1130:. The Medabian quarter lies to the northwest. The military compound and hospital are located in the southern area. The city is called "the pearl of the oasis", and is one of the most important tourist regions in southern Algeria due to its ancient cultural heritage. Apart from tourism, the Wilaya of Ghardaïa also draws anthropologists, architects, researchers and historians to explore its rich cultural, anthropological and architectural uniqueness. An interesting aspect of community welfare is the fact that they follow the rules of governance diligently, and also contribute to the maintenance and care of the community. Mozabites in the light of their rigid approach in negotiations, dominate the financial sector, particularly in banking and wholesale sectors. They also have their own mosque, cemetery, recreation and sporting activities. They have a patriarchal system of social inheritance. Another unique feature among the Mozabites is that starting from birth a “Mozabite is looked after by the community for education, work, marriage, and the building of a home. Touiza (groups of volunteers) are organised for building houses.” The Wilaya of Ghardaïa is also well known for its Weaving, Dinanderie D'art, basketry, pottery and carpet weaving (tapestry). The rugs of the area are so popular that every year the "National Day Of Rugs" is held in March.
1164:
67:
87:
364:
372:
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642:), with extremely hot summers and mild winters. The region is marked by large temperature differences between day and night, and summer and winter ranging from lows of 5 °C (41 °F) to highs of 46 °C (114.8 °F). The prevailing winds of summer are extremely hot, extremely dry and strong, while winter winds are warm and dry. Sandstorms generally occur from March to May. In October 2008, Ghardaïa was severely affected by flooding due to heavy rain.
2796:
2300:
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158:
519:). They first moved to Sedrata and finally to the M'Zab valley. They settled in five fortified villages located on rocky outcrops, known locally as “Kosars”, although they could have lived in one larger village encompassing all the five. The habitation was planned with meticulous details to precise layouts defined by set principles of community living within a defensive environment. Ghardaïa's foundation has been dated to 1048 or 1053.
2138:
523:
Isguen, Bou Noura and El Atteuf. The identical “miniature citadels”, as they are termed, each had their own mosque with minaret functioning as watch towers, and the houses built around the mosque in concentric circles and surrounded by a high walls (extending up to the ramparts). The buildings together gave the feel of a fortress to each village. The mosque also provided for storage of grains and arms for defence.
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1103:
94:
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They have an equitable water distribution to all gardens and also maintain good flood protection measures. The water supply is accessed in a number of ways through a complex irrigation system that distributes water from many wells. Well drilling extends to a depth ranging from 350 ft (110 m) to 500 ft (150 m), drawing the water from the
1339:
451:
It is a major centre of date production and the manufacture of rugs and cloths. Divided into three walled sectors, it is a fortified town. At the centre is the historical Mʾzabite area, with a pyramid-style mosque and an arcaded square. Distinctive white, pink, and red houses, made of sand, clay and
539:
To build the Ksar, the founders of Ghardaïa, a small group of people, under a Cheikh, chose a hill 200m south of the M'Zab Oued for defensive purposes. Farther west, they created a palm grove for subsistence farming. The Ksar of Ghardaïa, as it is today, did not appear in one time. According to the
522:
Each village was planned in a diverse topography comprising a small island, a ridge, a hilltop, a peak and a recess. The villages were fortified in such a manner that they were inaccessible to the nomadic groups. The five villages set up with identical planning concepts were Ghardaïa, Melika, Beni
1093:
The unique layout of the Ghardaïa village is dictated by the rocky terrain of the region. Apart from the mosques and the housing pattern layout, with the mosque at the top of the hill, and the houses laid in labyrinthine alleyways, there is also a large market centre. The houses in particular are
618:
Ghardaïa's ancient water distribution system was devised by the
Mozabites, as a response to the ephemeral flows of its oueds (rivers). Realising the preciousness of this natural resource, the Mozabites developed a unique hydraulic system of tunnels to harvest rainwater and divert it to the oases.
