Arab nationalism - Knowledge

1884:. Abduh believed the Arabs' Muslim ancestors bestowed "rationality on mankind and created the essentials of modernity," borrowed by the West. Thus, while Europe advanced from adopting the modernist ideals of true Islam, the Muslims failed, corrupting and abandoning true Islam. Al-Afghani blamed a division between Muslims on European influence. He thus advocated for pan-Muslim unity as a project to revitalize Islam as a cohesive force against the Western Colonialism, and argued that new interpretations of Islam were needed to confront questions posed by modernity. Their followers would create their own magazines and political parties to develop these ideas. Abduh influenced modern Arab nationalism in particular, because the revival of true Islam's ancestors (who were Arabs) would also become the revival of Arab culture and the restoration of the Arab position as the leaders of the Islamic world. One of Abduh's followers, 2592:

This was possible before nationalism became directly opposed to the European model. In this sense, the connection of the "ideal Arab woman" to the conceptions of modernity made women "markers of cultural borders". Consistent with this logic would be the discussion on the unveiling of women, which came to be used as a symbol of progress in the early twentieth century by Egypt. Additionally, Tunisian women protested its usage for the first time during the 1920s and the 1930s. However, this image "...was not much different from that of a tractor, an industrial complex, or a new railroad in symbolizing the modern, the development, the progress"; its value was not related to any notion of emancipation.

2918: 2401:. A key aspect of this was the need for economic aid that was not dependent on peace with Israel and the establishment of U.S. or British military bases within Arab countries. Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal and directly challenged the dominance of the Western powers in the region. At the same time he opened Egypt up as a Cold War zone by receiving aid and arms shipments from the Soviet bloc countries that were not dependent on treaties, bases and peace accords. However, because of the connotations for Cold War dominance of the region, Egypt also received aid from the US, who sought to promote the emerging Arab nationalism as a barrier to 2274:, opening dialogue with the German government which was at war with Britain. Under great pressure from the latter, al-Gaylani resigned on 31 January 1941 and al-Said took his place. The perceived British interjection in Iraq's internal affairs angered Arab nationalist officers in the army, leading a group of them to overthrow the government in April and install al-Gaylani as Prime Minister. To counter a British military response to the coup, al-Gaylani enlisted the support of Germany, but the German military did not arrive to aid the Arab nationalist government. With pro-German 2374: 1810:

origin. The Ottomans, on the other hand, had deviated from true Islam and thus suffered decline. The reforming Ottoman and Egyptian governments were blamed for the situation because they attempted to borrow Western practices from the Europeans that were seen as unnatural and corrupt. The Arab patriots' view was that the Islamic governments should revive true Islam that would in turn, pave way for the establishment of constitutional representative government and freedom which, though Islamic in origin, was manifested in the West at the time.

2817: 46: 201:. Arab unity was considered a necessary instrument to "restoring this lost part" of the nation, which in turn meant eliminating the "relics" of foreign colonialism. Arab nationalism emerged in the early 20th century as an opposition movement in the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire, later evolving into the overwhelmingly dominant ideological force in the Arab world. Its influence steadily expanded over subsequent years. By the 1950s and 1960s, the charismatic Egyptian leader 2608:

right to vote for the first time in history, as well as their right to education and employment. Nasser also guaranteed economic rights to the working class and the peasantry regardless of gender. The Algerian constitution also acknowledged equal rights to all citizens, but until 1984 no changes were made in personal status codes, and social attitudes toward women receiving education beyond the primary level or going to work were restrictive. Associated is the phenomenon of

2182: 6065: 22: 2604:, where the Arab nationalist discourse replicated the most conservative conceptions of womanhood. Following this logic, the laws that regulated the private sphere became stricter, or tightened. Conversely, this assertion has been nuanced by Deniz Kandiyoti, under the argument that the relationship between Islam and women's rights is "politically convergent" and should not be generalized nor simplified without a proper study of each case. 1814: 2726: 293: 2579:

education for their children. The former was a consequence of the creation of a "maternalist frame" for national and historical symbols, which women themselves adopted to construct their activism. Nermin Allam proposes the term "domestication of female public bravery" to refer to how women's participation has been reduced in the imaginary of the struggle to constrain their questioning of hierarchies.

