 2441: 2432:Fatih Mosque 2398: 2367: 2349:bronze medal 2296: 2292:Genghis Khan 2288:Hacı I Giray 2276:Golden Horde 2262:A number of 2261: 2242:Aşıkpaşazade 2235: 2226:failed again 2207: 2169: 2131: 2125:, prince of 2121:Portrait of 2079: 2071: 2063: 2053: 2044: 2020: 1996: 1983: 1981: 1970: 1948: 1943: 1936:grand vizier 1926: 1918: 1897: 1866: 1857: 1791: 1756: 1724:Saronic Gulf 1705: 1693: 1681: 1674: 1646:Grand Vizier 1643: 1612: 1581: 1579:by treason. 1553: 1502:Pope Pius II 1495: 1484: 1477:Mehmed II's 1442:night attack 1439: 1431: 1411: 1404: 1393: 1382: 1375: 1367:Vladislav II 1343: 1325:, Prince of 1321:Portrait of 1304: 1292: 1290: 1274: 1263: 1221:Emperors of 1220: 1187: 1146: 1081:Mahmud Pasha 1070: 1057:Karaca Pasha 1036: 962:vassal state 959: 905: 897:Grand Vizier 869: 864: 841:Roman Empire 837:Qayser-i Rûm 836: 833:Roman Empire 826: 806:Musnad Ahmad 799: 792: 775: 757: 725: 713:Akshamsaddin 703: 694:Rumelihisarı 679: 629: 605:John Hunyadi 602: 591: 587:Akshamsaddin 583:Molla Gürâni 579:epistemology 574: 568: 549: 528:Fatih Mosque 516:Muslim world 501: 484:qayṣar-i Rūm 456:Ottoman Navy 448:John Hunyadi 445: 412: 371: 370: 333:(biological) 252:Among others 250: 237:Hatice Hatun 228:Helena Hatun 208:Gülşah Hatun 188:Fatih Mosque 170:(1481-05-03) 64: 47: 36: 10283:1481 deaths 10278:1432 births 10273:Sunni Sufis 10194:Imam Shamil 10172:(d. 886 AH) 10166:(d. 642 AH) 10160:(d. 630 AH) 10154:(d. 589 AH) 10137:(d. 380 AH) 10131:(d. 386 AH) 10125:(d. 334 AH) 10119:(d. 303 AH) 10102:(d. 295 AH) 10090:(d. 283 AH) 10078:(d. 258 AH) 10072:(d. 253 AH) 10066:(d. 245 AH) 10060:(d. 243 AH) 10054:(d. 227 AH) 10031:(d. 200 AH) 10025:(d. 194 AH) 10019:(d. 188 AH) 10013:(d. 181 AH) 10007:(d. 180 AH) 10001:(d. 177 AH) 9995:(d. 165 AH) 9989:(d. 161 AH) 9983:(d. 160 AH) 9977:(d. 128 AH) 9971:(d. 110 AH) 9886:Sufi poetry 9701:Bayram Wali 9671:Khalwatiyya 9643:Shadhiliyya 9536:Sufi orders 9423:Ahl al-Ra'y 9113:Al-Kawthari 9107:Musa Bigiev 8910:Ibn 'Abidin 8687:(d. 982 AH) 8681:(d. 980 AH) 8675:(d. 968 AH) 8669:(d. 955 AH) 8663:(d. 943 AH) 8657:(d. 940 AH) 8651:(d. 910 AH) 8645:(d. 906 AH) 8628:(d. 895 AH) 8622:(d. 886 AH) 8616:(d. 879 AH) 8610:(d. 874 AH) 8604:(d. 863 AH) 8598:(d. 861 AH) 8592:(d. 855 AH) 8586:(d. 861 AH) 8580:(d. 851 AH) 8574:(d. 841 AH) 8568:(d. 834 AH) 8562:(d. 825 AH) 8560:Bande Nawaz 8545:(d. 800 AH) 8539:(d. 791 AH) 8533:(d. 786 AH) 8527:(d. 747 AH) 8521:(d. 725 AH) 8515:(d. 711 AH) 8509:(d. 710 AH) 8486:(d. 671 AH) 8480:(d. 664 AH) 8474:(d. 659 AH) 8468:(d. 633 AH) 8462:(d. 632 AH) 8456:(d. 624 AH) 8433:(d. 593 AH) 8427:(d. 587 AH) 