1117:
Metlili-Chaamba is known for its "Deglet Nour" dates and its camel hair products. One important aspect of the social life and economic values of the people of the region is that begging and theft are non-existent in the community. The society is close-knit, and all aspects of economy and social
536:. Ghardaïa is the richest city of the M'Zab Vallée. It already had a dynamic commercial and craft activity. On the social aspect, it is the only Ksar, along with Melika, that housed not only Ibadites Berbers, but also Malekits Arabs and a Jewish community until the Algerian Independence.
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oriented in such a way that admits sunlight into every dwelling, as this is strongly believed to be healthy: "Inhabitants of the house where sun comes in will never see a doctor". Chimneys are also set in such a way that they do not encroach upon the comfort of neighbours.
1110:
Ghardaïa is a major centre of date production, with nearly 60,000 palm trees producing dates. The wood of dead palms is used to make house roofs; live trees are not killed, as they are considered living beings that sustain the inhabitants.
578:, which is commonly dry throughout the year. The commune of Ghardaïa now covers an area of 590 km (230 sq mi) and includes a number of suburbs, towns and villages in addition to Ghardaïa. Suburb settlements include
515:; they had their capital at Tahert as an Ibadi Kingdom. They were forced to leave Tahert consequent to a devastating fire in 909 (it is reported that destruction was caused by the founder of the (Shi'ite)
1152:
Every spring, the commune of
Metlili-Chaamba, 31.3 km (19.4 mi) from Ghardaïa, celebrates the "Day mehr" when people from all over the country attend and participate in a camel race.
1246:
6.5% of the population has a tertiary education, and another 18.2% has completed secondary education. The overall literacy rate is 87.4%, and is 93.2% among males and 81.5% among females.
533:
The ksar was created in 476/1085 by two tribes : the Aoulad Ammi-Aïssa and the Aoulad Ba-Slimane. Each tribe contained different fractions, a specific area and a cemetery
1720:
1191:, who form the majority of Algerians. The wastage of water, and more generally any gift of land, is considered a sin. The Ghardaïa Mosque, built in the 10th century, is of
2848:
1654:
1920:"Structure relative de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs âgée de 6 ans et plus selon le niveau d'instruction et la commune de résidence"
500:, was inscribed under the UNESCO Heritage List, is a unique conglomeration of five cities confined in area of 75 km² situated 600 km to the south of
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However, during the summer season the inhabitants migrated to a "citadel" outside the fortified villages, in an informal setting of artificial palm grove, a
54:
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2519:
540:
public agency in charge of protecting the M'Zab
Heritage, Ghardaïa has seen four phases of evolution until 1882, when it was annexed by the French army.
425:
in 1982, as a cultural property evaluated under the criteria II (for its settlement affecting urban planning even to the present century), III (for its
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583:
1320:
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1234:
Until
Algerian independence, Ghardaïa was home to a significant Jewish community, of which many were deaf. The deaf Jews of Ghardaïa developed
406:. The commune of Ghardaïa has a population of 93,423 according to the 2008 census, up from 87,599 in 1998, with an annual growth rate of 0.7%.
2245:
1126:
The residents have preserved the original medieval architecture remarkably well; the valley to which Ghardaïa belongs is part of an official
1195:
style. Its tower, simple and elegant, includes a large portal at the top of the shaft, the design of which provides for ventilation flow.
610:(Iguerraren) are towns of note, the first 45 km (28 mi) to the north, and the second 110 km (68 mi) to the northeast.
