6594:, p. 130: "Soon after his arrival al-Husseini was received in state by the Iraqi politicians who welcomed and feted him and voted him an immediate subvention of ID 18,000 to be folloed by other grants throughout his stay in Iraq: ID 1,000 monthly from hidden funds of the Iraqi secret service, 2 percent of the salary of every Iraqi government official including the military and the police, grants of ID 12,000 between 1939 and mid-1940 for the relief of distress in Palestine, and special sums donated by the Palestine Defense Society, the Red Crescent, and other public donations. He received gifts from Egypt, from King 'Abd al-'Azis Al Sa'ud, payments of some ID 60,000 from the Germans and some ID 40,000 from the Italians, who also promised £20,000 in gold monthly if al-Husseini initiated another Palestine revolt. He was the guest of honor at state functions and, with his 5,000 to 6,000 followers, al-Husseini installed a mini-government in Baghdad where he settled and began to renew contact with old friends and make new ones in the Iraqi army and police force, with lawyers, doctors and teachers. By 1941 his influence was such that he could place Palestinians in the Iraqi bureaucracy, adding more teachers and other professionals to those Palestinians already working in Iraq. It was said that he controlled hirings, firings, and promotions in Iraqi government departments, that he could have passports issued on demand to his followers, and that he could authorize the importation of personal effects into Iraq duty-free. He controlled newspapers and propaganda mechanisms, some mutually with German influence and money, which were not interfered with."
4483:, p. 190: "On December 31 (1947), Macatee, the American consul general in Jerusalem, filed a report summing up the events of the month following the UN decision to partition Palestine. ... Terror ruled Palestine, Macatee wrote. That situation certainly would continue until Britain withdrew. The direct cause of terror was partition; other causes were the Arabs patriotic feelings and their hatred of Jews. As an example, Macatee described who the Arabs were shooting at: a Jewish woman, the mother of five children, hanging her laundry on the line; the ambulance that took her to the hospital; and mourners attending her funeral. The roads between the Jewish settlements were blocked, supplies of food were spotty and the Arabs even attacked police vehicles. The Jews were quieter: the Stern Gang (LEHI) struck only at the British and the Hagana at Arabs only in retaliation. ETZEL, which had started such actions, apparently had the Hagana in tow, and if attacks on Jews continued, the Hagana might switch from a policy of protecting lives to aggressive defense. The Jewish Agency, wrote Macatee, was correct to a certain extent in its claim that the British were supporting the Arabs...The Arab's leader, al-Husseini, enjoyed popular support in the Arab states….The arabs of Eretz Israel did not dare to oppose Haj Amin, yet neither did they rally en masse around his flag in the war against the Zionists."
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5049:, pp. 81–86."Faysal's fall marked an important turning point. From then until 1948, Palestinian politics and loyalties were determined by the idea of an independent Palestine." (p.86) "The platform drawn up in Haifa would change little over the next few decades. It contained the following six elements: the first public recognition of Palestine, as it would be constituted by the mandate, as a distinct political entity for the people living there.. a total rejection of any political or moral right of the Jews over Palestine; a declaration of unity among the Palestinian Arabs to supersede any other loyalties, such as those to religion, region, and clan; a call to the new administration to halt any transfers of Arab or state lands to Jewish control; the demand to close Palestine to further immigration; a call to recognize the Arab executive Committee.. as a legitimate representative of the population before the British authorities (with a status similar to that defined for the Jewish Agency).." (p.86)
2320:
suicide, according to the French High
Commissioner in Lebanon. The Revolt nonetheless forced Britain to make substantial concessions to Arab demands. Jewish immigration was to continue but under restrictions, with a quota of 75,000 places spread out over the following five years. On the expiry of this period further Jewish immigration would depend on Arab consent. Besides local unrest, another key factor in bringing about a decisive change in British policy was Nazi Germany's preparations for a European war, which would develop into a worldwide conflict. In British strategic thinking, securing the loyalty and support of the Arab world assumed an importance of some urgency. While Jewish support was unquestioned, Arab backing in a new global conflict was by no means assured. By promising to phase out Jewish immigration into Palestine, Britain hoped to win back support from wavering Arabs. Husseini, allied to radical elements in exile, hailing from provincial Palestinian families, convinced the
2328:, which had recommended an Arab-majority state and an end to building a Jewish national home. The rejection was based on its perceived failure to promise an end to immigration; the land policy it advocated was thought to provide imperfect remedies: and the promised independence appeared to depend on Jewish assent and cooperation. Husseini, who also had personal interests threatened by these arrangements, also feared that acceptance would strengthen the hand of his political opponents in the Palestine national movement, such as the Nashashibis. Schwanitz and Rubin argued that Husseini was a great influence on Hitler and that his rejectionism was, ironically, the real causal factor for the establishment of the state of Israel, a thesis Mikics, who regards Husseini as a "radical anti-semite", finds both "astonishing" and "silly", since it would logically entail the collateral thesis that the Zionist movement triggered the
3357:
Mufti and his allies. The dispute between
Husseini supporters and their opposition was inflamed by the return of Jamal al Husseini to the Middle East and his resumption of political activity. In March 1946 the AHC was disbanded, and then Jamal reconstituted it as an organization exclusively staffed by Husseini political allies and family members. The Arab League foreign ministers intervened in May 1946 by replacing both the AHC and the opposing "Arab Higher Front" with the "Arab Higher Executive" (AHE) to represent Palestinian Arabs. Haj Amin al Husseini was the chairman of the AHE, even though he was absent, and Jamal acted as Vice-Chairman. The Husseini faction dominated the nine-member AHE. Subsequently, al-Husseini returned to Egypt and began his practical leadership of the Palestinian Arabs while residing in Cairo. The name of the AHE was changed back to AHC in January 1947.
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1791:"demanded that British administration expropriate the wall for the Jews". In reply, the Muslims organized a Defence Committee for the Protection of the Noble Buraq, and huge crowd rallies took place on the Al-Aqsa plaza in protest. Work, often noisy, was immediately undertaken on a mosque above the Jewish prayer site. Disturbances such as opening a passage for donkeys to pass through the area, angered worshippers. After intense negotiations, the Zionist organisation denied any intent to take over the whole Haram Ash-Sharif, but demanded the government expropriate and raze the Moroccan quarter. A law of 1924 allowed the British authorities to expropriate property, and fear of this in turn greatly agitated the Muslim community, though the laws of donation of the waqf explicitly disallowed any such alienation. After lengthy deliberation, a
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3279:
ever more important privileges and constantly worried about his well-being and that of his entourage". In
October, he was even given permission to buy a car in the name of one of his secretaries and enjoyed some freedom of movement and could also meet whoever he wanted. Al-Husseini proposed to the French two possibilities of cooperation: "either an action in Egypt, Iraq and even Transjordan to calm the anti-French excitement after the events in Syria and because of its domination in North Africa; or that he would take the initiative of provocations in , in Egypt and in Iraq against Great Britain", so that the Arabs countries will pay more attention to British policy than to that of France. Al-Husseini was very satisfied with his situation in France and stayed there for a full year.
4637:, p. 23: "There is an element of amnesiac historiography in the vilification of the mufti, influenced by his subsequent career after 1936. In fact, Husayni served the British exceedingly well for the decade and a half after his appointment, at least until 1936 when he felt obliged to align himself with a growing popular rebellion against his former British masters. One indication of how valuable the British perceived the mufti to be is the willingness of the notoriously tight-fisted Mandatory administration to subsidize him. When the revenues of the public awqaf properties declined after the Great Depression of 1929, and with it the revenues of the Supreme Muslim Council, the latter were supplemented by British subventions starting in 1931, which were naturally kept secret.".
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programs to recruit war criminals, cleanse their records, and put them to work for their new sponsors. They saw that their only chance of having
Husayni arrested and prosecuted lay in making a case that he had played a critical role in the conception, planning, organization, and execution of the extermination policy. They lacked a nation-state to give them a voice in the investigation and prosecution of war criminals and had been frustrated in their attempt to convince war-crimes courts to appoint a Jewish adviser to bring more legal and prosecutorial attention to the Nazi judeocide. Finally, they were also in the midst of an intensive PR effort on behalf of the establishment of a Jewish state in British Mandate Palestine and in opposition to Arab lobbyists like
2407:. They expressed their approval of the anti-Jewish boycott in Germany and asked Wolff not to send any Jews to Palestine. Wolff subsequently wrote in his annual report for that year that the Arabs' political naïvety led them to fail to recognize the link between German Jewish policy and their problems in Palestine, and that their enthusiasm for Nazi Germany was devoid of any real understanding of the phenomenon. The various proposals by Palestinian Arab notables like al-Husseini were rejected consistently over the years out of concern to avoid disrupting Anglo-German relations, in line with Germany's policy of not imperiling their economic and cultural interests in the region by a change in their policy of neutrality, and respect for British interests. Hitler's
1957:. It was also a day of Muslim prayer. A large crowd, composed of many people from outlying villages, thronged into Jerusalem, many armed with sticks and knives. It is not known whether this was organized by al-Husseini or the result of spontaneous mobilisation. The sermon at Al-Aqsa was to be delivered by another preacher, but Luke prevailed on al-Husseini to leave his home and go to the mosque, where he was greeted as "the sword of the faith" and where he instructed the preacher to deliver a pacific sermon, while sending an urgent message for police reinforcements around the Haram. In response to the peaceful address, extremists harangued the crowd, accusing al-Husseini of being an infidel to the Muslim cause. The same violent accusation was launched in
2944:, Feival Polkes, Polkes supported German foreign policy in the Near East and offered to work for them in intelligence. Eichmann and Hagen spent one night in Haifa but were refused a visa to stay any longer. They met Polkes in Cairo instead. Eichmann stated that he had only been introduced to al-Husseini during an official reception, along with all other department heads, and there is no evidence, despite intensive investigations, that shows al-Husseini to have been a close collaborator of Eichmann, exercising influence over him or accompanying on visits to death camps. The Jerusalem court accepted Wisliceny's testimony about a key conversation between Eichmann and the mufti, and found as proven that al-Husseini had aimed to implement the Final Solution.
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2757:
2975:
appealing to various governmental authorities to prevent Jewish refugees from emigrating to
Palestine have been republished and widely cited as documentary evidence of his participative support for the Nazi genocide. For instance, Husseini intervened on 13 May 1943, before the meeting with Himmler when he was informed of the Holocaust, with the German Foreign Office to block possible transfers of Jews from Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania to Palestine, after reports reached him that 4,000 Jewish children accompanied by 500 adults had managed to reach Palestine. He asked the Foreign Minister "to do his utmost" to block all such proposals, and this request was complied with. According to
3657:– "when the sword talks, there is no place for talking". Many recalled his policy of assassinating mukhtars in the Revolt of 1936–39 and viewed al-Husseini and his kind as "an assembly of traitors". The opposition of a relevant percentage of the Palestinian society to al-Husseini goes back to an earlier period and was also connected to the British way of dealing with the local majority: "The present administration of Palestine", lamented for example the representatives of the Palestine Arab Delegation in a letter to British public opinion in 1930, "is appointed by His Majesty's Government and governs the country through an autocratic system in which the population has no say".
6682:, p. 9 "As a result of these meetings an agreement was initialled whereby the Arabs of Palestine (through their representatives, the members of the AHC), undertook to support Britain and agree to the White Paper on condition that the clause pertaining to the country's independence be put into application forthwith and not after a ten-year period of transition as provided in the original document. Nuri al-Sa'id, with the consent of his government, undertook to place two divisions (about half of the Iraqi army) at the disposal of the Allies outside Iraq (in other words, to take an active part in the fighting against the Axis), if the agreement were implemented."
8616:) he was persuaded that world Judaism supported Zionists in a secretive manner and exercised a major influence over decision-making in Great Britain and the United States. For some time (during WW2) he was certain (based on real facts) that the Zionists were seeking to assassinate him. … It is evident that he gradually came to identify his battle in Palestine with that of Germany against world Judaism. The reading of all those passages in his memoirs devoted to his European sojourn reveal an assimilation of the content of european antisemitism, with their two great themes of the identification of Judaism with financial capitalism (Anglo-Saxons), and of the
7292:, p. 96 writes: "The Mufti materials were highly prejudicial, and the argument constructed from them was deeply troubling. ... Eichmann's and the Mufti's crimes had nothing to do with each other. The prosecution's attempt to link Eichmann symbolically with the Arabs, Israel's bitterest enemy, showed its preoccupation with the contemporary situation of the Jewish state. The success of this effort to prejudice the court is clear in the judges' willingness to entertain the Mufti evidence and to incorporate it into their judgment in a coy passage that identifies shared goals but not a shred of actual joint criminal activity."
3236:; that partisans be amnestied if they laid down their arms; that the civilian population not be subject to vexations by troops; that assistance be offered to innocents injured by operations; and that harsh measures like deportations, confiscations of goods, or executions be governed in accordance with the rule of law. The Handschar earned a repute for brutality in ridding north-eastern Bosnia of Serbs and partisans: many local Muslims, observing the violence, were driven to go over to the communist partisans. Once redeployed outside Bosnia, and as the fortunes of war turned, mass defections and desertions took place, and
6086:, p. 272: "terrorism was employed by both sides during the Arab Revolt. Palestinian guerrilla warfare included violence against British officials, Jewish civilians, and members of the Opposition, some of whom were collaborators. The British and Zionist forces, in an attempt to suppress the rebellion, indiscriminately shot and bombed civilians, used suspects as human minesweepers, executed Palestinians for minor offenses, and operated with the Opposition to assassinate rebels. Political assassination, however, was used far more frequently by the supporters of the Mufti against pro-British and Opposition members."
8684:, pp. 21–22, "He was deeply anti-Semitic. He later explained the Holocaust as owing to the Jew's sabotage of the German war effort in World War I and the millennia of Gentile anti-Semitism as due to the Jews' 'chararacter': (quoting al-Husseini) 'One of the most prominent facets of the Jewish character is their exaggerated conceit and selfishness, rooted in their belief that they are the chosen people of God. There is no limit to their covetousness and they prevent others from enjoying the Good. … They have no pity and are known for their hatred, rivalry and hardness, as Allah described them in the Qur'an.' "
3228:, his main enemies being Jewish settlers in Palestine and the English. During a visit in July 1943 the Mufti said: "The active cooperation of the world's 400 million Muslims with their loyal friends, the German, can be of decisive influence upon the outcome of the war. You, my Bosnian Muslims, are the first Islamic division serve as an example of the active collaboration....My enemy's enemy is my friend." Himmler in addressing the unit on another occasion declared "Germany the Reich have been friends of Islam for the past two centuries, owing not to expediency but to friendly conviction. We have the same goals."
6367:, pp. 212–213:"It should be quite clear that this relation (arose) not, as a number of authors have nonetheless argued, because of a presumed affinity of their ideology with that of the Nazis or Fascists, no such thing existed, but by virtue of the wholly political logic (of events) that saw in the enemies (in deed or potentially) of their own enemies their own friends, particularly if the latter have already provided evidence – and this was, precisely, the case with Germany, and all the more so, with Italy – of being interested, in terms of the same political logic, in giving support to their cause".("
3291:
also explained that 200,000 Muslims and 40,000 Christians had been assassinated by the Serbs and that he had established a division of soldiers only after
Bosnian Muslims had asked for his help, and that Germans and Italians had refused to provide any support to them. In the meantime, Zionist representatives—fearing that al-Husseini would escape—backed Yugoslavia's request for extradition. They claimed that al-Husseini was also responsible for massacres in Greece and pointed out his action against the Allies in Iraq in 1941; additionally they requested the support of the United States in the matter.
7184:, p. 69: "During his trial in Jerusalem in 1961, Eichmann denied having known the Mufti well, affirming he had met him only once during an official reception. The evidence for the friendship came from Dieter Wisliceny, one of Eichmann's aides, who months before the Nuremberg trials had begun to prepare an alibi for himself at the expense of Eichmann. Wisliceny went much further and accused the Mufti of being an 'initiator' of the extermination policy. Other evidence of the Mufti's alleged role came from Rudolf Kastner (a Jewish leader in Hungary), who reported that Wisliceny had told him that '
7002:, pp. 307–308 "Germany has no ambitions in this area but cares only to annihilate the power which produces the Jews". And earlier: "It is clear that the Jews have accomplished nothing in Palestine and their claims are lies. Everything that has been achieved in Palestine is due to the Arabs and not the Jews. I (Hitler) have decided to find a solution to the Jewish problem, approaching it step by step without holding back. In this regard, I am about to make a just and indispensable appeal, firstly to all the European countries and, later, to countries outside of Europe". Also in
3298:, who loathed Husseini as a Nazi collaborator, and who were aware that states were competing to employ Nazis and Nazi collaborators, gathered war-crimes documentation on al-Husseini's role in the Holocaust. This was done in order to prevent his reinstatement to a leadership position in Palestine, in an attempt to have him arrested and prosecuted, and in the context of an intensive public relations exercise to establish a Jewish state in Mandatory Palestine. The reputation of Haj Amin al-Husseini among Jews in the immediate postwar period is indicated by the observation by
1709:, still governed by Ottoman law, was bitterly protested before the British authorities by the Muslim authorities. If Muslims could cite an Ottoman regulation of 1912 specifically forbidding objects like seating to be introduced, the Jews could cite testimonies to the fact that before 1914 certain exceptions had been made to improve their access and use of the Wall. The decade witnessed several such episodes of strong friction, and the simmering tensions came to a head in late 1928, only to erupt, after a brief respite, into an explosion of violence a year later.
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than the official report had. The Dutch Vice-Chairman of the
Permanent Mandates Commission, M. Van Rees, argued that "the disturbances of August 1929, as well as the previous disturbances of a similar character, were, in brief, only a special aspect of the resistance offered everywhere in the East, with its traditional and feudal civilisation, to the invasion of a European civilisation introduced by a Western administration" but concluded that in his view "the responsibility for what had happened must lie with the religious and political leaders of the Arabs".
1942:
Meanwhile, despite Harry Luke's lecturing journalists to avoid reporting such material, rumors circulated in both communities, of an imminent massacre of Jews by
Muslims, and of an assault on the Haram ash-Sharif by Jews. On 21 August a funeral cortège, taking the form of a public demonstration for the dead Jewish boy, wound its way through the old city, with the police blocking attempts to break into the Arab quarters. On the 22nd, Luke convoked representatives of both parties to calm things down, and undersign a joint declaration. Awni Abd al-Hadi and
3666:
2051:
2513:, and among American Jews, whose opinion was important were Britain to gain American support in the war. That summer, Britain dropped all attempts to deal with al-Husseini, and he threw in his lot with Germany. al-Husseini's dissatisfaction with Nuri's pro-British politics, in the meantime, was exacerbated by the latter's refusal to intervene with the British on behalf of the families, all of whom he knew, of 39 Palestinians who had been sentenced to death in secret trials for, in Husseini's view, the crime of defending their country.
1990:, concluded that the incident on 23 August consisted of an attack by Arabs on Jews, but rejected the view that the riots had been premeditated. Al-Husseini certainly played an energetic role in Muslim demonstrations from 1928 onwards, but could not be held responsible for the August riots, even if he had "a share in the responsibility for the disturbances". He had nonetheless collaborated from the 23rd of that month in pacifying rioters and reestablishing order. The worst outbreaks occurred in areas, Hebron, Safed,
7228:"It is doubtful whether Eichmann made contact with al-Husseini even in 1942, when the latter resided in Berlin. If this fallen idol makes an occasional appearance in Eichmann's office correspondence it is because Eichmann's superiors at the Foreign Office found the Mufti a very useful sacred cow, always to be invoked when the reception of Jewish refugees in Palestine was under discussion. Dieter Wisliceny even believed that Eichmann regarded al-Husseini as a colleague in a much expanded post-war Final Solution."
7797:, p. 31:"The hearts of all Muslims must today go out to our Islamic brothers in Bosnia, who are forced to endure a tragic fate. They are being persecuted by the Serbian and communist bandits, who receive support from England and the Soviet Union.... They are being murdered, their possessions are robbed, and their villages are burned. England and its allies bear a great accountability before history for mishandling and murdering Europe's Muslims, just as they have done in the Arabic lands and in India."
3046:
Palestine, recruiting and arming them to foment tensions between Jews and Arabs, disrupting the
Mandatory authorities and striking Jewish targets. The plan ended in fiasco: they received a cold reception in Palestine, three of the five infiltrators were quickly rounded up, and the matériel seized. Their air-dropped cargo was found by the British, and consisted of submachine guns, dynamite, radio equipment, 5,000 Pound sterling, a duplicating machine, a German-Arabic dictionary, and a quantity of poison.
2441:(August 1937), to whom he professed his belief that America was remote from imperialist ambitions and therefore able to understand that Zionism "represented a hostile and imperialist aggression directed against an inhabited country". In a meeting with Wadsworth on 31 August, he expressed his fears that Jewish influence in the United States might persuade the country to side with Zionists. In the same period he courted the French government by expressing a willingness to assist them in the region.
1729:
6178:, p. 274: "Between November 1939 and June 1940 thirty-nine Palestinians were condemned to death in secret British trials. The Mufti knew most of the condemned rebels or their families personally. Their families desperately appealed to him to intervene, but all he could do was turn to fellow Muslims and Arabs to intercede with the British. In one such appeal, he wrote an Indian friend that the British were annihilating the 'best element,' whose only crime was 'to defend their country'."
5151:, p. 11:"He demanded that the title Grand Mufti, which had been granted to his brother by the British for cooperating with them, also be given to him, and that his salary be higher than that of the other muftis. Richmond and Storrs supported this claim, arguing that since, from the spiritual and religious points of view, the status of Jerusalem was superior to that of other regions in Palestine, the Mufti of Jerusalem should be considered head of the country's Muslim community. ".
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3970:
European
Christians. The assertion that Palestinians were complicit in the Holocaust was mostly based on the case of the Mufti of Jerusalem, a pre-World War II Palestinian nationalist leader who, to escape imprisonment by the British, sought refuge during the war in Germany. The Mufti was in many ways a disreputable character, but post-war claims that he played any significant part in the Holocaust have never been sustained. This did not prevent the editors of the four-volume
2363:. Hitler himself often spoke of the "infamy of Versailles". Unlike France and Great Britain it had not exercised imperial designs on the Middle East, and its past policy of non-intervention was interpreted as a token of good will. While the scholarly consensus is that Husseini's motives for supporting the Axis powers and his alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy were deeply inflected by anti-Jewish and anti-Zionist ideology from the outset, some scholars, notably
14250:
4149:
2280:, disguised as a Bedouin, where he reconstituted the committee under his leadership. Though terrorism was used by both sides, Al-Husseini's tactics, his abuse of power to punish other clans, and the killing of political adversaries he considered "traitors", alienated many Palestinian Arabs. One local leader, Abu Shair, told Da'ud al-Husayni, an emissary from Damascus who bore a list of people to be assassinated during the uprising "I don't work for
820:
44:
5215:, pp. 31–32:"It was not scholarly religious credentials that made Hajj Amin an attractive candidate for president of the SMC in the eyes of colonial officials. Rather, it was the combination of his being an effective nationalist activist and a member of one of Jerusalem's most respected notable families that made it advantageous to align his interests with those of the British administration and thereby keep him on a short tether."
8863:: "His extraordinary exaggeration of Husseini's complicity, and by implication that of the entire Palestinian people, is a blatant attempt to stigmatize and delegitimize any sympathy or concern for Palestinian rights and statehood. Netanyahu's shameful and indecent speech is a disservice to anyone – Jew and non-Jew – for whom research, teaching, and preservation of the historical truth of the Holocaust has value, meaning, and purpose."
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2817:
year. The camp was presented during their tour as a re-educational institution, and they were shown the high quality of objects made by inmates, and happy Russian prisoners who, reformed to fight Bolshevism, were paraded, singing, in sprightly new uniforms. They left the camp very favourably impressed by its programme of educational indoctrination. In his memoirs, he recalls Himmler telling him how shocked he was to observe Jewish
2355:
Europeanized of Palestinian notables were known to look forward to a renewed outbreak of war in Europe, something that would enable them to overthrow the colonial grip on their countries and expel ("throw into the sea") the Jews in Palestine, the French in Syria, and the English throughout the Arab world. al-Husayni was only one of many such notables who greeted with optimism the emergence of a new regime in Germany in that year.
1518:, to withdraw. This automatically promoted Amin al-Husseini to third position, which, under Ottoman law, allowed him to qualify, and Samuel then chose him as Mufti. His initial appointment was as Mufti, but when the Supreme Muslim Council was created in the following year, Husseini demanded and received the title Grand Mufti that had earlier been created, perhaps on the lines of Egyptian usage, by the British for his half-brother
1823:
the Mandatory authorities acted, then, very much like Christian monks protecting their sacred sites in Jerusalem, the sheikhs would have to take infringements of the status quo into their own hands, and personally remove any objects introduced by Jews to the area. Chancellor asked him to be patient, and al-Husseini offered to stop works on the Mount on condition that this gesture not be taken as a recognition of Jewish rights.
4135:
3889:
I, and has said, "Haj Amin al-Husseini was an antisemite. This is clear from his writings. I am not saying he was just an anti-Zionist, he hated the Jews, 'Jews were evil'". In a study dedicated to the role and use of the Holocaust in Israeli nationalist discourse, Zertal, reexamining al-Husseini's antisemitism, states that "in more correct proportions, as a fanatic nationalist-religious Palestinian leader".
2797:, of which he served as honorary chair. In the speech, he harshly criticised those he considered as aggressors against Muslims, namely "Jews, Bolsheviks and Anglo-Saxons." At the time of the opening of the Islamic Central Institute, there were an estimated 3,000 Muslims in Germany, including 400 German converts. The Islamic Central Institute gave the Muslims in Germany institutional ties to the "Third Reich".
13178:
581:
1701:, led to increased conflict between the two communities, each seeing the site only from their own traditional perspective and interests. Zionist narratives pinpointed al-Husseini's works on, and publicity about, the site and threats to it, as attempts to restore his own family's waning prestige. Arab narratives read the heightened agitation of certain Jewish groups over the Wall as an attempt to revive
1866:, a statement which encouraged in turn Arab suspicions that local agreements were again being overthrown by Jewish intrigues abroad. News that the Zurich Congress, in creating the Jewish Agency on 11 August, had brought unity among Zionists and the world Jewish community, a measure that would greatly increase Jewish investment in British Palestine, set off alarm bells. On 15 August,
7172:, Israel's preeminent Holocaust scholar, is a prominent case in point. 'After the war, they caught him (Wisliceny) and tried him at Nuremberg, where he tried to eschew all responsibility, saying: 'It wasn't Hitler, it wasn't me, it was the mufti', ... It's clear that his account is untrue: the Germans had started annihilating the Jews half a year before Hitler and the mufti met'."
7881:, p. 497:"the objective was not to synthesize National Socialism and Islam, nor to convert the Bosnian Muslims (who, it said, though racially Germanic, were ideologically part of the Arab world) to National Socialism ... though distinct the two ideologies would act together against their common enemies—Jews, Anglo-Americans, Communists, Freemasons, and the Catholic Church."
5391:, pp. 77f. writes that Rabbi Kook had preached as early as 1920: "The Temple Mount is Israel's holy place, and even should it be under the hand of others for long days and periods of time, it will finally come into our hands..., which could merely mean however that, in rabbinical thought, with the coming of the Messiah, the Temple would automatically revert to the Jews."
8103:, pp. 156–157 regarding Ben-Gurion's relationship with al-Husseini writes of "(his) old tactic of projecting an image of reasonableness and placing the onus for the deadlock on the shoulders of his Arab opponents. This was the tactic that had served him so well in relation to the grand Mufti, Hajj Amin al-Husseini, and other Arab leaders in the pre-Independence period".
3465:
United Nations". Husseini's popularity in the Arab world had risen during his time with the Nazis, and Arab leaders rushed to greet him on his return, and the masses accorded him an enthusiastic reception, an attitude which was to change rapidly after the defeat of 1948. Elpeleg writes that "to a certain extent" Husseini was chosen as the "scapegoat" for this defeat.
2367:, deny that the relationship can be taken to reflect a putative affinity of Arab nationalism with Nazi/Fascist ideology, and that men like Husseini chose them as allies for purely strategic reasons, on the grounds that, as Husseini later wrote in his memoirs, "the enemy of your enemy is your friend". British policy was to ease Husseini "into oblivion" by ignoring him,
4163:
3097:". Only about 6,300 Arab soldiers ended up being trained by German military organisations, no more than 1,300 from Palestine, Syria and Iraq combined. In contrast, Britain managed to recruit 9,000 from Palestine alone and a quarter of a million North African troops served in the French Army of Liberation where they made up the majority of its dead and wounded.
4678:, p. 20: "The leadership of al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni and the Arab Higher Committee, which had dominated Palestinian Arab political scene since the 1920s, was devastated by the disaster of 1948 and discredited by its failure to prevent it. The socio-economic base underlying the political power of traditional Palestinian Arab notables was severely disrupted."
5037:) after the failure, with the French overthrow of Faisal, of the pan-Arab project for a Greater Syria, embracing also Lebanon and Palestine. The Haifa conference, 13–20 December 1920, "marks the basic date in the history of the Palestinian question: it is the historical moment where the Palestinian version of nationalism prevails over the pan-Arab version."
2203:, responded by engaging in negotiations with al-Husseini and the Committee. The talks, however, soon proved fruitless. Al-Husseini issued a series of warnings, threatening the "revenge of God Almighty" unless the Jewish immigration were to stop, and the general strike began, paralyzing the government, public transportation, Arab businesses and agriculture.
5935:, pp. 292, 297f. One such discovery, in the port of Haifa, in October 1935, of a shipment of arms from Germany, with the apparent authorization of the Nazi Ministry for Internal Affairs, and destined for the Haganah, led to great agitation and played into the hands of those Arabs who pressed for more radical activities. translation needed.
3568:
Palestine with some protection against popular outcry. Whatever the long-term future of the Arab government of Palestine, its immediate purpose, as conceived by its Egyptian sponsors, was to provide a focal point of opposition to Abdullah and serve as an instrument for frustrating his ambition to federate the Arab regions with Transjordan.
3385:
3027:
put it. The proposals were rejected as unfeasible. The Italian Fascists envisaged a project to establish him as head of an intelligence centre in North Africa, and he agreed to act as commander of both regular and irregular forces in a future unit flanking Axis troops to carry out sabotage operations behind enemy lines.
8577:, pp. 214–215:"Zionist and Israeli leaders, however, have exploited the Mufti's activities to denigrate the Palestinian resistance against Israeli occupation as in fact Nazi inspired from the beginning and thus as fundamentally anti-Semitic. The latest example for these efforts is Israeli Foreign Minister
4463:, who argued that the destruction of European Jewry was committed by European powers and that it was Europe that should make a place for the survivors or grant them a state on its territory, not the Palestinians. For all of these reasons, they prioritized their war-crimes documentation efforts on the hunt for
3448:, and other Arab politicians in the company of Nazis and their Italian and Japanese allies. It claimed to demonstrate that German Nazis and Palestinian politicians (some of whom were requesting recognition at the UN in 1947 as representatives of the Palestinian Arab population) had made common cause during
5061:, p. 25:"Through his position Haj Amin, with the blessing of the British, was able to play a pivotal role in the course of Palestinian nationalist politics. He sought eventually to combine his religious role with his political position in the burgeoning area of Palestinian nationalist agitation."