8421:(d. 581 AH) 8415:(d. 580 AH) 8409:(d. 575 AH) 8403:(d. 569 AH) 8397:(d. 561 AH) 8391:(d. 537 AH) 8385:(d. 536 AH) 8379:(d. 535 AH) 8373:(d. 534 AH) 8367:(d. 508 AH) 8350:(d. 493 AH) 8344:(d. 483 AH) 8342:Al-Sarakhsi 8338:(d. 482 AH) 8332:(d. 469 AH) 8326:(d. 464 AH) 8324:Ali Hujwiri 8320:(d. 429 AH) 8303:(d. 396 AH) 8297:(d. 379 AH) 8291:(d. 342 AH) 8285:(d. 333 AH) 8218:Harun Osman 7892:Mustafa III 7838:Suleiman II 7662:Üveys Pasha 7527:Musa Çelebi 7282:Mustafa III 7252:Suleiman II 7141:Musa Çelebi 7123:Interregnum 6890:In Our Time 6482:28 November 6317:25 February 6273:"Memlûkler" 5846:(1): 1–81. 5684:Pellat, Ch. 5256:Setton 1978 4976:Finkel 2007 4950:Setton 1978 4922:Setton 1978 4905:Setton 1978 4893:Setton 1978 4878:Setton 1978 4854:Setton 1978 4839:Setton 1978 4807:Finkel 2007 4790:Setton 1978 4526:"SEMENDİRE" 4484:Tansel 1953 4465:Tansel 1953 3712:Arnold 2001 3634:12 December 3241:Devrim Evin 3216:Maometto II 3209:subject of 3188:Istanbul's 3136:dated 1986. 3072:Philhellene 3062:of Ancona, 2989:Ayşe Hatun. 2953:Şehzade Cem 2865:Çiçek Hatun 2656:monasteries 2633:Tiled Kiosk 2492:janissaries 2272:Middle Ages 2209:Via Egnatia 2141:a rebellion 2048:Janissaries 1875:, numerous 1873:Middle Ages 1666:Kilidulbahr 1658:Golden Horn 1654:Dardanelles 1627:Acrocorinth 1604:Uzun Hassan 1407:Hamza Pasha 1307:under siege 912:Peloponnese 885:Mesih Pasha 865:milletbashi 823:(1854–1929) 745:Golden Horn 350:Sunni Islam 277:Şehzade Cem 233:Maria Hatun 218:Çiçek Hatun 127:Predecessor 101:Predecessor 75:dating 1480 10252:Categories 9695:Bayramiyya 9681:Rahmaniyya 9573:Chishtiyya 8750:Wang Daiyu 8478:Baba Farid 7918:Mustafa IV 7859:Mustafa II 7735:Mehmed III 7652:Suleiman I 7595:Cem Sultan 7590:Bayezid II 7517:İsa Çelebi 7297:Mustafa IV 7262:Mustafa II 7212:Mehmed III 7197:Suleiman I 7186:Cem Sultan 7180:Bayezid II 7129:İsa Çelebi 6971:Bayezid II 6921:3 May 1481 6901:Mehmed II 6421:II. Series 6111:Alderson, 6042:12 October 5808:(1): 3–8. 5693:Volume VI: 5299:. p. 5199:Akademia, 4575:8 February 3362:References 3247:Fetih 1453 3225:Negroponte 2994:Candaroğlu 2941:Bayezid II 2871:Anna Hatun 2621:Ali Qushji 2562:, such as 2133:Skanderbeg 2123:Skanderbeg 2064:Valea Albă 2056:chronicles 1975:(fief) in 1885:Karamanids 1818:Negroponte 1759:Skanderbeg 1720:Samothrace 1600:Karamanids 1455:Târgoviște 1235:Aq Qoyunlu 1231:Uzun Hasan 1190:Monemvasia 901:Bayezid II 889:sanjak-bey 771:Adrianople 749:boom chain 564:Hüma Hatun 522:district, 425:Ebū'l-fetḥ 404:pronounced 400:II. Mehmed 340:(adoptive) 330:Hüma Hatun 267:Bayezid II 223:Anna Hatun 168:3 May 1481 139:Bayezid II 