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who lived in a cave (ghār) in the area before it blossomed into a town inhabited by Ibadi
Muslims who came to escape persecution from the
575:
579:
66:
118:
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2497:
2422:
1952:"Taux d'analphabétisme et taux d'alphabétisation de la population âgée de 15 ans et plus, selon le sexe et la commune de résidence "
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570:
or municipalities, which includes the Ghardaïa municipality. It is bordered by
Ouargla and El Bayadh Wilayas. It is nestled in the
1255:
2512:
289:
1848:
1676:"Évolution du tracé urbain des ksour de la vallée du M'Zab : d'el-Ateuf à Tafilelt, sauvegarde d'un patrimoine millénaire"
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2008:
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2009:"Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya d'El Oued"
436:, a hilltop city amongst four others, built almost a thousand years ago in the M’Zab valley. It was founded by the
636:
1238:, which they took with them when the community left for France and Israel. The language is considered moribund.
210:
1155:
In March and April, a carpet festival provides an opportunity for celebration, competition, as well as sales.
86:
2044:
1870:
1235:
1207:
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326:
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1218:; the province was renamed as the Apostolic Prefecture of Ghardaïa in the Sahara, in 1948 promoted to the
507:
The original architecture of the semi desert valley is dated to early 11th century. It is ascribed to the
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2014:(in French). Journal officiel de la République Algérienne. 19 December 1984. p. 1578. Archived from
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1187:. They practice a different way of praying, worshipping of God, and designing mosques compared to
399:
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271:
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or
Metlili which lies 42 km (26 mi) to the southwest. Outside of the Mzab valley,
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429:
cultural values), and V (a settlement culture which has prevailed to the present century).
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170:
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8:
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59:
Panoramic view of Ghardaïa (Tagherdayt) with the dry bed of Wadi Mzab on the right side.
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1983:
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466:
1885:
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http://www.monographie.caci.dz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=77
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fossil groundwater continental infill whose reserves are estimated at 1.5 trillion m.
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2015:
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http://www.opvm.dz/public/opvm/catalogue/index/id/dc673ccd14b3f39992e5e70652d70fef
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The
Mozabites of Ghardaïa have their distinct identity of traditional costume of
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still testifies to the time when it was the seat from 1901 successively of the
1203:
594:(Tadjnint), all of which lie to the southeast of Ghardaïa city and the ancient
463:
2036:
1895:
363:
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1226:(where the cathedral is meanwhile secularized; the diocese is still exempt).
1211:
1199:
909:
557:
371:
133:
120:
1958:
1479:
1329:, Algerian former military commander of al-Mulathameen (The Masked Brigade).
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1926:
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1265:). There is also a bus station. The airport is named after Algerian writer
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1851:. glasssteelandstone.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2010
1184:
433:
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1317:, Mozabite poet from At izjen Beni isgen, authored the national anthem
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2148:
1957:(in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from
1925:(in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from
1424:
1373:(in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from
1210:
near the old city, and have a collection of books on the Sahara. The
1179:
religious sect in
Algeria. They do not subscribe to the doctrines of
591:
494:
339:
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described Ghardaïa as "a Cubist painting beautifully constructed".
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Another important industry is the manufacture of rugs and cloths.
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1717:"Ghardaïa remains unchanged as major centre of Mozabite life"
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477:
The name of Ghardaïa has its origins in a female saint named
441:
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2705:
595:
414:
72:
45:
37:
1642:
Office de protection et de promotion de la vallée du M'Zab
1887:
Algerian Jewish Sign language: its emergence and survival
1323:, Mozabite leader of the reformist mouvment in the south.
1277:
The commune of Ghardaïa is composed of nine localities:
552:
Map of major settlements within the province of Ghardaïa
511:, with their cultural identity originally traced to the
1477:
Ham, Anthony; Luckham, Nana; Sattin, Anthony (2007).