2717:, support for Arab and even most local nationalist movements declined further. Dawisha states the "irrelevance of secular nationalism to the concerns of the twenty-first century paved the way for increasingly violent competition between the state and political Islam for the loyalty, as well as for the hearts and minds of the Arab citizen", observing Arab nationalism has no role in this struggle. 1863:, he pointed to the role played by language, besides customs and belief in common interests, in defining national identity. This distinction between fatherland and nation was also made by Hasan al-Marsafi in 1881. By the beginning of the 20th century, groups of Muslim Arabs embraced an Arab nationalist "self-view" that would provide the basis of the Arab nationalist ideology of the 20th century. 2502:

of Islam, Islam was seen as a universal message as well as an expression of secular genius on the part of the Arab peoples. Islam had given the Arabs a "glorious past", which was very different from the "shameful present". In effect, the troubles of the Arab presence were because the Arabs had diverged from their "eternal and perfect symbol", Islam. The Arabs needed to have a "resurrection" (

2313:, officially stated Britain's support of strong pan-Arab ties in a bid to ease anti-British sentiments in the region. The events of the region influenced the creation of the Arab Union Club in Egypt in 1942 which called for developing stronger ties between Egypt and the Arab world. Branches were subsequently opened in Baghdad, Beirut, Jaffa and Damascus, and Egyptian Prime Minister 1913: 2072:

achievement of total independence within one single unity. Every endeavor which confines political activities to local or regional issues is to be fought against, and since colonialism is, in all its forms and manifestations, incompatible with the dignity and paramount aims of the Arab nation, the Arab nation rejects it and will resist it with all the means at its disposal.

58: 2565:, are considered precursors of women's ideological discussion due to their reflections on the role of women in Islamic reforms. However, women themselves also contributed to the intellectual foundations of the ideology by publishing articles where they made demands, such as the expansion of education, in journals dedicated to Arab history and culture. 1904:("the Young Arab Society"), an Arab nationalist secret society and club, in Paris. Its stated aim was "raising the level of the Arab nation to the level of modern nations." In the first few years of its existence, al-Fatat called for greater autonomy within a unified Ottoman state rather than Arab independence from the empire. Al-Fatat hosted the 1633:

the region. Both Arabic and Islam served as the pillars of the nation. According to writer Youssef M. Choueiri, Arab nationalism represents the "Arabs' consciousness of their specific characteristics as well as their endeavor to build a modern state capable of representing the common will of the nation and all its constituent parts."

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the two states and for the immediate deployment of Iraqi troops into Syria. Instead Assad, perhaps fearful of Iraqi domination and a new war with Israel, advocated a step-by-step approach. The unity talks were eventually suspended indefinitely after an alleged discovery of a Syrian plot to overthrow Saddam Hussein in November 1979.

2352:, even writing "Egypt was an Arab country before Christ." The apparent Egyptian embrace of Arabism was met with general Arab excitement at the popular level and Pasha's efforts gained more traction among the various Arab governments than al-Said's Fertile Crescent proposal. Reasons for this ranged from the antipathy of the 2612:, which refers to the state's co-option of women's agenda to gain political legitimacy and constrict female mobilization. This was a strategy used by Nasser, who banned the creation of autonomous organizations and formulated women's demands as social welfare issues, leading to a recession of Egyptian feminist activism. 2222:

January–February 1936 led to major negotiations for an independence deal with the French government. The British took a firm stance against the nationalist revolt in Palestine, dissolving the AHC forcing al-Husayni into exile in Lebanon in 1937. In Algeria, hostility towards the Jewish community saw an attack in

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Islam, then, is the only Divine way of life which brings out the noblest human characteristics, developing and using them for the construction of human society. Islam has remained unique in this respect to this day. Those who deviate from this system and want some other system, whether it be based on