3888:
as based on selective statements by a few writers taken at face value, share the view that al-Husseini was biased against Jews, not just against Zionists. Morris, for instance, notes that al-Husseini saw the Holocaust as German revenge for a putative Jewish sabotaging of their war effort in World War
1822:
festival of April that year passed without incident, despite al-Husseini's warnings of possible incidents. Chancellor thought his power was waning, and after conferring with London, admitted to al-Husseini on 6 May that he was impotent to act decisively in the matter. Al-Husseini replied that, unless
4064:
that he resisted "wild attacks" in refusing to display the photograph of al-Husseini meeting Hitler. He said "Those who want me to put it up aren't really interested in the Mufti's part in the Holocaust, which was limited anyway, but seek to harm the image of the Palestinians today. The Mufti was an
3636:
carried out the order ruthlessly and efficiently. Nonetheless, Egypt, which manipulated its formation, recognized the All-Palestine Government on 12 October, followed by Syria and Lebanon on 13 October, Saudi Arabia the 14th and Yemen on the 16th. Iraq's decision to the same was made formally on the
3290:
and refused to comply with the British request. France refused to extradite him to Yugoslavia where the government wanted to prosecute him for the massacres of Serbs. Poussot believed al-Husseini's claims that the massacre of Serbs had been performed by General Mihailovic and not by him. Al-Husseini
3245:
against the new state of Israel. Reacting to the formation by Great Britain of a special Jewish legion in the Allied cause, Husseini urged Germany to raise a similar Arab legion. Husseini helped organize Arab students, POWs and North African emigres in Germany into the "Arabisches Freiheitkorps", an
3215:
Those lands suffering under the British and Bolshevist yoke impatiently await the moment when the Axis (powers) will emerge victorious. We must dedicate ourselves to unceasing struggle against Britain – that dungeon of peoples – and to the complete destruction of the British Empire. We must dedicate
2988:
I ask your Excellency to permit me to draw your attention to the necessity of preventing the Jews from leaving your country for Palestine, and if there are reasons which make their removal necessary, it would be indispensable and infinitely preferable to send them to other countries where they would
2783:
Al-Husseini's own account of this point, as recorded in his diary, is very similar to Grobba's. According to Amin's account, however, when Hitler expounded his view that the Jews were responsible for World War I, Marxism and its revolutions, and this was why the task of Germans was to persevere in a
2741:
Germany has resolved, step by step, to ask one European nation after the other to solve its Jewish problem, and at the proper time, direct a similar appeal to non-European nations as well. When Germany had defeated Russia and broken through the Caucasus into the Middle East, it would have no further
2587:
pogrom in Baghdad, led by members of the Al-Muthanna Club, which had served as a conduit for German propaganda funding, erupted in June 1941. It was the first Iraqi pogrom in a century, one fueled by violent anti-Jewish feelings stirred over the preceding decade by the ongoing conflict between Arabs
2508:
to the effect that Palestinian Arabs would back Britain and assent to the White Paper of 1939 in exchange for an immediate implementation of the clause regarding the country's independence. Iraq undertook to place half of its army under Allied command outside the country's borders. On 29 August, the
2467:
in September 1939 the Iraqi Government complied with a British request to break off diplomatic relations with Germany, interned all German nationals, and introduced emergency measures putting Iraq on a virtual war-footing. Al-Husseini in the meantime had quietly slipped out of Beirut with his family
2238:
In July 1937, British police were sent to arrest al-Husseini for his part in the Arab rebellion, but, tipped off, he managed to escape to the sanctuary of asylum in the Haram. He stayed there for three months, directing the revolt from within. Four days after the assassination of the Acting District
1961:
against sheikh Muzaffir, an otherwise radical Islamic preacher, who gave a sermon calling for calm on the same day. An assault was launched on the Jewish quarter. Violent mob attacks on Jewish communities, fueled by wildfire hearsay about ostensible massacres of Arabs and attempts to seize the Wall,
1529:
which had been created by Samuel in 1921. Matthews argues that the British considered the combinations of his profile as an effective Arab nationalist and a scion of a noble Jerusalem family "made it advantageous to align his interests with those of the British administration and thereby keep him on
3567:
The decision to form the Government of All-Palestine in Gaza, and the feeble attempt to create armed forces under its control, furnished the members of the Arab League with the means of divesting themselves of direct responsibility for the prosecution of the war and of withdrawing their armies from
3517:
session, when his demands for more Palestinian self-determination in areas evacuated by the British, and for financial loans were rejected. His demands included the appointment of a Palestinian Arab representative to the League's General Staff, the formation of a Palestinian Provisional Government,
3464:
to thwart al-Husseini and annex the part of Palestine in exchange for Jordan's dropping its opposition to the establishment of a Jewish state. The meeting, in Shlaim's words, "laid the foundations for a partition of Palestine along lines radically different from the ones eventually envisaged by the
3026:
Al-Husseini collaborated with the Germans in numerous sabotage and commando operations in Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine, and repeatedly urged the Germans to bomb Tel Aviv and Jerusalem "in order to injure Palestinian Jewry and for propaganda purposes in the Arab world", as his Nazi interlocutors
3009:
We combatted this enterprise by writing to Ribbentrop, Himmler, and Hitler, and, thereafter, the governments of Italy, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Turkey, and other countries. We succeeded in foiling this initiative, a circumstance that led the Jews to make terrible accusations against me, in which
2910:
in general and Arabs in particular to ... drive all Jews from Arab and Muhammadan countries... . Germany is also struggling against the common foe who oppressed Arabs and Muhammadans in their different countries. It has very clearly recognized the Jews for what they are and resolved to find a
2724:
on 28 November. Hitler, recalling Husseini, remarked that he "has more than one Aryan among his ancestors and one who may be descended from the best Roman stock." He asked Adolf Hitler for a public declaration that "recognized and sympathized with the Arab struggles for independence and liberation,
2403:, Heinrich Wolff, an open supporter of Zionism, sent a telegram to Berlin reporting al-Husseini's belief that Palestinian Muslims were enthusiastic about the new regime and looked forward to the spread of fascism throughout the region. Wolff met al-Husseini and many sheikhs again, a month later, at
2082:
By 1928–1929 a coalition of a new Palestinian nationalist group began to challenge the hegemony so far exercised by al-Husseini. The group, more pragmatic, hailed from the landed gentry and from business circles, and was intent on what they considered a policy of more realistic accommodation to the
2010:
states that, although he was satisfied that al-Husseini was not directly responsible for the violence or had connived at it, he believed al-Husseini was aware of the nature of the anti-Zionist campaign and the danger of disturbances. He therefore attributed to the Mufti a greater share of the blame
453:
against Zionism. During the 1921–1936 period, he was considered an important ally by the British authorities. His appointment by the British for the role of grand mufti of all Palestine (a new role established by the British) helped divide the Palestinian leadership structure and national movement.
12248:
This committee, chaired by Palestine's national leader, Hajj Amin al-Hussaini, represented the Palestinian Arab national consensus, had the backing of the Palestinian political parties that functioned in Palestine, and was recognized in some form by Arab governments as the voice of the Palestinian
6370:
E questo, sia ben chiaro, non -come pure è stato sostenuto da vari autori – per una presunta affinità della loro ideologia con quelle nazista e fascista, che non-esisteva, ma in forza della logica tutta politica che vede nei nemici (in atto o potenziali) dei propri nemici i propri amici, specie se
3701:
Although al-Husseini had been removed from the Supreme Muslim Council and other administrative roles by the British government in 1937, they did not remove him from the post of mufti of Jerusalem. They later explained this as due to the lack of legal procedure or precedent. However, on 20 December
3572:
The All-Palestine Government was declared in Gaza on 22 September, in a way as a countermeasure against Jordan. According to Moshe Ma'oz this was "a mere tool to justify Cairo's occupation of the Gaza Strip". Pre-conference by the Arab League obtained an agreement to have Ahmad Hilmi Pasha preside
3356:
In November 1945, at the initiative of the Arab League, the "Arab Higher Committee" (AHC) was reestablished as the supreme executive body that represented the Arabs in Mandatory Palestine. This 12-member AHC included Husseini supporters and some members of political parties that opposed the Grand
3278:
Henri Ponsot, a former ambassador of France in Syria, led the discussions with him and had a decisive influence on the events. The French authorities expected an improvement in France's status in the Arab world through his intermediaries and accorded him "special detention conditions, benefits and
2875:
would not allow him to justify himself to the Jews... .gloating that the Jews had paid a much higher price than the Germans... he cites... : "Their losses in the Second World War represent more than thirty percent of the total number of their people ...". Statements like this, from a man
2483:
of four younger generals among the seven, three of whom had served with al-Husseini in World War I, were hostile to the idea of subordinating Iraqi national interests to Britain's war strategy and requirements. They responded to high public expectations for achieving independence from Britain, and
2358:
The Nazis generally regarded Arabs with contempt. Hitler himself had in 1937 spoken of them as "half-apes". However, throughout the interwar period, Arab nationalists bore Germany no ill-will (despite its earlier support for the Ottoman Empire). Like many Arab countries, Germany was perceived as a
2335:
Neve Gordon writes that al-Husseini regarded all alternative nationalist views as treasonous, opponents became traitors and collaborators, and patronizing or employing Jews of any description illegitimate. From Beirut he continued to issue directives. The price for murdering opposition leaders and
4984:
Regarding the whole period preceding the riot, marked by conflicting rumours, Laurens writes:"For several months, the intelligence service Zionists organised in 1918 multiplied warnings about plots by Arab activists. These pieces of information never received any confirmation from the British (or
4458:
were competing with one another to find and employ former Nazis and Nazi collaborators who could be useful in intelligence gathering, propaganda efforts, and chemical, biological, nuclear, and missile technology; however, they would not likely have known or imagined the full extent of the various
4005:
called the claim a "blatantly mendacious attempt to exploit the Holocaust politically", "shameful and indecent" as well as fraudulent, aimed at stigmatizing and delegitimizing "any sympathy or concern for Palestinian rights and statehood". The official German transcript of the meeting with Hitler
3896:
does remark that in his memoirs, Husseini recalled Himmler telling him how during the deportation of Dutch Jews, only Jews accepted the offer of payment in lieu of information on those trying to escape being caught by the Nazis. He also recorded that Himmler told him how shocked he was to observe
3868:
n any case, there is no doubt that Haj Amin's hatred was not limited to Zionism, but extended to Jews as such. His frequent, close contacts with leaders of the Nazi regime cannot have left Haj Amin any doubt as to the fate which awaited Jews whose emigration was prevented by his efforts. His many
2690:
Encouraged by his meeting with the Italian leader, al-Husseini prepared a draft declaration, affirming the Axis support for the Arabs on 3 November. In three days, the declaration, slightly amended by the Italian foreign ministry, received the formal approval of Mussolini and was forwarded to the
2378:
When Husseini eventually met with Hitler and Ribbentrop in 1941, he assured Hitler that "The Arabs were Germany's natural friends because they had the same enemies... namely the English, the Jews, and the Communists". Hitler was pleased with him, considering him "the principal actor in the Middle
2251:
group on 26 September, al-Husseini was deposed from the presidency of the Muslim Supreme Council, the Arab Higher Committee was declared illegal, and warrants for the arrest of its leaders were issued, as being at least "morally responsible", though no proofs existed for their complicity. Of them
1827:
in June led to a new proposal: only Muslim works in the sector near where Jews prayed should be subject to mandatory authorisation: Jews could employ ritual objects, but the introduction of seats and screens would be subject to Muslim authorisation. Chancellor authorised the Muslims to recommence
1696:
regarding the eventual return in time of the Temple Mount back to Jewish hands, and turned them to a concrete political plot to seize control of the area. Al-Husseini's intensive work to refurbish the shrine as a cynosure for the Muslim world, and Jewish endeavours to improve their access to, and
3045:
and Abdul Latif (who had edited the al-Husseini's Berlin radio addresses). It has been established that the mission, briefed by al-Husseini before departure, aimed at establishing an intelligence-gathering base in Palestine, radioing information back to Germany, and buying support among Arabs in
2983:
in Poland rather than let them find asylum in Palestine. A year later, on 25 July 1944 he wrote to the Hungarian foreign minister to register his objection to the release of certificates for 900 Jewish children and 100 adults for transfer from Hungary, fearing they might end up in Palestine. He
2816:
as part of a German secret police "training course" in July 1942. At the time, the Sachsenhausen camp, set up by the Nazi authorities as a "model camp" to be shown off to both domestic and foreign visitors, housed large numbers of Jews, but was only transformed into a death camp in the following
8751:
C'est surtout dans l'appréciation globale de l'ancien mufti de Jérusalem et de son action que nos deux historiens s'opposent. Médiocre et velléitaire pour le Palestinien, Haj Amin est, pour l'Israélien, un homme 'hors du commun', 'comparable à Haïm Weizmann, David Ben Gourion, ou même à Theodor
6391:
Translation: "I have considered Germany to be a friendly country, because it was not a colonizing country, and it never harmed any Arab or Islamic country, and because it was fighting our colonialist and Zionist enemies, and because the enemy of your enemy is your friend. And I was certain that
4432:
story. These men were not acting as historians but as activists working in a war-torn Europe and in the wake of a catastrophe that had not yet been conceptualized as the Holocaust. Ruffer and Pier teamed with other Jewish Agency operatives who had been dispatched to postwar Europe to coordinate
3969:
The claims of Palestinian complicity in the murder of the European Jews were to some extent a defensive strategy, a preemptive response to the Palestinian complaint that if Israel was recompensed for the Holocaust, it was unjust that Palestinian Muslims should pick up the bill for the crimes of
2965:
also called Wisliceny's testimony into doubt: "There is no independent documentary confirmation of Wisliceny's statements, and it seems unlikely that the Nazis needed any such additional encouragement from the outside." Bettina Stangneth called Wisliceny's claims "colourful stories" that "carry
2354:
in the Middle East, which in turn extended to the sphere of international politics. The Arabs perceived their interests as tied up with an eventual weakening of these two powers as a precondition for establishing their national independence. For this reason, as early as June 1933, even the most
2041:
The High Commissioner received al-Husseini twice officially on 1 October 1929 and a week later, and the latter complained of pro-Zionist bias in an area where the Arab population still viewed Great Britain favorably. Al-Husseini argued that the weakness of the Arab position was that they lacked
1941:
for misusing funds marked out for campaigning against France, al-Husseini asked for a visa for himself and Awni Abd al-Hadi to travel to Syria, where the leadership of the Syrian anti-French cause was being contested. Averse to his presence in Syria, the French asked him to put off the journey.
1861:
resumed works, confidentially authorised, on the Haram only to be met with outcries from the Jewish press. The administration rapidly published the new rules on 22 July, with a serious error in translation that fueled Zionist reports of a plot against Jewish rights. A protest in London led to a
3855:
Scholarly opinion is divided on the issue, with many scholars viewing him as a staunch antisemite while some deny the appropriateness of the term, or argue that he became antisemitic. Robert Kiely sees Husseini as moving "incrementally toward anti-Semitism as he opposed Jewish ambitions in the
3822:
The earlier biographical works on Husseini were characterized by extreme partisanship, with supporters among his Arab contemporaries showcasing his role as the central figure in an Arab revolt that was thwarted by British and Zionist conspiracies, and Zionist histories vilified him as a Muslim
3473:
On 31 December 1947, Macatee, the American consul general in Jerusalem, reported that terror ruled Palestine, and that partition was the cause of this terror. According to Macatee, the Palestinian Arabs did not dare to oppose Haj Amin, but they did not rally en masse around his flag in the war
3210:
army, they chose an alliance with Germany, which promised them autonomy. Husseini, having been petitioned by the Bosnian Muslim leaders, was well informed of their plight. Dissatisfied with low enlistment, Himmler asked the mufti to intervene. Husseini negotiated, made several requests, mostly
2319:
The rebellion itself had lasted until March 1939, when it was finally quelled by British troops, assisted by Zionist forces, with a 10/1 advantage over Palestinians. Al-Husseini was sufficiently depressed by the outcome, and the personal loss of many friends and relatives, that he contemplated
8450:
rule. ... There were persistent suspicions in Amman and Jerusalem that the Mufti and AHC had organized and were running a permanent anti-Israel, anti-Hashemite underground in the West Bank. But no such organization was discovered between 1949 and 1956. The truth was somewhat more prosaic. The
3851:
judges that his behaviour in World War II deserved the image among Zionists of him as an "arch villain", but adds that Israeli and Zionist leaders have long since used this to denigrate the Palestinian resistance against the Israeli occupation as inspired by Nazism from the beginning and thus
3746:
believed the ex-Mufti's hand could be detected "behind every anti-Jewish pogrom, murder, and act of sabotage", Israel persisted in asserting that al-Husseini was behind many border raids from Jordanian and Egyptian-held territory, and Egypt expressed a readiness to deport him if evidence were
3577:
was convened in Gaza on 30 September 1948, under the chairmanship of Amin al-Husseini. On 30 September, al-Husseini was elected unanimously as president, but had no authority outside the areas controlled by Egypt. The council passed a series of resolutions culminating on 1 October 1948 with a
2495:
As the European situation for the Allies deteriorated, Husseini advised Iraq to adhere to the letter to their treaty with Great Britain, and avoid being drawn into the war in order to conserve her energies for the liberation of Arab countries. Were Russia, Japan and Italy to side with Germany
2102:
in Haifa had been approved by al-Husseini. Lachman argues that he secretly encouraged, and perhaps financed al-Qassam at this period. Whatever their relations, the latter's independent activism, and open challenge to the British authorities appears to have led to a rupture between the two. He
3931:
states the overriding cause behind the dispossession of Palestinians lay in the Balfour Declaration, British policies and the combined military superiority of Yishuv forces and the Mandatory army. Husseini's initial moderation and then failure to compromise was a contributory factor, but not
3115:
that states: "The Day of Judgement will come, when the Muslims will crush the Jews completely: And when every tree behind which a Jew hides will say: 'There is a Jew behind me, Kill him!". Some accounts have alleged that the Handschar was responsible for killing 90% of Bosnian Jews. However,
2974:
Al-Husseini opposed all immigration of Jews into Palestine, and during the war he campaigned against the transfer of Jewish refugees to Palestine. No evidence has been forthcoming to show he was opposed to transferring Jews to countries outside the Middle East. Al-Husseini's numerous letters
794:
noted that the English recruiting officer, Captain C. D. Brunton, found al-Husseini, with whom he cooperated, very pro-British, and that, via the diffusion of War Office pamphlets dropped from the air promising them peace and prosperity under British rule, "the recruits (were) being given to
9013:
he never became a doctrinaire adherent of his teacher Rashid Rida's fundamentalist Pan-Islamism, even if he was later elevated to the rank of a religious dignitary. Until Rida's death, Husseini accepted his counsel on doctrinal questions...When political interests required that he violate
1495:, in March 1921. Elections were then held, and of the four candidates running for the office of Mufti, al-Husseini received the fewest votes, the first three being Nashashibi candidates. Nevertheless, Samuel was anxious to keep a balance between the al-Husseinis and their rival clan the
5139:), a title which had hitherto been unknown in Palestine but which was probably copied from Egypt. This gesture was, in part, meant as a reward for Kāmil's cooperation with the British, but it may have been intended to substitute some kind of a new hierarchy for the former Ottoman one".
3452:
in their opposition to the establishment of a Jewish State in Palestine. In May 1948, the Israeli government thanked Kirchwey for "having a good and honorable share of our success", at least partly as a consequence of distributing information on al-Husseini to the UN representatives.
2979:, none of the documents presented at Eichmann's trial prove that it was al-Husseini's interference, in these "acts of total evil," that prevented the children's rescue. In June 1943 al-Husseini recommended to the Hungarian minister that it would be better to send Jews in Hungary to
3123:
On 1 March 1944, while speaking on Radio Berlin, al-Husseini said: "Arabs, rise as one man and fight for your sacred rights. Kill the Jews wherever you find them. This pleases God, history, and religion. This saves your honor. God is with you." This statement has been described as
2206:
As the time passed, by autumn the Arab middle class had exhausted its resources. Under these circumstances, the Mandatory government was looking for an intermediary who might help persuade the Arab Higher Committee to end the rebellion. Al-Husseini and the Committee rejected King
7773:, p. 313:"Overall, it is fairest to say that the Yugoslavian insurgency was a racial – national – ideological – religious struggle that was unique in its barbarity and excesses were perpetrated by all of the warring sides against both combatants and the civilian population."
2417:
Italy also made the nature of its assistance to the Palestinian contingent on the outcome of its own negotiations with Britain, and cut off aid when it appeared that the British were ready to admit the failure of their pro-Zionist policy in Palestine. Al-Husseini's adversary,
4863:, pp. 152–153:Both local Palestinian Arabs and Jews played almost no role in the conquest of Palestine: the former enlisted after the Arab revolt and were active east of the Jordan, the latter were recruited after the conquest of Jerusalem and saw little military action.
2548:, released from his imprisonment in Palestine. They asked him if he would undertake to kill or kidnap al-Husseini and destroy Iraq's oil refineries. Raziel agreed on condition he be allowed to kidnap al-Husseini. Raziel and other Irgun militants were flown to the RAF base at
8446:, murder, and act of sabotage. The Jordanian authorities, always apprehensive of the Palestinians, suspected that the ex-Mufti – and various Arab regimes – were sponsoring terrorism from Jordan against Israel in order to foment trouble between the two and to destabilize the
1383:
of the rival Nashashibi clan. This, according to the Palin report, "had a profound effect on his co-religionists, definitely confirming the conviction they had already formed from other evidence that the Civil Administration was the mere puppet of the Zionist Organization."
2939:
reported that Wisliceny told him that he had overheard Husseini say he had visited Auschwitz incognito in Eichmann's company. Eichmann denied this at his trial in Jerusalem in 1961. He had been invited to Palestine in 1937 with his superior Hagen by a representative of the
5756:, p. 46; gives 133 Jewish killed, and 339 wounded, 116 Arabs known to be killed, and 232 known to be wounded, the latter almost entirely due to police actions. The Arab wounded are those registered by the Mandatory authorities. Many preferred to hide their injuries.
1809:
in December 1928, the question was re-examined, and in February 1929 legal opinion established that the mandatory authority was within its powers to intervene to ensure Jewish rights of access and prayer. Al-Husseini pressed him for a specific clarification of the legal
4625:, p. 192:"the leading Palestinian political group that developed during the mandate was very largely dominated by Islamic discourse and led by the Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini. However, it long found its basic support in Muslim-Christian Associations."
3901:
abusing fellow Jews and that Himmler claimed he had the culprits punished. In this way, it has been argued, he imitated the Nazis who were destroying them, by implicitly portraying the Jews as morally inferior. Husseini also states in his memoirs, that he had visited
2163:
of the northern al-Qassam group, with links to the Nashashibis. After the arrest and execution of Farhan, al-Husseini seized the initiative by negotiating an alliance with the al-Qassam faction. Apart from some foreign subsidies, including a substantial amount from
2652:"recognize in principle the unity, independence, and sovereignty, of an Arab state, including Iraq, Syria, Palestine, and Transjordan", he offered support in the war against Britain and stated his willingness to discuss the issues of "the Holy Places, Lebanon, the
1289:, established in March 1920. In addition to his support to pan-Arabist policies of King Faisal I, al-Husseini tried to destabilize the British rule in Palestine, which was declared to be part of the Arab Kingdom, even though no authority was exercised in reality.
1832:
ceremonies in the vicinity of the wall. He also asked the Zionist representatives to refrain from filling their newspapers with attacks on the government and Muslim authorities. Chancellor then departed for Europe where the Mandatory Commission was deliberating.
1780:, that this virtually changed the lane into a synagogue, and violated the status quo, as had the collapsible seats in 1926. British constables, encountering a refusal, used force to remove the screen, and a jostling clash ensued between worshippers and police.
4121:
The Memoirs of Amin al-Husseini, covering the period 1937 to 1948. (First published in 1975 in Arabic, republished in Syria as a whole book in 1999. Originally Published progressively as monthly articles in the Palestine Magazine between 1967 and 1975 over 75
3958:(M)erely to discuss his life is to be caught up in the Arab–Israeli propaganda war. To make an impartial assessment of the man's career—or, for that matter, an unbiased history of the Arab–Israeli dispute—is like trying to ride two bicycles at the same time.
3329:'s request he would be handed over to the British. In September, the French decided to organize his transfer to an Arab country. Egypt, Saudi Arabia or Yemen were considered and diplomatic contacts were made with their authorities and with the Arab League.
6386:واعتبرت المانيا بلدآ صديقآ لأنها لم تكن دولة مستعمرة ولم يسبق لها أن تعرضت بسوء لأية دولة عربية أو اسلامية, ولأنها كانت تقاتل أعداءنا من مستعمرين و صهيونيين, ولان عدو عدوك صديقك, و كنت موقنآ, أن انتصار المانيا سينقذ بلادنا حتمآ من خطر الصهيونية و الاستعمار
3650:
narratives, according to Hillel Cohen, tend to ignore the open resistance to al-Husseini by many influential Palestinians. A member of the Darwish family—on expressing dissent with Husseini's war objective in favour of negotiation—was told by al-Husseini:
1617:
shrine (which houses also the holiest site in Judaism). The whole area required extensive restoration, given the disrepair into which it had fallen from neglect in Ottoman times. Jerusalem was the original direction towards which Muslims prayed, until the
2883:... told him in summer 1943 that the Germans had "already exterminated more than three million" Jews: "I was astonished by this figure, as I had known nothing about the matter until then." ... Thus. in 1943, Husseini knew about the genocide... .
1756:. A month later, an article appeared in the Jewish press proposing the purchase and destruction of houses in the Moroccan quarter bordering on the wall to improve pilgrim access and thereby further the "Redemption of Israel." Soon after, on 23 September,
2509:
British however reneged on the agreement, which even Husseini had initially opposed vehemently until the Iraqi government brought pressure to bear on him. The British backtracked out of fear over the hostile reaction the accord might stir up among the
2891:
Himmler asked me on the occasion: "How do you propose to settle the Jewish question in your country?" I replied: "All we want from them is that they return to their countries of origin." He (Himmler) replied: "We shall never authorize their return to
2807:
and that "the Jews aroused particular interest among the Arabs. ... It all made a very favorable impression on the Arabs." This is cited in confirmation of the view that an associate of al-Husseini's together with three associates of the former Iraqi
795:
understand that they were fighting in a national cause and to liberate their country from the Turks". Nothing in his early career to this point suggests he had ambitions to serve in a religious office: his interests were those of an Arab nationalist.
3231:
In an agreement signed by Husseini and Himmler on 19 May 1943, it was specified that no synthesis of Islam and Nationalism was to take place. Husseini asked that Muslim divisional operations to be restricted to the defense of the Moslem heartland of
3240:
were drafted to replace the losses. The mufti blamed the mass desertions on German support for the Četniks. Many Bosnians in these divisions who survived the war sought asylum in Western and Arab countries, and of those settling in the Middle East,
8538:, p. 228:"the Zionist biographers, especially Maurice Pearlman and Joseph B. Schechtman, rely on the Western press; they lack even an elementary familiarity with al-Husayni, Islam, the Arabic language, or Palestinian society and its politics."
3518:
the transfer of authority to local National Committees in areas evacuated by the British, and both a loan for Palestinian administration and an appropriation of large sums to the Arab Higher Executive for Palestinian Arabs entitled to war damages.
1752:. On the 26th, the completion of the first stage of restoration work on the Haram's mosques was celebrated with great pomp, in the presence of representatives from the Muslim countries which had financed the project, the Mandatory authorities, and
3444:), al-Husseini's diary account of meeting Hitler, several letters to German officials in several countries where he requested that Jews never be permitted to emigrate from Europe to a Jewish Home in Palestine, and many photographs of al-Husseini,
3332:
On 29 May, after an influential Moroccan had organized his escape, and the French police had suspended their surveillance, al-Husseini left France on a TWA flight for Cairo using travel papers supplied by a Syrian politician who was close to the
4275:
and the genocidal program of the Nazis. But it should be remembered that the Hajj Amin was not the only non-European nationalist leader to find refuge and succor in Berlin at this time. While in Berlin, the Hajj might have rubbed shoulders with
1579:, bickering between these two families seriously undermined any Palestinian Arab unity. In 1936, however, they achieved a measure of concerted policy when all the Palestinian Arab groups joined to create a permanent executive organ known as the
4013:
alleged that Eichmann had accompanied Husseini on an inspection tour of both Auschwitz and Majdanek, and that al-Husseini had praised the hardest workers at the crematoria. His claim was unsourced. The charge was recycled with added colour by
3148:
Among the Nazi leadership, the greatest interest in the idea of creating Muslim units under German command was shown by Heinrich Himmler, who viewed the Islamic world as a potential ally against the British Empire and regarded the Nazi-puppet
7785:, pp. 97–98: "a scorched-earth practice commenced ... During the operation, we carried out the complete annihilation of the Moslem inhabitants, without regard to their sex and age ... The whole population has been annihilated."
2022:. Consular documentation discarded the plot thesis rapidly, and identified the deeper cause as political, not religious, namely in what the Palin report had earlier identified as profound Arab discontent over Zionism. Arab memoirs on the
2960:
concludes that "actually there is no evidence that the Mufti's presence was a factor at all; the Wisliceny hearsay is not merely uncorroborated, but conflicts with everything else that is known about the origins of the Final Solution."
4441:), war-crimes documentation, and in some cases arms smuggling. They loathed Husayni as a Nazi collaborator and viewed his possible return to leadership in Palestine as a threat. They lamented the allied preoccupation with the emerging
4044:
One must note in passing that Amin al-Husseini's memoirs are an antidote against Holocaust denial: He knew that the genocide took place and boasted of having been perfectly aware of it from 1943 on. I believe he is an architect of the
2413:
essentially precluded significant assistance to Arab leaders. This care for treating with respect English colonial initiatives (like the promotion of Zionist immigration) was also linked to Nazi ambitions to drive Jews out of Europe.
2223:. As Wauchope warned of an impending military campaign and simultaneously offered to dispatch a Royal Commission of Inquiry to hear the Arab complaints, the Arab Higher Committee called off the strike on 11 October. When the promised
2780:, who until recently had been the German ambassador to Iraq. His version of the crucial words reads "when the hour of Arab liberation comes, Germany has no interest there other than the destruction of the power protecting the Jews".
2336:
peace leaders rose by July to 100 Palestine pounds: a suspected traitor 25 pounds, and a Jew 10. Notwithstanding this, ties with the Jews were reestablished by leading families such as the Nashashibis, and by the Fahoum of Nazareth.
3925:, "represented the Palestinian Arab national consensus, had the backing of the Palestinian political parties that functioned in Palestine, and was recognized in some form by Arab governments as the voice of the Palestinian people".
2479:'s agreement, to Iraq, and he was to play an influential role there in the following two years. Nuri as-Said hoped to negotiate concessions on Palestine with the British in exchange for a declaration of support for Great Britain. A
8620:(the Jews as responsible for the two world wars). On the other hand, a racist vision of world history is totally absent from his general worldview. … Taken together, his writings after 1945 do not show him as having an attitude of
8091:, p. 691:"In all the sessions of the American Jewish Conference and its interim committees, no proposal was put forward for the trial of any specific individual or category of individuals, save one: the ex-Mufti of Jerusalem."
1511:. They then moved to secure for the Husseini clan a compensatory function of prestige by appointing one of them to the position of mufti, and, with the support of Raghib al-Nashashibi, prevailing upon the Nashashibi front-runner,
3153:
as a "ridiculous state". Himmler had a romantic vision of Islam as a faith "fostering fearless soldiers", and this probably played a significant role in his decision to raise three Muslim divisions under German leadership in the
1485:
for those convicted of complicity in the riots of 1920, excluding only Amin al-Husseini and Al Aref. During a visit later that year to the Bedouin tribes of Transjordan who harboured the two political refugees, Samuel offered a
3274:
At around this time, the British head of Palestine's Criminal Investigation Division told an American military attaché that the Mufti might be the only person who could unite the Palestinian Arabs and "cool off the Zionists".
5251:, p. 38 This excludes funds for land purchases. The "Jewish Agency", mentioned in article 4 of the Mandate only became the official term in 1928. At the time the organisation was called the Palestine Zionist Executive.
3838:
There is no doubt Husseini became robustly antisemitic and convinced himself, using arguments based on Biblical, Talmudic, and Quranic passages, that Jews were enemies of God, engaged in a global conspiracy, and practicing
3641:
The leadership of al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni and the Arab Higher Committee, which had dominated the Palestinian political scene since the 1920s, was devastated by the disaster of 1948 and discredited by its failure to prevent
2824:
Generally, having provided much funding for al-Huysayni and his retinue, the Germans were unsatisfied with the return from their investment. He was highly secretive about his networks of contacts in the Middle East and the
8752:
Herzl'. Ancien gouverneur militaire à Gaza et en Cisjordanie, qui passait autrefois pour un 'faucon', Zvi Elpeleg témoigne de l'évolution des esprits en Israël, où son livre a reçu le meilleur des accueils dans les médias.
2316:. By June 1939, after the disintegration of the revolt, Husseini's policy of killing only proven turncoats changed to one of liquidating all suspects, even members of his own family, according to one intelligence report.
4049:(the defeat of 1948 and the departure of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians who had been driven out of their lands) in the sense that he bears a share of responsibility for what has happened to the Palestinian people.
3996:
claimed that Hitler at the time was not thinking of exterminating the Jews, but only of expelling them, and that it was al-Husseini who inspired Hitler to embark on a programme of genocide to prevent them from coming to
4234:, writing on the uncertainty of al-Husseini's birthdate, notes that he wrote both 1895 and 1896 on official documents between 1921 and 1934, which Mattar suggests was due to both years corresponding to 1313 A.H. in the
8601:
had been one of his mentors. In the interwar period, he had fought Zionism as a political and religious leader. He was then of the opinion that the aim of Zionism was to expel the Arabs of Palestine and take over the
2927:, stated that al-Husseini had actively encouraged the extermination of European Jews, and that al-Husseini had a meeting with Eichmann at his office, during which Eichmann gave him a view of the current state of the "
3379:
A leaflet, distributed after the U.N partition resolution, by the Mufti High Command, which calls the Arabs to attack and conquer all of Palestine, to ignite all of the Middle East and to curtail the U.N. partition
2632:, or SIM). Al-Husseini was not welcome in Turkey, nor given permission nor visa to enter; however, he traveled through Turkey with the help of Italian and Japanese diplomats to get to Bulgaria and eventually Italy.
770:. In November 1916 he obtained a three-month disability leave from the army and returned to Jerusalem. He was recovering from an illness there when the city was captured by the British a year later. The British and
1987:
774:, for which some 500 Palestinian Arabs were estimated to have volunteered, completed their conquest of Ottoman-controlled Palestine and Syria in 1918. As a Sherifian officer, al-Husseini recruited men to serve in
8581:'s circulating a photograph of a meeting between the Mufti and Adolf Hitler in Berlin in 1941 in order to provide a convincing argument why Israel had the right to expand building activities in East Jerusalem."