1081:(average temperatures and precipitation, 1976–2005)
1841:
1478:
1545:
409:It is located in northern-central Algeria in the
2849:Populated places established in the 11th century
2810:
1476:
2066:
1308:
1834:
1832:
2513:
2239:
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1661:Chambre algérienne de commerce et d'industrie
1220:Apostolic Vicariate of Ghardaïa in the Sahara
1769:"World Weather Information Service–Ghardaia"
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
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1362:
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1106:Market on the main square of Ghardaïa (1970)
26:
2834:Historic Jewish communities in North Africa
1829:
1783:
2520:
2506:
2246:
2232:
2059:
2045:
1673:
1616:"Oasis de Ghardaïa, la richesse du secret"
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1088:
1976:
1698:
1566:
1355:
1171:Ghardaïa is the traditional heart of the
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1810:
1808:
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370:
362:
1598:
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1512:
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1508:
1506:
1229:
1222:, and then in 1955 was promoted to the
1118:customs are dictated by the community.
2811:
1522:. Organization of World Heritage Sites
574:valley, lying on the left bank of the
452:gypsum, rise in terraces and arcades.
2501:
2227:
2040:
1805:
1723:from the original on 20 December 2012
1669:
1667:
1534:
1450:"The Mazab valley: Evaluation Report"
1439:
1414:
2074:
1552:. Taylor & Francis. p. 33.
1503:
1291:Chikh El Hadj Mohammed Hadj Messaoud
421:in the Ghardaïa Province was made a
413:and lies along the left bank of the
395:
75:of Ghardaïa within Ghardaïa Province
1771:. World Meteorological Organization
387:
106:Location of Ghardaïa within Algeria
27:
13:
2794:
1743:"Deadly floods hit Algerian oasis"
1674:Ali Khodja, Mehdi (15 July 2019).
1664:
1614:Tilouine, Joan (6 November 2017).
1224:Roman Catholic Diocese of Laghouat
16:City in Ghardaïa Province, Algeria
14:
2860:
1256:Noumérat – Moufdi Zakaria Airport
1249:
1079:World Meteorological Organization
228:590 km (230 sq mi)
2529:
2298:
2255:
2167:
2136:
2128:
2109:
1216:Apostolic Prefecture of Ghardaïa
156:
93:
92:
85:
65:
53:
2001:
1944:
1912:
1877:
1761:
1735:
1645:
1633:
1236:their own village sign language
556:The city is located within the
1816:"Ghardaia, la perle des oasis"
1392:
1206:missionary society, live in a
1:
2829:Communes of Ghardaïa Province
2168:
2110:
1368:"Population: Ghardaia Wilaya"
1348:
1272:
637:Köppen climate classification
560:in northern-central Algeria.
2137:
2129:
1549:Atlas of the world's deserts
1309:Notable people from Ghardaïa
1269:, who was born in Ghardaïa.
1241:
1147:
613:
543:
472:
7:
2356:Dhayat Ben Dhahoua District
2067:Places adjacent to Ghardaïa
1158:
982:Average precipitation days
838:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
698:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
331:Cultural: (ii)(iii)(v)
10:
2865:
1546:Harris, Nathanuel (2003).
1333:
1121:
1097:
1076:
649:Climate data for Ghardaïa
648:
626:
504:, the capital of Algeria.
488:
464:existentialist philosopher
309:UNESCO World Heritage Site
301:UNESCO World Heritage Site
236:572 m (1,877 ft)
2844:Province seats of Algeria
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1869:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1485:. Lonely Planet. p.
1167:Great mosque of Ghardaia.
1028:
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398:) is the capital city of
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169:
149:
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80:
64:
52:
44:
35:
21:
25:
1884:Lanesman, Sara (2016).
