48:
354:
diversity of the M'zab Jewish population, the French administration incorporated some “culturally
Saharan” but ethnically non-indigenous Jews to the north and gave them citizenship under the Crémieux Decree of 1870. That perceived distinction by the French between Berber and non-Berber Jews of the Mzab was not a reflection of “technical precision” but rather “a manufactured form of legal difference”. While the French sought to assimilate the Northern Jewry as French citizens, they recognised religious rule of the Mozabite Jewish population and kept them separate under indigenous law, which meant severely limiting its political and social power.
390:
346:
307:
342:
of anti-Semitism across the Sahara, Europe, and the Middle East. In 1881, one year before the French annexed the M'zab, there were estimated 3,000 Mozabite Jews out of the 30,000 Algerian Jews. By 1921, the latter number would grow to 74,000, a result of a spike in anti-Semitism in the later 1800s and early 1900s, but the
Mozabite Jewish community would remain small, with most Jewish migrants settling in the north.
358:
341:
It is not canonically agreed when Jews first came to
Southern Algeria, but one theory suggests they were sent there by the Ibadite leadership in the 14th century from Tunisia, as part of a merchant trade route. They continued as a merchant community, with subsequent waves of immigration during times
353:
In 1882, when the French military annexed the M'zab, it began an administrative rule that was separate from the northern departments. Unlike their northern Jewish counterparts, many of the
Mozabite Berber Jews in Southern Algeria were classified by the French under the “indigenous code”. Given the
778:
Campbell, C. L., Palamara, P. F., Dubrovsky, M., Botigue, L. R., Fellous, M., Atzmon, G., Oddoux, C., Pearlman, A., Hao, L., Henn, B. M., Burns, E., Bustamante, C. D., Comas, D., Friedman, E., Pe'er, I. and Ostrer, H. Campbell, C. L. et al. "North
African Jewish And Non-Jewish Populations Form
369:
With anti-Semitism on the rise in the late 1800s, the French colonial powers sought to decrease Jewish commerce in the south and prevent further Jewish collaboration with Muslim communities. They continued to distance the
Mozabite Jews from other Algerian Jewish affairs by keeping Mozabite, or
370:“Mosaic” laws for civil matters, and French indigenous laws for public and criminal matters. It was not until 1961, with the French National Assembly Law 61-805, that the Mozabite Jews were granted “common law civil status” and French citizenship.
829:
Coudray, C.; Olivieri, A.; Achilli, A.; Pala, M.; Melhaoui, M.; Cherkaoui, M.; El-Chennawi, F.; Kossmann, M.; Torroni, A.; Dugoujon, J. M. (March 2009). "The complex and diversified mitochondrial gene pool of Berber populations".
282:
in 1852, the
Mozabites concluded a convention in 1853 and accepted to pay an annual contribution of 1,800 francs in return for their independence. In November 1882, the M'zab country was definitely annexed to
47:
1587:
1472:
1410:
1420:
910:
1567:
1577:
788:
Stein, Sarah
Abrevaya. Jews, trans-saharan commerce, and Southern Algeria under french colonial rule. University of Nebraska Press. January 2016.
1275:
737:
708:. David Eberhard, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig, Summer Institute of Linguistics (Twenty-fifth ed.). Dallas, Texas. 2022. p. 57.
221:
197:
1747:
1405:
1300:
1238:
687:
604:
Encyclopedia of
Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World
1527:
1477:
1455:
1435:
1415:
1390:
1380:
1370:
1385:
1375:
205:
1400:
779:
Distinctive, Orthogonal
Clusters." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109.34 (2012): 13865-13870. Web. 7 Apr. 2018.
1742:
903:
713:
612:
797:
Shepard, Todd. The invention of decolonization: the Algerian War and the remaking of France. Cornell University Press, 2008.
267:
in 1012. In 1012, further persecutions made them flee to their present location, where they long remained invulnerable.
1727:
548:
1737:
461:
1210:
896:
974:
962:
1732:
1640:
383:
1682:
741:
290:
Since the establishment of French control, Beni Isguen has become the depot for the sale of goods from
806:
Stein, Sarah Abrevaya. Saharan Jews and the fate of French Algeria. University of Chicago Press, 2014.
655:
Behar, Doron M., et al. "The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people." Nature 466.7303 (2010): 238.