1926:(wall petitions), without harming however three Jews present. Contacted by Luke, al-Husseini undertook to do his best to maintain calm on the Haram, but could not stop demonstrators from gathering at the Wall.
1490:
to both and Al Aref accepted with alacrity. Husseini initially rebuffed the offer, on the grounds that he was not a criminal. He accepted the pardon only in the wake of the death of his half-brother, the mufti
3719:, while entering the Haram ash-Sharif to pray. There is no evidence al-Husseini was involved, though Musa al-Husayni was among the six indicted and executed after a disputed verdict. Abdullah was succeeded by
1893:
to join them in the religious commemoration. Kisch, before leaving, had banned Jewish demonstrations in Jerusalem's Arab quarters. The Betar youth gave the ceremony a strong nationalist tinge by singing the
906:
1466:("Brotherhood and Purity"), played an important role in clandestine anti-British and anti-Zionist activities, and, via members in the gendarmerie, had engaged in riotous activities as early as April 1920.
2396:
4445:
that was eclipsing interest in pursuing Nazi criminals. As experienced covert operatives with strong connections to American and European intelligence agencies, they were no doubt aware that Western and
3116:
Handschar units were deployed only after most of the Jews in Croatia had been deported or exterminated by the Ustaše regime. One report, however, of a Handschar patrol murdering some Jewish civilians in
2679:
Germany and Italy recognize the right of the Arab countries to solve the question of the Jewish elements, which exist in Palestine and in the other Arab countries, as required by the national and ethnic
2864:
The Mufti was well aware that the European Jews were being wiped out; he never claimed the contrary. Nor, unlike some of his present-day admirers, did he play the ignoble, perverse, and stupid game of
1439:, which set down a Palestinian framework and passed over in silence the earlier idea of a south confederated with Syria. This framework set the tone of Palestinian nationalism for the ensuing decades.
3010:
they held me accountable for the liquidation of four hundred thousand Jews who were unable to emigrate to Palestine in this period. They added that I should be tried as a war criminal in Nuremberg.
3637:
12th, but was not made public. Both Great Britain and the US backed Jordan, the US saying that al-Husseini's role in World War II could be neither forgotten nor pardoned. The sum effect was that:
3509:
respectively. This decision paved the way for undermining the Mufti's position among the Arab States. On 9 February 1948, four days after the Damascus meeting, he suffered a severe setback at the
2042:
political representation in Europe, whereas for millennia, in his view, the Jews dominated with their genius for intrigue. He assured Chancellor of his cooperation in maintaining public order.
1626:
by Mohammed in the year 624. Al-Husseini commissioned the Turkish architect Mimar Kemalettin. In restoring the site, al-Husseini was also assisted by the Mandatory power's Catholic Director of
1356:, Colonel Bertie Harry Waters-Taylor, to demonstrate to the world that Arabs would not tolerate a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The assertion was never proven, and Meinertzhagen was dismissed.
2536:, concerned at the impact an attempt on his life might have in Iraq where his resistance to the British was widely admired. After the coup of April 1941, British called on assistance from the
4246:
argues that 1897 was his likely date of birth, suggesting he was induced by circumstances to assert that he was older when giving various dates for his birth, ranging from 1893 to 1897. (See
4186:
3282:
As early as 24 May, Great Britain requested al-Husseini's extradition, arguing that he was a British citizen who had collaborated with the Nazis. Despite the fact that he was on the list of
1359:
After the April riots an event took place that turned the traditional rivalry between the Husseini and Nashashibi clans into a serious rift, with long-term consequences for al-Husseini and
2899:
doubts the sincerity of his surprise since, he argues, Husseini had publicly declared that Muslims should follow the example Germans set for a "definitive solution to the Jewish problem".
7192:
that, accompanied by Eichmann, he has visited incognito the gas chamber at Auschwitz'. These reports coming only from Wisliceny must be questioned until substantiated from other sources."
3337:. It took more than 12 days for the French foreign minister to realize he had fled, and the British were not able to arrest him in Egypt, after that country granted him political asylum.
2699:
and other German officials. In the final draft, which differed only marginally from al-Husseini's original proposal, the Axis powers declared their readiness to approve the elimination (
2375:, Husseini was reluctant to lend his voice in support of Britain "because it had destroyed Palestinian villages, executed and imprisoned Palestinian fighters, and exiled their leaders".
4018:, unfounded on any evidence, at the time of the trial of Adolf Eichmann. Various sources have repeatedly alleged that he visited other concentration camps, and also the death camps of
3211:
ignored by the SS, and conducted several visits to the area. His speeches and charismatic authority proved instrumental in improving enlistment notably. In one speech he declared that
2579:
for a holy war against Britain. The situation of Iraq's Jews rapidly deteriorated, with extortions and sometimes murders taking place. Following the Iraqi defeat and the collapse of
2437:. Promised arms shipments never eventuated. This was not the only diplomatic front on which al-Husseini was active. A month after his visit to Döhle, he wrote to the American Consul
3375:
3174:
2264:. Al-Husseini was not among the indicted but, fearing imprisonment, on 13–14 October, after sliding under cover of darkness down a rope from the Haram's wall, he himself fled, in a
3814:, almost all trace of his memory thereafter vanished from Palestinian awareness, and Palestinians have raised no monument to his memory, or written books commemorating his deeds.
3790:
asked the Israeli government permission to bury him there but permission was refused. Three days later, al-Husseini was buried in Beirut. Within two years, the Christian Lebanese
3167:
3101:
11603:
1929:
On 17 August a young Jewish boy was stabbed to death by Arabs while retrieving a football, while an Arab was badly wounded in a brawl with Palestinian Jews. Strongly tied to the
6371:
essi hanno già dato prova – e questo era appunto il caso della Germania ed ancor più dell'Italia – di essere interessati, nella stessa logica politica, a sostenere la loro causa
6202:, p. 15:"Both Italy and Britain came to the realization in the late 1930s as the clouds of war began to descend on Europe that support for the Arabs would prove fruitful."
2591:
When the Iraqi resistance collapsed – given its paucity, German and Italian assistance played a negligible role in the war – al-Husseini escaped from Baghdad on 30 May 1941 to
11903:
3089:. The Mufti was paid "an absolute fortune" of 50,000 marks a month (when a German field marshal was making 25,000 marks a year), the equivalent today of $ 12,000,000 a year.
2429:
Though Italy did offer substantial aid, some German assistance also trickled through. After asking the new German Consul-General, Hans Döhle on 21 July 1937 for support, the
723:
at the time, and he only donned a religious turban in 1921 after being appointed mufti. In 1913, approximately at the age of 16, al-Husseini accompanied his mother Zainab to
14384:
3344:, thanking France for its hospitality and suggesting that France continue this policy to increase its prestige in the eyes of all Muslims. In September, a delegation of the
6316:. The Game Player: Confessions of the CIA's original operative. 1989. Page 181. "Most of them (the Nazis) were anti-Arab, although they had the wit to conceal that fact."
2829:
complained he had given them "practically no military information of any worth." As the Abwehr grew disenchanted with him, al-Husayni gravitated by 1943 towards the SS.
2109:
By 1935 al-Husseini did take control of one clandestine organization, of whose nature he had not been informed until the preceding year, which had been set up in 1931 by
13300:
6986:
denn die Stunde der Befreieung der Araber habe dann geschlagen, Deutschland habe dort keine anderen Interessen als die Vernichtung der das Judentum protegierenden Macht.
3727:, who had been present at the murder, eventually lifted the ban in 1967, receiving al-Husseini as an honoured guest in his Jerusalem royal residence after uprooting the
3601:. Hilmi's cabinet consisted largely of relatives and followers of Amin al-Husseini, but also included representatives of other factions of the Palestinian ruling class.
3180:
2038:
rival of al-Husseini, alone asserts, without details, that al-Husseini was responsible. Al-Husseini in his Judeophobic memoirs never claimed to have played such a role.
2030:(troubles) follow a contemporary proclamation for the Defence of the Wall on 31 August, which justified the riots as legitimate, but nowhere mention a coordinated plan.
9078:
3734:
The Palestinian Government was entirely relocated to Cairo in late October 1948 and became a government-in-exile, gradually losing any importance. Having a part in the
2746:
did have one goal. "Germany's objective would then be solely the destruction of the Jewish element residing in the Arab sphere under the protection of British power". (
2668:, who met al-Husseini on 27 October. According to al-Husseini's account, it was an amicable meeting in which Mussolini expressed his hostility to the Jews and Zionism.
12467:
12152:
11912:
3609:
was secretary of the cabinet. Twelve ministers in all, living in different Arab countries, headed for Gaza to take up their new positions. The decision to set up the
2492:, though he was not yet an openly pro-Axis supporter, and al-Husseini's personal secretary Kemal Hadad acted as a liaison between the Axis powers and these officers.
13256:
1998:
where his Arab political adversaries were dominant. The root cause of the violent outbreaks lay in the fear of territorial dispossession. In a Note of Reservation,
2176:. After the start of the revolt, most of that money was used to finance the activities of his representatives throughout the country. To Italy's Consul-General in
1950:, considered this beyond his brief—which was limited to an appeal for calm—and the Arabs in turn refused. They agreed to pursue their dialogue the following week.
994:
13288:
4271:. And, certainly, opponents of Palestinian nationalism have made good use of those activities to associate the Palestinian national movement with European-style
11365:
5959:, pp. 210–211 mentions £138,000 from 10 September 1936 to 15 June 1938. Earlier, in January 1936 Italy had given al-Husseini £12,000 of a promised £25,000.
3348:
went to Paris and proposed that Arabs would adopt a neutral position on the North African question in exchange of France's support in the Palestinian question.
1974:. In all, in the killings and subsequent revenge attacks, 136 Arabs and 135 Jews died, while 340 of the latter were wounded, as well as an estimated 240 Arabs.
5628:, p. 79:"This was done to ensure a new major influx of non-Zionist American wealth into the country to support the development of a Jewish national home".
1946:
were ready to recognize Jewish visiting rights at the Wall in exchange for Jewish recognition of Islamic prerogatives at the Buraq. The Jewish representative,
613:. The al-Husseini clan consisted of wealthy landowners in southern Palestine, centered around the district of Jerusalem. Thirteen members of the clan had been
564:. Historians also note that Husseini was not the only non-European nationalist leader to have cooperated with Nazi Germany against Britain, citing examples of
4065:
antisemite. But even if I abhor him, I won't turn Yad Vashem into a tool serving ends not directly related to the study and memorialization of the Holocaust.
3892:
There is no consensual verdict among historians concerning the degree to which Husseini might have been involved in or exposed to knowledge of the Holocaust.
2725:
and that would support the elimination of a national Jewish homeland". Hitler refused to make such a public announcement, saying that it would strengthen the
1450:. The frustration of pan-Arab aspirations lent an Islamic colour to the struggle for independence, and increasing resort to the idea of restoring the land to
9091:
3535:. This partially accounts for the absence of an organized Arab force and for the insufficient amount of arms, which plagued the Arab defenders of Jerusalem.
3531:, a supporter of al-Husseini, said he refused to issue arms to anyone except his loyal supporters, and only recruited loyal supporters for the forces of the
13306:
1634:. Under Richmond's supervision, the Turkish architect drew up a plan, and the execution of the works gave a notable stimulus to the revival of traditional
2180:, Mariano de Angelis, he explained in July that his decision to get directly involved in the conflict arose from the trust he reposed in Italian dictator
14329:
13282:
1431:
Damascus at that time, overthrew King Faisal and put an end to the project of a Greater Syria, put under the French Mandate in accordance with the prior
943:
14339:
14009:
6630:, pp. 273–274: "pointed out: 'No element in all Iraqi-British relations 1941 was more powerful in poisoning them than Palestine Question', citing
989:
3869:
comments show that he was not only delighted that Jews were prevented from emigrating to Palestine, but was very pleased by the Nazis' Final Solution.
3864:, while rehabilitating him from other charges, concludes his chapter concerning al-Husseini's involvement in the extermination of the Jews as follows
1922:. Muslim worshippers, after prayers on the esplanade of the Haram, passed through the narrow lane by the Wailing Wall and ripped up prayer books, and
13200:
4196:
4191:
3988:
combined, longer than the article on Eichmann—of all the biographical articles, it is exceeded in length, but only slightly, by the entry for Hitler.
2345:
478:
13204:
12450:
4912:
1478:
438:
11889:
4296:, the leader of a Lebanese Christian group called the Phalange, who believed that Nazi Germany represented the wave of the future… Members of the
3424:
The wartime reputation of al-Husseini was employed as an argument for the establishment of a Jewish State during the deliberations at UN in 1947.
3005:
Achcar quotes al-Husseini's memoirs about these efforts to influence the Axis powers to prevent emigration of Eastern European Jews to Palestine:
9182:
4460:
2106:
In 1933, according to Alami, al-Husseini expressed interest in Ben Gurion's proposal of a Jewish-Palestine as part of a larger Arab federation.
1399:
of an Arab state, whose capital was to be established in Damascus. Greater Syria was to include territory of the entire Levant, now occupied by
9120:
4349:
3521:
The Arab League blocked recruitment to al-Husseini's forces, and they collapsed following the death of one of his most charismatic commanders,
2784:
battle without mercy against the Jews, he replied: "We Arabs think that Zionism, not the Jews, is the cause of all of these acts of sabotage."
2749:
Das deutsche Ziel würde dann lediglich die Vernichtung des im arabischen Raum unter der Protektion der britischen Macht lebenden Judentums sein
1783:
Zionist allegations that disproportionate force had been employed during what was a solemn occasion of prayer created an outcry throughout the
979:
14304:
14039:
13486:
13249:
9461:
Carpi, Daniel (1983). "The Mufti of Jerusalem: Amin el-Husseini, and his diplomatic activity during World War II, October 1941 – July 1943".
9042:
7917:) – That Islam (for Muslims) and national socialism (for Germans) would serve as educational tools to create order, discipline, and loyalty."
6102:
recalls that her oldest uncle, who refused to join Husseini's camp, suffered two attempts on his life by an assassin sent by al-Husseini, in
3418:
3402:
2555:
Al-Husseini used his influence and ties with the Germans to promote Arab nationalism in Iraq. He was among the key promoters of the pan-Arab
2083:
Mandatory government. From this period on, a rift emerged, that was to develop into a feud between the directive elite of Palestinian Arabs.
969:
3965:
has argued that the post-war historiographical depiction of al-Husseini reflected complex geopolitical interests that distorted the record.
3628:
as a challenge to his authority and on 3 October, his minister of defense ordered all armed bodies operating in the areas controlled by the
2993:
13140:. (Lattakia: Dar al-Manara). Abu Shaqra also published a second edition in 1989 in Damascus with further details covering events post-1936.
9348:
3848:
1278:(Southern Syria). The paper was published in Jerusalem beginning in September 1919 by the lawyer Muhammad Hassan al-Budayri, and edited by
560:
have pointed to Husseini's wartime residence and propaganda activities in Nazi Germany to associate the Palestinian national movement with
3747:
forthcoming to substantiate the charges. The All-Palestine Government was eventually dissolved in 1959 by Nasser himself, who envisaged a
14309:
2876:
who was well placed to know what the Nazis had done ... constitute a powerful argument against Holocaust deniers. Husseini reports that
2371:, mediating, endeavoured to get him to side with the Allies against the Germans. The overture was considered then rebuffed: according to
1534:
funds, worth annually tens of thousands of pounds and the orphan funds, worth annually about £50,000, as compared to the £600,000 in the
7893:, p. 67:"Husseini and the Germans opted against forming any synopsis between Islam and national socialism. ... The Idea of Family (
5335:, pp. 42–72 for a detailed account of Richmond's role. Richmond authored an important volume on the Haram (Ernest Tatham Richmond,
13994:
13422:
11671:
10827:
8624:, whilst Arab politicians of the first rank, in the period of Eichmann's trial, had begun to adopt (precisely) this kind of discourse."
8381:
8154:, p. 236"...Musa al-Alami surmised that the Mufti would agree to partition if he were promised that he would rule the Arab state".
8712:", … the " one of the initiators of the systematic extermination of European Jewry (…) has no (…) historical substantiation". (p.175).
3066:
2645:
1705:'s interest in Zionism after some years of relative decline, depression and emigration. Each attempt to make minor alterations to the
692:
scholar, who was to remain Amin's mentor till his death in 1935. Rashid Rida's defense of traditional Islamic values and hostility to
13989:
8593:, pp. 467, 469–470; "In terms of his initial formation, Haj Amin was far from being an antisemite. He had learned French at the
3136:
3018:
collapsed due to the objection of al-Husseini who blocked the children's departure to Turkey because they would end up in Palestine.
2928:
827:
17:
2312:
authorities – they had asked him to make a public declaration of support for Great Britain and France, – led him to withdraw to the
548:
Husseini was and remains a highly controversial figure. Historians dispute whether his fierce opposition to Zionism was grounded in
14289:
14119:
14049:
14014:
13242:
11615:
8442:, pp. 57ff., 232: "Both before and after 1948, the Yishuv was convinced that the ex-Mufti's hand was behind every anti-Jewish
2468:
on 14 October 1939, reaching Baghdad two days later. There he was welcomed as the leading Arab nationalist of his day, and heir to
13979:
11722:
11716:
10078:
3954:, discussing the difficulties of describing al-Husseini's life and its motivations, summarized the problem in the following way:
3713:
The king was assassinated on 20 July 1951, on the eve of projected secret talks with Israel, by a militant, Mustafa Ashu, of the
1802:
855:
3620:
Jordan's Abdullah retaliated on 2 October by organizing a Palestinian congress, which countermanded the decision taken in Gaza.
565:
14349:
13491:
11667:
9370:
5163:, p. 22: "After their occupation of the country, the British created the entirely new post of 'grand mufti of Palestine' (
4366:"The grand mufti, Alami has claimed, expressed interest in the Idea of Jewish Palestine as part of a larger Arab federation." (
3843:. More recent biographers such as Philip Mattar and Elpeleg, writing in the late 1980s and early 1990s, began to emphasize his
2752:). In short, Jews were not simply to be driven out of the German sphere but would be hunted down and destroyed even beyond it.
2152:
2146:
1740:
convened by the French in Syria was rapidly adjourned when calls were made for a reunification with Palestine. Al-Husseini and
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10953:
10925:
10897:
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10789:
10761:
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10508:
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9885:
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9356:
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9306:
9278:
9229:
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9140:
9067:
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8987:
8963:
3436:. This booklet included copies of communications between Haj Amin al-Husseini and high ranking Nazis (e.g. Heinrich Himmler,
2234:
Deposition of Amin el Husseini from the Supreme Muslim Sharia Council and declaration of the Arab Higher Committee as illegal
534:
530:
13617:
3417:
surmised that the Mufti would agree to partition if he were promised that he would rule the future Arab state. According to
14344:
13657:
13229:
5797:
3884:
and Martin Cüppers, the evidential basis for whose claims in their book, translated as "Nazi Palestine" were questioned by
3456:
On the eve of the United Nations' partition of Mandatory Palestine, King Abdullah, who shared with Zionists a hostility to
3303:
2532:
formally approved his assassination in November of that year, but the proposal was shelved after objections arose from the
1349:
4985:
French) intelligence service. Later Arab sources show this quite clearly: no one claimed responsibility for any planning (
1787:. Worldwide Jewish protests remonstrated with Britain for the violence exercised at the Wall. The Jewish National Council
1542:
courts in Palestine. Among other functions, these courts were entrusted with the power to appoint teachers and preachers.
14294:
14029:
13974:
12701:
11619:
8377:
5712:, p. 171 asserts that "The matter was sufficiently important.. for this not to be (read as) an attempt to secure an
4354:
2003:
1474:
2708:
2433:
briefly made an exception to its policy and gave some limited aid. But this was aimed to exert pressure on Britain over
14369:
14314:
14274:
13969:
13212:
10 December 1941. Deutsche Wochenschau No. 588. The Fuhrer receives the Grand Mufti (Haj Amin al-Husseini) of Jerusalem
3759:
of 1967, was opposed to the creation of a Palestinian state on the West Bank after 1967, and his closest collaborator,
3058:
water supply, There is no trace of this poison plot in the standard biographies, Palestinian and Israeli, of Husseini.
2137:. Rumours, and occasional discovery of caches and shipments of arms, strengthened military preparations on both sides.
1571:, were more disposed to a compromise with the Jews, and indeed had for some years received annual subventions from the
9079:"'We are the gatekeepers of historical truth. We'll fight for it even when it is inconsistent with Israel's interest'"
8451:
ex-Mufti had managed, through contact-men and supporters in Jordan, to 'subcontract' occasional raids against Israel."
3485:. He was involved in some high level negotiations between Arab leaders—before and during the War—at a meeting held in
3033:
was one such joint operation. A special commando unit of the Waffen SS was created, composed of three members of the
1673:
influx of Jewish immigrants. In his campaigning, al-Husseini often accused Jews of planning to take possession of the
14111:
14034:
13182:
12578:
12502:
12289:
12237:
11375:
2541:
2007:
1828:
their reconstructive work, while, responding to further Zionist complaints, prevailed on the SMC to stop the raucous
1368:
930:
538:
9810:
8594:
3246:
Arab Legion in the German Army that hunted down Allied parachutists in the Balkans and fought on the Russian front.
656:
14359:
13899:
13891:
13555:
10753:
4238:. Mattar found no documentary evidence for Husseini's claim, written later in life, that he was born in 1897. (See
2813:
1773:
1764:
introduced a screen to separate male and female worshippers at the Wall. Informed by residents in the neighbouring
1273:
1270:) for influence over public opinion, and he soon became its president. At the same time, he wrote articles for the
533:, but this government won limited recognition and was eventually dissolved by Egypt in 1959. After the war and the
489:
backing for Arab independence and opposition to the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine. Upon the
4975:, pp. 23ff. for a reading which follows closely Meinertzhagen's reading of the events as a British army plot.
3413:
sent emissaries to Cairo to sound out al-Husseini, though transferring any power of state to him was unthinkable.
3267:
by the French occupying troops on 5 May 1945, and on 19 May, he was transferred to the Paris region and put under
3188:, Serb and Muslim communities suffered huge losses of life, Bosnian Muslims losing around 85,000 from a genocidal
14319:
13265:
9436:
4254:, p. 425), had used Mattar's dating of 1895, but revised this to 1897 as more probable in his second volume.
2571:
broke out, during which Britain used a mobile Palestinian force of British and Jewish troops, and units from the
2458:
2015:
1824:
1442:
Al-Husseini, like many of his class and period, then turned from Damascus-oriented Pan-Arabism to a specifically
1334:
to 10-years imprisonment by a military court, since by then he had fled to Syria. It was asserted soon after, by
1021:
13637:
8955:
The Secret War for the Middle East: The Influence of Axis and Allied Intelligence Operations During World War II
8380:), answer to a question on notice, House of Commons debates, 1 December 1943; Hansard, vol 395 paragraphs 347–8
3823:
fanatic chiefly responsible for the disasters that befell Palestinians in 1948. Al-Husseini's first biographer,
3306:
was debated in 1945, al-Husseini was the only specific individual singled out to be put on trial. In June 1945,
3206:, or to create local defense units. Following a tradition of service in the old Bosnian regiments of the former
2787:
In December 1942, al-Husseini held a speech at the celebration of the opening of the Islamic Central Institute (
14379:
14059:
13821:
13415:
12787:"Frenchman, Jews, or Arabs? Jews of the Arab World between European Colonialism, Zionism, and Arab Nationalism"
4181:
3574:
3406:
3034:
2804:
2660:". The Italian foreign ministry approved al-Husseini's proposal, recommended giving him a grant of one million
2623:
2552:
where he died two days later, on 20 May 1941, when the car he was travelling in was strafed by a German plane.
1367:, great pressure was brought to bear on the military administration from Zionist leaders and officials such as
1305:
1009:
935:
884:
756:
696:
became a major component of Al-Husseini's religious persona. Like Rida, he believed that the West was waging a
402:
12689:
5616:, p. 632. n.3: "Fixed hours of Jewish worship" was given, instead of "customary hours of Jewish worship".
4300:
also sought a tactical partnership with Nazi Germany and even opened negotiations with Hitler's government." (
2756:
14364:
11944:
11885:
5311:, pp. 131–132 for a detailed list of the several sites on the Haram that underwent extensive renovation.
4091:
The Lie of the Palestinians' Sale of their Land (1954 in Arabic, a letter of response published from Egypt).
4031:
3972:
3605:
became foreign minister, Raja al-Husayni became defense minister, Michael Abcarius was finance minister, and
3551:
was reopening the bilateral negotiations with Israel that he had previously conducted clandestinely with the
2604:
2475:
A circle of 7 officers who had opposed this government decision and the measures taken had invited him, with
1316:, organiser of Jewish paramilitary defences, received a 15-year sentence. Al-Husseini, then a teacher at the
490:
13627:
13607:
13587:
4034:, but according to Höpp there is little conclusive documentary evidence to substantiate these other visits.
4001:. Netanyahu's remarks were broadly criticized, and dismissed by Holocaust scholars from Israel and Germany.
2911:
definitive solution for the Jewish danger that will eliminate the scourge that Jews represent in the world.
2391:, there is no reliable evidence to support such a claim. In 1933, within weeks of Hitler's rise to power in
14004:
13964:
13954:
13503:
5323:, p. 61 The name is occasionally given as Kamal Bey, or Kamal al-Din in primary and secondary sources.
3196:
3150:
3140:
November 1943 al-Husseini greeting Bosnian Waffen-SS volunteers with a Nazi salute. At right is SS General
3081:
as a broadcaster in propaganda targeting Arab public opinion. He was thereby joined by other Arabs such as
1999:
1100:
1016:
1001:
13520:
12796:
11517:
Israel's Border Wars, 1949-1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War
2846:
as "Hitler's henchman" and some scholars, such as Schwanitz and Rubin, have argued that Husseini made the
2560:
2450:
1685:
property, and rebuild the Temple over the Al-Aqsa Mosque. He took certain statements, for example, by the
14334:
14324:
14129:
13959:
13949:
13225:
11401:
11325:
Confronting an Empire, Constructing a Nation: Arab Nationalists and Popular Politics in Mandate Palestine
10301:
Britain's Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Revolt, 1936–1939
9253:(3): 783–815 – via GWonline: Bibliography, Filmography and Webography on Gender and War since 1600.
9245:
9178:
2989:
find themselves under active control, for example, in Poland, thus avoiding danger and preventing damage.
2500:
managed to work out an agreement with Nuri al-Sa'id, who was then Foreign Minister, and the Palestinians
2438:
2184:'s backing and promises. Upon al-Husseini's initiative, the leaders of Palestinian Arab clans formed the
850:
614:
11899:
3976:
from giving him a starring role. The article on the Mufti is more than twice as long as the articles on
2350:
Since 1918, Arab nationalist movements lay under the constraints imposed by the French-English imperial
2215:
as mediator because of his dependence on the British and friendship with the Zionists, but accepted the
537:, his claims to leadership were discredited and he was eventually sidelined by the establishment of the
14354:
14299:
14100:
14093:
14024:
13703:
13465:
13216:
12227:
11591:
11104:
10305:
4277:
3216:
ourselves to unceasing struggle against Bolshevist Russia because communism is incompatible with Islam.
1224:
913:
865:
836:
232:
3477:
From his Egyptian exile, al-Husseini used what influence he had to encourage the participation of the
1454:. From his election as Mufti until 1923, al-Husseini exercised total control over the secret society,
14253:
14054:
13944:
13841:
13530:
13508:
13408:
13312:
13151:
12792:
Judaism and Islam: Boundaries, Communications, and Interaction: Essays in Honor of William M. Brinner
11712:
9448:
3898:
3764:
3739:
3482:
3242:
2818:
2761:
2293:
2277:
2094:
when he undertook clandestine activities against the British Mandate authorities. His appointment as
974:
9241:"The Mufti's Men: Haj Amin al-Husayni and SS Parachute Expeditions to Palestine and Iraq, 1944–1945"
6392:
Germany's victory would definitely save our countries from the danger of Zionism and colonization".
2090:, on which he was to serve as president. Versions differ as to whether or not al-Husseini supported
1599:, launched an international campaign in Muslim countries to gather funds to restore and improve the
1591:
The Supreme Muslim Council and its head al-Husseini, who regarded himself as guardian of one of the
13562:
13329:
12756:
11824:. Translated by Lotan, Yaer. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
11076:
9670:
9390:
The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942
6631:
6474:, p. 87 Wolff's wife was Jewish, and he was forced to resign in 1936. Hans Döhle replaced him.
4285:
3735:
3610:
3556:
3370:
2843:
2200:
1428:
1245:
918:
705:
526:
442:
158:
3665:
3589:
The All-Palestine Government was hence born under the nominal leadership of Amin al-Husseini, the
2227:
arrived in Palestine in November, al-Husseini testified before it as chief witness for the Arabs.
1256:. That year al-Husseini founded the pro-British Jerusalem branch of the Syrian-based "Arab Club" (
14215:
14134:
13919:
12790:
11154:
10935:
10907:
10881:
4268:
4243:
4176:
3799:
3647:
3522:
3498:
3457:
3207:
3141:
3015:
2980:
2309:
2257:
2153:
a wave of protest strikes and attacks against both the British authorities and Jews was unleashed
2114:
1871:
1862:
public declaration by a member of the Zionist Commission that Jewish rights were bigger than the
1666:
1443:
1436:
1360:
1183:
557:
422:
9706:
9092:"In Netanyahu's mufti-Holocaust allegation, echoes of his father's maverick approach to history"
4428:
to the standards of historiographical representation that should apply to later versions of the
4288:
of India, who believed that Germany might prove to be an effective ally in the struggle against
2696:
2484:
deep frustration at the treatment of Palestinians by the latter. In March 1940, the nationalist
1345:, who worked in close concert, that al-Husseini had been put up to inciting the riot by British
13642:
13367:
13343:
12574:
11253:
11224:
11200:
11172:
10073:
9962:
Contested holiness: Jewish, Muslim, and Christian perspectives on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem
3881:
3787:
3682:
3233:
3125:
2954:, that the evidence for an Eichmann- al-Husseini connection was based on rumour and unfounded.
2717:
2608:
2533:
2265:
2212:
2087:
1938:
1858:
1815:
1592:
1546:
1526:
1515:
1193:
1105:
1095:
1075:
763:
713:
561:
502:
201:
193:
12995:
12972:
12930:
12822:
12786:
12668:
12426:
12352:
12085:
11865:
11623:
11204:
11148:
11098:
11042:
10803:
10696:
10651:
10540:
10466:
10299:
10249:
10205:
10087:
9967:
9938:
9875:
9854:
9790:
9674:
9510:
9486:
9429:"A Chronicle of a Defeat Foretold: The Battle for Jerusalem in the Memoirs of Anwar Nusseibeh"
9388:
9270:
5544:
was said to have tethered his steed Buraq while on his famous visionary flight to heaven. See
5133:, pp. 19, 78:"Soon after the British began to style Kāmil al-Husaynī as the Grand Muftī (
2050:
1379:, the Military Governor of Jerusalem, removed him without further inquiry, replacing him with
782:, a task he undertook while employed as a recruiter by the British military administration in
14279:
14200:
13934:
13929:
13806:
13786:
13597:
13567:
13361:
13073:
12951:
12760:
12624:
12568:
12462:
12446:
12422:
12293:
12114:
11992:
11938:
11515:
11491:
11470:
11428:
11395:
11123:
10747:
10590:
10566:
10442:
10324:
10272:
10110:
9896:
9833:
9732:
9728:
9642:
9618:
9573:
9531:
9219:
9057:
9029:
8977:
8953:
8617:
7188:, the Grand Mufti ... played a role in the decision ... to exterminate the European Jews ...
3922:
3893:
3707:
3614:
3345:
2950:
2896:
2615:
2321:
2297:
2240:
2185:
2110:
1580:
1432:
1412:
1342:
1286:
1217:
900:
719:
Though groomed to hold religious office from youth, his education was typical of the Ottoman
569:
414:
143:
11953:
11660:
11014:
10835:
10675:
10492:
10400:
10068:
10024:
3573:
over the government, while giving al-Husseini a nominal role, devoid of responsibilities. A
2387:
It has often been stated that the Nazis inspired and financed the Arab Revolt. According to
2188:
under his chairmanship. The Committee called for nonpayment of taxes after 15 May and for a
14284:
14235:
14205:
14165:
14160:
14064:
13939:
13776:
13355:
12259:
9456:. Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, April 1974. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem.
9384:
9366:
7899:) – the strong family sense possessed by the German and Muslim peoples. The Idea of Order (
7461:
7459:
4002:
3748:
3703:
3621:
3544:
2734:
2521:
2360:
2208:
2091:
1963:
1934:
1915:
1753:
1737:
1718:
1508:
1380:
1297:
1293:
1207:
1163:
1115:
984:
923:
875:
599:
585:
522:
518:
430:
12393:
Scholch, Alexander (November 1985). "The Demographic Development of Palestine 1850-1882".
12249:
people, until the Palestine Liberation Organization acquired its representative character.