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In this context, it has been argued that women's participation was used as an ideological instrument by Arab nationalism. They were considered "bearers of the nation", because they not only had the biological capability to give birth to future generations, but their own preparation signified a better

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revolted against French rule. The revolt subsequently spread throughout Syria, particularly in Damascus where an uprising by the citizens took place. The French responded by systematically bombarding the city, resulting in thousands of deaths. The revolt was put down by the end of the year, but it is

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To further tensions, a rift formed between the older nationalist members of various Syrian urban-class families and the generally younger nationalists who became close to Faysal—his Hejazi troops, Iraqi and Syrian military officers, and Palestinian and Syrian intellectuals. The older guard was mainly

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in Paris, the purpose of which was to discuss desired reforms with other dissenting individuals from the Arab world. They also requested that Arab conscripts to the Ottoman army not be required to serve in non-Arab regions except in time of war. However, as the Ottoman authorities cracked down on the

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was fearful of losing his power to Assad (who was supposed to become the deputy leader in the new union) and forced al-Bakr into retirement under threat of violence. Although unity talks did continue between Assad and Saddam after July 1979, but Assad rejected Iraqi demands for a full merger between

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The question of women became more complex to deal with once the requirement of women's political involvement needed to coexist with the continuity of tradition. When Arab nationalism directly challenged Western cultural influence, women's compliance with Arab values was key to distinguish themselves

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of the Ba'ath Party in Syria in the 1940s. Aflaq, thought himself a Christian, viewed Islam as a testament to the "Arab genius", and once said "Muhammed was the epitome of all the Arabs. So let all the Arabs today be Muhammed." Since the Arabs had reached their greatest glories through the expansion

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and the Damascus political establishment to the leadership ambitions of the rival Hashemite family to the belief by Lebanon's Maronite Christian community that Egypt's plan would not require conceding future independence. Between 25 September-8 October 1944, the leaders of Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia,

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Rivalry for the leadership of the Arab world developed mostly between the political establishments of Iraq and Egypt in the period following the failure of Rashid Ali coup. Eden's stated support for increased Arab ties encouraged Nuri al-Said of Iraq to propose his own plan for Arab unity in January

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The former was also possible with the influence of the intellectual movement produced by the expansion of journalism using a unifying language, with the creation of newspapers in Arabic, as well as the publication of an Arabic dictionary and an encyclopedia during the late 1860s and the early 1870s.

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taking place in Iraq the same year, Western powers feared the fallouts of a powerful Arab nationalism in the region. Foreign powers were not only concerned about the possible spread of such revolutionary movements in other Arab states, but also worried about losing the control and monopoly over the

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Because of this, the expansion of women's political and economic rights was achieved under nationalist regimes, but it was deficient when it came to questioning their domestic limitations, such as polygamy, divorce, and the minimum age for marriage. In Egypt, the 1956 Constitution granted women the

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Women were important to the movement in relation to the family unit. But women's presence in the nationalist pursuit was crucial considering that "building a nation-state required the mobilization of the entire population, both male and female". The former can also be seen in Palestine, where women

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movement. Arab nationalists generally rejected religion as a main element in political identity, and promoted the unity of Arabs regardless of sectarian identity. However, the fact that most Arabs were Muslims was used by some as an important building block in creating a new Arab national identity.

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and Pan-Arabist policies, drafted a new Algerian constitution in 1976 which declared "the unity of the Arab people is written in the community of the destinies of these people. When there will be the conditions for a unity based on the liberation of the popular masses, Algeria will engage itself in

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was formed by Palestinian and Iraqi activists from al-Fatat as a direct result of the Jerusalem conference on 13 August 1932. Most of the AIP's activities were centered in the Palestinian political field, but the party also worked towards achieving Arab unity and solidarity as a means to strengthen

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remained significant bases of support. Following the creation of Faysal's state, a serious tension within the Arab nationalist movement became visible; the conflict between the ideology's highest ideal of forming a single independent unit comprising all countries that shared the Arabic language and