1585:Encyclopædia Britannica
1175:valley and home of the
1089:Layout and architecture
257:240/km (630/sq mi)
2800:
1345:
1303:Chikh baba ou l'djemma
1254:The town is served by
1168:
1107:
553:
432:Ghardaïa is part of a
376:
368:
2798:
1818:. Ministry of Tourism
1620:voyages.liberation.fr
1341:
1166:
1140:(baggy trousers) and
1105:
551:
493:The M'Zab valley, in
375:Metissa Dam Wadi Mzab
374:
366:
2376:El Guerrara District
1343:Panorama of Ghardaïa
1285:Melika (At M'lichet)
1230:Jewish Sign Language
1193:Moorish architecture
254: • Density
2824:Berber architecture
2405:El Menia (El Goléa)
1791:"Ghardaia, Algeria"
1520:"Ghardaïa, Algeria"
1288:Theniet El Mekhzene
1128:World Heritage Site
768:Daily mean °C (°F)
606:(Has Ibergane) and
564:is divided into 13
457:La Force des choses
423:World Heritage Site
130: /
2801:
2601:Bordj Bou Arréridj
2423:Mansourah District
1896:20.500.12657/32925
1657:2016-03-03 at the
1400:"Algeria Communes"
1346:
1327:Mokhtar Belmokhtar
1169:
1108:
633:hot desert climate
554:
467:Simone de Beauvoir
455:In her 1963 book,
377:
369:
246: • Total
225: • Total
2839:Cities in Algeria
2806:
2805:
2495:
2494:
2396:El Ménia District
2365:Dhayet Bendhahoua
2329:Bounoura District
2309:Bérianne District
2279:Ghardaïa District
2262:Ghardaïa Province
2221:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2079:Dhayet Bendhahoua
1905:978-0-9929221-0-8
1849:"Ghardaïa Mosque"
1496:978-1-74179-099-3
1085:
1084:
1031:relative humidity
562:Ghardaïa Province
483:Fatimid Caliphate
400:Ghardaïa Province
361:
360:
189:Ghardaïa District
176:Ghardaïa Province
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2534:
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2499:
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2477:Zelfana District
2450:Métlili District
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1909:
1890:. Ishara Press.
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1793:. Climatebase.ru
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1682:. Archived from
1680:secheresse.info/
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1662:
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1396:
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1379:
1372:
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985:
646:
645:
590:(Has Bunur) and
397:
389:
162:
160:
159:
145:
144:
142:
141:
140:
135:
134:32.483°N 3.667°E
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
96:
95:
89:
71:Location of the
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57:
30:
29:
19:
18:
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2863:
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2853:
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2799:Flag of Algeria
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1719:. Magharebia.
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1425:"M'Zab Valley"
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1282:Ghardaia City
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1212:pro-cathedral
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1200:White Fathers
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910:precipitation
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581:
577:
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569:
568:
563:
559:
558:Sahara Desert
550:
541:
537:
535:
531:
529:
524:
520:
518:
514:
510:
505:
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486:
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385:
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218:
214:
212:
209: •
207:
202:
198:
194:
191:(coextensive)
190:
187:
185:
181:
177:
174:
172:
168:
165:
154:
152:
148:
143:
139:32.483; 3.667
115:Coordinates:
113:
88:
79:
74:
68:
63:
56:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
20:
2645:
2484:
2464:
2457:
2437:
2430:
2410:
2403:
2383:
2363:
2343:
2336:
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2287:
2286:
2285:
2271:
2208:
2201:
2186:
2156:
2133:
2120:
2094:
2083:
2023:. Retrieved
2016:the original
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1987:
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1959:the original
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1927:the original
1914:
1886:
1879:
1853:. Retrieved
1843:
1820:. Retrieved
1795:. Retrieved
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1763:
1751:. Retrieved
1749:. 2008-10-02
1746:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1688:. Retrieved
1684:the original
1679:
1647:
1635:
1623:. Retrieved
1619:
1590:November 11,
1588:. Retrieved
1548:
1524:. Retrieved
1480:
1457:. Retrieved
1455:. Unesco.org
1429:. Retrieved
1427:. Unesco.org
1404:. Retrieved
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1375:the original
1276:
1259:
1253:
1245:
1233:
1197:
1170:
1154:
1151:
1144:(headgear).