10268:Maturidis 10176:Aurangzeb 10046:Al-Darani 9795:Muraqabah 9763:Practices 9737:Idrisiyya 9723:Tijaniyya 9663:Ibn Arabi 9657:Akbariyya 9629:Desuqiyya 9615:Badawiyya 9601:Rifa'iyya 9545:Qadiriyya 9359:Han Kitab 8785:Aurangzeb 8655:Ibn Kemal 8620:Mehmed II 8602:Khidr Bey 8425:Al-Kasani 8010:Mehmed VI 7949:Abdulaziz 7923:Mahmud II 7913:Selim III 7885:Osman III 7864:Ahmed III 7833:Mehmed IV 7766:Mustafa I 7719:Murad III 7569:Mehmed II 7496:Bayezid I 7486:Savcı Bey 7332:Mehmed VI 7312:Abdulaziz 7302:Mahmud II 7292:Selim III 7277:Osman III 7267:Ahmed III 7247:Mehmed IV 7232:Mustafa I 7222:Mustafa I 7207:Murad III 7175:Mehmed II 7165:Mehmed II 7117:Bayezid I 6995:Biography 6841:. Brill. 6631:(1994) . 6621:716361786 6595:(1992) . 6410:I. Series 5939:1300-4948 5886:: 15–34. 5860:0732-2992 5822:0142-6540 5162:, p. 157 4824:Shaw 1976 4775:Fine 1994 4696:17 August 3367:Citations 3211:Rossini's 3207:eponymous 3166:near the 3158:caliphate 3099:the Porte 3087:favourite 3076:Parthenon 2971:Daughters 2875:Trebizond 2770:Herodotus 2721:kanunname 2661:Devshirme 2612:Gennadius 2604:humanists 2172:Albanians 2038:from the 2021:In 1456, 1988:Bayezid I 1923:Dağpazarı 1911:Pir Ahmet 1858:Fetihname 1856:Mehmed's 1838:Black Sea 1830:indemnity 1814:Dalmatian 1736:Acropolis 1670:Sultaniye 1573:Nafpaktos 1550:, 1478–79 1510:Venetians 1418:Black Sea 1378:Bogdan II 1369:, of the 1327:Wallachia 1270:Jerusalem 1247:Karamania 1223:Trebizond 1203:Salmeniko 1119:Smederevo 1024:Novo Brdo 998:Smederevo 972:– one of 893:Gallipoli 877:beylerbey 778:Boukoleon 729:Bosphorus 690:Bayezid I 643:Conquests 476:قیصر‎ روم 417:ابو الفتح 385:romanized 380:محمد ثانى 372:Mehmed II 135:Successor 119:2nd reign 111:Successor 93:1st reign 42:Mehmed II 10313:Mujaddid 9934:Al-Burda 9820:Tawakkul 9815:Tabarruk 9810:Tawassul 9805:Tazkiyah 9448:Deobandi 9402:See also 7980:Mehmed V 7880:Mahmud I 7843:Ahmed II 7792:Murad IV 7782:Osman II 7693:Selim II 7548:Murad II 7522:Mehmed I 7357:Category 7327:Mehmed V 7272:Mahmud I 7257:Ahmed II 7237:Murad IV 7227:Osman II 7202:Selim II 7170:Murad II 7160:Murad II 7148:Mehmed I 6952:Murad II 6935:Murad II 6881:Archived 6807:(1978). 6762:(1977). 6750:(1953). 6528:Archived 6502:Archived 6476:Archived 6456:24 April 6450:Archived 6424:Archived 6413:Archived 6402:Archived 6311:Archived 6211:Archived 6176:(1965). 6148:(1995). 6073:Archived 6036:Archived 5957:29755011 5772:Archived 5695:Mahk–Mid 5686:(eds.). 5586:Archived 5560:Archived 5534:Archived 5495:Archived 5359:Archived 5357:. 1480. 5329:Archived 5287:(2000). 