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on 9 September 1937 in Syria which gathered 524 delegates from across the Arab world, although al-Husayni himself was not in attendance. According to author Adeeb Dawisha, although the uprising had been quelled by 1939, it greatly "contributed to the growth of Arab nationalist sentiment" and began

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Arab nationalists believe that the Arab nation existed as a historical entity prior to the rise of nationalism in the 19th–20th century. The Arab nation was formed through the gradual establishment of Arabic as the language of communication and with the advent of Islam as a religion and culture in

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To modernists between the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, the status of women in Arab society was seen as a symptom of backwardness. Consequently, the reinterpretation of Islamic texts proposed with the revival of Arab culture also included the question of women.

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state and Iraq would form an "Arab League," to which other Arab states could join, that would oversee matters of defense, foreign policy, customs, currency and the safeguarding of minorities. The proposal reflected a combination of factors, namely the expansionist ambitions of the Hashemites, the

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covenant was proclaimed centering on three main articles: the Arab countries form an integral and indivisible whole. Hence the Arab nation does not accept or recognize the divisions of whatever nature to which it has been subjected, all efforts in every Arab country are to be directed towards the

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of 1920. The uprising which was carried out by the urban population as well as the rural tribes of Iraq ended in 1921. The British drastically changed their policy in Iraq afterwards. Although the mandate was still in place officially, the British role was virtually reduced to an advisory one. In

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but were crushed with 50 rioters killed. A pro-Nasser coup attempt on 18 July 1963 in Syria also ended unsuccessfully. Hundreds of people were killed or wounded in an attempt to take over the Damascus radio station and army headquarters, and 27 rebel officers were summarily executed. Nasser then

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became a rallying point for Arab nationalism from both a religious perspective and a military perspective. The fact that the Zionists were Jewish promoted a religious flavor to the xenophobic rhetoric and strengthened Islam as a defining feature of Arab nationalism. The humiliating defeat in the

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for "betraying Islam" and the Fatherland to the Christian West. In the view of Arab patriots, Islam had not always been in a "sorry state" and attributed the military triumphs and cultural glories of the Arabs to the advent of the religion, insisting that European modernism itself was of Islamic

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Another unsuccessful attempt at union occurred in 1963. That year the Arab nationalist Ba'ath Party came to power in Syria and Iraq and talks were held on uniting the two countries with Egypt. On 17 April an agreement to unite the countries was signed, but Ba'ath leaders complained of what they

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was tried for allegedly bombing a cafe, which killed 11 civilians inside. Moreover, female political involvement has been considered by several authors as a necessary dimension of Arab nationalism, because it is, in essence, a "gendered discourse". The community that was imagined by nationalist

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region as well as the differences between their inhabitants. It sought to unify those states in a stage-based process whereby the initial stage would see Syria, Transjordan, Palestine and Lebanon unite with limited autonomy given to the Jews in Palestine and special rights for the Christians in

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The conflict in Iraq provoked anger and frustration throughout the Arab world and the British acknowledged the rapid growth of Arab nationalist feeling among the Arab population, large segments of which saw the events in Iraq as a valiant struggle against imperialism. British Foreign Secretary,

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family (Kuwait was still a British territory at the time). Ghazi died in a car accident in 1939, prompting a number of his army officers to allege the king was assassinated by British forces. That same year, al-Husayni arrived in Baghdad after escaping from Lebanon, giving a morale boost to the

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Damascus became the coordinating center of the Arab nationalist movement as it was seen as the birthplace of the ideology, the seat of Faysal—the first Arab "sovereign" after nearly 400 years of Turkish suzerainty—and because the nationalists of the entire Mashreq region were familiar with it.