17:
819:. In: Become Eloquent. Edited by J.M. Hombert and F. d’Errico. Ed. John Benjamins. pp 123-146; 2009
1098:
984:
967:
815:
Dugoujon J.M., Coudray C., Torroni A., Cruciani F., Scozzari F., Moral P., Louali N., Kossmann M.
1133:
952:
919:
1123:
940:
602:
1633:
1504:
945:
577:
178:
1203:
1115:
957:
8:
927:
681:
1699:
1667:
855:
731:
1677:
1645:
1165:
1091:
847:
843:
719:
709:
608:
379:
326:
275:
252:
166:
89:
859:
378:
Mozabite people are characterized by a very high level of North African haplogroups
1687:
1672:
1170:
1155:
1145:
1138:
935:
839:
642:
240:
174:
170:
1662:
1657:
1349:
1196:
1177:
1160:
1150:
1128:
330:
139:
333:
as a second language. The Mozabite language is spoken by around 150,000 people.
1059:
1027:
284:
271:
723:
1721:
1607:
1592:
1562:
1532:
1268:
1064:
1049:
1039:
676:
389:
122:
1022:
1552:
1017:
851:
755:
703:
628:
150:
888:
220:. Ghardaïa is the capital of the confederation, followed in importance by
1704:
1652:
1597:
1557:
1086:
1081:
997:
244:
236:
217:
182:
105:
691:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 145.
193:
1499:
1395:
1305:
1285:
1248:
295:
165:, numbering about 150,000 to 300,000 people. They speak primarily the
1694:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1295:
1103:
319:
201:
345:
329:, a branch of the Zenati group of Berber languages. Many also speak
306:
1628:
1582:
1542:
1537:
1509:
1450:
1430:
1337:
1312:
1280:
1258:
1044:
1012:
362:
311:
264:
233:
213:
209:
154:
73:
1612:
1547:
1487:
1482:
1465:
1460:
1440:
1342:
1243:
1233:
1219:
1074:
1034:
1007:
1002:
315:
256:
162:
147:
109:
77:
1494:
1445:
1425:
1354:
1253:
1069:
680:
291:
279:
260:
248:
158:
93:
817:
The Berber and the Berbers: Genetic and linguistic diversities
1602:
1290:
992:
357:
189:
629:"Mʾzabite | Berber, Algeria, Saharan | Britannica"
1263:
1188:
828:
643:"L'Aménagement linguistique dans le monde: Page d'accueil"
298:
works that made the oases much more fertile than before.
212:, as well as two other isolated oases farther north:
243:, leading to most of the Berber population adopting
185:, but there was a small population of Jews as well.
336:
1719:
1204:
904:
918:
294:. The Mozabite engineers built a system of
1211:
1197:
911:
897:
736:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
705:Ethnologue. Languages of Africa and Europe
46:
675:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
388:
356:
344:
305:
263:and founded an independent state in the
600:
14:
1720:
270:In the 1500s, they recognized nominal
52:Photograph of a Mozabite, May 19, 1889
1192:
892:
658:
596:
594:
592:
68:Regions with significant populations
143:
27:Berber Ethnic Group In North Africa
24:
1748:Indigenous peoples of North Africa
549:Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
25:
1759:
589:
844:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00493.x
601:Minahan, James B. (2016-08-01).
540:North African lineages (U6, M1)
181:family. Mozabites are primarily
822:
809:
800:
791:
337:Mozabite Jews in French Algeria
224:, the chief commercial centre.
157:natural region in the northern
782:
772:
748:
695:
649:
635:
621:
349:Mozabite Horsemen in Ghardaia.
255:in 911, they were banished to
188:Mozabites mainly live in five
13:
1:
583:
537:Africa-centered lineages (L)
310:Berber-speaking areas of the
1743:Muslim communities in Africa
7:
1218:
571:
462:Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
373:
361:Market on the main square,
301:
10:
1764:
393:Women in Ghardaia, Algeria
247:. After being defeated at
227:
1728:Berber peoples and tribes
1621:
1520:
1363:
1226:
1114:
983:
926:
883:Le M'Zab el les M'Zabites
607:. Abc-Clio. p. 284.