1141:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1092:
912:mm (inches)
639:
630:
617:
566:
555:
538:
534:
532:
525:
521:
506:
492:
476:
456:
454:
450:
444:sect of the
431:
408:
379:
378:
367:The Old Souk
320:M'Zab Valley
2751:Tamanrasset
2621:Constantine
2439:Hassi Fehal
2385:El Guerrara
2203:Tamanrasset
2101:El Guerrara
1993:12 November
1968:13 February
1936:13 February
1855:12 November
1838:Ham, p. 158
1797:12 February
1753:12 February
1625:12 November
1526:12 November
1459:12 November
1431:12 November
1384:12 February
1258:(or simply
608:El Guerrara
584:Béni Isguen
346:Inscription
279:Postal code
137: /
48:of Ghardaïa
2813:Categories
2781:Tizi Ouzou
2776:Tissemsilt
2746:Souk Ahras
2691:Mostaganem
2536:Provincial
2412:Hassi Gara
1984:"Ghardaia"
1822:2010-11-12
1775:21 October
1727:12 January
1581:"Ghardaia"
1402:. Statoids
1349:References
1294:Belghannem
1273:Localities
984:(≥ 0.1 mm)
434:pentapolis
417:Mzab. The
349:1982 (6th
241:Population
204:Government
2666:Khenchela
2631:El Bayadh
2611:Boumerdès
2556:Aïn Defla
2538:seats of
2345:El Atteuf
2270:Capital:
2149:El Atteuf
1300:El Ghabet
1260:Ghardaïa
1242:Education
1208:hermitage
1148:Festivals
614:Hydrology
592:El Atteuf
576:Wadi Mzab
544:Geography
495:limestone
473:Etymology
448:Muslims.
438:Mozabites
396:Taɣerdayt
336:Reference
263:Time zone
233:Elevation
211:PMA Seats
2819:Ghardaïa
2721:Relizane
2671:Laghouat
2646:Ghardaïa
2641:El Taref
2432:Mansoura
2338:Bounoura
2318:Berriane
2288:Ghardaïa
2272:Ghardaïa
2198:El Goléa
2194:Mansoura
2145:Bounoura
2134:Ghardaïa
2090:Berriane
2085:Laghouat
1865:cite web
1747:BBC News
1721:Archived
1690:10 April
1655:Archived
1159:Religion
1077:Source:
1029:Average
908:Average
738:(103.6)
733:(104.7)
604:Berriane
588:Bounoura
567:communes
528:cemetery
380:Ghardaïa
327:Criteria
184:District
171:Province
100:Ghardaïa
23:Ghardaïa
2786:Tlemcen
2766:Tindouf
2756:Tébessa
2711:Ouargla
2676:Mascara
2636:El Oued
2566:Algiers
2540:Algeria
2486:Zelfana
2459:Metlili
2179:Metlili
2158:Ouargla
2153:Zelfana
2096:El Oued
2025:2 March
1481:Algeria
1406:9 March
1334:Gallery
1262:airport
1189:Malikis
1185:Shi'ism
1181:Sunnism
1142:chéchia
1136:saroual
1122:Culture
1098:Economy
977:(2.95)
972:(0.21)
967:(0.48)
962:(0.29)
957:(0.45)
952:(0.12)
947:(0.03)
942:(0.10)
937:(0.16)
932:(0.27)
927:(0.34)
922:(0.19)
917:(0.32)
903:(60.1)
898:(44.1)
893:(50.9)
888:(61.9)
883:(71.8)
878:(79.5)
873:(79.7)
868:(74.5)
863:(65.1)
858:(56.5)
853:(50.4)
848:(45.3)
843:(41.9)
833:(71.2)
828:(53.6)
823:(60.6)
818:(72.3)
813:(82.9)
808:(91.6)
803:(92.3)
798:(86.7)
793:(77.0)
788:(68.2)
783:(61.3)
778:(55.8)
773:(51.6)
763:(82.2)