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Throughout the late 19th century, beginning in the 1860s, a sense of loyalty to the "Fatherland" developed in intellectual circles based in the Levant and Egypt, but not necessarily an "Arab Fatherland". It developed from observance of the technological successes of Western Europe which they

2901:. They signed a charter in Baghdad for Joint National Action which provided for the "closest form of unity ties" including "complete military unity" as well as "economic, political and cultural unification". An agreement to unify the two states was to come into effect in July 1979. However, 2121:

by Western-educated professional civil service groups with the aims of creating a common Arab market and industrial base as well as the abolishment of customs barriers between the Arab countries. By proposing agrarian reforms to limit the power of landowners, abolishing what they considered

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identified Islam, Arabism, and nationalism as the three main components of the Algerian national character distinct from France, while his fellow 'alim Ahmad Tawfiq al-Madani (1889–1983) wrote extensive historical writings in Arabic celebrating the Muslim and Arab ancestors of Algeria. The

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The events in Palestine followed similar anti-colonial activities in Egypt, Syria and Algeria which helped inspire the uprising. In Egypt, week-long anti-British demonstrations had eventually resulted in the restoration of the Egyptian constitution while in Syria, a general strike held in

2092:, describing the events in Palestine in 1936 as an "insult to all Muslim countries and a degradation of Arabism" and events in 1947 as "test set up by God in order to examine the Muslims and the Arabs' faith". It also stressed the view that Palestine belongs to all Arabs and not only to 2588:

groups was largely dependent on the status they assigned to women: modernist nationalists considered their inclusion in the public space as a necessary measure to achieve modernity, while conservative nationalists would vindicate their traditional roles as symbols of Islamic culture.

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Women were active participants in the nationalist mobilizations. Arab nationalism became an opportunity for women to appear in public spaces –which were traditionally reserved for men, not only as protesters but also as founders of their own unions and organizations. One example is

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Nationalist individuals became more prominent during the waning years of Ottoman authority, but the idea of Arab nationalism had virtually no impact on the majority of Arabs as they considered themselves loyal subjects of the Ottoman Empire. The British, for their part, incited the

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However, Halliday notes how many ideas and goals of the emerging Islamist movements resembled, and even derived from, the programmes of the earlier, secular nationalists. He says, “the Islamist movements were beneficiaries and inheritors of the secular nationalist agenda”.

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Meanwhile, a clandestine Arab nationalist society was formed in Iraq in 1938 which came to be known as Arab Nationalist Party (ANP). The ANP typically confined itself to influencing events and leaders in Iraq rather than taking the lead of a mass nationalist movement. King

2083:. Its motto was "Islam is our religion, Algeria is our homeland, Arabic is our language", and it emphasized on the Arab-Islamic national identity of Algeria, becoming the strongest defender of Arab and Muslim culture and a major provider of education in Arabic. Its founder 1750:

connotation, calling for ... the creation of revolutionary Arab unity." Groups who subscribed to this point of view advocated opposition, violent and non-violent, against Israel and against Arabs who did not subscribe to this point of view. The person most identified with

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considered Egyptian president Nasser's "patronizing, bullying tone" and his insistence on a single centralized party structure under his leadership. In Syria, pro-Nasserists were purged from the Syrian military and cabinet. In response, large pro-Nasser riots erupted in

2397:, the leader of Egypt, was a significant player in the rise of Arab nationalism. Opposed to the British control of the Suez Canal Zone and concerned at Egypt becoming a Cold War battleground Nasser pushed for a collective Arab security pact within the framework of the 2600:, in response to the strong French campaign against its use during the 1930s. Some authors argue there is a link between opposition to Westernization and the strengthening of domestic roles to protect Arab identity. Nadje Al-Ali and Beth Baron call this a process of 1840:, a Lebanese Christian philosopher, called for the Arabs to "recover their lost ancient vitality and throw off the yoke of the Turks" in 1868. A secret society promoting this goal was formed in the late 1870s, with al-Yazigi as a member. The group placed placards in 2107:

Plans for a near-future conference were made, but never came into play due to Faysal's death in 1933 (delegates chose Faysal of Iraq to be their patron and he agreed to provide moral and material support for the movement) and fierce British opposition. However, the

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works. Arab nationalism is the "sum total" of the characteristics and qualities exclusive to the Arab nation, whereas pan-Arab unity is the modern idea that stipulates that the separate Arab countries must unify to form a single state under one political system.