120:
115:
104:
99:
88:
83:
72:
67:
62:
57:
45:
38:
1738:Ethnic groups in Algeria
520:
397:
39:
1134:Algerian Saharan Arabic
920:Demographics of Algeria
874:(Algiers, 1879); Rinn,
688:Encyclopædia Britannica
514:Dugoujon et al. (2009)
565:Coudray et al. (2009)
394:
366:
350:
322:
63:150,000–300,000 (2015)
1254:Koidamousii/Ucutumani
740:) CS1 maint: others (
578:Mzab (Moroccan tribe)
392:
360:
348:
309:
274:authority. After the
116:Related ethnic groups
325:Mozabites speak the
276:capture of Laghouat
239:leader founded the
35:
1733:Berbers in Algeria
1700:Kabyle nationalism
876:Occupation du Mzab
534:Eurasian lineages
395:
367:
351:
323:
232:In 767, a refugee
33:
1715:
1714:
1588:Sanhajas de Srayr
1186:
1185:
715:978-1-55671-502-0
614:978-1-61069-954-9
569:
568:
518:
517:
327:Mozabite language
167:Mozabite language
128:
127:
16:(Redirected from
1755:
1658:Arabized Berbers
1213:
1206:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1146:Berber languages
1139:Hassaniya Arabic
913:
906:
899:
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889:
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826:
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682:"Mzabites"
673:
656:
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632:
625:
619:
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402:
401:
241:Rustamid Kingdom
171:Zenati languages
145:
58:Total population
50:
36:
32:
21:
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1762:
1758:
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1663:Berber diaspora
1617:
1516:
1359:
1350:Quinquegentiani
1222:
1217:
1187:
1182:
1178:French language
1129:Algerian Arabic
1110:
979:
922:
917:
878:(Algiers, 1885)
867:
832:Ann. Hum. Genet
827:
823:
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641:
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636:
627:
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615:
599:
590:
586:
574:
523:
426:E1b1b1c (M123)
400:
376:
339:
331:Algerian Arabic
304:
230:
153:inhabiting the
132:Mozabite people
53:
41:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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11:
5:
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1622:Related topics
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838:(2): 196–214.
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694:
679:, ed. (1911).
677:Chisholm, Hugh
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423:E1b1b1b (M81)
421:
420:E1b1b1a (M78)
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
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375:
372:
338:
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303:
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285:French Algeria
229:
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177:branch of the
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1688:United States
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986:
985:Ethnic groups
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929:
925:
921:
914:
909:
907:
902:
900:
895:
894:
891:
885:(Paris, 1888)
884:
880:
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873:
869:
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861:
857:
853:
849:
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841:
837:
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579:
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455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
417:E1b1b1 (M35)
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
403:
391:
387:
385:
381:
380:E1b1b1b (M81)
371:
364:
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355:
347:
343:
334:
332:
328:
321:
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250:
246:
242:
238:
235:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
183:Ibadi Muslims
180:
176:
172:
169:, one of the
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
141:
137:
133:
124:
119:
114:
111:
107:
103:
98:
95:
91:
87:
82:
79:
75:
71:
66:
61:
56:
49:
44:
37:
19:
1653:Arab-Berbers
1634:Latin script
1572:
1099:Roma (Gypsy)
1054:
1018:Ouled Djerir
953:Christianity
882:
875:
871:
835:
831:
824:
816:
811:
802:
793:
784:
774:
763:. Retrieved
759:
750:
704:
697:
686:
651:
637:
623:
603:
377:
368:
352:
340:
324:
289:
269:
231:
187:
151:ethnic group
135:
131:
129:
30:Ethnic group
1683:Netherlands
1558:Berber Jews
998:Arab-Berber
963:Catholicism
702:"Algeria".