10252:. In Liebau, Heike; Bromber, Katrin; Lange, Katharina; Hamzah, Dyala; Ahuja, Ravi (eds.).
9339:
2524:, that al-Husseini be assassinated. The idea was broadly discussed only months later. The
2103:
vigorously opposed the Qassamites' exactions against the Christian and Druze communities.
8:
14225:
13582:
13515:
10995:
10970:
9815:
9662:
9096:
9014:
Hanbali-like orthodoxy, at the risk of offending the Wahhabis, Husseini did not hesitate.
4289:
4069:, to use a term, is an utterly irrelevant consideration that shall not enter our gates."
3686:
3579:
2419:
2400:
2325:
2156:
1875:
1854:
1777:
1670:
1576:
1447:
1313:
1301:
1265:
1168:
1158:
1144:
1125:
671:
359:
10677:
A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel
10545:
The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History
10092:
The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History
7456:
2192:
of Arab workers and businesses, demanding an end to the Jewish immigration. The British
14230:
14210:
14170:
14086:
14069:
14044:
13851:
13662:
13652:
13632:
13602:
13577:
12713:
12555:
12410:
12157:
12109:
11648:
11611:
11286:
11262:
11048:
10254:
The World in World Wars: Experiences, Perceptions and Perspectives from Africa and Asia
10112:
Communism and Zionism in Palestine: The Comintern and the Political Unrest in the 1920s
9699:
9694:
9554:
America's Palestine: Popular and Official Perceptions from Balfour to Israeli Statehood
9114:
4845:
3998:
3993:
3795:
3590:
3389:
3366:
3334:
3287:
3203:
1693:
1682:
1504:
1424:
1339:
1198:
1188:
1080:
1041:
843:
622:
498:
348:
13846:
13149:
The Mufti of Jerusalem, Al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni and the Palestinian National Movement,
12105:
9835:
Quakers in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The Dilemmas of NGO Humanitarian Activism
9371:"Bibi's self-serving, Palestinian-blaming version of Nazi history is just plain wrong"
5581:
Muslims in the Mughrabi Quarter were to make similar complaints against the racket of
4565:, p. 109: "the scion of one the most influential notable families of Jerusalem."
2877:
1328:, was charged with inciting the Arab crowds with an inflammatory speech and sentenced
14190:
13881:
13816:
13731:
13711:
13385:
13162:
The Grand Mufti: Haj Amin Al-Hussaini, Founder of the Palestinian National Movement,
13105:
13081:
13049:
13028:
13007:
12980:
12957:
12936:
12912:
12891:
12868:
12847:
12828:
12800:
12764:
12733:
12725:
12705:
12674:
12653:
12632:
12606:
12582:
12521:
12498:
12491:
12472:
12432:
12414:
12379:
12358:
12348:
12334:
12320:
12316:
Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949-1993
12299:
12271:
12264:
12233:
12212:
12188:
12137:
12091:
12070:
12045:
12038:
12022:
12012:
11998:
11977:
11895:
11871:
11867:
Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993
11825:
11804:
11780:
11759:
11735:
11697:
11569:
11545:
11521:
11497:
11476:
11455:
11432:
11421:
11405:
11329:
11308:
11304:
The Mufti of Jerusalem: Al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni and the Palestinian National Movement
11234:
11210:
11186:
11158:
11133:
11108:
11080:
11052:
11024:
10999:
10974:
10949:
10921:
10893:
10863:
10852:
10809:
10785:
10757:
10732:
10702:
10681:
10657:
10636:
10617:
10596:
10572:
10562:
10548:
10525:
10504:
10474:
10448:
10427:
10406:
10355:
10334:
10309:
10284:
10257:
10234:
10211:
10190:
10171:
10161:
10116:
10095:
10054:
10030:
9971:
9960:
9944:
9923:
9902:
9881:
9860:
9839:
9796:
9777:
9762:
9738:
9710:
9680:
9663:"Establishment of Arab and Jewish Provisional Councils of Government – Working paper"
9648:
9624:
9603:
9579:
9558:
9537:
9516:
9492:
9413:
9394:
9352:
9321:
9302:
9274:
9263:
9225:
9201:
9164:
9150:
9136:
9063:
9062:. Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence. Scarecrow Press.
9002:
8983:
8959:
8578:
7738:, p. 47 named from the word for a Turkish policeman's sword (or fighting knife,
6313:
5454:
4204:(Muslim figure compared to Amin al-Husseini due to his affiliation with Nazi Germany)
3828:
3724:
3670:
3594:
3563:
on 8 September 1948, under the nominal leadership of al-Husseini. Avi Shlaim writes:
3478:
3047:
2686:) interests of the Arabs, and as the Jewish question was solved in Germany and Italy.
2672:
2529:
2193:
1983:
1799:
1330:
1309:
819:
791:
697:
648:
12749:
10134:
10016:
Report of the Commission on the disturbances of August 1929 (Shaw Commission report)
9940:
A Discourse on Domination in Mandate Palestine: Imperialism, Property and Insurgency
8866:
4357:), vol. 1, chapter 2, British Mandate Government of Palestine: Jerusalem 1946, p. 23
3981:
3314:
members who began to plan an assassination, the mission was canceled in December by
2671:
Back in the summer of 1940 and again in February 1941, al-Husseini submitted to the
2324:, against moderate Palestinian families who were minded to accept it, to reject the
1818:
and undermining al-Husseini's authority by making the office of mufti elective. The
14124:
13796:
13766:
13761:
13736:
13545:
13431:
13318:
12810:
12774:
12547:
12508:
12402:
12281:
12243:
12055:
11926:
11640:
11442:
11352:
10873:
10382:
10280:
9981:
9720:
9644:
The Grand Mufti: Haj Amin Al-Hussaini, Founder of the Palestinian National Movement
9620:
The Grand Mufti: Haj Amin al-Hussaini, Founder of the Palestinian National Movement
9470:
9335:
9284:
9215:
4235:
4168:
4154:
4015:
4010:
3941:
3903:
3775:
3602:
3489:
in February 1948, to organize Palestinian Field Commands and the commanders of the
3319:
3192:
3082:
2998:
2924:
2916:
2880:
2866:
2857:
2733:, but asked al-Husseini "to lock ...deep in his heart" the following points, which
2665:
2556:
2517:
2501:
2488:
replaced Nuri as-Said. Ali made covert contacts with German representatives in the
2469:
2464:
2253:
2181:
2165:
2071:
2059:
2035:
1943:
1882:
1850:
1841:
With Chancellor abroad, and the Zionist Commission itself, with its leader Colonel
1765:
1741:
1614:
1519:
1492:
1435:. Palestinian notables responded to the disaster by a series of resolutions at the
1317:
1135:
1120:
1110:
1029:
775:
644:
618:
610:
470:
450:
351:
308:
181:
13234:
10671:
9428:
8598:
1953:
On 23 August, a Friday, two or three Arabs were murdered in the Jewish quarter of
1744:
met with the Syrian nationalists and they made a joint proclamation for a unified
1559:, or council supporters) and the Nashashibis and their allied clans (known as the
766:
and was assigned to the Forty-Seventh Brigade stationed in and around the city of
660:
14175:
14144:
14139:
13984:
13924:
13871:
13801:
13781:
13756:
13746:
13647:
13525:
13221:
13099:
13043:
13022:
12926:
12906:
12883:
12862:
12782:
12647:
12600:
12373:
12338:
12314:
12206:
12182:
12131:
12064:
12016:
11971:
11854:
11843:
11819:
11798:
11774:
11753:
11691:
11563:
11539:
11493:
An Aesthetic Occupation: The Immediacy of Architecture and the Palestine Conflict
11370:
11323:
11302:
11228:
11176:
11070:
10989:
10964:
10939:
10911:
10775:
10720:
10611:
10519:
10421:
10349:
10226:
10165:
10048:
9917:
9792:
Palestine: A Twice-Promised Land? The British, the Arabs & Zionism, 1915–1920
9756:
9597:
9593:
9552:
9296:
9158:
8603:
5337:
The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem: A description of its structure and decoration,
3977:
3807:
3720:
3678:
3606:
3528:
3441:
3437:
3410:
3341:
3259:
After the end of the Second World War, al-Husseini attempted to obtain asylum in
3184:(Shepherd's dagger). Driven by interethnic conflict, the region's Jewish, Croat,
3163:
3090:
3030:
2600:
2592:
2568:
2454:
2392:
2379:
East" and an Aryan because of al-Hussaini's fair skin, blond hair and blue eyes.
2364:
2313:
2224:
2173:
1947:
1842:
1702:
1631:
1500:
1372:
1321:
1153:
1085:
1034:
652:
466:
462:
433:, was sentenced for ten years imprisonment but pardoned by the British. In 1921,
398:
394:
333:
138:
9024:
5588:
in the area on the night of the anniversary of Muhammad's birth, 16 August 1929.
4331:
Meinertzhagen et Weizmann sont en contacts permanents et coordonnent leur action
3921:
has described al-Husseini as "Palestine's national leader", who, as part of the
2935:. The allegation is dismissed by most serious historians. A single affidavit by
390:
14180:
14019:
13914:
13909:
13876:
13866:
13856:
13826:
13751:
13741:
13622:
13550:
13445:
13381:
12153:"Netanyahu Draws Broad Criticism After Saying a Palestinian Inspired Holocaust"
11839:
10843:
10823:
10799:
10771:
10488:
10462:
10130:
9993:
9482:
9375:
9038:
9020:
8973:
8373:
4464:
4293:
4037:
3937:
3873:
3824:
3690:
3674:
3598:
3429:
3384:
3311:
3014:
In September 1943, intense negotiations to rescue 500 Jewish children from the
2936:
2920:
2853:
2847:
2622:, al-Husseini was taken under Italian protection. In an operation organized by
2497:
2434:
2189:
1982:
Two official investigations were subsequently conducted by the British and the
1902:, and chanting the slogan "The Wall is Ours". The following day coincided with
1899:
1396:
1353:
1335:
1325:
1057:
771:
693:
636:
434:
417:, but following its disestablishment, he moved back to Jerusalem, shifting his
382:
296:
289:
13210:
12406:
11644:
11587:
11356:
10023:
Günther, Niklas; Zankel, Sönke (2006). Günther, Niklas; Zankel, Sönke (eds.).
9488:
Becoming Eichmann: Rethinking the Life, Crimes, and Trial of a "Desk Murderer"
9474:
5169:), who was also designated the 'mufti of Jerusalem and the Palestine region' (
4263:"The Hajj Amin's opportunistic wartime residence and propaganda activities in
3827:, described him as virulently antisemitic, as did, a decade and a half later,
3794:
sacked his villa, and stole his files and archives. His granddaughter married
3310:
leaders decided to eliminate al-Husseini. Although al-Husseini was located by
1728:
14268:
14185:
13811:
13791:
13726:
13678:
13592:
13349:
13144:
12864:
Memories of revolt: the 1936-1939 rebellion and the Palestinian national past
12818:
12709:
12535:
12202:
12178:
12166:
11930:
11917:
11631:
Nevo, Joseph (January 1984). "Al-Hajj Amin and the British in World War II".
11298:
11274:
11248:
11175:; Cüppers, Martin (2006b). Matthäus, Jürgen; Mallmann, Klaus-Michael (eds.).
11094:
11066:
11038:
10859:
10781:
10716:
10444:
Politics in Palestine: Arab Factionalism and Social Disintegration, 1939-1948
10044:
9444:
9128:
8709:
5585:
4455:
4417:
4272:
4231:
4201:
3945:
3928:
3885:
3835:
of relying on press reports and lacking sufficient background understanding.
3832:
3723:—who refused to allow al-Husseini entry into Jerusalem. Abdullah's grandson,
3625:
3552:
3532:
3490:
3315:
3295:
3237:
3185:
2962:
2957:
2945:
2549:
2480:
2388:
2372:
2273:
2067:
2031:
2018:
demanded his arrest for orchestrating all anti-British unrest throughout the
1867:
1572:
1535:
1392:
1376:
1346:
609:, the son of the mufti of that city and prominent early opponent of Zionism,
11794:
11203:; Cüppers, Martin (2010). Matthäus, Jürgen; Mallmann, Klaus-Michael (eds.).
10370:
9575:
Memories of State: Politics, History, and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq
9047:
4467:, the manager of the extermination policy, and on the case against Husayni."
2496:
however, Iraqis should proclaim a revolt in Palestine. In July 1940 Colonel
1375:, dismissed, given his presence in the demonstration of the previous March.
14220:
13861:
13721:
13716:
13572:
13498:
13450:
13095:
11749:
11583:
11559:
11535:
11511:
11391:
10149:
9734:
The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering
9506:
9187:
8687:
8607:
7911:) – The idea that a people should be led by one leader. The Idea of Faith (
7749:, p. 497), which had figured as an emblem on the Bosnian coat-of-arms.
7169:
5698:
5540:, p. 70. The Muslim name for the contested section of the wall, where
4264:
4140:
3962:
3877:
3791:
3694:
3494:
3449:
3432:
prepared a nine-page pamphlet with annexes for the United Nations entitled
3299:
3283:
3268:
3112:
3094:
3086:
3042:
3038:
2984:
suggested that if such transfers of population were deemed necessary, then
2976:
2821:
abusing fellow Jews and that Himmler claimed he had the culprits punished.
2800:
2777:
2743:
2730:
2721:
2661:
2545:
2476:
2368:
2308:, but, in October 1939, his deteriorating relationship with the French and
2220:
2055:
2025:
1923:
1749:
1698:
1674:
1662:
1655:
1610:
1606:
1279:
860:
811:
701:
617:
between 1864 and 1920. Another member of the clan and Amin's half-brother,
553:
486:
482:
474:
303:
6334:
5818:
3326:
2850:
inevitable by shutting out the possibility of Jews escaping to Palestine.
663:. Antébi considered al-Husseini his pupil, and refers to him in a letter.
13836:
13693:
13540:
13535:
13481:
13460:
13157:
12932:
War and revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: occupation and collaboration
12255:
12110:"Qui était le mufti de Jérusalem ?(Who was the Mufti of Jerusalem?)"
11967:
11659:
11472:
Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century
11178:
Deutsche - Juden - Völkermord. Der Holocaust als Geschichte und Gegenwart
10854:
The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict
10847:
10777:
The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict
10698:
The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam under the British mandate for Palestine
10396:
9989:
9752:
9638:
9292:
9258:
9154:
8708:, pp. 102, 175:"the demonization of the Mufti serves to magnify the
8621:
7465:
6099:
4451:
4447:
3951:
3933:
3918:
3844:
3840:
3811:
3783:
3756:
3633:
3629:
3510:
3260:
3111:(Islam and Judaism) which closed with a quotation from Bukhari-Muslim by
3078:
3051:
2932:
2769:
2649:
2619:
2572:
2489:
2305:
2019:
1954:
1806:
1792:
1689:
1627:
1388:
1130:
779:
752:
736:
685:
592:
549:
514:
457:
In 1937, evading an arrest warrant for aligning himself as leader of the
418:
406:
12717:
12559:
11266:
11206:
Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine
9341:
Hitler's Shadow: Nazi War Criminals, U.S. Intelligence, and the Cold War
6453:
3755:. He refused requests to lend his support to the emergent PLO after the
1732:
Arab protest delegations against British policy in Palestine during 1929
13771:
13688:
13683:
13612:
12620:
12596:
12551:
11652:
11290:
11020:
10728:
10496:
10330:
9998:
5923:, p. 104. Rosen notes that, by 1934, it had 63 cells (400 youths).
4915:
Sir Herbert Samuel informing the War Office that it was best forgotten.
4438:
4425:
4353:(Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the
4297:
4057:
4053:
3861:
3760:
3461:
3445:
3425:
3414:
3225:
2907:
2809:
2653:
2596:
2580:
2564:
2525:
2505:
2485:
2301:
2261:
1886:
1788:
1769:
1757:
1706:
1678:
1550:
1496:
1364:
1052:
363:
12538:(2015). "Holocaust Abuse: The Case of Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husayni".
12266:
Blaming the victims: spurious scholarship and the Palestinian question
12229:
Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question
10991:
Himmler's Bosnian Division; The Waffen-SS Handschar Division 1943-1945
10467:"The Formation of Palestinian Identity: The Critical Years, 1917-1923"
9240:
3325:
A campaign of intimidation was launched to convince the mufti that at
3322:, probably because they feared turning the Grand Mufti into a martyr.
2230:
13455:
13163:
13003:
12486:
11129:
10586:
10387:
9183:"Anger at Netanyahu claim Palestinian grand mufti inspired Holocaust"
8447:
4027:
4019:
3857:
3583:
3560:
3506:
2726:
2426:
ties with Italy after the passage of antisemitic racial legislation.
2404:
2329:
2248:
2177:
2118:
1930:
1819:
1686:
1647:
1643:
1446:, centered on Jerusalem, which sought to block Jewish immigration to
1047:
783:
760:
728:
606:
580:
510:
378:
367:
74:
43:
12340:
The Mufti and the Fuehrer: The rise and fall of Haj Amin el-Husseini
9856:
Unwitting Zionists: The Jewish Community of Zakho in Iraqi Kurdistan
5688:, p. 230 writes that it was in revenge for the former incident.
3913:
3199:
3120:
in April 1944 after their real identity was revealed, is plausible.
3070:
Bosniak soldiers of the SS 13 Division, reading Husseini's pamphlet
1846:
14195:
13904:
13400:
12789:. In Hary, Benjamin H.; Hayeseds, John Lewis; Astren, Fred (eds.).
12451:"Amin al-Husaini and the Holocaust. What Did the Grand Mufti Know?"
11821:
The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: The Husaynis, 1700–1948
11251:(1984). "Al-Husayni and Iraq's quest for independence, 1939-1941".
11230:
Halbmond und Hakenkreuz. Das Dritte Reich, die Araber und Palästina
11150:
The Colditz Myth: British and Commonwealth Prisoners of War in Nazi
11016:
Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945-1948
9781:
9043:"Sait-on qu' un Palestinien a créé un musée de l'Holocauste ?"
5541:
4442:
4421:
4023:
3985:
3486:
3264:
3221:
3189:
3159:
3055:
2742:
imperial goals of its own and would support Arab liberation... But
2675:
a draft declaration of German-Arab cooperation, containing a clause
1919:
1895:
1890:
1784:
1745:
1249:
787:
740:
410:
401:
religious studies in Cairo. Husseini later went on to serve in the
371:
12670:
Iraq Between the Two World Wars: The Militarist Origins of Tyranny
12295:
A Lifetime in Jerusalem: The Memoirs of the Second Viscount Samuel
11185:] (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
9512:
Army of Shadows, Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917-1948
7500:
7498:
4911:, p. 40. The report was never published, the newly appointed
4890:
4250:, p. 624, n.5.) Laurens, in the first volume of his trilogy (
4187:
Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917–1948
3405:
delivered its recommendations for the partition of Palestine, the
2712:
Haj Amin al-Husseini meeting with Adolf Hitler (28 November 1941).
1262:), which then vied with the Nashashibi-sponsored "Literary Club" (
767:
13189:
13074:"Der Jude als Anti-Muslim: Amin al-Husseini und die "Judenfrage""
12730:
Eichmann Before Jerusalem: The Unexamined Life of a Mass Murderer
12493:
One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate
11595:
7905:) – the idea of the New Order in Europe. The Idea of the Fũhrer (
5759:
5582:
4281:
4066:
4061:
3752:
3155:
3117:
2941:
2351:
2244:
2134:
2075:
1795:
was made public on 11 December 1928 in favour of the status quo.
1635:
1539:
1482:
1404:
1090:
720:
709:
589:
426:
386:
11277:(1988). "The Mufti of Jerusalem and the Politics of Palestine".
11072:
Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice
7510:
7099:
5808:
5806:
4420:
activists led by Ruffer or the former Zionist rescue workers of
3910:
which had failed to find any way to civilise the Jewish people.
3742:
in Egypt throughout much of the 1950s. As before 1948, when the
3340:
On 12 August 1947, al-Husseini wrote to French foreign minister
3021:
2339:
13273:
13177:
13133:
Al-Hajj Amin al-Husseini: From his Birth until the 1936 Revolt.
12884:"The Mufti of Jerusalem and Palestine Arab Politics, 1930-1937"
10945:
10917:
10889:
10135:"Le grand mufti de Jérusalem en France: Histoire d'une évasion"
9758:
The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East
8999:
The Arabs and the Holocaust: The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives
8979:
The Arabs and the Holocaust: The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives
8443:
7495:
6513:
6103:
4751:
4429:
3856:
region." Historian Zvi Elpeleg, who formerly governed both the
3803:
3779:
3771:
3743:
3548:
3307:
2826:
2794:
2765:
2692:
2584:
2510:
2430:
2172:
and orphan funds that generated annual income of about 115,000
2160:
2159:. Initially, the riots were led by Farhan al-Sa'di, a militant
2099:
1761:
1651:
1639:
1512:
1487:
1420:
1416:
1408:
689:
667:
598:
noteworthy for his vehement opposition to Zionist movement and
542:
525:. In September 1948 he participated in the establishment of an
506:
355:
131:
99:
12975:. In Bahcheli, Tozun; Bartmann, Barry; Srebnik, Henry (eds.).
12354:
The Life and Times of Vladimir Jabotinsky: Rebel and statesman
11183:
Germans, Jews, Genocide – The Holocaust as History and Present
10277:
The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition: Supplement, Parts 1-2
10250:"The Suppressed Discourse: Arab Victims of National Socialism"
8157:
7384:
7348:
7111:
6537:
3434:
The Arab Higher Committee, Its Origins, Personnel and Purposes
3054:, have claimed that the mission included a plan to poison the
2691:
German embassy in Rome. On 6 November, al-Husseini arrived in
1697:
establish a ritually appropriate ambiance on the plaza by the
13999:
13294:
11884:
11343:
Medoff, Rafael (1996). "The Mufti's Nazi Years Re-examined".
10493:"The Palestinians and 1948: the underlying causes of failure"
8004:
7212:
7210:
7072:
6525:
6003:
6001:
5824:
5803:
5796:, p. 96, which records several long talks of members of
5713:
4918:
4848:?), le nombre d'Arabes palestiniens reclutés dépasse les 500.
4434:
4046:
3514:
3195:
operations alone. The Muslims had three options: to join the
2657:
2576:
2537:
2423:
2269:
2063:
1995:
1991:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1889:
to stop such groups from participating, rallied members from
1878:
1829:
1623:
1619:
1596:
1400:
1253:
1173:
964:
959:
870:
732:
724:
675:
626:
595:
494:
493:, he came under French protection, and then sought refuge in
446:
121:
111:
12649:
Pangs of the Messiah: The Troubled Birth of the Jewish State
10944:. La Question de Palestine (in French). Vol. 3. Paris:
10916:. La Question de Palestine (in French). Vol. 2. Paris:
10888:. La Question de Palestine (in French). Vol. 1. Paris:
10351:
Palestinian Leader, Hajj Amin Al-Husayni, Mufti of Jerusalem
10326:
A Broken Trust, Herbert Samuel, Zionism and the Palestinians
9298:
The Farhud: Roots of The Arab-Nazi Alliance in the Holocaust
8198:
8196:
6637:
5254:
4106:
Facts about the Palestinian Matter (1954 in Arabic, Cairo).
3751:
embracing Syria, Egypt and Palestine. That year he moved to
3538:
3351:
2716:
On 20 November, al-Husseini met the German Foreign Minister
1312:
laid the blame for the explosion of tensions on both sides.
370:
Arab nobles, who trace their origins to the Islamic Prophet
13389:
11958:
11954:"Historians, politicians slam PM's 'distortion of history'"
11366:"Did Zionism Cause the Holocaust? A New Biography Says Yes"
8651:
8481:
8307:
8133:
8070:
7992:
7717:
7522:
7408:
7324:
7123:
7021:
6869:
6833:
6429:
5842:
5367:, however, were manufactured in, and imported from, Turkey.
5031:, p. 545. 1920 was considered the "year of disaster" (
4878:
2803:
wrote on 17 July 1942 that al-Husseini himself had visited
2641:
2612:
2603:
first by Japan, and then by Italy. On 8 October, after the
2216:
2169:
2095:
1531:
12468:
Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East
12133:
Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East
11913:"Righteous among the Editors — when the Left loved Israel"
9450:
The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia
9105:
al-Husayni, Haj Amin (1999). al-Umar, Abd al-Karim (ed.).
8782:
8770:
8727:
8493:
8459:
8457:
8111:
8109:
7932:
7681:
7594:
7534:
7259:
7207:
7060:
6297:
6295:
6181:
6065:
6029:
5998:
5974:
5643:
4942:
4724:
4580:
4078:
The Causes of the Palestine Catastrophe (1948 in Arabic).
3763:, continued to work for the Jordanian monarchy even after
3706:
announced his replacement as mufti by his long-term rival
3263:
but his request was refused. He was taken into custody at
2760:
Al-Husseini meeting with Muslim volunteers, including the
1308:. Much damage to Jewish life and property was caused. The
12996:"The Holocaust5: Narratives of Complicity and Victimhood"
12208:
A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time
11565:
Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict
11452:
Israel/Palestine and the Politics of a Two-State Solution
9617:
Elpeleg, Z (12 November 2012). Himelstein, Shmuel (ed.).
9198:
Remembering Palestine in 1948: Beyond National Narratives
8541:
8220:
8193:
7944:
7705:
7693:
7611:
7609:
7546:
6908:
6881:
6857:
6609:
6501:
6489:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6324:
6322:
6280:
6109:
5962:
5878:
5076:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4741:
4739:
3728:
3502:
3220:
One SS officer reporting on impressions from the mufti's
2197:
12130:
Rubin, Barry; Schwanit, Wolfgang G. (25 February 2014).
12087:
Armies of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism
11044:
The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years
8905:
8517:
8060:
8058:
8056:
8054:
7956:
7633:
7247:
7195:
7089:
7087:
7033:
6898:
6896:
6549:
6346:
6229:
5631:
5394:
4779:
4714:
4712:
4640:
4433:
illegal immigration (referred to on the European end as
4267:
certainly was not the proudest moment in the history of
3669:
Syrian and Palestinian leaders meeting Syrian President
1586:
12040:
Building a Palestinian State: The Incomplete Revolution
11973:
Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890
9898:
The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War
9877:
The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War
9623:. Translated by David Harvey. Routledge. pp. 60–.
9133:
Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil
8952:
Aboul-Enein, Youssef H.; Aboul-Enein, Basil H. (2013).
8917:
8558:
8556:
8454:
8409:
8397:
8181:
8106:
8052:
8050:
8048:
8046:
8044:
8042:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8034:
8021:
8019:
7800:
7621:
7396:
7360:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7147:
7135:
7050:
7048:
7009:
6745:
6477:
6417:
6292:
6205:
6121:
5938:
5890:
5112:
5100:
5088:
4659:
4657:
4655:
2951:
Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil
2948:, who was present at the trial, concluded in her book,
1285:
Al-Husseini was a strong supporter of the short-living
10613:
Law Order and Riots in Mandatory Palestine, 1928- 1935
10568:
Law Order and Riots in Mandatory Palestine, 1928- 1935
10187:
The Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War: A History
9919:
The Mufti of Jerusalem and the Nazis: The Berlin Years
9795:. Vol. 1. New Brunswick and London: Transaction.
9533:
The Origins and Evolution of the Arab-Zionist Conflict
8951:
8806:
8639:
8385:
8355:
8283:
8259:
8121:
7645:
7606:
7558:
7444:
7372:
6809:
6773:
6733:
6721:
6709:
6685:
6661:
6441:
6400:
6340:
6319:
6258:
6256:
6241:
6217:
6199:
6157:
6133:
5866:
5507:
5218:
4803:
4791:
4736:
4697:
4532:
4520:
4508:
4197:
Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II
3673:
at the presidential palace, 1955. From right to left:
2695:, where he discussed the text of his declaration with
13078:
Abrahams Enkel Juden, Christen, Muslime und die Schoa
12751:
The Waffen SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War, 1939-1945
11994:
Islamic endowments in Jerusalem under British mandate
11845:
Mufti of Jerusalem: The Story of Haj Amin el Husseini
11582:
10749:
Crimes of the Holocaust: The Law Confronts Hard Cases
10721:"Arab Rebellion and Terrorism in Palestine 1929-1939"
10680:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
10631:
Kopel, Henry (2021). "9: Twentieth Century, Part I".
10026:
Abrahams Enkel Juden, Christen, Muslime und die Schoa
9811:"Full official record: What the mufti said to Hitler"
8893:
8881:
8818:
8794:
8693:
8663:
8627:
8505:
8421:
8343:
8331:
8319:
8295:
8249:
8247:
8232:
8208:
8169:
7980:
7968:
7920:
7860:
7824:
7752:
7471:
7432:
7336:
7312:
7271:
7235:
7084:
6932:
6920:
6893:
6821:
6797:
6649:
6145:
6053:
5986:
5667:
5278:
5266:
4998:
4866:
4709:
3555:, the Arab League—led by Egypt—decided to set up the
3421:
there are no indications to substantiate this claim.
2764:, at the opening of the Islamic Central Institute in
2644:
on 10 October 1941. He outlined his proposals before
2140:
2127:). This and another paramilitary youth organization,
13045:
The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945
12629:
The War for Palestine: rewriting the history of 1948
11616:"PM Netanyahu's Speech at the 37th Zionist Congress"
10501:
The war for Palestine: rewriting the history of 1948
10090:. In Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla (eds.).
9599:
Mussolini l'alleato: 1. L'Italia in guerra 1940-1945
8842:
8758:
8715:
8553:
8469:
8271:
8031:
8016:
7848:
7836:
7812:
7669:
7657:
7570:
7483:
7420:
7295:
7045:
6845:
6785:
6561:
6041:
5551:
5370:
5290:
4991:) for the events, even several decades afterwards".
4954:
4930:
4820:
4652:
4592:
4544:
4130:
3817:
3774:, on 4 July 1974. He had wished to be buried on the
3077:
Throughout World War II, al-Husseini worked for the
2902:
Subsequently, al-Husseini declared in November 1943
1885:'s plea on 8 August to the acting High Commissioner
1814:
regarding the Wall. Chancellor mulled weakening the
1387:
Until late 1920, al-Husseini focused his efforts on
1304:
which supported the establishment in Palestine of a
13264:
13080:(in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 41–51.
12956:(2nd.(rev.) ed.). Cambridge University Press.
12690:"Parallels between Nazi and Islamist Anti-Semitism"
12518:
Continuum political encyclopedia of the Middle East
11397:
History of the War of Independence: The first month
10834:. Vol. 1, no. 1. Herzliya. Archived from
9809:
8929:
8872:
7582:
6268:
6253:
5481:
5479:
5178:
5064:
4568:
2969:
1545:The British initially balanced appointments to the
712:. However, Al-Husseini did not adopt his teacher's
14010:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
13125:
13065:The Palestine Problem in German Politics 1889-1945
13041:
12973:"Palestine 2003: the perils of de facto statehood"
12748:
12490:
12263:
12037:
11891:Minutes of the Seventeenth (Extraordinary) Session
11800:The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947–1951
11420:
10851:
10371:"Hajj Amīn al-Ḥusaynī, the "creation" of a leader"
9959:
9698:
9665:. United Nations Palestine Commission. 1948. § 24.
9262:
8830:
8244:
6697:
6597:
6573:
6459:
5473:, p. 155 (translation needed) gives the 17th.
4604:
4496:
4347:See also the British account of this incident in:
2045:
1525:In 1922, al-Husseini was elected president of the
1300:broke out in protest at the implementation of the
755:in 1914, al-Husseini received a commission in the
485:against Britain, requesting during a meeting with
13101:Israel's Holocaust and the Politics of Nationhood
13000:The Routledge Handbook of Muslim-Jewish Relations
11233:. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
10653:Judah L. Magnes: An American Jewish Nonconformist
10423:Palestine Yearbook of International Law 1987-1988
9447:(1977). Gutman, Yisrael; Zuroff, Ephraim (eds.).
4192:Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world
3914:Evaluations of Husseini's historical significance
3224:speech said Husseini was reserved about fighting
2346:Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world
1538:'s annual budget. In addition, he controlled the
1419:. The struggle for Greater Syria collapsed after
461:against British rule, he fled and took refuge in
14385:People of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
14266:
13042:Yahil, Leni; Friedman, Ina; Galai, Haya (1991).
11734:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 187–188.
11223:
11171:
10561:
10469:. In Jankowski, James; Gershoni, Israel (eds.).
10053:. Vol. 1. Macmillan Library Reference USA.
9901:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–120.
9676:Western Imperialism in the Middle east 1914-1958
5476:
5046:
5019:, p. 37 citing the Palin Report, pp. 29–33.
3501:(Amin al-Husseini's nephew), were allocated the
3396:
3249:
2837:
2768:on 18 December 1942, during the Muslim festival
1669:were intended to rally Arab support against the
1661:Al-Husseini's vigorous efforts to transform the
739:, he studied at the School of Administration in
12631:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 79–103.
12136:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 7.
11199:
10473:. Columbia University Press. pp. 171–189.