5205:Archived 5097:Archived 5036:Archived 4723:17 April 4717:Archived 4569:Archived 4059:Archived 4020:Archived 3981:Archived 3929:Archived 3899:Archived 3842:Archived 3812:Archived 3672:Archived 3668:BBC Four 3628:Archived 3520:Archived 3481:Archived 3435:Archived 3416:Archived 3335:See also 3123:Istanbul 3095:seraglio 3021:Achilles 2859:Dulkadir 2820:Consorts 2762:Laertius 2717:madrasas 2713:devşirme 2683:Venetian 2631:and the 2568:Çarşamba 2560:Istanbul 2490:for the 2488:barracks 2472:Orthodox 2464:Muhammad 2068:Romanian 1967:Istanbul 1963:Beyşehir 1700:Mytilene 1631:Nafplion 1606:and the 1479:ahidnâme 1416:and the 1385:Belgrade 1359:Vlad III 1255:Belgrade 1153:Murad II 1102:ambushed 1039:Belgrade 1007:Kruševac 994:repulsed 974:Murad II 918:and the 870:Emperor 753:warships 698:Venetian 594:Murad II 560:Murad II 504:Anatolia 346:Religion 320:Murad II 196:Consorts 130:Murad II 114:Murad II 105:Murad II 86:Padishah 10263:Hanafis 9851:Karamat 9785:Ziyarat 9476:Ash'ari 9453:Barelvi 9349:Masnavi 7970:Murad V 7812:Ibrahim 7761:Ahmed I 7621:Selim I 7465:Murad I 7317:Murad V 7242:Ibrahim 7217:Ahmed I 7192:Selim I 7112:Murad I 7102:Osman I 7074:Dynasty 7063:caliphs 7059:sultans 7056:Ottoman 7019:History 6981:Portals 6547:Sources 6534:6 March 6508:6 March 6287:9 April 6217:9 April 5948:6284658 5900:1291474 5778:9 April 5540:9 April 5501:9 April 5365:9 April 3935:9 April 3905:9 April 3848:9 April 3818:9 April 3678:9 April 3351:Kashifi 3323:(2023). 3303:(2018). 3277:(2013). 3264:(2013). 3041:Persian 3033:Serbian 3029:Turkish 2918:Alexios 2755:albums) 2679:Genoese 2650:to the 2564:Aksaray 2496:tophane 2480:Islamic 2470:." The 2390:crusade 2378:Albania 2374:Otranto 2307:Genoese 2301:to the 2204:Elbasan 2200:Scutari 2196:Italian 2192:Shkodër 2188:Durazzo 2184:Italian 2161:Albania 2086:Suceava 2075:Turkish 2060:toponym 2036:Tartars 1977:Bayburt 1934:(later 1907:Silifke 1889:Karaman 1877:Turkmen 1869:Seljuks 1806:Shkodra 1779:Shkodra 1728:Piraeus 1694:In the 1592:Pius II 1526:Radivoj 1514:Bobovac 1422:Turkish 1400:turbans 1396:tribute 1371:Dănești 1350:والاچیا 1251:Georgia 1032:Murad I 1013:to the 1011:florins 952:of the 910:in the 891:of the 881:Balkans 879:of the 831:of the 760:Genoese 598:Hungary 433: 396:Turkish 387:: 310:Ottoman 305:Dynasty 10239:Portal 10117:Ruwaym 9790:Mawlid 9528:Sufism 9471:Hanafi 9438:Gedimu 9433:Tawhid 8791:Ma Zhu 6917: 6845: 6817: 6797: 6770: 6740: 6718: 6706:383 pp 6688: 6660: 6641: 6619: 6609: 6581: 6562: 6419:& 6386: 6255: 6184: 6156: 6131: 6028: 6005: 5986: 5955: 5945: 5937: 5898: 5858: 5820: 5701: 5682:& 5526: 5307: 5180: 5158: 5079: 5059: 4753:p. 147 4561: 4508: 4422: 4397: 4372: 4336: 4302: 4224: 4192: 4167: 4111: 4051: 4012: 3973: 3873: 3603: 3512: 3473: 3316:(2020) 3236:(1951) 3146:Rhodes 3037:Arabic 3002:Hatun. 