245:Ibadi Islam
222:Beni Isguen
218:El Guerrara
198:Beni Isguen
179:Afroasiatic
106:Ibadi Islam
1722:Categories
1500:Banu Ifran
1396:Barghawata
1306:Mauretania
1286:Marmaridae
1249:Garamantes
1023:Ouled Naïl
968:Protestant
870:A. Coyne,
765:2023-06-02
760:Ethnologue
724:1315489099
584:References
414:E(xE1b1b)
382:(86%) and
296:irrigation
192:; namely,
1695:Berberism
1573:Mozabites
1406:Fendelawa
1333:Masaesyli
1323:Nasamones
1318:Musulamii
1301:Makanitae
1296:Bakouatae
1239:Banioubae
1116:Languages
1104:Beni Ades
928:Religions
756:"Tumzabt"
732:cite book
365:, Algeria
320:Oued Righ
202:El Atteuf
136:Banu Mzab
84:Languages
34:Mozabites
18:Mozabites
1641:Religion
1583:Riffians
1568:Matmatas
1543:Ghomaras
1538:Chenouas
1510:Maghrawa
1431:Guanches
1364:Medieval
1338:Massylii
1313:Meshwesh
1281:Machlyes
1259:Leuathae
1166:Mozabite
1092:Italians
1082:European
1055:Mozabite
1045:Chenouas
1028:Reguibat
1013:Ghenanma
958:Orthodox
860:21826485
852:19053990
572:See also
374:Genetics
363:Ghardaia
302:Language
253:Fatimids
214:Berriane
210:Bounoura
194:Ghardaïa
146:) are a
144:بني مزاب
100:Religion
90:Mozabite
76:valley,
40:بني مزاب
1668:Belgium
1613:Zayanes
1608:Tuaregs
1578:Nafusis
1563:Kabyles
1548:Hawwara
1533:Chaouis
1528:Brabers
1488:Lamtuna
1483:Sanhaja
1478:Nafzawa
1473:Matmata
1466:Hintata
1461:Masmuda
1456:Madyuna
1441:Hawwara
1436:Haskura
1421:Ghiatta
1416:Gazoula
1411:Ghumara
1391:Bahlula
1381:Awregha
1371:Adjissa
1343:Numidia
1328:Numidae
1244:Gaetuli
1234:Bavares
1227:Ancient
1220:Berbers
1171:Tamahaq
1156:Shawiya
1075:Zouaoua
1060:Sahrawi
1035:Berbers
1008:Chaamba
1003:Bedouin
872:Le Mzab
386:(28%).
316:Ouargla
278:by the
272:Ottoman
259:in the
257:Ouargla
251:by the
234:Persian
228:History
173:in the
163:Algeria
123:Berbers
110:Judaism
78:Algeria
1678:France
1673:Canada
1629:Script
1603:Teknas
1593:Shilha
1553:Jerbis
1521:Modern
1505:Jarawa
1495:Zanata
1451:Luwata
1446:Kutama
1426:Godala
1386:Azdeja
1376:Awerba
1355:Psylli
1161:Shenwa
1151:Kabyle
1124:Arabic
1087:French
1070:Zenata
1065:Tuareg
1050:Kabyle
1040:Chaoui
881:Amat,
858:
850:
722:
712:
611:
543:Study
528:mtDna
456:Study
453:Other
405:Y-Dna
318:, and
292:Europe
280:French
261:Sahara
249:Tiaret
206:Melika
175:Berber
159:Sahara
148:Berber
140:Arabic
121:Other
94:Arabic
1646:Islam
1598:Siwis
1401:Fazaz
1291:Mauri
1276:Macae
1269:Libya
993:Arabs
941:Sunni
936:Islam
856:S2CID
562:33.0%
559:12.9%
556:54.1%
521:mtDNA
481:86.6%
398:Y-DNA
312:M'zab
265:M'zab
237:Ibadi
190:oases
155:M'zab
74:M'zab
1705:flag
1264:Libu
975:Jews
946:Shia
848:PMID
742:link
738:link
720:OCLC
710:ISBN
609:ISBN
499:1.5%
493:1.5%
484:1.5%
478:1.5%
472:4.5%
450:R1b
447:R1a
411:A/B
216:and
208:and
130:The
108:and
92:and
840:doi
531:Nb
444:J2
441:J1
408:Nb
161:in
134:or
1724::
854:.
846:.
836:73
834:.
758:.
734:}}
730:{{
718:.
685:.
660:^
591:^
553:85
508:3%
466:67
438:I
435:G
432:K
429:F
384:U6
314:,
287:.
204:,
200:,
196:,
142::
1212:e
1205:t
1198:v
912:e
905:t
898:v
862:.
842::
768:.
744:)
726:.
645:.
631:.
617:.
511:0
505:0
502:0
496:0
490:0
487:0
475:0
469:0
138:(
20:)
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