758:(63.1)
753:(70.3)
748:(82.8)
743:(94.1)
728:(99.0)
723:(88.7)
718:(79.7)
713:(72.1)
708:(66.2)
703:(61.3)
627:Climate
513:Maghreb
502:Algiers
498:plateau
489:History
404:Algeria
392:Tumzabt
351:Session
316:Part of
249:142,913
196:Founded
164:Algeria
151:Country
122:32°29′N
2771:Tipasa
2761:Tiaret
2741:Skikda
2696:M'Sila
2656:Illizi
2651:Guelma
2626:Djelfa
2606:Bouïra
2591:Biskra
2586:Béjaïa
2581:Béchar
2571:Annaba
2466:Sebseb
2210:Illizi
2183:Sebseb
2122:Béchar
1902:
1556:
1493:
1138:loubia
654:Month
621:Albian
580:Mélika
509:Ibadis
461:French
459:, the
446:Berber
411:Sahara
388:غرداية
384:Arabic
178:(seat)
161:
125:3°40′E
28:غرداية
2731:Sétif
2726:Saida
2701:Naâma
2681:Médéa
2661:Jijel
2616:Chlef
2596:Blida
2576:Batna
2551:Adrar
2188:Adrar
2019:(PDF)
2012:(PDF)
1962:(PDF)
1955:(PDF)
1930:(PDF)
1923:(PDF)
1453:(PDF)
1378:(PDF)
1371:(PDF)
1177:Ibadi
1173:M'zab
1072:38.8
1069:54.7
1066:50.2
1063:45.0
1060:36.9
1057:25.9
1054:22.3
1051:25.9
1048:30.5
1045:35.1
1042:39.8
1039:45.0
1036:54.4
1024:23.6
693:Year
572:M'zab
442:Ibadi
440:, an
427:Ibadi
419:M'zab
283:47000
268:UTC+1
2706:Oran
2686:Mila
2027:2013
1995:2010
1970:2013
1938:2013
1900:ISBN
1871:link
1857:2010
1799:2013
1777:2016
1755:2013
1729:2010
1692:2020
1627:2010
1592:2010
1554:ISBN
1528:2010
1491:ISBN
1461:2010
1433:2010
1408:2013
1386:2013
1202:, a
1198:The
1183:and
1033:(%)
1021:2.0
1018:2.8
1015:2.4
1012:2.8
1009:1.1
1006:0.8
1003:1.4
1000:1.8
997:1.7
994:2.5
991:1.7
988:2.6
975:75.0
965:12.1
955:11.4
901:15.6
891:10.5
886:16.6
881:22.1
876:26.4
871:26.5
866:23.6
861:18.4
856:13.6
851:10.2
831:21.8
826:12.0
821:15.9
816:22.4
811:28.3
806:33.1
801:33.5
796:30.4
791:25.0
786:20.1
781:16.3
776:13.2
771:10.9
761:27.9
756:17.3
751:21.3
746:28.2
741:34.5
736:39.8
731:40.4
726:37.2
721:31.5
716:26.5
711:22.3
706:19.0
701:16.3
690:Dec
687:Nov
684:Oct
681:Sep
678:Aug
675:Jul
672:Jun
669:May
666:Apr
663:Mar
660:Feb
657:Jan
596:ksar
479:Daïa
415:Wadi
295:4701
292:code
220:Area
199:1048
73:city
46:City
38:City
1892:hdl
1487:153
970:5.4
960:7.3
950:3.1
945:0.7
940:2.5
935:4.0
930:6.8
925:8.7
920:4.8
915:8.2
896:6.7
846:7.4
841:5.5
640:BWh
598:of
340:188
290:ONS
272:CET
2815::
1986:.
1898:.
1867:}}
1863:{{
1831:^
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1600:^
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1469:^
1441:^
1416:^
1357:^
586:,
582:,
402:,
394::
390:,
386::
215:15
2521:e
2514:t
2507:v
2247:e
2240:t
2233:v
2060:e
2053:t
2046:v
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1997:.
1972:.
1940:.
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1894::
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