3000:Fülane 2812:Family 2778:Rimini 2768:, and 2670:millet 2534:millet 2500:Galata 2355:, 1480 2286:under 2190:) and 2180:Durrës 2098:plague 2092:, and 2072:Akdere 1984:beylik 1944:beylik 1932:vizier 1927:beylik 1919:beylik 1909:. But 1842:Levant 1834:ducats 1826:Lemnos 1824:) and 1822:Euboea 1802:Durrës 1798:Ulcinj 1794:Venice 1775:Drisht 1748:Greeks 1740:Patras 1732:Athens 1718:, and 1716:Thasos 1712:Imbros 1696:Aegean 1688:Mistra 1662:galley 1596:Ancona 1564:aspers 1560:Koroni 1434:Rahova 1425:Sipahi 1414:Serbia 1389:Serbia 1329:, 1460 1285:Zigana 1281:Sinope 1259:Amasya 1243:Sinope 1199:Venice 1182:Mistra 1115:Pizren 1094:Skopje 1090:Rudnik 1085:Resava 1052:Danube 986:Edirne 956:, 1456 829:caesar 802:hadith 767:Galata 763:colony 592:After 571:Amasya 552:Edirne 546:, 1451 544:Edirne 512:Turkey 508:Bosnia 468:caesar 357:Tughra 326:Mother 316:Father 183:Burial 155:Edirne 9876:Salik 9871:Murid 9861:Dhawq 9846:Kashf 9836:Ihsan 9829:Ideas 9800:Taqwa 9775:Haḍra 9770:Dhikr 9428:Kalam 7435:Orhan 7107:Orhan 7007:Islam 6919:Died: 6912:Born: 5896:JSTOR 5674:. In 4613:(PDF) 4606:(PDF) 4500:[ 4364:[ 4294:[ 4216:[ 4103:[ 4065:3 May 4026:3 May 3987:1 May 3526:8 May 3487:8 May 3261:Fatih 3163:türbe 3119:Fatih 3080:diwan 3056:Ulama 3049:Latin 3045:Greek 2957:Capua 2900:Morea 2794:Iliad 2709:Ghazi 2549:Neşri 2504:Greek 2468:Allah 2460:Allah 2364:this. 2319:Kaffa 2299:Kuban 2280:Timur 2231:Lezhë 2222:Krujë 2218:siege 2165:Krujë 2094:Hotin 2090:Neamț 1972:tımar 1951:Kasım 1915:Konya 1893:Konya 1767:Lezhë 1677:Lamia 1635:Jajce 1615:Argos 1577:Argos 1522:Ključ 1518:Jajce 1299:Allah 1294:ghazi 1277:Bursa 1266:David 1098:Užice 1028:siege 1015:Porte 786:Saadi 737:Orban 721:ghazi 637:Orhan 575:lalas 520:Fatih 290:Names 246:Issue 176:Gebze 9866:Ishq 9841:Wajd 9780:Zuhd 9481:Sufi 8484:Rumi 6843:ISBN 6815:ISBN 6795:ISBN 6768:ISBN 6738:ISBN 6716:ISBN 6686:ISBN 6658:ISBN 6639:ISBN 6617:OCLC 6607:ISBN 6579:ISBN 6560:ISBN 6536:2024 6510:2024 6484:2023 6458:2018 6384:ISBN 6319:2020 6289:2017 6253:ISBN 6219:2017 6182:ISBN 6154:ISBN 6129:ISBN 6044:2020 6026:ISBN 6003:ISBN 5984:ISBN 5953:PMID 5935:ISSN 5856:ISSN 5818:ISSN 5780:2017 5699:ISBN 5594:2013 5568:2013 5542:2017 5524:ISBN 5503:2017 5367:2017 5337:2013 5305:ISBN 5178:ISBN 5156:ISBN 5105:2013 5077:ISBN 5057:ISBN 5001:2013 4725:2013 4698:2012 4621:2013 4577:2011 4559:ISBN 4538:2024 4506:ISBN 4420:ISBN 4395:ISBN 4370:ISBN 4334:ISBN 4300:ISBN 4222:ISBN 4190:ISBN 4165:ISBN 4109:ISBN 4067:2013 