7504:
5572:, pp. 153, 158–161, 162 translation needed
4403:, p. ? citing Abd al-Karim al-Umar (ed.),
4006:contains no support for Netanyahu's assertion.
1460:("The Self-Sacrificers"), which, together with
1296:procession in Jerusalem in April 1920, violent
1282:, both prominent members of al-Nadi al-'Arabi.
568:, Lebanese, and even the Jewish militant group
12867:. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press.
12461:
11713:"Hajj Amin al-Husayni: The Mufti of Jerusalem"
11418:
10503:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 12–36.
10471:Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East
10233:. Princeton: Markus Wiener. pp. 217–221.
9221:City of Stone: The Hidden History of Jerusalem
9149:
7516:
7466:National Archives: released MI5 documents 2001
7117:
5260:
5058:
3578:declaration of independence over the whole of
1395:in particular, with Palestine understood as a
980:Politics of the Palestinian National Authority
700:and encouraged Islamic revolutions across the
14040:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
13487:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
13416:
13250:
12129:
11933:. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012.
11911:Radosh, Ronald; Radosh, Allis (Summer 2008).
11541:1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war
11390:
10723:. In Kedourie, Elie; Haim, Sylvie G. (eds.).
10694:
10067:
10022:
10013:
9195:
7540:
7027:
6435:
6368:
5812:
5765:
5501:
5466:
5360:
5308:
5130:
4480:
3624:regarded the attempt to revive al-Husseini's
3403:United Nations Special Committee on Palestine
3100:The Mufti also wrote a pamphlet for the 13th
3022:Intervention in Palestine and Operation Atlas
2776:A separate record of the meeting was made by
2627:
2340:Ties with the Axis Powers during World War II
1530:a short tether.". The Council controlled the
1225:
425:. From as early as 1920, he actively opposed
13135:
13076:. In Günther, Niklas; Zankel, Sönke (eds.).
12395:International Journal of Middle East Studies
12298:. Abelard-Schuman, Israel University Press.
12254:
11910:
10842:
10822:
10656:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 251–.
10069:"Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Wartime Propagandist"
9602:(in Italian). Vol. 1. Torino: Einaudi.
9349:National Archives and Records Administration
9334:
9059:Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence
8749:
8657:
8611:
8163:
8076:
7912:
7906:
7900:
7894:
7552:
6984:
6384:
5531:
5525:
5170:
5164:
5134:
5032:
4986:
4842:
4329:
4314:
4113:
4107:
4098:
4092:
4084:
4079:
3782:had captured East Jerusalem during the 1967
3714:
3652:
2870:
2856:refers to a meeting between al-Husseini and
2788:
2747:
2705:) of the Jewish National Home in Palestine.
2700:
2681:
2408:
2287:
2281:
2128:
2122:
2023:
1909:
1903:
1677:of Jerusalem, which belonged to the waqf of
1600:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1461:
1455:
1271:
1263:
1257:
743:, the most secular of Ottoman institutions.
679:
630:
13137:الحاج أمين الحسيني منذ ولادته حتى ثورة 1936
12673:(2nd ed.). Columbia University Press.
10725:Zionism and Arabism in Palestine and Israel
9727:
9693:
9238:
7998:
7528:
7105:
4388:
4227:
4225:
4223:
1252:where he supported Emir Faisal for King of
798:
625:. In Jerusalem Amin al-Husseini attended a
14330:Mandatory Palestine people of World War II
13423:
13409:
13257:
13243:
13222:Newspaper clippings about Amin al-Husseini
12925:
12860:
12841:
12347:
12333:
12011:
11693:The Third Reich and the Palestine Question
10962:
10524:. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 42–43.
10160:
9832:Gallagher, Nancy Elizabeth (13 May 2007).
9705:. University of California Press. p.
9669:
9410:Sanctuary and Survival: The PLO in Lebanon
9214:
9119:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9104:
9037:
8523:
7938:
7878:
7746:
7687:
7390:
7229:
7066:
6999:
6643:
6115:
6071:
5436:The longest accounts for the riots are in
5388:
4924:
4450:governments as well as governments in the
4292:… Or the Hajj Amin might have bumped into
3984:, longer than the articles on Himmler and
2635:
2575:al-Husseini used his influence to issue a
1499:. A year earlier the British had replaced
1232:
1218:
42:
14340:Ottoman military personnel of World War I
12724:
12445:
12421:
11610:
11588:"Reconsidering the 1948 Arab-Israeli War"
11146:
11012:
10808:(3rd ed.). Tauris Parke Paperbacks.
10426:. Vol. 4. Kluwer Law International.
10386:
9831:
9592:
8812:
8289:
8202:
8010:
7330:
7078:
6863:
6531:
6364:
6106:and Beirut. The second attempt succeeded.
6023:
5968:
5956:
4400:
3539:Establishment of All-Palestine Government
3352:Post-war Palestinian political leadership
3041:recruited from al-Husseini's associates,
2929:Solution of the Jewish Question in Europe
647:, and a Catholic secondary school run by
605:Amin al-Husseini was born around 1897 in
556:, or a combination of both. Opponents of
14120:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic
14050:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
14015:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)
13062:
12970:
12781:
12627:. In Rogan, Eugene; Shlaim, Avi (eds.).
12602:The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World
12184:Europe leaves the Middle East, 1936–1954
12035:
11852:
11838:
11772:
11449:
11321:
10745:
10635:. London: Lexington Books. p. 232.
10609:
10402:In Search of Fatima: A Palestinian Story
10247:
9936:
9915:
9788:
9775:
9550:
9481:
9383:
9365:
9318:World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia
9315:
9177:
8860:
8824:
8574:
8511:
7639:
7627:
7477:
7289:
7265:
7253:
7216:
7201:
7039:
6978:
6966:
6962:
6555:
5839:, p. 36 citing Palin Report p. 184.
5513:
5437:
5272:
5224:
5212:
5094:
4884:
4814:
4622:
4538:
4526:
4514:
4220:
4094:Kidhbat Bay‘ al-Filastiniyin li-’Ardihim
3992:In October 2015, Israeli Prime Minister
3738:, al-Husseini also remained in exile at
3664:
3383:
3374:
3135:
3065:
2992:
2755:
2707:
2611:and after the new Persian government of
2260:: the remaining five were exiled to the
2229:
2117:and recruited from the Palestinian Arab
2049:
1727:
1522:. The position came with a life tenure.
776:Faisal bin Al Hussein bin Ali El-Hashemi
651:, the Catholic Frères, where he learned
579:
27:Palestinian Arab nationalist (1897–1974)
13995:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
13980:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
12392:
12150:
12104:
11856:The capture and trial of Adolf Eichmann
11729:
11723:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
11718:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
11710:
11689:
10934:
10906:
10880:
10826:; Joffe, Alexander H. (November 2006).
10798:
10770:
10715:
10517:
10487:
10461:
10322:
10270:
10207:Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War
10148:
10129:
10108:
10094:. Vol. II. ABC-CLIO. p. 464.
10079:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
9637:
9616:
9426:
9019:
8996:
8972:
8923:
8848:
8745:
8645:
8590:
8562:
8487:
8463:
8415:
8403:
8391:
8361:
8313:
8226:
8187:
8139:
8115:
8088:
8064:
7576:
7450:
7414:
7402:
7366:
7354:
7181:
7153:
7141:
7129:
7015:
7003:
6875:
6839:
6751:
6543:
6519:
6507:
6495:
6483:
6471:
6423:
6301:
6247:
6211:
6127:
6019:
5944:
5932:
5908:
5896:
5884:
5872:
5860:
5848:
5836:
5789:
5777:
5749:
5737:
5725:
5709:
5661:
5649:
5613:
5601:
5589:
5569:
5497:
5485:
5470:
5424:
5412:
5348:
5248:
5200:
5172:mufti al-Quds wal-diyar al-filistiniyya
5160:
5148:
5118:
5070:
5028:
5016:
4992:
4948:
4936:
4908:
4872:
4838:
4826:
4797:
4757:
4745:
4730:
4703:
4646:
4634:
4586:
4574:
4416:"It would be anachronistic to hold the
4335:
4251:
4247:
3660:
3392:, the future Egyptian president in 1948
2860:, in the summer of 1943, and observes:
1712:
409:. At war's end he stationed himself in
14:
14267:
13990:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
13094:
13071:
13020:
12908:The Formation of Modern Iraq and Syria
12904:
12888:The Formation of Modern Iraq and Syria
12881:
12817:
12732:. Translated by Ruth Martin. Vintage.
12687:
12645:
12619:
12595:
12428:Germany and the Middle East, 1871–1945
12371:
12312:
12288:
12201:
12177:
12165:
11990:
11863:
11748:
11558:
11534:
11510:
11468:
11363:
11342:
11297:
11273:
11247:
11125:Iraq: The Search for National Identity
11121:
10670:
10649:
10440:
10419:
10297:
10275:. In Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (ed.).
10189:. London: C. Hust and Co. p. 53.
10043:
9988:
9894:
9873:
9852:
9407:
9320:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 497.
9127:
9076:
8935:
8788:
8776:
8733:
8705:
8681:
8535:
8499:
8439:
8427:
8325:
8301:
8265:
8238:
8214:
8175:
8127:
8100:
7782:
7758:
7651:
7615:
7564:
7378:
7306:
7277:
6815:
6803:
6779:
6763:
6727:
6715:
6691:
6667:
6627:
6447:
6411:
6352:
6328:
6274:
6262:
6235:
6223:
6187:
6175:
6163:
6139:
6083:
6059:
6035:
6007:
5992:
5980:
5863:, pp. 180–181. translation needed
5793:
5753:
5728:, pp. 168–172. translation needed
5685:
5673:
5664:, pp. 168–169. translation needed
5637:
5625:
5604:, pp. 163–165. translation needed
5545:
5400:
5376:
5339:Oxford University Press, Oxford 1924).
5284:
5236:
5196:
5106:
5082:
5004:
4972:
4896:
4860:
4773:
4769:
4718:
4687:
4675:
4562:
4550:
4367:
4301:
4239:
3286:, France decided to consider him as a
2887:Al-Husseini's memoir then continues:-
2842:Al-Husseini has been described by the
2618:severed diplomatic relations with the
2444:
2121:movement, called the "Holy Struggle" (
1962:took place over the following days in
1872:destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem
521:, Husseini built his own militia, the
13404:
13238:
12949:
12746:
12666:
12534:
12485:
12083:
11951:
11817:
11793:
11093:
11065:
11037:
10987:
10630:
10538:
10395:
10368:
10347:
10231:Germany and the Middle East 1871–1945
10203:
10184:
9957:
9571:
9529:
9505:
9460:
9443:
9412:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
9291:
9257:
9089:
9055:
8899:
8887:
8836:
8800:
8669:
8633:
8547:
8349:
8337:
8253:
8151:
7986:
7974:
7962:
7950:
7926:
7890:
7866:
7854:
7842:
7830:
7818:
7806:
7794:
7770:
7735:
7723:
7711:
7699:
7675:
7600:
7489:
7438:
7426:
7342:
7318:
7241:
7165:
7093:
6950:
6938:
6926:
6914:
6902:
6887:
6827:
6791:
6767:
6655:
6615:
6591:
6567:
6286:
6151:
6095:
5920:
5557:
5441:
5184:
4960:
4785:
4691:
4663:
4598:
4468:
3360:
3037:religious sect in Palestine, and two
2520:had suggested to a British official,
1986:'s Mandatory Commission. The former,
1933:party, and attacked by supporters of
1587:Haram ash-Sharif and the Western Wall
1469:
535:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
347: – 4 July 1974) was a
90:
86:
14305:Arab collaborators with Nazi Germany
13430:
12993:
12566:
12520:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 360.
12515:
12225:
12062:
11966:
11776:The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Wars
11630:
11489:
10592:A History of Nationalism in the East
10585:
10224:
10154:The Destruction of the European Jews
10085:
9895:Gelvin, James L. (13 January 2014).
9778:"Nazis planned Palestine subversion"
9751:
9661:
9647:. (trans. David Harvey). Routledge.
9641:(2007) . Himmelstein, Shmuel (ed.).
9269:. New York: Wiley and Sons. p.
9041:; Ayad, Christophe (27 March 2010).
8911:
8764:
8721:
8475:
8277:
8025:
7663:
7588:
7054:
6851:
6739:
6703:
6679:
6603:
6579:
6394:Mudhakkirat al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni,
6047:
5537:
5332:
5320:
5296:
4610:
4502:
4387:(Chicago: 1985), 17, 32, quoted in (
4040:sums up al-Husseini's significance:
3654:idha takalam al-seif, uskut ya kalam
3304:The Destruction of the European Jews
3254:
2646:Ubaldo Alberto Mellini Ponce de León
2133:, paralleled the clandestine Jewish
2002:, who had apparently been swayed by
14030:National Liberation Front (Algeria)
13136:
12702:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs
11779:(4th ed.). Pearson Education.
10521:The Hundred Years' War on Palestine
10248:Höpp, Gerhard; Wien, Peter (2010).
10229:. In Schwanitz, Wolfgang G. (ed.).
8378:Secretary of State for the Colonies
6385:
5363:, pp. 127ff., 130. The mosaic
4355:Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry
4114:
4099:
4085:
2058:in the early 1930s. To his left is
2054:Al-Husseini (center) in a visit to
1914:), the anniversary of the birth of
1768:, the waqf authority complained to
1575:. During most of the period of the
1553:and their supporters (known as the
1068:Religion / religious sites
362:. Al-Husseini was the scion of the
337:
24:
14310:Arab people in Mandatory Palestine
13970:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)
13492:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
13120:
10963:Lebor, Adam; Boyes, Roger (2000).
10941:Une mission sacrée de civilisation
10913:Une mission sacrée de civilisation
10828:"An Interview with Walter Laqueur"
9578:. University of California Press.
9536:. University of California Press.
9515:. University of California Press.
9224:. University of California Press.
9090:Ahren, Raphael (22 October 2015).
9001:. London: Actes Sud. p. 111.
6341:Aboul-Enein & Aboul-Enein 2013
6200:Aboul-Enein & Aboul-Enein 2013
5825:Permanent Mandates Commission 1930
3936:on the other hand compares him to
3388:Haj Amin al-Husseini meeting with
2997:Haj Amin al-Husseini meeting with
2397:German Consul-General in Jerusalem
2147:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
2141:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
1583:under al-Husseini's chairmanship.
1371:, to have the mayor of Jerusalem,
1244:In 1919, al-Husseini attended the
459:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
449:while rallying a non-confessional
385:in 1897, he received education in
25:
14396:
14035:Palestine Liberation Organization
13170:
13067:. Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University.
12579:Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya
12211:(3rd ed.). Alfred A. Knopf.
12151:Rudoren, Jodi (21 October 2015).
11677:from the original on 2 April 2014
11661:"New Document Releases MI5 Files"
11364:Mikics, David (3 February 2014).
10167:The Third Reich and the Arab East
5911:, p. 297. translation needed
5780:, p. 199. translation needed
5752:, p. 179 translation needed
5740:, p. 173. translation needed
5592:, p. 170. translation needed
5504:, p. 131 gives 24 September.
5488:, p. 158. translation needed
5457:, Ihsan al-Jabiri and Adil Arslan
5427:, p. 163. translation needed
3841:the ritual use of Christian blood
3818:Amin al-Husseini and antisemitism
2086:In 1931, al-Husseini founded the
1825:A change of government in Britain
539:Palestine Liberation Organization
513:. Failing to gain command of the
469:. He then established himself in
14249:
14248:
13975:Arabian Peninsula People's Union
13658:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
13188:
13176:
13027:. University of Michigan Press.
12824:The memoirs of Sir Ronald Storrs
11952:Ravid, Akiya (21 October 2015).
11419:Milton-Edwards, Beverly (1999).
10832:Covenant: Global Jewish Magazine
10754:University of Pennsylvania Press
10701:. Leiden, New York: E.J. Brill.
9859:. Wayne State University Press.
9838:. American Univ in Cairo Press.
9427:Budeiri, Musa K. (Winter 2001).
9393:. University of Nebraska Press.
9239:Biddiscombe, Perry (July 2018).
9077:Aderet, Ofer (27 January 2022).
8854:
8739:
8699:
8675:
8584:
8568:
8529:
8433:
8367:
8145:
8094:
8082:
7884:
7872:
7788:
7776:
7764:
7729:
7283:
7222:
7175:
7159:
6993:
6972:
6956:
6944:
6757:
6673:
6621:
6585:
6465:
6460:Yahil, Friedman & Galai 1991
6377:
6358:
6307:
6193:
6169:
6089:
6077:
6013:
5950:
5926:
5914:
5902:
5854:
5830:
5783:
5771:
5415:, p. 154.translation needed
5351:, p. 156.translation needed
4474:
4410:
4394:
4383:, 287, 306–7. Steven L Spiegel,
4373:
4360:
4161:
4147:
4133:
3460:, reached a secret entente with
2970:Opposition to Jewish immigration
2832:
2814:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
2812:certainly must have visited the
2062:, who later became president of
1798:After the nomination of the new
1665:into a symbol of pan-Arabic and
818:
445:, a position he used to promote
14290:20th-century Palestinian people
13618:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état
13266:Islamic leadership in Jerusalem
13126:Biographies of Amin al-Husseini
12979:. Routledge. pp. 123–138.
12694:Jewish Political Studies Review
12625:"Israel and the Arab Coalition"
11732:Nazi Germany and the Arab World
10543:. In Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.).
10420:Kassim, Anis F. (1 June 1988).
9557:. University of Florida Press.
9437:Institute for Palestine Studies
9316:Blamires, Cyprian, ed. (2006).
5743:
5731:
5719:
5703:
5691:
5679:
5655:
5619:
5607:
5595:
5575:
5563:
5519:
5491:
5460:
5447:
5430:
5418:
5406:
5382:
5354:
5342:
5326:
5314:
5302:
5242:
5230:
5206:
5190:
5154:
5142:
5124:
5052:
5040:
5022:
5010:
4978:
4966:
4902:
4854:
4832:
4763:
4681:
4669:
4628:
4616:
4385:The Other Arab–Israeli Conflict
4341:
4322:
4307:
4257:
2720:and was officially received by
2459:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia
2292:(nationalism)." He remained in
2046:Political activities, 1930–1935
14060:Union of Arab Republics (1972)
13822:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz
13201:Husseini, Haj Amin (1895–1974)
13104:. Cambridge University Press.
12652:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
12570:Islamic Terror and the Balkans
12232:. London: Verso. p. 248.
11755:The Holocaust in American Life
11490:Monk, Daniel Bertrand (2002).
10886:L'invention de la Terre sainte
10695:Kupferschmidt, Uri M. (1987).
10547:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 110–114.
9880:. Cambridge University Press.
9776:Fountain, Rick (5 July 2001).
9338:; Goda, Norman J. W. (2012) .
9200:. Cambridge University Press.
8618:legend of the stab in the back
8595:Alliance Israélite Universelle
5800:with Snell. translation needed
5469:, p. 131 gives the 26th:
4556:
4437:and on the Palestinian end as
4182:Palestinian political violence
3908:Institute for Study of Judaism
3407:High Commissioner of Palestine
3131:
2805:Oranienburg concentration camp
2629:Servizio Informazioni Militari
2066:and to al-Husseini's right is
1427:in July 1920. The French army
1306:homeland for the Jewish people
1010:Governorates of the Gaza Strip
746:
657:Alliance Israélite Universelle
245:September 1948 – 1953
214:9 January 1922 – 1937
13:
1:
14350:Palestinian Arab nationalists
12935:. Stanford University Press.
12013:Reitlinger, Gerald Reitlinger
11886:Permanent Mandates Commission
11758:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
11423:Islamic Politics in Palestine
11307:. Columbia University Press.
10050:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
5239:, pp. 22–24 for details.
3973:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
3397:The U.N. Partition Resolution
3250:Activities after World War II
3061:
2838:Al-Husseini and the Holocaust
2624:Italian Military Intelligence
2544:had one of their commanders,
2422:had at the same time cut off
1754:Abdullah, Emir of Transjordan
1477:, recently appointed British
639:government secondary school (
575:
341:
66:
14375:People convicted in absentia
14005:Federation of Arab Republics
13965:Arab Socialist Union (Libya)
13955:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)
13556:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
13504:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
12842:Strangneth, Bettina (2004).
12375:Tel Aviv: From Dream to City
12171:Aliyah: The People of Israel
12066:Chaim Weitzmann: A Biography
12044:. Indiana University Press.
11902:on 6 April 2015 – via
11730:Nicosia, Francis R. (2017).
11711:Nicosia, Francis R. (2008).
11690:Nicosia, Francis R. (2000).
11475:. Rowman & Littlefield.
11450:Mitchell, Thomas G. (2013).
11322:Matthews, Weldon C. (2006).
10571:. Harvard University Press.
10204:Hoare, Marko Attila (2014).
10185:Hoare, Marko Attila (2013).
9966:. Publishing House. p.
9160:The Quest for the Red Prince
5047:Kimmerling & Migdal 2003
4899:, pp. 79ff., esp.96ff..
4490:
4213:
3852:fundamentally anti-semitic.
3831:. Both have been accused by
3575:Palestinian National Council
3151:Independent State of Croatia
2737:summarizes as follows, that
1977:
1423:defeated the Arab forces in
1101:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
501:, Husseini opposed both the
7:
14345:Palestinian anti-communists
14130:Flag of the Arab Federation
13960:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)
13950:Arab Socialist Action Party
13226:20th Century Press Archives
13048:. Oxford University Press.
12846:. London: The Bodley Head.
12540:Journal of Religious Ethics
12319:. Oxford University Press.
12173:. World Publishing Company.
12036:Robinson, Glenn E. (1997).
11520:. Oxford University Press.
11402:University Press of America
11227:; Cüppers, Martin (2006a).
10256:. Brill. pp. 167–216.
10227:"In the Shadow of the Moon"
10210:. Oxford University Press.
10170:. Routledge & K. Paul.
10156:. New York: New Viewpoints.
9937:Ghandour, Zeina B. (2009).
9737:. Verso Books. p. 25.
9679:. Oxford University Press.
9551:Davidson, Lawrence (2001).
9246:Journal of Military History
8597:institute in Jerusalem and
7505:Mallmann & Cüppers 2010
5532:
5526:
5171:
5165:
5135:
5033:
4319:, NiL, Paris, 1996, p. 563.
4126:
4109:Haqaiq 'an Qadiyat Filastin
4108:
4100:كذبة بيع الفلسطينيين لأرضهم
4093:
4080:
3806:for his involvement in the
3715:
3653:
2790:Islamisches Zentralinstitut
2361:post-World War I settlement
2288:
2282:
2239:Commissioner for that area
2225:Royal Commission of Inquiry
2129:
2123:
2024:
1910:
1904:
1601:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1462:
1456:
1373:Musa Kazim Pasha al-Husayni
1272:
1264:
1258:
680:
631:
10:
14401:
14295:Al-Azhar University alumni
14101:On the Way of Resurrection
14094:The Battle for One Destiny
14025:Lebanese National Movement
13466:Third International Theory
13131:1988, Ibrahim Abu Shaqra,
12688:Spoerl, Joseph S. (2020).
11859:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
11773:Ovendale, Ritchie (2004).
11454:. McFarland. p. 134.
11345:Journal of Israeli History
11105:Greenwood Publishing Group
10746:Landsman, Stephan (2005).
10650:Kotzin, Daniel P. (2010).
10565:; Migdal, Joel S. (2003).
10306:Cambridge University Press
9874:Gelvin, James L. (2007) .
9530:Cohen, Michael J. (1989).
9301:. New York: Dialog Press.
9135:. New York: Viking Press.
9107:Memoirs of the Grand Mufti
8982:. Henry Holt and Company.
8944:
8694:Morris lecture at LSE 2011
7517:Bar-Zohar & Haber 2002
7118:Schwanitz & Rubin 2014
4405:Memoirs of the Grand Mufti
4278:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose
3802:, who was later killed by
3593:, named as its president.
3468:
3364:
3302:that when culpability for
2448:
2382:
2343:
2144:
1870:, a day memorializing the
1723:
1716:
914:All-Palestine Protectorate
14370:Palestinian Sunni Muslims
14315:Fascism in the Arab world
14275:Grand Muftis of Jerusalem
14244:
14153:
14110:
14078:
14055:Unified Political Command
13945:Arab Nationalist Movement
13890:
13842:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
13702:
13671:
13638:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
13509:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
13474:
13438:
13377:
13328:
13301:Muhammed al-Fadl Jarallah
13272:
13152:Columbia University Press
13021:Yaeger, Patricia (1996).
12977:The Quest for Sovereignty
12844:Eichmann before Jerusalem
12747:Stein, George H. (1984).
12471:. Yale University Press.
12407:10.1017/S0020743800029445
11943:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
11645:10.1080/00263208408700568
11544:. Yale University Press.
11496:. Duke University Press.
11357:10.1080/13531049608576090
11147:Mackenzie, S. P. (2006).
11077:W.W. Norton & Company
10610:Kolinsky, Martin (1993).
10539:Kiely, Robert S. (2008).
10354:. Kingston Press Series.
9848:– via Google Books.
9789:Friedman, Isaiah (2000).
9671:Fieldhouse, David Kenneth
9475:10.1080/13531048308575839
9196:Ben-Ze'ev, Efrat (2011).
9056:Adams, Jefferson (2009).
8997:Achcar, Gilbert (2010c).
8958:. Naval Institute Press.
7028:Günther & Zankel 2006
6965:, p. 406 drawing on
6436:Rubin & Schwanit 2014
4843:
4481:Milstein & Sacks 1997
4407:, Damascus, 1999, p. 126.
4056:, who became chairman of
2567:in April 1941. When the
2472:, modern Iraq's founder.
2463:With the outbreak of the
1622:was reorientated towards
1022:Legislative Council (PLC)
659:with its Jewish director
655:. He also studied at the
545:, Lebanon, in July 1974.
439:British High Commissioner
429:, and as a leader of the
330:Mohammed Amin al-Husseini
323:
319:
282:
277:
273:
261:
249:
238:
230:
218:
207:
199:
187:
175:
164:
157:
153:
149:
137:
127:
117:
107:
82:
63:Mohammed Amin al-Husseini
58:
53:
41:
34:
18:Mohammad Amin al-Husseini
13563:1952 Egyptian revolution
13063:Yisraeli, David (1974).
12998:. In Meri, Josef (ed.).
12905:Tauber, Eliezer (1994).
12861:Swedenburg, Ted (2003).
12757:Cornell University Press
12667:Simon, Reeva S. (2004).
12372:Schlor, Joachim (1999).
12084:Rosen, David M. (2005).
11991:Reiter, Yitzhak (1996).
11976:. Simon & Schuster.
11931:10.3200/WAFS.171.1.65-75
11870:. Continuum Publishing.
11853:Pearlman, Moshe (1963).
11427:. I. B. Tauris. p.
11013:Levenberg, Haim (1993).
10595:. Taylor & Francis.
10518:Khalidi, Rashid (2020).
10298:Hughes, Matthew (2019).
10144:(in French). No. 1.
10086:Hall, Michael R (2008).
10029:. Franz Steiner Verlag.
9916:Gensicke, Klaus (2011).
9433:Jerusalem Quarterly File
9385:Browning, Christopher R.
8658:Laqueur & Rubin 2001
8164:Radosh & Radosh 2008
8077:Breitman & Goda 2012
7553:Breitman & Goda 2012
6383:
4760:, pp. 426, 675 n16.
4286:Indian National Congress
4208:
4072:
3736:All-Palestine Government
3611:All-Palestine Government
3557:All-Palestine Government
3371:All-Palestine Government
3243:many fought in Palestine
3107:division, translated as
3093:called him "the Arabian
2844:American Jewish Congress
2648:. On condition that the
2599:), where he was granted
2286:('Husayni-ism') but for
1836:
936:National Authority (PNA)
799:Early political activism
706:European colonial powers
681:Dar al-Da'wa wa-l-Irshad
527:All-Palestine Government
497:. In the lead-up to the
443:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
159:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
48:Amin al-Husseini in 1929
14360:Palestinian politicians
14216:Palestinian nationalism
14135:Flag of the Arab Revolt
13628:1966 Syrian coup d'état
13608:1963 Syrian coup d'état
13588:1961 Syrian coup d'état
12950:Tripp, Charles (2002).
12882:Taggar, Yehuda (1994).
12646:Sicker, Martin (2000).
12465:; Rubin, Barry (2014).
12313:Sayigh, Yezid (1999) .
11620:Prime Minister's Office
11225:Mallmann, Klaus-Michael
11201:Mallmann, Klaus Michael
11173:Mallmann, Klaus Michael
11155:Oxford University Press
10495:. In Eugene L., Rogan;
10369:Kamel, Lorenzo (2013).
10323:Huneidi, Sahar (2001).
10271:Hopwood, Derek (1980).
10109:Hen-Tov, Jacob (1974).
10088:"Husseini, Haj Amin al"
9922:. Vallentine Mitchell.
9025:"Blame the Grand Mufti"
7186:According to my opinion
7006:, pp. 664–666 n.47
6522:, pp. 71, 95, 196.
5716:for subsequent events".
4269:Palestinian nationalism
4177:Palestinian nationalism
4081:Asbab Karithat Filastin
3798:, the founder of PLO's
3778:in Jerusalem. However,
3765:the Jordanian Civil War
3595:Ahmed Hilmi Abd al-Baqi
3523:Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni
3499:Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni
3458:Palestinian nationalism
3142:Karl-Gustav Sauberzweig
3016:Arbe concentration camp
2640:Al-Husseini arrived in
2636:In Nazi-occupied Europe
2601:extraterritorial asylum
2588:and Jews in Palestine.
2542:General Percival Wavell
2115:Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni
1667:Palestinian nationalism
1609:, and particularly the
1565:, the opposition). The
1361:Palestinian nationalism
558:Palestinian nationalism
423:Palestinian nationalism
14320:Islam and antisemitism
13643:1969 Libyan revolution
13521:1941 Iraqi coup d'état
13193:Quotations related to
13072:Zankel, Sönke (2006).
12971:Tschirgi, Dan (2004).
12575:Transaction Publishers
12516:Sela, Avraham (2002).
12463:Schwanitz, Wolfgang G.
12447:Schwanitz, Wolfgang G.
12423:Schwanitz, Wolfgang G.
12090:. Rutgers University.
11633:Middle Eastern Studies
11394:; Sacks, Alan (1997).
11254:Arab Studies Quarterly
11122:Lukitz, Liora (1995).
10988:Lepre, George (1997).
10348:Jbara, Taysir (1985).
10225:Höpp, Gerhard (2004).
10074:Holocaust Encyclopedia
10014:Great Britain (1930).
9729:Finkelstein, Norman G.
8750:
8612:
8606:in order to build the
7913:
7907:
7901:
7895:
7067:Lebor & Boyes 2000
6990:
6985:
6546:, pp. 105, 185ff.
6369:
4987:
4330:
4315:
4313:See Elizabeth Antébi,
4051:
3990:
3960:
3882:Klaus-Michael Mallmann
3871:
3788:Supreme Muslim Council
3698:
3693:, Amin al-Husayni and
3683:Sultan Pasha al-Atrash
3644:
3570:
3543:Following rumors that
3474:against the Zionists.
3393:
3381:
3234:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3218:
3145:
3126:incitement to genocide
3074:
3012:
3002:
2991:
2913:
2894:
2885:
2871:
2789:
2773:
2754:
2748:
2718:Joachim von Ribbentrop
2713:
2701:
2688:
2682:
2673:Nazi German Government
2664:, and referred him to
2628:
2451:1941 Iraqi coup d'état
2409:
2266:Palestine Police Force
2235:
2088:World Islamic Congress
2079:
1733:
1547:Supreme Muslim Council
1527:Supreme Muslim Council
1516:Hussam ad-Din Jarallah
1391:and the ideology of a
1164:Costume and embroidery
1106:Church of the Nativity
1096:Cave of the Patriarchs
1017:National Council (PNC)
1002:Gaza Strip governance
714:Islamic fundamentalism
602:
584:Al-Husseini's mentor,
562:antisemitism in Europe
503:1947 UN Partition Plan
413:as a supporter of the
397:. In 1912, he pursued
202:Supreme Muslim Council
194:Hussam ad-Din Jarallah
14380:People from Jerusalem
14201:Jordanian nationalism
13935:Arab Islamic Republic
13930:Arab Higher Committee
13807:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
13787:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
13598:North Yemen civil war
13531:Arab–Israeli conflict
13289:Tahir al-Abd al-Samad
13024:Geography of Identity
12567:Shay, Shaul (2009) .
12455:World Politics Review
12349:Schechtman, Joseph B.
12335:Schechtman, Joseph B.
12260:Hitchens, Christopher
12226:Said, Edward (1988).
12203:Sachar, Howard Morley
12179:Sachar, Howard Morley
12167:Sachar, Howard Morley
12115:Le Monde diplomatique
12063:Rose, Norman (1989).
11864:Peretz, Don (1994) .
11668:The National Archives
11469:Mojzes, Paul (2011).
10616:. London: Macmillan.
10441:Khalaf, Issa (1991).
10018:. Command paper 3530.
9958:Gonen, Rivka (2003).
9943:. London: Routledge.