4049:ISBN 4028:2013 4010:ISBN 3989:2013 3971:ISBN 3937:2017 3907:2017 3871:ISBN 3850:2017 3820:2017 3680:2017 3636:2013 3601:ISBN 3528:2020 3510:ISBN 3489:2020 3471:ISBN 3194:lira 3148:and 3115:tomb 3113:The 3047:and 3023:and 2932:Sons 2766:Livy 2681:and 2566:and 2494:, a 2452:imam 2382:Rome 2070:and 1891:and 1668:and 1363:Radu 1245:and 1239:beys 1171:and 1147:The 1062:begs 939:and 925:Troy 526:and 472:Rome 431:lit. 165:Died 149:Born 9856:Nūr 6871:by 5976:doi 5943:PMC 5927:doi 5888:doi 5848:doi 5810:doi 3785:doi 3284:in 2278:by 2066:is 1744:bey 1241:of 914:in 804:in 765:of 470:of 69:by 10254:: 7138:, 7132:, 7061:/ 6615:. 6500:. 6448:. 6444:. 6305:. 6275:. 6209:. 6205:. 6104:^ 6083:^ 6034:. 5982:, 5951:. 5941:. 5933:. 5923:29 5921:. 5917:. 5894:. 5884:37 5882:. 5868:^ 5854:. 5844:29 5842:. 5830:^ 5816:. 5804:. 5788:^ 5770:. 5766:. 5755:^ 5691:. 5678:; 5660:^ 5623:^ 5532:. 5493:. 5489:. 5416:^ 5388:^ 5353:. 5303:. 5301:78 5295:. 5276:^ 5239:^ 5228:, 5146:, 5142:, 5131:^ 5016:: 4966:^ 4936:, 4912:^ 4885:^ 4861:^ 4846:^ 4831:^ 4814:^ 4797:^ 4782:^ 4715:. 4677:^ 4567:. 4528:. 4472:^ 4453:^ 4434:^ 4348:^ 4314:^ 4278:^ 4268:. 4236:^ 4204:^ 4149:^ 4137:^ 4123:^ 4075:^ 4057:. 4018:. 3979:. 3927:. 3923:. 3897:. 3893:. 3840:. 3836:. 3781:14 3779:, 3688:^ 3670:. 3666:. 3644:^ 3620:. 3589:^ 3574:^ 3553:^ 3536:^ 3518:. 3479:. 3121:, 3089:, 3051:. 3043:, 3039:, 3035:, 3031:, 2959:, 2780:, 2764:, 2506:: 2347:A 2294:. 2198:: 2186:: 2088:, 1946:. 1938:) 1844:. 1773:, 1714:, 1648:, 1637:, 1610:. 1602:, 1465:. 1348:: 1125:. 903:. 788:: 755:. 723:. 639:. 478:, 428:, 419:, 402:, 398:: 394:; 382:, 378:: 157:, 9745:) 9741:( 9731:) 9727:( 9717:) 9713:( 9703:) 9699:( 9689:) 9685:( 9665:) 9661:( 9651:) 9647:( 9637:) 9633:( 9623:) 9619:( 9609:) 9605:( 9595:) 9591:( 9581:) 9577:( 9567:) 9563:( 9553:) 9549:( 9520:e 9513:t 9506:v 8252:e 8245:t 8238:v 7405:e 7398:t 7391:v 7144:) 7126:( 7048:e 7041:t 7034:v 6983:: 6851:. 6823:. 6776:. 6694:. 6666:. 6647:. 6623:. 6587:. 6568:. 6538:. 6512:. 6486:. 6460:. 6321:. 6291:. 6261:. 6221:. 6190:. 6162:. 6135:. 6046:. 5978:: 5959:. 5929:: 5902:. 5890:: 5862:. 5850:: 5824:. 5812:: 5806:5 5782:. 5707:. 5596:. 5570:. 5544:. 5505:. 5369:. 5339:. 5313:. 5186:. 5107:. 5003:. 4727:. 4700:. 4672:. 4623:. 4579:. 4540:. 4514:. 4428:. 4403:. 4378:. 4342:. 4308:. 4270:3 4230:. 4198:. 4173:. 4117:. 4069:. 4030:. 3991:. 3939:. 3909:. 3879:. 3852:. 3822:. 3787:: 3682:. 3638:. 3530:. 3491:. 3357:) 3290:. 3227:. 2986:. 2751:( 2229:( 2194:( 2182:( 2062:( 1820:( 1301:. 835:( 374:( 88:) 84:( 73:, 34:. 20:)

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