9853:Gavish, Haya (2010).
9367:Browning, Christopher
9030:Le Monde diplomatique
7357:, p. 670, n.190.
6982:
5792:, p. 200 citing
5440:, pp. 42–70 and
4381:Ambiguous Partnership
4350:A Survey of Palestine
4042:
3967:
3956:
3923:Arab Higher Committee
3894:Wolfgang G. Schwanitz
3866:
3708:Husam Al-din Jarallah
3668:
3639:
3615:Arab Higher Committee
3565:
3483:1948 Arab–Israeli War
3426:The Nation Associates
3387:
3378:
3346:Arab Higher Committee
3213:
3139:
3069:
3007:
2996:
2986:
2904:
2897:Wolfgang G. Schwanitz
2889:
2862:
2759:
2739:
2711:
2677:
2616:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
2296:for two years, under
2276:that conveyed him to
2256:managed to escape to
2241:Lewis Yelland Andrews
2233:
2186:Arab Higher Committee
2111:Musa Kazim al-Husayni
2053:
1776:to the Government of
1748:state under a son of
1736:On 10 August 1928, a
1731:
1605:(Noble Sanctuary) or
1581:Arab Higher Committee
1481:, declared a general
1437:1921 Haifa conference
1433:Sykes-Picot Agreement
1413:Palestinian Authority
1343:Richard Meinertzhagen
1287:Arab Kingdom of Syria
901:Arab Higher Committee
751:With the outbreak of
583:
509:'s plan to annex the
415:Arab Kingdom of Syria
377:Husseini was born in
144:Arab Higher Committee
14365:Palestinian refugees
14236:Tunisian nationalism
14206:Lebanese nationalism
14166:Egyptian nationalism
14161:Algerian nationalism
14065:United Arab Republic
13940:Arab Liberation Army
13920:Arab Ba'ath Movement
13777:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
13380:From 1914–1918, the
13203:at passia.org (with
13185:at Wikimedia Commons
13006:. pp. 373–386.
12994:Wien, Peter (2016).
11818:Pappé, Ilan (2010).
10971:Simon & Schuster
10838:on 26 November 2012.
10805:A History of Zionism
9572:Davis, Erik (2005).
9408:Brynen, Rex (1990).
8575:Höpp & Wien 2010
7726:, p. 228, n.28.
7108:, pp. 789, 793.
6770:, p. 207, n.16.
6766:, pp. 280–281;
6462:, p. 676, n.53.
6396:Damascus 1999 p.96.
4589:, pp. 2–3, 6–7.
4115:حقائق عن قضية فلسطين
4003:Christopher Browning
3770:Al-Husseini died in
3749:United Arab Republic
3661:Exile from Palestine
2735:Christopher Browning
2697:Ernst von Weizsäcker
2605:occupation of Persia
2559:, and supported the
2300:surveillance in the
2124:al-jihad al-muqaddas
2092:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam
1738:constituent assembly
1719:1929 Palestine riots
1713:1929 Palestine riots
1509:Raghib al-Nashashibi
1444:Palestinian ideology
1381:Raghib al-Nashashibi
1274:Suriyya al-Janubiyya
1208:List of Palestinians
1116:Great Mosque of Gaza
907:Depopulated villages
586:Muhammad Rashid Rida
541:in 1964. He died in
519:Arab Liberation Army
431:1920 Nebi Musa riots
14226:Sahrawi nationalism
13583:1959 Mosul uprising
13516:Great Syrian Revolt
12827:. Ayer Publishing.
11626:on 28 October 2023.
11614:(20 October 2015).
11612:Netanyahu, Binyamin
11602:Formerly hosted at
11279:Middle East Journal
10996:Schiffer Publishing
9816:The Times of Israel
9761:. HarperPerennial.
9731:(17 October 2003).
9695:Finkelstein, Norman
9369:(22 October 2015).
9181:(21 October 2015).
9163:. The Lyons Press.
9097:The Times of Israel
8914:, pp. 217–221.
8874:The Times of Israel
8791:, pp. 102–103.
8779:, pp. 157–158.
8736:, pp. 239–240.
8550:, pp. 725–726.
8502:, pp. 227–228.
8490:, pp. 162–163.
8316:, pp. 167–169.
8142:, pp. 594–595.
8013:, pp. 301–301.
7953:, pp. 194–195.
7714:, pp. 184–185.
7702:, pp. 12, 310.
7603:, p. 747 n.33.
7417:, pp. 145–146.
7393:, pp. 154–155.
7132:, pp. 151–152.
7081:, pp. 217–220.
6953:, p. 151.check
6917:, pp. 151–152.
6890:, pp. 150–151.
6878:, pp. 187–188.
6842:, pp. 463–464.
6618:, pp. 100–102.
6534:, pp. 211–212.
6343:, pp. 184–186.
6289:, pp. 172–174.
6190:, pp. 269–270.
6038:, pp. 422–523.
6010:, pp. 200–201.
5983:, pp. 199–200.
5851:, pp. 175–176.
5768:, pp. 158–159.
5652:, pp. 168–169.
5444:, pp. 309–327.
5261:Milton-Edwards 1999
5085:, pp. 105–109.
5059:Milton-Edwards 1999
4951:, pp. 506–512.
4927:, pp. 334–337.
4887:, pp. 239–240.
4788:, pp. 147–148.
4733:, pp. 425–426.
4304:, pp. 119–120)
4290:British imperialism
3687:Mohamed Ali Eltaher
3525:, on 8 April 1948.
2981:concentration camps
2583:'s government, the
2445:Al-Husseini in Iraq
2326:White Paper of 1939
2272:where he boarded a
2098:of the al-Istiqlal
1803:Sir John Chancellor
1640:mosaic tessellation
1448:Mandatory Palestine
1302:Balfour Declaration
1266:al-Muntada al-Adabi
1246:Pan-Syrian Congress
806:Part of a series on
778:'s army during the
672:Al-Azhar University
666:In 1912 he studied
649:French missionaries
643:) where he learned
615:Mayors of Jerusalem
531:Egyptian-ruled Gaza
360:Mandatory Palestine
14335:Nazi propagandists
14325:Islam in Jerusalem
14231:Syrian nationalism
14211:Libyan nationalism
14171:Greater Mauritania
14087:The Arab Awakening
14070:United Arab States
14045:Rejectionist Front
13852:Gamal Abdel Nasser
13663:Yemeni unification
13653:Lebanese Civil War
13633:17 July Revolution
13603:Ramadan Revolution
13578:14 July Revolution
13307:Mustafa al-Husayni
12819:Storrs, Sir Ronald
12795:. Brill. pp.
12726:Stangneth, Bettina
12552:10.1111/jore.12119
12378:. Reaktion Books.
12158:The New York Times
12018:The Final Solution
11049:Simon and Schuster
10563:Kimmerling, Baruch
10283:. pp. 67–70.
10162:Hirszowicz, Lukasz
9463:Studies in Zionism
9265:Banking on Baghdad
9151:Bar-Zohar, Michael
7965:, pp. 247ff..
5813:Great Britain 1930
5766:Great Britain 1930
5697:Particularly with
5640:, pp. 179ff..
5533:al-Buraq al-Sharif
5502:Kupferschmidt 1987
5467:Kupferschmidt 1987
5403:, pp. 196ff..
5361:Kupferschmidt 1987
5309:Kupferschmidt 1987
5131:Kupferschmidt 1987
4471:, pp. 734–735
4086:أسباب كارثة فلسطين
3994:Benjamin Netanyahu
3796:Ali Hassan Salameh
3699:
3591:Mufti of Jerusalem
3394:
3390:Gamal Abdel Nasser
3382:
3367:1948 Palestine war
3361:1948 Palestine war
3335:Muslim Brotherhood
3288:political prisoner
3204:Yugoslav partisans
3146:
3075:
3003:
2906:It is the duty of
2774:
2762:Azerbaijani Legion
2714:
2236:
2151:On 19 April 1936,
2080:
2004:Sir Herbert Samuel
1881:movement, despite
1853:(attended also by
1734:
1694:Abraham Isaac Kook
1505:Mayor of Jerusalem
1475:Sir Herbert Samuel
1470:Mufti of Jerusalem
1463:al-Ikha' wal-'Afaf
1425:Battle of Maysalun
1340:Lieutenant Colonel
1292:During the annual
623:Mufti of Jerusalem
603:
499:1948 Palestine war
14355:Palestinian imams
14300:Al-Husayni family
14262:
14261:
14191:Iraqi nationalism
13882:Constantin Zureiq
13732:Abdul Rahman Arif
13712:Butrus al-Bustani
13398:
13397:
13393:
13283:Hassan al-Husayni
13181:Media related to
13111:978-0-521-85096-4
13087:978-3-515-08979-1
13055:978-0-19-504523-9
13034:978-0-472-10672-1
13013:978-1-317-38321-5
12986:978-1-135-77121-8
12963:978-0-521-52900-6
12953:A history of Iraq
12942:978-0-8047-3615-2
12918:978-0-7146-4557-5
12897:978-0-7146-4557-5
12874:978-1-55728-763-2
12853:978-1-84792-323-3
12834:978-0-405-04593-6
12806:978-90-04-11914-7
12770:978-0-801-49275-4
12739:978-0-307-95016-1
12680:978-0-231-13215-2
12659:978-0-275-96638-6
12638:978-0-521-69934-1
12612:978-0-14-028870-4
12605:. Penguin Books.
12588:978-1-412-80931-3
12536:Sells, Michael A.
12527:978-0-8264-1413-7
12478:978-0-300-14090-3
12438:978-1-558-76298-5
12431:. Markus Wiener.
12385:978-1-86189-033-7
12364:978-0-935437-18-8
12326:978-0-19-829643-0
12305:978-0-87855-181-1
12277:978-0-86091-175-3
12218:978-0-375-71132-9
12194:978-0-394-46064-2
12143:978-0-300-14090-3
12097:978-0-8135-3568-5
12076:978-0-14-012230-5
12069:. Penguin Books.
12051:978-0-253-21082-1
12028:978-0-87668-951-6
12004:978-0-7146-4670-1
11983:978-0-13-089301-7
11896:League of Nations
11877:978-0-275-94576-3
11831:978-0-520-26839-5
11810:978-1-85043-819-9
11786:978-0-582-82320-4
11765:978-0-618-08232-2
11741:978-1-107-66481-4
11703:978-0-7658-0624-6
11575:978-0-679-74475-7
11551:978-0-300-12696-9
11527:978-0-19-829262-3
11503:978-0-8223-2814-8
11482:978-1-442-20665-6
11461:978-0-7864-7597-1
11438:978-0-8223-2814-8
11411:978-0-7618-0721-6
11378:on 25 August 2014
11335:978-1-845-11173-1
11314:978-0-231-06463-7
11240:978-3-534-19729-3
11216:978-1-936-27418-5
11192:978-3-534-18481-1
11164:978-0-199-20307-9
11139:978-0-714-64550-6
11114:978-1-4008-1023-9
11100:The Jews of Islam
11086:978-0-393-31839-5
11058:978-0-684-83280-7
11030:978-0-7146-3439-5
11005:978-0-7643-0134-6
10980:978-0-684-85811-1
10955:978-2-213-63358-9
10927:978-2-213-60349-0
10899:978-2-84406-388-5
10869:978-0-14-029713-3
10815:978-1-860-64932-5
10791:978-0-140-29713-3
10763:978-0-812-23847-1
10738:978-0-714-63169-1
10708:978-90-04-07929-8
10687:978-0-691-11897-0
10663:978-0-8156-5109-3
10642:978-1-7936-2761-2
10623:978-0-333-53995-8
10602:978-0-403-00079-1
10578:978-0-674-01129-8
10554:978-1-851-09842-2
10531:978-1-62779-854-9
10510:978-0-521-79476-3
10480:978-0-231-10695-5
10454:978-0-791-40708-0
10433:978-90-411-0341-3
10412:978-1-859-84561-5
10361:978-0-940670-21-1
10340:978-1-86064-172-5
10315:978-1-107-10320-7
10290:978-9-004-06167-5
10273:"Amin al-Husayni"
10263:978-9-004-18545-6
10240:978-1-558-76298-5
10217:978-0-199-32785-0
10196:978-1-84904-241-3
10177:978-0-8020-1398-9
10122:978-0-870-73326-0
10101:978-1-85109-841-5
10060:978-0-02-546705-7
10036:978-3-515-08979-1
9992:(24 March 2008).
9977:978-0-88125-798-4
9950:978-1-13400-963-3
9929:978-0-853-03844-3
9908:978-1-107-47077-4
9887:978-0-521-88835-6
9866:978-0-814-33366-2
9845:978-977-416-105-6
9819:. 21 October 2015
9802:978-1-56000-391-5
9768:978-1-84115-008-6
9744:978-1-78168-440-5
9716:978-0-520-24989-9
9686:978-0-19-928737-6
9654:978-0-714-63432-6
9630:978-1-136-29273-6
9609:978-88-06-59306-3
9585:978-0-520-23546-5
9564:978-0-8130-2421-9
9543:978-0-520-06598-7
9522:978-0-520-25989-8
9498:978-0-306-81539-3
9491:. Da Capo Press.
9419:978-0-8133-7919-7
9400:978-0-8032-5979-9
9358:978-1-300-34735-4
9336:Breitman, Richard
9327:978-1-57607-940-9
9308:978-0-914-15314-6
9280:978-0-471-67186-2
9231:978-0-520-20768-4
9216:Benvenisti, Meron
9207:978-0-521-19447-1
9170:978-1-58574-739-9
9142:978-0-253-21637-3
9069:978-0-810-86320-0
9008:978-0-86356-835-0
8989:978-1-429-93820-4
8965:978-1-612-51309-6
8579:Avigdor Lieberman
8229:, pp. 40–51.
8166:, pp. 65–75.
7809:, pp. 26–28.
7541:USHMM: al-Husayni
7519:, pp. 45–66.
7333:, pp. 43–44.
7268:, pp. 95–96.
7232:, pp. 27–28.
7219:, pp. 54–57.
6742:, pp. 10–12.
6646:, pp. 82–83.
6510:, pp. 86–87.
6498:, pp. 85–86.
6355:, pp. 20–22.
6238:, pp. 72–75.
5887:, pp. 75–76.
5455:Shukri al-Quwatli
5166:al-mufti al-akbar
5136:al-muftī al-akbar
5109:, pp. 111ff.
4913:High Commissioner
4649:, pp. 42–43.
4316:L'homme du Sérail
3829:Joseph Schechtman
3716:jihad al-muqaddas
3671:Shukri al-Quwatli
3632:to be disbanded.
3479:Egyptian military
3255:Arrest and flight
3109:Islam i Židovstvo
3072:Islam and Judaism
3048:Michael Bar-Zohar
3039:Palestinian Arabs
2530:Winston Churchill
2511:Jews of Palestine
2219:Foreign Minister
2194:High Commissioner
2074:philosopher from
1984:League of Nations
1800:High Commissioner
1479:High Commissioner
1397:southern province
1338:and British army
1242:
1241:
944:political parties
924:Fedayeen militias
727:and received the
698:War against Islam
621:, also served as
338:محمد أمين الحسيني
327:
326:
200:President of the
16:(Redirected from
14392:
14252:
14251:
14125:Eagle of Saladin
13832:Amin al-Husseini
13797:Faisal I of Iraq
13767:Sultan al-Atrash
13762:Mansur al-Atrash
13737:Abdul Salam Arif
13546:War of Attrition
13432:Arab nationalism
13425:
13418:
13411:
13402:
13401:
13379:
13313:M. T. al-Husayni
13259:
13252:
13245:
13236:
13235:
13213:
13195:Amin al-Husseini
13192:
13183:Amin al-Husseini
13180:
13139:
13138:
13115:
13091:
13068:
13059:
13038:
13017:
12990:
12967:
12946:
12927:Tomasevich, Jozo
12922:
12901:
12878:
12857:
12838:
12814:
12811:Internet Archive
12783:Stillman, Norman
12778:
12775:Internet Archive
12754:
12743:
12721:
12684:
12663:
12642:
12616:
12592:
12563:
12531:
12512:
12509:Internet Archive
12496:
12482:
12458:
12442:
12418:
12389:
12368:
12344:
12330:
12309:
12285:
12282:Internet Archive
12269:
12251:
12244:Internet Archive
12222:
12198:
12174:
12162:
12147:
12126:
12124:
12122:
12101:
12080:
12059:
12056:Internet Archive
12043:
12032:
12021:. Sphere Books.
12008:
11987:
11963:
11948:
11942:
11934:
11907:
11898:. Archived from
11888:(21 June 1930).
11881:
11860:
11849:
11835:
11814:
11790:
11769:
11745:
11726:
11707:
11686:
11684:
11682:
11676:
11665:
11656:
11627:
11622:. Archived from
11599:
11586:(14 June 2011).
11579:
11555:
11531:
11507:
11486:
11465:
11446:
11443:Internet Archive
11426:
11415:
11387:
11385:
11383:
11374:. Archived from
11360:
11339:
11328:. I. B. Tauris.
11318:
11294:
11270:
11244:
11220:
11209:. Enigma Books.
11196:
11168:
11143:
11118:
11090:
11062:
11034:
11009:
10984:
10966:Surviving Hitler
10959:
10931:
10903:
10877:
10874:Internet Archive
10858:(6th ed.).
10857:
10839:
10819:
10795:
10767:
10742:
10712:
10691:
10667:
10646:
10627:
10606:
10582:
10558:
10535:
10514:
10484:
10458:
10437:
10416:
10392:
10390:
10388:10.12977/stor490
10365:
10344:
10319:
10294:
10267:
10244:
10221:
10200:
10181:
10157:
10145:
10139:
10126:
10105:
10082:
10064:
10040:
10019:
10010:
10008:
10006:
9985:
9982:Internet Archive
9965:
9954:
9933:
9912:
9891:
9870:
9849:
9828:
9826:
9824:
9806:
9785:
9772:
9748:
9724:
9721:Internet Archive
9704:
9690:
9666:
9658:
9634:
9613:
9594:De Felice, Renzo
9589:
9568:
9547:
9526:
9502:
9478:
9457:
9455:
9440:
9423:
9404:
9380:
9362:
9346:
9331:
9312:
9288:
9285:Internet Archive
9268:
9254:
9235:
9211:
9192:
9174:
9146:
9124:
9118:
9110:
9101:
9086:
9073:
9052:
9034:
9023:(14 May 2010a).
9016:
8993:
8969:
8939:
8933:
8927:
8921:
8915:
8909:
8903:
8897:
8891:
8885:
8879:
8870:
8864:
8858:
8852:
8846:
8840:
8834:
8828:
8822:
8816:
8810:
8804:
8798:
8792:
8786:
8780:
8774:
8768:
8762:
8756:
8754:
8743:
8737:
8731:
8725:
8719:
8713:
8710:Arafatian threat
8703:
8697:
8691:
8685:
8679:
8673:
8667:
8661:
8655:
8649:
8643:
8637:
8631:
8625:
8622:holocaust denial
8615:
8588:
8582:
8572:
8566:
8560:
8551:
8545:
8539:
8533:
8527:
8521:
8515:
8509:
8503:
8497:
8491:
8485:
8479:
8473:
8467:
8461:
8452:
8437:
8431:
8425:
8419:
8413:
8407:
8401:
8395:
8389:
8383:
8371:
8365:
8359:
8353:
8347:
8341:
8335:
8329:
8323:
8317:
8311:
8305:
8299:
8293:
8287:
8281:
8275:
8269:
8263:
8257:
8251:
8242:
8236:
8230:
8224:
8218:
8212:
8206:
8200:
8191:
8185:
8179:
8173:
8167:
8161:
8155:
8149:
8143:
8137:
8131:
8125:
8119:
8113:
8104:
8098:
8092:
8086:
8080:
8074:
8068:
8062:
8029:
8023:
8014:
8008:
8002:
7999:Biddiscombe 2018
7996:
7990:
7984:
7978:
7972:
7966:
7960:
7954:
7948:
7942:
7936:
7930:
7924:
7918:
7916:
7910:
7904:
7898:
7888:
7882:
7876:
7870:
7864:
7858:
7852:
7846:
7840:
7834:
7828:
7822:
7816:
7810:
7804:
7798:
7792:
7786:
7780:
7774:
7768:
7762:
7756:
7750:
7733:
7727:
7721:
7715:
7709:
7703:
7697:
7691:
7685:
7679:
7673:
7667:
7661:
7655:
7649:
7643:
7637:
7631:
7625:
7619:
7613:
7604:
7598:
7592:
7586:
7580:
7574:
7568:
7562:
7556:
7550:
7544:
7538:
7532:
7529:Finkelstein 2008
7526:
7520:
7514:
7508:
7502:
7493:
7487:
7481:
7475:
7469:
7463:
7454:
7448:
7442:
7436:
7430:
7424:
7418:
7412:
7406:
7400:
7394:
7388:
7382:
7376:
7370:
7364:
7358:
7352:
7346:
7340:
7334:
7328:
7322:
7316:
7310:
7304:
7293:
7287:
7281:
7275:
7269:
7263:
7257:
7251:
7245:
7239:
7233:
7226:
7220:
7214:
7205:
7199:
7193:
7179:
7173:
7163:
7157:
7151:
7145:
7139:
7133:
7127:
7121:
7115:
7109:
7106:Biddiscombe 2018
7103:
7097:
7091:
7082:
7076:
7070:
7064:
7058:
7052:
7043:
7037:
7031:
7025:
7019:
7013:
7007:
6997:
6991:
6988:
6976:
6970:
6960:
6954:
6948:
6942:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6918:
6912:
6906:
6900:
6891:
6885:
6879:
6873:
6867:
6861:
6855:
6849:
6843:
6837:
6831:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6795:
6789:
6783:
6777:
6771:
6761:
6755:
6749:
6743:
6737:
6731:
6725:
6719:
6713:
6707:
6701:
6695:
6689:
6683:
6677:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6632:Stephen Longrigg
6625:
6619:
6613:
6607:
6601:
6595:
6589:
6583:
6577:
6571:
6565:
6559:
6553:
6547:
6541:
6535:
6529:
6523:
6517:
6511:
6505:
6499:
6493:
6487:
6481:
6475:
6469:
6463:
6457:
6451:
6445:
6439:
6433:
6427:
6421:
6415:
6409:
6398:
6388:
6387:
6381:
6375:
6373:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6326:
6317:
6311:
6305:
6299:
6290:
6284:
6278:
6272:
6266:
6260:
6251:
6245:
6239:
6233:
6227:
6221:
6215:
6209:
6203:
6197:
6191:
6185:
6179:
6173:
6167:
6161:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6137:
6131:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6093:
6087:
6081:
6075:
6069:
6063:
6057:
6051:
6045:
6039:
6033:
6027:
6017:
6011:
6005:
5996:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5972:
5966:
5960:
5954:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5930:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5900:
5894:
5888:
5882:
5876:
5870:
5864:
5858:
5852:
5846:
5840:
5834:
5828:
5822:
5816:
5810:
5801:
5787:
5781:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5757:
5747:
5741:
5735:
5729:
5723:
5717:
5707:
5701:
5695:
5689:
5683:
5677:
5671:
5665:
5659:
5653:
5647:
5641:
5635:
5629:
5623:
5617:
5611:
5605:
5599:
5593:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5517:
5511:
5505:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5474:
5464:
5458:
5451:
5445:
5434:
5428:
5422:
5416:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5386:
5380:
5374:
5368:
5358:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5199:, pp. 32f.:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5168:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5140:
5138:
5128:
5122:
5121:, pp. 7–10.
5116:
5110:
5104:
5098:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5074:
5068:
5062:
5056:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5036:
5026:
5020:
5014:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4990:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4906:
4900:
4894:
4888:
4882:
4876:
4870:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4841:, p. 409: "
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4661:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4484:
4478:
4472:
4414:
4408:
4398:
4392:
4389:Finkelstein 2003
4377:
4371:
4370:, pp. 251–)
4364:
4358:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4311:
4305:
4261:
4255:
4242:, p. 156.)
4236:Islamic calendar
4229:
4171:
4169:Biography portal
4166:
4165:
4164:
4157:
4155:Palestine portal
4152:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4016:Quentin Reynolds
4011:Simon Wiesenthal
3942:David Ben-Gurion
3904:Alfred Rosenberg
3776:Haram ash-Sharif
3718:
3656:
3603:Jamal al-Husayni
3586:as its capital.
3320:David Ben-Gurion
3208:Austro-Hungarian
3193:ethnic cleansing
3083:Fawzi al-Qawuqji
2999:Heinrich Himmler
2966:little weight".
2925:Dieter Wisliceny
2917:Nuremberg trials
2881:Heinrich Himmler
2874:
2867:Holocaust denial
2858:Heinrich Himmler
2792:
2751:
2704:
2685:
2666:Benito Mussolini
2631:
2557:Al-Muthanna Club
2518:Pinhas Rutenberg
2516:On 23 May 1940,
2502:Jamal al-Husayni
2465:Second World War
2439:George Wadsworth
2420:Ze'ev Jabotinsky
2412:
2291:
2285:
2254:Jamal al-Husayni
2182:Benito Mussolini
2174:Palestine pounds
2168:, he controlled
2132:
2126:
2072:Arab nationalist
2060:Hashim al-Atassi
2036:Arab nationalist
2029:
1944:Jamal al-Husayni
1913:
1907:
1883:Pinhas Rutenberg
1855:Ze'ev Jabotinsky
1851:Zionist Congress
1766:Mughrabi quarter
1742:Awni Abd al-Hadi
1615:Dome of the Rock
1604:
1602:Haram ash-Sharif
1593:three holy sites
1570:
1564:
1558:
1493:Kamil al-Husayni
1465:
1459:
1318:Rashidiya school
1314:Ze'ev Jabotinsky
1277:
1269:
1261:
1259:Al-Nadi al-arabi
1234:
1227:
1220:
1179:
1111:Dome of the Rock
1005:
847:
846:
822:
803:
802:
772:Sherifian armies
683:
634:
619:Kamil al-Husayni
611:Tahir al-Husayni
451:Arab nationalism
395:Catholic schools
352:Arab nationalist
346:
343:
339:
309:Kingdom of Italy
278:Military service
264:
256:Post established
252:
243:
225:Post established
221:
212:
190:
182:Kamil al-Husayni
178:
169:
95:
92:
88:
77:, Ottoman Empire
71:
68:
46:
36:Amin al-Husseini
32:
31:
21:
14400:
14399:
14395:
14394:
14393:
14391:
14390:
14389:
14265:
14264:
14263:
14258:
14240:
14176:Greater Morocco
14149:
14145:Pan-Arab colors
14140:Hawk of Quraish
14106:
14074:
13925:Arab Federation
13886:
13872:Abdullah Rimawi
13847:Mostéfa Merarda
13802:Muammar Gaddafi
13782:Ahmed Ben Bella
13757:Jamal al-Atassi
13747:Bashar al-Assad
13698:
13667:
13648:Black September
13526:Anglo-Iraqi War
13470:
13434:
13429:
13399:
13394:
13373:
13324:
13268:
13263:
13211:
13173:
13128:
13123:
13121:Further reading
13118:
13112:
13088:
13056:
13035:
13014:
12987:
12964:
12943:
12919:
12898:
12875:
12854:
12835:
12807:
12771:
12740:
12681:
12660:
12639:
12613:
12589:
12528:
12505:
12479:
12439:
12386:
12365:
12327:
12306:
12278:
12262:, eds. (1988).
12240:
12219:
12195:
12144:
12120:
12118:
12108:(August 1994).
12098:
12077:
12052:
12029:
12005:
11984:
11936:
11935:
11878:
11840:Pearlman, Moshe
11832:
11811:
11803:. I.B. Tauris.
11787:
11766:
11742:
11704:
11696:. Transaction.
11680:
11678:
11674:
11663:
11576:
11552:
11528:
11504:
11483:
11462:
11439:
11412:
11381:
11379:
11371:Tablet Magazine
11336:
11315:
11241:
11217:
11193:
11165:
11140:
11115:
11087:
11059:
11031:
11006:
10981:
10956:
10928:
10900:
10870:
10844:Laqueur, Walter
10824:Laqueur, Walter
10816:
10800:Laqueur, Walter
10792:
10772:Laqueur, Walter
10764:
10739:
10709:
10688:
10664:
10643:
10624:
10603:
10579:
10555:
10541:"Anti-Semitism"
10532:
10511:
10489:Khalidi, Rashid
10481:
10463:Khalidi, Rashid
10455:
10434:
10413:
10362:
10341:
10316:
10291:
10264:
10241:
10218:
10197:
10178:
10137:
10131:Hershco, Tsilla
10123:
10115:. Transaction.
10102:
10061:
10037:
10004:
10002:
9978:
9951:
9930:
9909:
9888:
9867:
9846:
9822:
9820:
9803:
9769:
9745:
9717:
9701:Beyond Chutzpah
9687:
9655:
9631:
9610:
9586:
9565:
9544:
9523:
9499:
9483:Cesarani, David
9453:
9420:
9401:
9359:
9344:
9328:
9309:
9281:
9232:
9208:
9179:Beaumont, Peter
9171:
9143:
9112:
9111:
9070:
9039:Achcar, Gilbert
9021:Achcar, Gilbert
9009:
8990:
8974:Achcar, Gilbert
8966:
8947:
8942:
8934:
8930:
8922:
8918:
8910:
8906:
8898:
8894:
8886:
8882:
8871:
8867:
8859:
8855:
8847:
8843:
8835:
8831:
8823:
8819:
8811:
8807:
8799:
8795:
8787:
8783:
8775:
8771:
8763:
8759:
8744:
8740:
8732:
8728:
8720:
8716:
8704:
8700:
8692:
8688:
8680:
8676:
8668:
8664:
8656:
8652:
8644:
8640:
8632:
8628:
8613:progressivement
8604:Haram al-Sharif
8589:
8585:
8573:
8569:
8561:
8554:
8546:
8542:
8534:
8530:
8524:Schechtman 1965
8522:
8518:
8510:
8506:
8498:
8494:
8486:
8482:
8474:
8470:
8462:
8455:
8438:
8434:
8426:
8422:
8414:
8410:
8402:
8398:
8390:
8386:
8372:
8368:
8360:
8356:
8348:
8344:
8336:
8332:
8324:
8320:
8312:
8308:
8300:
8296:
8288:
8284:
8276:
8272:
8264:
8260:
8252:
8245:
8237:
8233:
8225:
8221:
8213:
8209:
8201:
8194:
8186:
8182:
8174:
8170:
8162:
8158:
8150:
8146:
8138:
8134:
8126:
8122:
8114:
8107:
8099:
8095:
8087:
8083:
8075:
8071:
8063:
8032:
8024:
8017:
8009:
8005:
7997:
7993:
7985:
7981:
7973:
7969:
7961:
7957:
7949:
7945:
7939:Tomasevich 2001
7937:
7933:
7925:
7921:
7914:Glaubensgedanke
7902:Ordnungsgedanke
7896:Familiengedanke
7889:
7885:
7879:Tomasevich 2001
7877:
7873:
7865:
7861:
7853:
7849:
7841:
7837:
7829:
7825:
7817:
7813:
7805:
7801:
7793:
7789:
7781:
7777:
7769:
7765:
7757:
7753:
7747:Tomasevich 2001
7742:, from Turkish
7734:
7730:
7722:
7718:
7710:
7706:
7698:
7694:
7688:Tomasevich 2001
7686:
7682:
7674:
7670:
7662:
7658:
7650:
7646:
7638:
7634:
7626:
7622:
7614:
7607:
7599:
7595:
7587:
7583:
7575:
7571:
7563:
7559:
7551:
7547:
7539:
7535:
7527:
7523:
7515:
7511:
7503:
7496:
7488:
7484:
7476:
7472:
7464:
7457:
7449:
7445:
7437:
7433:
7425:
7421:
7413:
7409:
7401:
7397:
7391:Schechtman 1965
7389:
7385:
7377:
7373:
7365:
7361:
7353:
7349:
7341:
7337:
7329:
7325:
7317:
7313:
7305:
7296:
7288:
7284:
7276:
7272:
7264:
7260:
7252:
7248:
7240:
7236:
7230:Reitlinger 1971
7227:
7223:
7215:
7208:
7200:
7196:
7180:
7176:
7164:
7160:
7152:
7148:
7140:
7136:
7128:
7124:
7116:
7112:
7104:
7100:
7092:
7085:
7077:
7073:
7065:
7061:
7053:
7046:
7038:
7034:
7026:
7022:
7014:
7010:
7000:Schechtman 1965
6998:
6994:
6977:
6973:
6961:
6957:
6949:
6945:
6937:
6933:
6925:
6921:
6913:
6909:
6901:
6894:
6886:
6882:
6874:
6870:
6862:
6858:
6850:
6846:
6838:
6834:
6826:
6822:
6814:
6810:
6802:
6798:
6790:
6786:
6778:
6774:
6762:
6758:
6754:, pp. 60–.
6750:
6746:
6738:
6734:
6726:
6722:
6714:
6710:
6702:
6698:
6690:
6686:
6678:
6674:
6666:
6662:
6654:
6650:
6644:Hirszowicz 1966
6642:
6638:
6626:
6622:
6614:
6610:
6602:
6598:
6590:
6586:
6578:
6574:
6566:
6562:
6554:
6550:
6542:
6538:
6530:
6526:
6518:
6514:
6506:
6502:
6494:
6490:
6482:
6478:
6470:
6466:
6458:
6454:
6446:
6442:
6434:
6430:
6422:
6418:
6410:
6401:
6389:
6382:
6378:
6363:
6359:
6351:
6347:
6339:
6335:
6327:
6320:
6314:Copeland, Miles
6312:
6308:
6300:
6293:
6285:
6281:
6273:
6269:
6261:
6254:
6246:
6242:
6234:
6230:
6222:
6218:
6210:
6206:
6198:
6194:
6186:
6182:
6174:
6170:
6162:
6158:
6150:
6146:
6138:
6134:
6126:
6122:
6116:Swedenburg 2003
6114:
6110:
6094:
6090:
6082:
6078:
6072:Fieldhouse 2006
6070:
6066:
6058:
6054:
6046:
6042:
6034:
6030:
6018:
6014:
6006:
5999:
5991:
5987:
5979:
5975:
5967:
5963:
5955:
5951:
5943:
5939:
5931:
5927:
5919:
5915:
5907:
5903:
5895:
5891:
5883:
5879:
5871:
5867:
5859:
5855:
5847:
5843:
5835:
5831:
5823:
5819:
5811:
5804:
5788:
5784:
5776:
5772:
5764:
5760:
5748:
5744:
5736:
5732:
5724:
5720:
5708:
5704:
5696:
5692:
5684:
5680:
5672:
5668:
5660:
5656:
5648:
5644:
5636:
5632:
5624:
5620:
5612:
5608:
5600:
5596:
5580:
5576:
5568:
5564:
5556:
5552:
5524:
5520:
5512:
5508:
5500:, p. 157:
5496:
5492:
5484:
5477:
5465:
5461:
5452:
5448:
5435:
5431:
5423:
5419:
5411:
5407:
5399:
5395:
5389:Benvenisti 1996
5387:
5383:
5375:
5371:
5359:
5355:
5347:
5343:
5331:
5327:
5319:
5315:
5307:
5303:
5295:
5291:
5283:
5279:
5271:
5267:
5259:
5255:
5247:
5243:
5235:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5195:
5191:
5183:
5179:
5159:
5155:
5147:
5143:
5129:
5125:
5117:
5113:
5105:
5101:
5093:
5089:
5081:
5077:
5069:
5065:
5057:
5053:
5045:
5041:
5027:
5023:
5015:
5011:
5003:
4999:
4983:
4979:
4971:
4967:
4959:
4955:
4947:
4943:
4935:
4931:
4925:Schechtman 1986
4923:
4919:
4907:
4903:
4895:
4891:
4883:
4879:
4871:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4846:Antonin Jaussen
4844:Selon Jaussen (
4837:
4833:
4825:
4821:
4813:
4804:
4796:
4792:
4784:
4780:
4768:
4764:
4756:
4752:
4744:
4737:
4729:
4725:
4717:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4686:
4682:
4674:
4670:
4662:
4653:
4645:
4641:
4633:
4629:
4621:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4597:
4593:
4585:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4561:
4557:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4415:
4411:
4399:
4395:
4378:
4374:
4365:
4361:
4346:
4342:
4327:
4323:
4312:
4308:
4262:
4258:
4230:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4167:
4162:
4160:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4139:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4075:
3916:
3820:
3810:. According to
3808:Munich massacre
3800:Black September
3767:there in 1970.
3679:Fares al-Khoury
3663:
3607:Anwar Nusseibeh
3545:King Abdullah I
3541:
3529:Anwar Nusseibeh
3471:
3442:Joseph Goebbels
3438:Franz von Papen
3411:Alan Cunningham
3399:
3373:
3363:
3354:
3342:Georges Bidault
3294:Members of the
3257:
3252:
3178:, and the 23rd
3160:Bosnian Muslims
3134:
3091:Walter Winchell
3064:
3031:Operation ATLAS
3024:
2972:
2878:Reichsführer-SS
2869:... . His
2840:
2835:
2638:
2595:(together with
2569:Anglo-Iraqi War
2461:
2455:Anglo-Iraqi War
2447:
2385:
2365:Renzo De Felice
2348:
2342:
2314:Kingdom of Iraq
2247:members of the
2201:Arthur Wauchope
2196:for Palestine,
2149:
2143:
2048:
2000:Mr. Harry Snell
1988:The Shaw Report
1980:
1948:Yitzhak Ben-Zvi
1916:Islam's prophet
1843:Frederick Kisch
1839:
1774:Chief Secretary
1726:
1721:
1715:
1632:Ernest Richmond
1589:
1577:British mandate
1501:Musa al-Husayni
1472:
1363:. According to
1238:
1177:
1044:
1026:
1003:
949:
903:
842:
841:
801:
790:. The post-war
749:
578:
465:and afterwards
344:
315:
311:
307:
299:
292:
262:
250:
244:
239:
219:
213:
208:
188:
176:
170:
165:
139:Political party
103:
97:
93:
78:
72:
69:
65:
64:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14398:
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14259:
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14208:
14203:
14198:
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14188:
14183:
14178:
14173:
14168:
14163:
14157:
14155:
14154:Related topics
14151:
14150:
14148:
14147:
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14137:
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14127:
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14116:
14114:
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14107:
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14072:
14067:
14062:
14057:
14052:
14047:
14042:
14037:
14032:
14027:
14022:
14020:Islamic Legion
14017:
14012:
14007:
14002:
13997:
13992:
13987:
13982:
13977:
13972:
13967:
13962:
13957:
13952:
13947:
13942:
13937:
13932:
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13912:
13910:Al-Mourabitoun
13907:
13902:
13896:
13894:
13888:
13887:
13885:
13884:
13879:
13877:Hamdeen Sabahi
13874:
13869:
13867:Fuad al-Rikabi
13864:
13859:
13857:Adnan Pachachi
13854:
13849:
13844:
13839:
13834:
13829:
13827:Saddam Hussein
13824:
13819:
13817:Sati' al-Husri
13814:
13809:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13779:
13774:
13769:
13764:
13759:
13754:
13752:Hafez al-Assad
13749:
13744:
13742:Zaki al-Arsuzi
13739:
13734:
13729:
13724:
13719:
13714:
13708:
13706:
13700:
13699:
13697:
13696:
13691:
13686:
13681:
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13673:
13669:
13668:
13666:
13665:
13660:
13655:
13650:
13645:
13640:
13635:
13630:
13625:
13623:Aden Emergency
13620:
13615:
13610:
13605:
13600:
13595:
13590:
13585:
13580:
13575:
13570:
13568:Iraqi Intifada
13565:
13560:
13559:
13558:
13553:
13551:Yom Kippur War
13548:
13543:
13538:
13528:
13523:
13518:
13513:
13512:
13511:
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13496:
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13484:
13478:
13476:
13472:
13471:
13469:
13468:
13463:
13458:
13453:
13448:
13446:Arab socialism
13442:
13440:
13436:
13435:
13428:
13427:
13420:
13413:
13405:
13396:
13395:
13386:As'ad Shukeiri
13382:Ottoman Empire
13378:
13375:
13374:
13372:
13371:
13370:(2006–present)
13365:
13359:
13353:
13347:
13341:
13338:A. al-Husseini
13334:
13332:
13326:
13325:
13323:
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13286:
13279:
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13254:
13247:
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13232:
13219:
13208:
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13186:
13172:
13171:External links
13169:
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12546:(4): 723–759.
12532:
12526:
12513:
12503:
12483:
12477:
12459:
12449:(8 May 2008).
12443:
12437:
12419:
12401:(4): 485–505.
12390:
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12343:. T. Yoseloff.
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11437:
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11410:
11388:
11361:
11351:(3): 317–333.
11340:
11334:
11319:
11313:
11299:Mattar, Philip
11295:
11285:(2): 227–240.
11275:Mattar, Philip
11271:
11261:(4): 267–281.
11249:Mattar, Philip
11245:
11239:
11221:
11215:
11197:
11191:
11169:
11163:
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11138:
11119:
11113:
11095:Lewis, Bernard
11091:
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11067:Lewis, Bernard
11063:
11057:
11039:Lewis, Bernard
11035:
11029:
11010:
11004:
10985:
10979:
10960:
10954:
10936:Laurens, Henry
10932:
10926:
10908:Laurens, Henry
10904:
10898:
10882:Laurens, Henry
10878:
10868:
10848:Rubin, Barry M
10840:
10820:
10814:
10796:
10790:
10768:
10762:
10743:
10737:
10713:
10707:
10692:
10686:
10672:Krämer, Gudrun
10668:
10662:
10647:
10641:
10628:
10622:
10607:
10601:
10583:
10577:
10559:
10553:
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10195:
10182:
10176:
10158:
10146:
10133:(March 2006).
10127:
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10100:
10083:
10065:
10059:
10045:Gutman, Israel
10041:
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10020:
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9928:
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9907:
9892:
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9691:
9685:
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9635:
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9614:
9608:
9590:
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9569:
9563:
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9527:
9521:
9503:
9497:
9479:
9458:
9441:
9424:
9418:
9405:
9399:
9381:
9376:Foreign Policy
9363:
9357:
9332:
9326:
9313:
9307:
9289:
9279:
9255:
9236:
9230:
9212:
9206:
9193:
9175:
9169:
9147:
9141:
9129:Arendt, Hannah
9125:
9102:
9087:
9074:
9068:
9053:
9035:
9017:
9007:
8994:
8988:
8970:
8964:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8940:
8928:
8926:, p. 158.
8916:
8904:
8902:, p. 736.
8892:
8890:, p. 728.
8880:
8865:
8853:
8841:
8829:
8817:
8813:Netanyahu 2015
8805:
8803:, p. 739.
8793:
8781:
8769:
8767:, p. 441.
8757:
8738:
8726:
8724:, p. 248.
8714:
8698:
8686:
8674:
8672:, p. 743.
8662:
8650:
8638:
8636:, p. 113.
8626:
8583:
8567:
8552:
8540:
8528:
8516:
8504:
8492:
8480:
8478:, p. 447.
8468:
8466:, p. 162.
8453:
8432:
8420:
8418:, p. 694.
8408:
8406:, p. 308.
8396:
8384:
8374:Oliver Stanley
8366:
8354:
8352:, p. 237.
8342:
8340:, p. 257.
8330:
8318:
8306:
8294:
8290:Gallagher 2007
8282:
8280:, p. 464.
8270:
8268:, p. 294.
8258:
8243:
8231:
8219:
8207:
8205:, p. 198.
8203:Levenberg 1993
8192:
8190:, p. 106.
8180:
8168:
8156:
8144:
8132:
8130:, p. 107.
8120:
8118:, p. 549.
8105:
8093:
8081:
8069:
8030:
8028:, p. 446.
8015:
8011:Mackenzie 2006
8003:
8001:, p. 794.
7991:
7989:, p. 303.
7979:
7977:, p. 257.
7967:
7955:
7943:
7941:, p. 499.
7931:
7929:, p. 135.
7919:
7883:
7871:
7869:, p. 125.
7859:
7847:
7835:
7833:, p. 313.
7823:
7811:
7799:
7787:
7775:
7763:
7751:
7728:
7716:
7704:
7692:
7690:, p. 496.
7680:
7668:
7666:, p. 439.
7656:
7654:, p. 214.
7644:
7642:, p. 143.
7632:
7620:
7618:, p. 231.
7605:
7593:
7581:
7569:
7567:, p. 317.
7557:
7545:
7533:
7531:, p. 322.
7521:
7509:
7507:, p. 201.
7494:
7482:
7470:
7455:
7443:
7441:, p. 311.
7431:
7419:
7407:
7405:, p. 148.
7395:
7383:
7381:, p. 102.
7371:
7369:, p. 504.
7359:
7347:
7345:, p. 730.
7335:
7331:Stangneth 2015
7323:
7321:, p. 156.
7311:
7294:
7282:
7270:
7258:
7256:, p. 596.
7246:
7244:, p. 738.
7234:
7221:
7206:
7204:, p. 263.
7194:
7191:
7187:
7174:
7158:
7156:, p. 157.
7146:
7144:, p. 469.
7134:
7122:
7120:, p. 160.
7110:
7098:
7096:, p. 726.
7083:
7079:Schwanitz 2004
7071:
7069:, p. 230.
7059:
7057:, p. 376.
7044:
7042:, p. 119.
7032:
7020:
7018:, p. 468.
7008:
6992:
6981:, p. 310
6971:
6969:, p. 310.
6955:
6943:
6941:, p. 152.
6931:
6929:, p. 463.
6919:
6907:
6905:, p. 190.
6892:
6880:
6868:
6866:, p. 247.
6864:De Felice 1990
6856:
6854:, p. 442.
6844:
6832:
6830:, p. 105.
6820:
6818:, p. 239.
6808:
6796:
6784:
6782:, p. 281.
6772:
6756:
6744:
6732:
6730:, p. 280.
6720:
6718:, p. 274.
6708:
6696:
6694:, p. 275.
6684:
6672:
6670:, p. 273.
6660:
6658:, p. 131.
6648:
6636:
6620:
6608:
6596:
6584:
6572:
6560:
6558:, p. 239.
6548:
6536:
6532:De Felice 1990
6524:
6512:
6500:
6488:
6486:, p. 250.
6476:
6464:
6452:
6450:, p. 276.
6440:
6428:
6426:, p. 106.
6416:
6414:, p. 271.
6399:
6376:
6365:De Felice 1990
6357:
6345:
6333:
6331:, p. 277.
6318:
6306:
6304:, p. 259.
6291:
6279:
6267:
6252:
6240:
6228:
6226:, p. 159.
6216:
6214:, p. 716.
6204:
6192:
6180:
6168:
6166:, p. 269.
6156:
6154:, p. 171.
6144:
6142:, p. 270.
6132:
6130:, p. 374.
6120:
6108:
6088:
6076:
6074:, p. 169.
6064:
6052:
6050:, p. 332.
6040:
6028:
6024:Levenberg 1993
6022:, p. 373:
6012:
5997:
5985:
5973:
5971:, p. 210.
5969:De Felice 1990
5961:
5957:De Felice 1990
5949:
5947:, p. 376.
5937:
5925:
5913:
5901:
5899:, p. 144.
5889:
5877:
5865:
5853:
5841:
5829:
5817:
5815:, p. 172.
5802:
5782:
5770:
5758:
5742:
5730:
5718:
5702:
5690:
5678:
5676:, p. 230.
5666:
5654:
5642:
5630:
5618:
5606:
5594:
5586:ritual dancing
5574:
5562:
5560:, p. 141.
5550:
5548:, p. 225.
5527:Lajnat al-Difa
5518:
5506:
5490:
5475:
5459:
5446:
5429:
5417:
5405:
5393:
5381:
5369:
5353:
5341:
5325:
5313:
5301:
5289:
5287:, p. 111.
5277:
5265:
5253:
5241:
5229:
5217:
5205:
5189:
5177:
5153:
5141:
5123:
5111:
5099:
5097:, p. 142.
5087:
5075:
5063:
5051:
5039:
5021:
5009:
5007:, p. 102.
4997:
4995:, p. 506.
4977:
4965:
4963:, p. 140.
4953:
4941:
4929:
4917:
4901:
4889:
4877:
4865:
4853:
4831:
4819:
4802:
4800:, p. 131.
4790:
4778:
4776:, p. 219;
4762:
4750:
4748:, p. 467.
4735:
4723:
4721:, p. 219.
4708:
4706:, p. 425.
4696:
4680:
4668:
4666:, p. 725.
4651:
4639:
4627:
4615:
4603:
4601:, p. 232.
4591:
4579:
4567:
4555:
4553:, p. 290.
4543:
4541:, p. 134.
4531:
4529:, p. 497.
4519:
4517:, p. 140.
4507:
4505:, p. 360.
4494:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4473:
4465:Adolf Eichmann
4409:
4401:Schwanitz 2008
4393:
4372:
4359:
4340:
4338:, p. 495)
4321:
4306:
4294:Pierre Gemayel
4284:leader of the
4256:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4158:
4144:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4104:
4089:
4074:
4071:
4060:in 2021, told
4038:Gilbert Achcar
3944:, and even to
3938:Chaim Weizmann
3915:
3912:
3874:Walter Laqueur
3825:Moshe Pearlman
3819:
3816:
3691:Nazim al-Qudsi
3675:Sabri al-Asali
3662:
3659:
3599:Prime Minister
3540:
3537:
3470:
3467:
3430:Freda Kirchwey
3398:
3395:
3362:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3133:
3130:
3063:
3060:
3023:
3020:
2971:
2968:
2937:Rudolf Kastner
2921:Adolf Eichmann
2854:Gilbert Achcar
2848:Final Solution
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2810:Prime Minister
2637:
2634:
2534:Foreign Office
2522:Bruce Lockhart
2506:Musa al-'Alami
2498:S. F. Newcombe
2446:
2443:
2435:Czechoslovakia
2410:Englandpolitik
2384:
2381:
2359:victim of the
2344:Main article:
2341:
2338:
2190:general strike
2145:Main article:
2142:
2139:
2047:
2044:
1979:
1976:
1931:anti-Hashemite
1911:mawsin al-nabi
1900:flag of Israel
1838:
1835:
1725:
1722:
1717:Main article:
1714:
1711:
1692:of Palestine,
1656:iron-mongering
1611:Al-Aqsa Mosque
1588:
1585:
1471:
1468:
1377:Colonel Storrs
1365:Sir Louis Bols
1354:Chief of Staff
1336:Chaim Weizmann
1326:East Jerusalem
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
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1062:
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1060:
1058:East Jerusalem
1055:
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1038:
1037:
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1019:
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830:
824:
823:
815:
814:
808:
807:
800:
797:
748:
745:
741:Constantinople
729:honorary title
694:Westernization
600:Western ideals
577:
574:
491:end of the war
441:appointed him
435:Herbert Samuel
383:Ottoman Empire
325:
324:
321:
320:
317:
316:
314:
313:
301:
297:United Kingdom
294:
290:Ottoman Empire
286:
284:
280:
279:
275:
274:
271:
270:
268:Post disbanded
265:
259:
258:
253:
247:
246:
236:
235:
228:
227:
222:
216:
215:
205:
204:
197:
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185:
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141:
135:
134:
129:
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119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
98:
84:
80:
79:
73:
62:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14397:
14386:
14383:
14381:
14378:
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14373:
14371:
14368:
14366:
14363:
14361:
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14301:
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14255:
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14232:
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14224:
14222:
14219:
14217:
14214:
14212:
14209:
14207:
14204:
14202:
14199:
14197:
14194:
14192:
14189:
14187:
14186:Greater Yemen
14184:
14182:
14181:Greater Syria
14179:
14177:
14174:
14172:
14169:
14167:
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14162:
14159:
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14023:
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14018:
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14008:
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14001:
13998:
13996:
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13988:
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13918:
13916:
13913:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13901:
13898:
13897:
13895:
13893:
13892:Organizations
13889:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13855:
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13840:
13838:
13835:
13833:
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13828:
13825:
13823:
13820:
13818:
13815:
13813:
13812:George Habash
13810:
13808:
13805:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13792:Izzat Darwaza
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
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13778:
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13750:
13748:
13745:
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13740:
13738:
13735:
13733:
13730:
13728:
13727:Yasser Arafat
13725:
13723:
13720:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13710:
13709:
13707:
13705:
13704:Personalities
13701:
13695:
13692:
13690:
13687:
13685:
13682:
13680:
13679:Arab identity
13677:
13676:
13674:
13670:
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13609:
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13599:
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13593:Arab Cold War
13591:
13589:
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13579:
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13437:
13433:
13426:
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13387:
13383:
13376:
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13360:
13357:
13354:
13351:
13348:
13345:
13342:
13339:
13336:
13335:
13333:
13331:
13327:
13320:
13319:K. al-Husayni
13317:
13314:
13311:
13308:
13305:
13302:
13299:
13296:
13293:
13290:
13287:
13284:
13281:
13280:
13278:
13275:
13271:
13267:
13260:
13255:
13253:
13248:
13246:
13241:
13240:
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13231:
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13223:
13220:
13218:
13214:
13209:
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13202:
13199:
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13187:
13184:
13179:
13175:
13174:
13166:
13165:
13159:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13146:
13145:Philip Mattar
13142:
13134:
13130:
13129:
13113:
13107:
13103:
13102:
13097:
13096:Zertal, Idith
13093:
13089:
13083:
13079:
13075:
13070:
13066:
13061:
13057:
13051:
13047:
13046:
13040:
13036:
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13026:
13025:
13019:
13015:
13009:
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12992:
12988:
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12969:
12965:
12959:
12955:
12954:
12948:
12944:
12938:
12934:
12933:
12928:
12924:
12920:
12914:
12911:. Routledge.
12910:
12909:
12903:
12899:
12893:
12890:. Routledge.
12889:
12885:
12880:
12876:
12870:
12866:
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12594:
12590:
12584:
12580:
12576:
12572:
12571:
12565:
12561:
12557:
12553:
12549:
12545:
12541:
12537:
12533:
12529:
12523:
12519:
12514:
12510:
12506:
12504:0-8050-6587-3
12500:
12497:. Owl Books.
12495:
12494:
12488:
12484:
12480:
12474:
12470:
12469:
12464:
12460:
12456:
12452:
12448:
12444:
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12350:
12346:
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12341:
12336:
12332:
12328:
12322:
12318:
12317:
12311:
12307:
12301:
12297:
12296:
12291:
12290:Samuel, Edwin
12287:
12283:
12279:
12273:
12268:
12267:
12261:
12257:
12253:
12250:
12245:
12241:
12239:1-85984-340-9
12235:
12231:
12230:
12224:
12220:
12214:
12210:
12209:
12204:
12200:
12196:
12190:
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12160:
12159:
12154:
12149:
12145:
12139:
12135:
12134:
12128:
12117:
12116:
12111:
12107:
12106:Rouleau, Éric
12103:
12099:
12093:
12089:
12088:
12082:
12078:
12072:
12068:
12067:
12061:
12057:
12053:
12047:
12042:
12041:
12034:
12030:
12024:
12020:
12019:
12014:
12010:
12006:
12000:
11997:. Routledge.
11996:
11995:
11989:
11985:
11979:
11975:
11974:
11969:
11965:
11961:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11946:
11940:
11932:
11928:
11924:
11920:
11919:
11918:World Affairs
11914:
11909:
11905:
11901:
11897:
11893:
11892:
11887:
11883:
11879:
11873:
11869:
11868:
11862:
11858:
11857:
11851:
11848:. V Gollancz.
11847:
11846:
11841:
11837:
11833:
11827:
11823:
11822:
11816:
11812:
11806:
11802:
11801:
11796:
11792:
11788:
11782:
11778:
11777:
11771:
11767:
11761:
11757:
11756:
11751:
11750:Novick, Peter
11747:
11743:
11737:
11733:
11728:
11724:
11720:
11719:
11714:
11709:
11705:
11699:
11695:
11694:
11688:
11673:
11670:. July 2001.
11669:
11662:
11658:
11654:
11650:
11646:
11642:
11638:
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11629:
11625:
11621:
11617:
11613:
11609:
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11601:
11600:
11597:
11593:
11589:
11585:
11584:Morris, Benny
11581:
11577:
11571:
11567:
11566:
11561:
11560:Morris, Benny
11557:
11553:
11547:
11543:
11542:
11537:
11536:Morris, Benny
11533:
11529:
11523:
11519:
11518:
11513:
11512:Morris, Benny
11509:
11505:
11499:
11495:
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11417:
11413:
11407:
11403:
11399:
11398:
11393:
11392:Milstein, Uri
11389:
11377:
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11350:
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10895:
10891:
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10883:
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10875:
10871:
10865:
10861:
10860:Penguin Books
10856:
10855:
10849:
10845:
10841:
10837:
10833:
10829:
10825:
10821:
10817:
10811:
10807:
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10797:
10793:
10787:
10783:
10782:Penguin Books
10779:
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10769:
10765:
10759:
10755:
10751:
10750:
10744:
10740:
10734:
10730:
10726:
10722:
10718:
10717:Lachman, Shai
10714:
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10704:
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10327:
10321:
10317:
10311:
10307:
10303:
10302:
10296:
10292:
10286:
10282:
10281:Brill Archive
10278:
10274:
10269:
10265:
10259:
10255:
10251:
10246:
10242:
10236:
10232:
10228:
10223:
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10192:
10188:
10183:
10179:
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10159:
10155:
10151:
10150:Hilberg, Raul
10147:
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10128:
10124:
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10000:
9995:
9994:"Shadowplays"
9991:
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9514:
9513:
9508:
9507:Cohen, Hillel
9504:
9500:
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9490:
9489:
9484:
9480:
9476:
9472:
9468:
9464:
9459:
9452:
9451:
9446:
9445:Carpi, Daniel
9442:
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8875:
8869:
8862:
8861:Browning 2015
8857:
8850:
8845:
8838:
8833:
8826:
8825:Beaumont 2015
8821:
8814:
8809:
8802:
8797:
8790:
8785:
8778:
8773:
8766:
8761:
8753:
8747:
8742:
8735:
8730:
8723:
8718:
8711:
8707:
8702:
8695:
8690:
8683:
8678:
8671:
8666:
8660:, p. 51.
8659:
8654:
8648:, p. 73.
8647:
8642:
8635:
8630:
8623:
8619:
8614:
8610:. Gradually (
8609:
8605:
8600:
8599:Albert Antébi
8596:
8592:
8587:
8580:
8576:
8571:
8564:
8559:
8557:
8549:
8544:
8537:
8532:
8525:
8520:
8513:
8512:Pearlman 1947
8508:
8501:
8496:
8489:
8484:
8477:
8472:
8465:
8460:
8458:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8436:
8430:, p. 57.
8429:
8424:
8417:
8412:
8405:
8400:
8394:, p. 98.
8393:
8388:
8382:
8379:
8375:
8370:
8364:, p. 48.
8363:
8358:
8351:
8346:
8339:
8334:
8328:, p. 20.
8327:
8322:
8315:
8310:
8304:, p. 99.
8303:
8298:
8291:
8286:
8279:
8274:
8267:
8262:
8255:
8250:
8248:
8241:, p. 97.
8240:
8235:
8228:
8223:
8217:, p. 14.
8216:
8211:
8204:
8199:
8197:
8189:
8184:
8178:, p. 30.
8177:
8172:
8165:
8160:
8153:
8148:
8141:
8136:
8129:
8124:
8117:
8112:
8110:
8102:
8097:
8090:
8085:
8079:, p. 21.
8078:
8073:
8066:
8061:
8059:
8057:
8055:
8053:
8051:
8049:
8047:
8045:
8043:
8041:
8039:
8037:
8035:
8027:
8022:
8020:
8012:
8007:
8000:
7995:
7988:
7983:
7976:
7971:
7964:
7959:
7952:
7947:
7940:
7935:
7928:
7923:
7915:
7909:
7908:Fũhrergedanke
7903:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7880:
7875:
7868:
7863:
7857:, p. 75.
7856:
7851:
7845:, p. 33.
7844:
7839:
7832:
7827:
7821:, p. 34.
7820:
7815:
7808:
7803:
7796:
7791:
7784:
7779:
7772:
7767:
7761:, p. 78.
7760:
7755:
7748:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7732:
7725:
7720:
7713:
7708:
7701:
7696:
7689:
7684:
7678:, p. 53.
7677:
7672:
7665:
7660:
7653:
7648:
7641:
7640:Stillman 2000
7636:
7630:, p. 51.
7629:
7628:Pearlman 1947
7624:
7617:
7612:
7610:
7602:
7597:
7591:, p. 33.
7590:
7585:
7578:
7573:
7566:
7561:
7554:
7549:
7542:
7537:
7530:
7525:
7518:
7513:
7506:
7501:
7499:
7492:, p. 15.
7491:
7486:
7479:
7478:Fountain 2001
7474:
7468:, p. 19.
7467:
7462:
7460:
7453:, p. 68.
7452:
7447:
7440:
7435:
7429:, p. 39.
7428:
7423:
7416:
7411:
7404:
7399:
7392:
7387:
7380:
7375:
7368:
7363:
7356:
7351:
7344:
7339:
7332:
7327:
7320:
7315:
7308:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7291:
7290:Landsman 2005
7286:
7280:, p. 13.
7279:
7274:
7267:
7266:Landsman 2005
7262:
7255:
7254:Pearlman 1963
7250:
7243:
7238:
7231:
7225:
7218:
7217:Cesarani 2007
7213:
7211:
7203:
7202:Cesarani 2007
7198:
7189:
7185:
7183:
7178:
7171:
7167:
7162:
7155:
7150:
7143:
7138:
7131:
7126:
7119:
7114:
7107:
7102:
7095:
7090:
7088:
7080:
7075:
7068:
7063:
7056:
7051:
7049:
7041:
7040:Gensicke 2011
7036:
7029:
7024:
7017:
7012:
7005:
7001:
6996:
6989:
6987:
6980:
6979:Yisraeli 1974
6975:
6968:
6967:Yisraeli 1974
6964:
6963:Browning 2007
6959:
6952:
6947:
6940:
6935:
6928:
6923:
6916:
6911:
6904:
6899:
6897:
6889:
6884:
6877:
6872:
6865:
6860:
6853:
6848:
6841:
6836:
6829:
6824:
6817:
6812:
6806:, p. 96.
6805:
6800:
6794:, p. 70.
6793:
6788:
6781:
6776:
6769:
6765:
6760:
6753:
6748:
6741:
6736:
6729:
6724:
6717:
6712:
6705:
6700:
6693:
6688:
6681:
6676:
6669:
6664:
6657:
6652:
6645:
6640:
6633:
6629:
6624:
6617:
6612:
6605:
6600:
6593:
6588:
6581:
6576:
6570:, p. 99.
6569:
6564:
6557:
6556:Davidson 2001
6552:
6545:
6540:
6533:
6528:
6521:
6516:
6509:
6504:
6497:
6492:
6485:
6480:
6473:
6468:
6461:
6456:
6449:
6444:
6437:
6432:
6425:
6420:
6413:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6397:
6395:
6380:
6372:
6366:
6361:
6354:
6349:
6342:
6337:
6330:
6325:
6323:
6315:
6310:
6303:
6298:
6296:
6288:
6283:
6276:
6271:
6264:
6259:
6257:
6250:, p. 52.
6249:
6244:
6237:
6232:
6225:
6220:
6213:
6208:
6201:
6196:
6189:
6184:
6177:
6172:
6165:
6160:
6153:
6148:
6141:
6136:
6129:
6124:
6118:, p. 87.
6117:
6112:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6092:
6085:
6080:
6073:
6068:
6062:, p. 83.
6061:
6056:
6049:
6044:
6037:
6032:
6025:
6021:
6016:
6009:
6004:
6002:
5995:, p. 73.
5994:
5989:
5982:
5977:
5970:
5965:
5958:
5953:
5946:
5941:
5934:
5929:
5922:
5917:
5910:
5905:
5898:
5893:
5886:
5881:
5875:, p. 16.
5874:
5869:
5862:
5857:
5850:
5845:
5838:
5833:
5826:
5821:
5814:
5809:
5807:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5786:
5779:
5774:
5767:
5762:
5755:
5751:
5746:
5739:
5734:
5727:
5722:
5715:
5711:
5706:
5700:
5694:
5687:
5682:
5675:
5670:
5663:
5658:
5651:
5646:
5639:
5634:
5627:
5622:
5615:
5610:
5603:
5598:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5578:
5571:
5566:
5559:
5554:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5516:, p. 71.
5515:
5514:Ovendale 2004
5510:
5503:
5499:
5494:
5487:
5482:
5480:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5456:
5450:
5443:
5439:
5438:Kolinsky 1993
5433:
5426:
5421:
5414:
5409:
5402:
5397:
5390:
5385:
5379:, p. 77.
5378:
5373:
5366:
5362:
5357:
5350:
5345:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5322:
5317:
5310:
5305:
5298:
5293:
5286:
5281:
5274:
5273:Robinson 1997
5269:
5263:, p. 38.
5262:
5257:
5250:
5245:
5238:
5233:
5227:, p. 32.
5226:
5225:Matthews 2006
5221:
5214:
5213:Matthews 2006
5209:
5203:, p. 48.
5202:
5198:
5193:
5187:, p. 69.
5186:
5181:
5173:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5150:
5145:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5120:
5115:
5108:
5103:
5096:
5095:Ghandour 2009
5091:
5084:
5079:
5072:
5067:
5060:
5055:
5048:
5043:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5018:
5013:
5006:
5001:
4994:
4989:
4988:prémeditation
4981:
4974:
4969:
4962:
4957:
4950:
4945:
4938:
4933:
4926:
4921:
4914:
4910:
4905:
4898:
4893:
4886:
4885:Friedman 2000
4881:
4875:, p. 35.
4874:
4869:
4862:
4857:
4847:
4840:
4835:
4828:
4823:
4817:, p. 31.
4816:
4815:Matthews 2006
4811:
4809:
4807:
4799:
4794:
4787:
4782:
4775:
4772:, p. 33
4771:
4766:
4759:
4754:
4747:
4742:
4740:
4732:
4727:
4720:
4715:
4713:
4705:
4700:
4693:
4690:, p. 6;
4689:
4684:
4677:
4672:
4665:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4648:
4643:
4636:
4631:
4624:
4623:Tschirgi 2004
4619:
4613:, p. 53.
4612:
4607:
4600:
4595:
4588:
4583:
4576:
4571:
4564:
4559:
4552:
4547:
4540:
4539:Mitchell 2013
4535:
4528:
4527:Blamires 2006
4523:
4516:
4515:Ghandour 2009
4511:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4482:
4477:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4461:Samir Shammai
4457:
4456:Latin America
4453:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4418:Jewish Agency
4413:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4391:, p. 25)
4390:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4369:
4363:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4332:
4325:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4273:anti-Semitism
4270:
4266:
4260:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4219:
4203:
4202:Alimjan Idris
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4159:
4156:
4145:
4142:
4131:
4120:
4110:
4105:
4095:
4090:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4048:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3966:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3946:Theodor Herzl
3943:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3929:Philip Mattar
3926:
3924:
3920:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3887:
3886:Michael Sells
3883:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3833:Philip Mattar
3830:
3826:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3731:from Jordan.
3730:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3658:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3626:Holy War Army
3623:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3553:Jewish Agency
3550:
3546:
3536:
3534:
3533:Holy War Army
3530:
3526:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3505:district and
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3491:Holy War Army
3488:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3391:
3386:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3316:Moshe Sharett
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3296:Jewish Agency
3292:
3289:
3285:
3284:war criminals
3280:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3238:Volksdeutsche
3235:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3143:
3138:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3113:Abu Khurreira
3110:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3068:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2967:
2964:
2963:Bernard Lewis
2959:
2958:Rafael Medoff
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2946:Hannah Arendt
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2923:'s deputies,
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2873:
2868:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2833:The Holocaust
2830:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2676:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2481:quadrumvirate
2478:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:Philip Mattar
2380:
2376:
2374:
2373:Philip Mattar
2370:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2347:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2274:tramp steamer
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2166:Fascist Italy
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:Shakib Arslan
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:Izzat Darwaza
2028:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2016:Lord Melchett
2012:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1901:
1898:, waving the
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:for the 16th
1848:
1844:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1730:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:Jewish Agency
1569:
1563:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1536:Jewish Agency
1533:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:Greater Syria
1390:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1347:Field-marshal
1344:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1136:Rachel's Tomb
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:Joseph's Tomb
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1000:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
981:
978:
976:
975:Islamic Jihad
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
954:
951:
950:
945:
941:
940:
937:
934:
932:
929:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
908:
905:
904:
902:
899:
898:
895:
892:
891:
890:
889:
886:
883:
882:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
845:
840:
838:
835:
834:
833:
832:
829:
826:
825:
821:
817:
816:
813:
810:
809:
805:
804:
796:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
762:
758:
754:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
661:Albert Antébi
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
601:
597:
594:
591:
587:
582:
573:
572:cooperation.
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:Holy War Army
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:Fascist Italy
468:
464:
460:
455:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:to a form of
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:
335:
331:
322:
318:
310:
305:
302:
298:
295:
291:
288:
287:
285:
281:
276:
272:
269:
266:
260:
257:
254:
248:
242:
237:
234:
233:All-Palestine
231:President of
229:
226:
223:
217:
211:
206:
203:
198:
195:
192:
186:
183:
180:
174:
168:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
142:
140:
136:
133:
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
101:
85:
81:
76:
61:
57:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
14280:1890s births
14221:Pan-Islamism
14099:
14092:
14085:
13985:Ba'ath Party
13862:Ameen Rihani
13831:
13722:Jassem Alwan
13717:Michel Aflaq
13573:Algerian War
13499:Iraqi Revolt
13337:
13330:Grand Muftis
13315:(1860s–1908)
13309:(1856–1860s)
13197:at Wikiquote
13161:
13148:
13132:
13100:
13077:
13064:
13044:
13023:
12999:
12976:
12952:
12931:
12907:
12887:
12863:
12843:
12823:
12809:– via
12791:
12773:– via
12750:
12729:
12697:
12693:
12669:
12648:
12628:
12601:
12569:
12543:
12539:
12517:
12507:– via
12492:
12466:
12454:
12427:
12398:
12394:
12374:
12357:. SP Books.
12353:
12339:
12315:
12294:
12280:– via
12265:
12256:Said, Edward
12247:
12242:– via
12228:
12207:
12183:
12170:
12156:
12132:
12121:16 September
12119:. Retrieved
12113:
12086:
12065:
12054:– via
12039:
12017:
11993:
11972:
11968:Rees, Philip
11957:
11939:cite journal
11922:
11916:
11900:the original
11890:
11866:
11855:
11844:
11820:
11799:
11775:
11754:
11731:
11717:
11692:
11679:. Retrieved
11636:
11632:
11624:the original
11594:– via
11564:
11540:
11516:
11492:
11471:
11451:
11441:– via
11422:
11396:
11380:. Retrieved
11376:the original
11369:
11348:
11344:
11324:
11303:
11282:
11278:
11258:
11252:
11229:
11205:
11182:
11177:
11149:
11124:
11099:
11071:
11043:
11015:
10990:
10965:
10940:
10912:
10885:
10872:– via
10853:
10836:the original
10831:
10804:
10776:
10748:
10724:
10697:
10676:
10652:
10632:
10612:
10591:
10567:
10544:
10520:
10500:
10470:
10443:
10422:
10401:
10397:Karmi, Ghada
10378:
10375:Storicamente
10374:
10350:
10325:
10300:
10276:
10253:
10230:
10206:
10186:
10166:
10153:
10142:Controverses
10141:
10111:
10091:
10072:
10049:
10025:
10015:
10005:15 September
10003:. Retrieved
9997:
9990:Gordon, Neve
9980:– via
9961:
9939:
9918:
9897:
9876:
9855:
9834:
9821:. Retrieved
9814:
9791:
9757:
9753:Fisk, Robert
9733:
9719:– via
9700:
9675:
9643:
9639:Elpeleg, Zvi
9619:
9598:
9574:
9553:
9532:
9511:
9487:
9466:
9462:
9449:
9432:
9409:
9389:
9374:
9340:
9317:
9297:
9293:Black, Edwin
9283:– via
9264:
9259:Black, Edwin
9250:
9244:
9220:
9197:
9188:The Guardian
9186:
9159:
9155:Haber, Eitan
9132:
9106:
9095:
9082:
9058:
9051:(in French).
9046:
9028:
9012:
8998:
8978:
8954:
8931:
8924:Achcar 2010b
8919:
8907:
8895:
8883:
8873:
8868:
8856:
8849:Rudoren 2015
8844:
8832:
8820:
8808:
8796:
8784:
8772:
8760:
8746:Rouleau 1994
8741:
8729:
8717:
8701:
8696:, 43:24 min.
8689:
8677:
8665:
8653:
8646:Elpeleg 2007
8641:
8629:
8608:Third Temple
8591:Laurens 2002
8586:
8570:
8563:Rouleau 1994
8543:
8531:
8526:, p. ?.
8519:
8507:
8495:
8488:Achcar 2010b
8483:
8471:
8464:Achcar 2010b
8435:
8423:
8416:Laurens 2007
8411:
8404:Laurens 2007
8399:
8392:Elpeleg 2007
8387:
8369:
8362:Elpeleg 2007
8357:
8345:
8333:
8321:
8314:Laurens 2007
8309:
8297:
8285:
8273:
8261:
8234:
8227:Budeiri 2001
8222:
8210:
8188:Elpeleg 2007
8183:
8171:
8159:
8147:
8140:Laurens 2002
8135:
8123:
8116:Laurens 2002
8096:
8089:Hilberg 1973
8084:
8072:
8065:Hershco 2006
8006:
7994:
7982:
7970:
7958:
7946:
7934:
7922:
7886:
7874:
7862:
7850:
7838:
7826:
7814:
7802:
7790:
7778:
7766:
7754:
7743:
7739:
7731:
7719:
7707:
7695:
7683:
7671:
7659:
7647:
7635:
7623:
7596:
7584:
7577:Achcar 2010a
7572:
7560:
7548:
7536:
7524:
7512:
7485:
7473:
7451:Elpeleg 2007
7446:
7434:
7422:
7415:Achcar 2010b
7410:
7403:Achcar 2010b
7398:
7386:
7374:
7367:Hilberg 1973
7362:
7355:Laurens 2002
7350:
7338:
7326:
7314:
7309:, p. ?.
7285:
7273:
7261:
7249:
7237:
7224:
7197:
7182:Hopwood 1980
7177:
7170:Yehuda Bauer
7161:
7154:Achcar 2010b
7149:
7142:Laurens 2002
7137:
7130:Achcar 2010b
7125:
7113:
7101:
7074:
7062:
7035:
7030:, p. 7.
7023:
7016:Laurens 2002
7011:
7004:Laurens 2002
6995:
6983:
6974:
6958:
6946:
6934:
6922:
6910:
6883:
6876:Nicosia 2017
6871:
6859:
6847:
6840:Laurens 2002
6835:
6823:
6811:
6799:
6787:
6775:
6759:
6752:Elpeleg 2012
6747:
6735:
6723:
6711:
6706:, p. 9.
6699:
6687:
6675:
6663:
6651:
6639:
6623:
6611:
6606:, p. 8.
6599:
6587:
6582:, p. 7.
6575:
6563:
6551:
6544:Nicosia 2000
6539:
6527:
6520:Nicosia 2008
6515:
6508:Nicosia 2000
6503:
6496:Nicosia 2000
6491:
6484:Laurens 2002
6479:
6472:Nicosia 2000
6467:
6455:
6443:
6438:, p. 7.
6431:
6424:Laqueur 1970
6419:
6393:
6390:
6379:
6360:
6348:
6336:
6309:
6302:Laurens 2002
6282:
6270:
6248:Elpeleg 2007
6243:
6231:
6219:
6212:Hilberg 1973
6207:
6195:
6183:
6171:
6159:
6147:
6135:
6128:Laurens 2002
6123:
6111:
6098:, p. 9
6091:
6079:
6067:
6055:
6043:
6031:
6026:, p. 8.
6020:Laurens 2002
6015:
5988:
5976:
5964:
5952:
5945:Laurens 2002
5940:
5933:Laurens 2002
5928:
5916:
5909:Laurens 2002
5904:
5897:Achcar 2010b
5892:
5885:Lachman 1982
5880:
5873:Hen-Tov 1974
5868:
5861:Laurens 2002
5856:
5849:Laurens 2002
5844:
5837:Huneidi 2001
5832:
5820:
5790:Laurens 2002
5785:
5778:Laurens 2002
5773:
5761:
5750:Laurens 2002
5745:
5738:Laurens 2002
5733:
5726:Laurens 2002
5721:
5710:Laurens 2002
5705:
5699:Riad al-Suhl
5693:
5681:
5669:
5662:Laurens 2002
5657:
5650:Laqueur 2003
5645:
5633:
5621:
5614:Laurens 2002
5609:
5602:Laurens 2002
5597:
5590:Laurens 2002
5577:
5570:Laurens 2002
5565:
5553:
5521:
5509:
5498:Laurens 2002
5493:
5486:Laurens 2002
5471:Laurens 2002
5462:
5449:
5432:
5425:Laurens 2002
5420:
5413:Laurens 2002
5408:
5396:
5384:
5372:
5364:
5356:
5349:Laurens 2002
5344:
5336:
5328:
5316:
5304:
5292:
5280:
5275:, p. 6.
5268:
5256:
5249:Huneidi 2001
5244:
5232:
5220:
5208:
5201:Elpeleg 2007
5192:
5180:
5161:Khalidi 2001
5156:
5149:Elpeleg 2007
5144:
5126:
5119:Elpeleg 2007
5114:
5102:
5090:
5078:
5071:Nicosia 2008
5066:
5054:
5042:
5029:Laurens 1999
5024:
5017:Huneidi 2001
5012:
5000:
4993:Laurens 1999
4980:
4968:
4956:
4949:Laurens 1999
4944:
4939:, p. 6.
4937:Elpeleg 2007
4932:
4920:
4909:Huneidi 2001
4904:
4892:
4880:
4873:Huneidi 2001
4868:
4856:
4839:Laurens 1999
4834:
4829:, p. 3.
4827:Elpeleg 2007
4822:
4798:Achcar 2010c
4793:
4781:
4765:
4758:Laurens 1999
4753:
4746:Laurens 2002
4731:Laurens 1999
4726:
4704:Laurens 1999
4699:
4694:, p. 2.
4683:
4671:
4647:Khalidi 2020
4642:
4635:Khalidi 2001
4630:
4618:
4606:
4594:
4587:Elpeleg 2007
4582:
4577:, p. 1.
4575:Elpeleg 2007
4570:
4558:
4546:
4534:
4522:
4510:
4498:
4476:
4412:
4404:
4396:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4362:
4348:
4343:
4336:Laurens 1999
4324:
4309:
4265:Nazi Germany
4259:
4252:Laurens 1999
4248:Laurens 2002
4141:Islam portal
4052:
4043:
4036:
4008:
3991:
3971:
3968:
3963:Peter Novick
3961:
3957:
3950:
3927:
3917:
3907:
3891:
3878:Benny Morris
3872:
3867:
3854:
3837:
3821:
3769:
3733:
3712:
3700:
3695:Muin al-Madi
3645:
3640:
3619:
3617:irrelevant.
3588:
3571:
3566:
3542:
3527:
3520:
3495:Hasan Salama
3476:
3472:
3455:
3450:World War II
3433:
3423:
3400:
3355:
3339:
3331:
3324:
3300:Raul Hilberg
3293:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:house arrest
3258:
3230:
3219:
3214:
3179:
3173:
3168:
3147:
3122:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:Lord Haw-Haw
3087:Hasan Salama
3076:
3071:
3043:Hasan Salama
3029:
3025:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2987:
2977:Idith Zertal
2973:
2956:
2949:
2914:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2872:amour-propre
2863:
2852:
2841:
2823:
2801:Fritz Grobba
2799:
2786:
2782:
2778:Fritz Grobba
2775:
2740:
2731:Vichy France
2729:against the
2722:Adolf Hitler
2715:
2689:
2678:
2670:
2639:
2590:
2554:
2546:David Raziel
2515:
2494:
2477:Nuri as-Said
2474:
2462:
2428:
2416:
2386:
2377:
2369:Nuri al-Said
2357:
2349:
2334:
2318:
2237:
2221:Nuri as-Said
2205:
2150:
2108:
2105:
2085:
2081:
2056:Saudi Arabia
2040:
2013:
2008:Edwin Samuel
1981:
1952:
1928:
1863:
1840:
1811:
1797:
1782:
1735:
1699:Western Wall
1675:Western Wall
1660:
1646:production,
1607:Temple Mount
1590:
1549:between the
1544:
1524:
1473:
1457:Al-Fida'iyya
1452:Dar al-Islam
1441:
1386:
1369:David Yellin
1358:
1329:
1322:Herod's Gate
1310:Palin Report
1291:
1284:
1280:Aref al-Aref
1243:
1174:
1076:Christianity
990:Governorates
952:
893:
828:Demographics
812:Palestinians
792:Palin Report
757:Ottoman Army
750:
718:
702:Muslim World
665:
640:
604:
554:antisemitism
547:
487:Adolf Hitler
483:World War II
481:with during
479:collaborated
475:Nazi Germany
456:
403:Ottoman army
376:
368:Jerusalemite
329:
328:
304:Nazi Germany
293:(until 1918)
267:
263:Succeeded by
255:
240:
224:
209:
189:Succeeded by
166:
118:Denomination
29:
14285:1974 deaths
13915:Arab Ba'ath
13837:Salah Jadid
13694:Arabization
13541:Six-Day War
13536:Suez Crisis
13482:Arab Revolt
13461:Pan-Arabism
13364:(1994–2006)
13358:(1993–1994)
13352:(1952–1993)
13346:(1948–1954)
13340:(1921–1937)
13321:(1908–1921)
13291:(1809–1834)
13285:(1791–1809)
13158:Zvi Elpeleg
12704:: 210–244.
12621:Shlaim, Avi
12597:Shlaim, Avi
11795:Pappé, Ilan
11639:(1): 3–16.
11382:27 February
10633:War on Hate
10497:Shlaim, Avi
9469:: 101–131.
9109:. Damascus.
8936:Aderet 2022
8789:Zertal 2005
8777:Novick 2000
8734:Mattar 1988
8706:Zertal 2005
8682:Morris 2008
8536:Mattar 1988
8500:Mattar 1988
8440:Morris 1997
8428:Morris 2011
8326:Brynen 1990
8302:Shlaim 2001
8266:Kassim 1988
8239:Shlaim 2001
8215:Sayigh 1999
8176:Shlaim 2001
8128:Morris 2008
8101:Shlaim 2000
7783:Mojzes 2011
7759:Mojzes 2011
7652:Spoerl 2020
7616:Sachar 1961
7565:Medoff 1996
7379:Zertal 2005
7307:Medoff 1996
7278:Arendt 1963
7190:I heard say
6816:Gavish 2010
6804:Lukitz 1995
6780:Mattar 1984
6764:Mattar 1984
6728:Mattar 1984
6716:Mattar 1984
6692:Mattar 1984
6668:Mattar 1984
6628:Mattar 1984
6448:Mattar 1984
6412:Mattar 1984
6353:Morris 2008
6329:Mattar 1984
6275:Gordon 2008
6263:Mikics 2014
6236:Khalaf 1991
6224:Morris 2011
6188:Mattar 1984
6176:Mattar 1984
6164:Mattar 1984
6140:Mattar 1984
6100:Ghada Karmi
6084:Mattar 1984
6060:Mattar 1992
6036:Hughes 2019
6008:Sachar 2006
5993:Sachar 1972
5981:Sachar 2006
5798:Brit Shalom
5794:Samuel 1970
5754:Sicker 2000
5686:Krämer 2008
5674:Krämer 2008
5638:Sicker 2000
5626:Sicker 2000
5546:Krämer 2008
5453:Among them
5401:Yaeger 1996
5377:Sicker 2000
5285:Morris 2011
5237:Reiter 1996
5197:Sicker 2000
5107:Morris 2011
5083:Tauber 1994
5034:am al-nakba
5005:Tauber 1994
4973:Sicker 2000
4897:Tauber 1994
4861:Krämer 2008
4774:Krämer 2008
4770:Sicker 2000
4719:Krämer 2008
4688:Mattar 1992
4676:Brynen 1990
4563:Gelvin 2007
4551:Peretz 1994
4452:Middle East
4448:Soviet bloc
4368:Kotzin 2010
4302:Gelvin 2014
4240:Mattar 1992
3952:Robert Fisk
3934:Zvi Elpeleg
3919:Edward Said
3845:nationalism
3812:Zvi Elpeleg
3784:Six-Day War
3757:Six-Day War
3702:1948, King
3685:, Quwatli,
3634:Glubb Pasha
3630:Arab Legion
3549:Transjordan
3511:Arab League
3419:Issa Khalaf
3312:Jewish Army
3261:Switzerland
3172:, the 21st
3166:: the 13th
3132:Recruitment
3079:Axis Powers
3052:Eitan Haber
2933:Third Reich
2908:Muhammadans
2770:Eid al-Adha
2702:Beseitigung
2650:Axis powers
2620:Axis powers
2573:Arab Legion
2561:coup d'état
2490:Middle East
2470:King Faisal
2304:village of
2213:Transjordan
2130:al-Futuwwah
2020:Middle East
2014:In London,
1955:Mea Shearim
1939:Transjordan
1924:kotel notes
1876:revisionist
1807:Lord Plumer
1805:to succeed
1793:White Paper
1760:, a Jewish
1746:monarchical
1690:chief rabbi
1683:inalienable
1628:Antiquities
1497:Nashashibis
1389:Pan-Arabism
1331:in absentia
1184:Handicrafts
1131:Nabi Samwil
837:Definitions
780:Arab Revolt
753:World War I
747:World War I
737:World War I
735:. Prior to
686:Rashid Rida
678:and at the
670:briefly at
668:Islamic law
550:nationalism
515:Arab League
477:, which he
419:pan-Arabism
407:World War I
349:Palestinian
345: 1897
312:(1941–1945)
300:(1920–1937)
251:Preceded by
220:Preceded by
177:Preceded by
89:(aged
87:4 July 1974
70: 1897
14269:Categories
14079:Literature
13772:Tariq Aziz
13689:Arab world
13684:Arab Union
13613:Dhofar War
12759:. p.
12487:Segev, Tom
11666:. London:
11021:Frank Cass
10729:Frank Cass
10587:Kohn, Hans
10331:I.B.Tauris
10279:. Leiden:
9999:The Nation
9823:22 October
9048:Libération
8900:Sells 2015
8888:Sells 2015
8837:Ravid 2015
8801:Sells 2015
8670:Sells 2015
8634:Kiely 2008
8548:Sells 2015
8350:Cohen 2008
8338:Cohen 2008
8254:Kamel 2013
8152:Cohen 2008
7987:Lepre 1997
7975:Lepre 1997
7963:Lepre 1997
7951:Hoare 2014
7927:Lepre 1997
7891:Lepre 1997
7867:Lepre 1997
7855:Lepre 1997
7843:Lepre 1997
7831:Lepre 1997
7819:Lepre 1997
7807:Lepre 1997
7795:Lepre 1997
7771:Lepre 1997
7736:Lepre 1997
7724:Lepre 1997
7712:Stein 1984
7700:Lepre 1997
7676:Hoare 2013
7601:Sells 2015
7490:Adams 2009
7439:Lewis 1997
7427:Carpi 1977
7343:Sells 2015
7319:Lewis 1999
7242:Sells 2015
7166:Ahren 2015
7094:Sells 2015
6951:Lewis 1999
6939:Lewis 1999
6927:Segev 2001
6915:Lewis 1999
6903:Lewis 2002
6888:Lewis 1999
6828:Tripp 2002
6792:Davis 2005
6768:Simon 2004
6656:Simon 2004
6616:Tripp 2002
6592:Simon 2004
6568:Tripp 2002
6287:Cohen 2008
6152:Cohen 2008
6096:Karmi 2004
5921:Rosen 2005
5558:Gonen 2003
5442:Segev 2001
5185:Cohen 1989
4961:Segev 2001
4786:Pappé 2010
4692:Pappé 1994
4664:Sells 2015
4599:Kopel 2021
4469:Sells 2015
4439:Aliyah Bet
4426:Bratislava
4298:Stern Gang
4058:Yad Vashem
4054:Dani Dayan
4032:Mauthausen
3932:decisive.
3862:Gaza Strip
3849:Peter Wien
3761:Emil Ghuri
3740:Heliopolis
3721:King Talal
3597:was named
3462:Golda Meir
3446:Rashid Ali
3415:Musa Alami
3380:resolution
3365:See also:
3226:Bolshevism
3175:Skanderbeg
3062:Propaganda
2654:Suez Canal
2597:Rashid Ali
2581:Rashid Ali
2565:Rashid Ali
2550:Habbaniyya
2526:War Office
2486:Rashid Ali
2449:See also:
2262:Seychelles
1887:Harry Luke
1868:Tisha B'Av
1864:status quo
1812:status quo
1789:Vaad Leumi
1770:Harry Luke
1758:Yom Kippur
1707:status quo
1679:Abu Madyan
1638:arts like
1194:Literature
1126:Lot's Tomb
1053:Gaza Strip
919:Government
704:to defeat
641:rüshidiyye
576:Early life
366:family of
364:al-Husayni
358:leader in
283:Allegiance
14112:Symbolism
13456:Nasserism
13451:Ba'athism
13164:Routledge
13004:Routledge
12710:0792-335X
12415:154921401
12270:. Verso.
12205:(2006) .
12187:. Knopf.
12015:(1971) .
11925:: 65–75.
11604:lse.ac.uk
11568:. Knopf.
11562:(2011) .
11130:Routledge
11097:(2002) .
11041:(1997) .
10774:(1970) .
10405:. Verso.
10152:(1973) .
9697:(2008) .
9485:(2007) .
9435:(11–12).
9157:(2002) .
9115:cite book
8976:(2010b).
8912:Höpp 2004
8765:Fisk 2006
8722:Said 1988
8476:Fisk 2006
8448:Hashemite
8278:Hall 2008
8026:Fisk 2006
7664:Fisk 2006
7589:Shay 2009
7055:Wien 2016
6852:Fisk 2006
6740:Nevo 1984
6704:Nevo 1984
6680:Nevo 1984
6604:Nevo 1984
6580:Nevo 1984
6048:Rose 1989
5538:Monk 2002
5333:Monk 2002
5321:Monk 2002
5297:UNPC 1948
4611:Kohn 1929
4503:Sela 2002
4491:Citations
4379:Kaufman,
4214:Footnotes
4122:episodes)
4028:Treblinka
4020:Auschwitz
3999:Palestine
3858:West Bank
3613:made the
3584:Jerusalem
3580:Palestine
3507:Jerusalem
3401:When the
3327:Léon Blum
3202:, or the
3169:Handschar
3164:Albanians
3104:Handschar
2931:" by the
2919:, one of
2892:Germany."
2727:Gaullists
2405:Nabi Musa
2401:Palestine
2330:Holocaust
2302:Christian
2283:Husayniya
2249:al-Qassam
2178:Jerusalem
2157:Palestine
2119:Boy Scout
1978:Aftermath
1820:Nabi Musa
1778:Palestine
1772:, acting
1750:Ibn Sa'ud
1687:Ashkenazi
1654:work and
1648:woodcraft
1644:glassware
1568:mu'aridun
1562:mu'aridun
1556:majlisiya
1551:Husseinis
1294:Nabi Musa
1048:West Bank
1042:Palestine
844:Palestine
784:Jerusalem
761:artillery
607:Jerusalem
511:West Bank
379:Jerusalem
241:In office
210:In office
171:1921–1937
167:In office
102:, Lebanon
75:Jerusalem
14254:Category
14196:Islamism
13905:Al-Fatat
13672:Concepts
13439:Ideology
13384:claimed
13356:Ja'abari
13350:al-Alami
13344:Jarallah
13303:(?–1856)
13297:(1834–?)
13098:(2005).
12929:(2001).
12821:(1972).
12785:(2000).
12728:(2015).
12718:26870795
12623:(2001).
12599:(2000).
12560:24586167
12489:(2001).
12425:(2004).
12351:(1986).
12337:(1965).
12292:(1970).
12181:(1972).
12169:(1961).
11970:(1990).
11959:Ynetnews
11842:(1947).
11797:(1994).
11752:(2000).
11672:Archived
11538:(2008).
11514:(1997).
11301:(1992).
11267:41857733
11069:(1999).
10938:(2007).
10910:(2002).
10884:(1999).
10850:(2001).
10802:(2003).
10719:(1982).
10674:(2008).
10589:(1929).
10499:(eds.).
10491:(2001).
10465:(1997).
10447:. SUNY.
10399:(2004).
10164:(1966).
10047:(1995).
9782:BBC News
9755:(2006).
9673:(2006).
9596:(1990).
9509:(2008).
9439:: 40–51.
9387:(2007).
9295:(2010).
9261:(2004).
9218:(1996).
9131:(1963).
5542:Mohammed
5365:tesserae
4443:Cold War
4422:Budapest
4127:See also
4024:Majdanek
4009:In 1947
3986:Heydrich
3978:Goebbels
3860:and the
3792:Phalange
3704:Abdullah
3622:Abdullah
3487:Damascus
3265:Konstanz
3222:Sarajevo
3197:Croatian
3056:Tel Aviv
2683:völkisch
2540:, after
2289:wataniya
2245:Galilean
2209:Abdullah
2113:'s son,
2006:'s son,
1935:Abdullah
1920:Muhammad
1896:Hatikvah
1891:Tel Aviv
1785:diaspora
1703:diaspora
1613:and the
1250:Damascus
1248:held in
1189:Language
985:Enclaves
894:Previous
885:Politics
876:Diaspora
788:Damascus
684:, under
629:school (
411:Damascus
399:Salafist
372:Muhammad
108:Religion
54:Personal
13900:Al-Awda
13475:History
13368:Hussein
13228:of the
13224:in the
13217:YouTube
12797:123–138
12700:(1/2).
11904:UNISPAL
11681:1 April
11653:4282974
11596:YouTube
11291:4327735
9083:Haaretz
8945:Sources
7740:handžar
5583:Hasidic
5299:, § 24.
4282:leftist
4244:Laurens
4067:Hasbara
4062:Haaretz
3897:Jewish
3753:Lebanon
3725:Hussein
3582:, with
3481:in the
3469:The war
3190:Chetnik
3156:Balkans
3118:Zvornik
3035:Templer
3001:(1943).
2942:Haganah
2915:At the
2607:by the
2393:Germany
2383:Pre-war
2352:duopoly
2294:Lebanon
2278:Lebanon
2268:car to
2135:Haganah
2076:Lebanon
1857:), the
1724:Prelude
1671:postwar
1636:artisan
1540:Islamic
1483:amnesty
1429:entered
1405:Lebanon
1350:Allenby
1320:, near
1298:rioting
1178:(dance)
1169:Cuisine
1145:Culture
1091:Al-Aqsa
1086:Judaism
1004:(Hamas)
953:Current
851:History
764:officer
721:effendi
710:Zionism
645:Turkish
637:Ottoman
635:), and
463:Lebanon
427:Zionism
405:during
391:Ottoman
387:Islamic
91:approx.
13276:Muftis
13274:Hanafi
13205:photos
13156:1993,
13143:1998,
13108:
13084:
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13031:
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10866:
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8986:
8962:
8444:pogrom
7744:hancer
6104:Nablus
5536:. See
4430:Newman
4232:Mattar
3982:Göring
3804:Mossad
3786:. The
3780:Israel
3772:Beirut
3744:Yishuv
3428:under
3318:or by
3308:Yishuv
3200:Ustaše
2827:Abwehr
2795:Berlin
2766:Berlin
2744:Hitler
2693:Berlin
2656:, and
2609:Allies
2593:Persia
2585:Farhud
2457:, and
2431:Abwehr
2395:, the
2310:Syrian
2298:French
2100:mosque
1994:, and
1964:Hebron
1905:mawlid
1874:, the
1847:Zürich
1762:beadle
1681:as an
1652:wicker
1513:Sheikh
1488:pardon
1421:France
1417:Israel
1409:Jordan
1159:Cinema
995:Cities
866:Origin
861:People
759:as an
690:salafi
653:French
632:kuttub
627:Qur'an
596:cleric
590:Syrian
566:Indian
543:Beirut
507:Jordan
437:, the
393:, and
356:Muslim
334:Arabic
132:Hanafi
128:School
100:Beirut
14000:Fatah
13362:Sabri
13295:Alami
12714:JSTOR
12556:JSTOR
12411:S2CID
11675:(PDF)
11664:(PDF)
11649:JSTOR
11287:JSTOR
11263:JSTOR
11181:[
10138:(PDF)
9454:(PDF)
9345:(PDF)
5714:alibi
4435:Briha
4209:Notes
4073:Works
4047:Nakba
3899:kapos
3648:nakba
3515:Cairo
3503:Lydda
3158:from
2819:kapos
2793:) in
2658:Aqaba
2577:fatwa
2538:Irgun
2424:Irgun
2270:Jaffa
2258:Syria
2252:only
2217:Iraqi
2161:sheik
2070:, an
2064:Syria
2034:, an
2026:fitna
1996:Haifa
1992:Jaffa
1972:Haifa
1968:Safed
1959:Jaffa
1879:Betar
1845:, in
1837:Riots
1663:Haram
1624:Mecca
1620:Qibla
1597:Islam
1520:Kamil
1507:with
1401:Syria
1254:Syria
1199:Music
1175:Dabke
1081:Islam
965:Hamas
960:Fatah
871:Nakba
768:İzmir
733:Hajji
725:Mecca
676:Cairo
593:Sunni
495:Cairo
447:Islam
122:Sunni
112:Islam
94:76–77
13390:Qadi
13106:ISBN
13082:ISBN
13050:ISBN
13029:ISBN
13008:ISBN
12981:ISBN
12958:ISBN
12937:ISBN
12913:ISBN
12892:ISBN
12869:ISBN
12848:ISBN
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12765:ISBN
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11760:ISBN
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11683:2014
11570:ISBN
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10007:2011
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9825:2015
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8876:2015
5530:and
4454:and
4424:and
4280:, a
4030:and
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3646:The
3561:Gaza
3497:and
3369:and
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3181:Kama
3162:and
3085:and
3050:and
2662:lire
2642:Rome
2613:Shah
2528:and
2504:and
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2306:Zouk
2170:waqf
2096:imam
1970:and
1908:(or
1830:Zikr
1532:Waqf
1415:and
1030:Flag
970:PFLP
856:Name
786:and
708:and
688:, a
588:, a
570:Lehi
505:and
473:and
467:Iraq
354:and
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59:Born
13388:as
13230:ZBW
13215:on
12761:184
12548:doi
12403:doi
12399:XII
11927:doi
11923:171
11641:doi
11592:LSE
11353:doi
10383:doi
9968:141
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