2301:" in Palestine. In one of the mufti's speeches he asked Arabs to unite and "kill the Jews wherever you find them." Throughout World War II, the Nazi government, seeking to take advantage of widespread anti-imperialist feelings in the Middle East, had broadcast 1994:

During the war, Britain had been a major sponsor of Arab nationalist thought and ideology, primarily as a weapon to use against the power of the Ottoman Empire. Although the Arab forces were promised a state that included much of the Arabian Peninsula and the

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in 1919. As a result of three-year negotiations following the uprising, the British agreed to allow Egypt's official independence in 1922, but their military still held great influence in the country. The political leaders of the Egyptian revolution espoused

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cites the “failure of the secular state, in its economic, social, and state-building roles, as well as in foreign policies, that led to the rejection of nationalism, and associated ideas of socialism and revolution, in much of the Arab world”.

2757:. These aspirations, however, were unpopular and met with suspicion in the countries they sought to conquer. The creation of the Arab League and its insistence on the territorial integrity and respect for sovereignty of each member state, the 2347:

launched a rival initiative for establishing closer inter-Arab relations, and sent delegations to several Arab states. Influential Arab nationalist figures in the country sought to emphasize Egypt's Arab character, the most prominent of them,

1848:-based notables, mostly Muslims, formed similar secret movements, although they differed as Christian groups who disfavoured Arabism called for a completely independent Lebanon while the Muslim Arab societies generally promoted an autonomous 2053:

encouraged Arab nationalists to put forward programs of action against colonial powers in the region. According to historian Youssef Choueiri, the "first public glimmerings" of a pan-Arab approach occurred in 1931, during the convention of

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nationalism mostly promoted by each Arab state and the emergence of Islamic radicalism filling the perceived void. However, the ideology as a whole began to decline across the Arab world following the decisive Israeli victory in the

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Gamal Abdel Nasser was a major supporter of the Algerian independence movement, whose mixture of Arab nationalism and revolution appealed to the Arabs in North Africa. He provided financial, diplomatic and military support to the

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in the Levant who tended to encourage local nationalism and were open to working with European authorities or Jewish land purchasers. The LNA enjoyed a level of popularity throughout the 1930s, but did not survive into the 1940s.

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entered Damascus in 1918. By now, Faysal along with many Iraqi intellectuals and military officers had joined al-Fatat which would form the backbone of the newly created Arab state that consisted of much of the Levant and the

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The historian Adeed Dawisha observes the decline in popularity was, in part, due to the elimination of many of the political factors that stoked nationalist passion in the Arab world during the 1950s and early 1960s, while

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region's natural oil resources. However, due to discontent over the hegemony of Egypt and after a coup in Syria that introduced a more radical government to power, the United Arab Republic collapsed in 1961. The term

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partaken in a demonstration in opposition to the heavy flow of Zionist immigrants in 1921, or with their gradual participation in Algeria's War of Independence as nurses, cooks, and even carrying bombs. In July 1957,

1047: 2247:. Many Arab nationalist politicians from Kuwait, who favored independence particularly after the discovery of oil there in 1938, were provided safe haven in Iraq after being repressed by the quasi-rulers of the 2066:

in Palestine. Arab delegates held a separate conference and for the first time delegates from North Africa, Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula and the Fertile Crescent convened together to discuss Arab matters. A

1991:. Centered in Damascus with branches in various cities throughout the Levant, al-Istiqlal received political and financial support from Faysal, but relied on the inner circle of al-Fatat to survive. 4833: 2690:, which grew as Arab nationalism declined, and whose Islamist adherents were very hostile towards nationalism in general, believing it had no place in Islam, and lack of interest by the movement in 2544:

as an alternative. He called for the establishment of the Muslim World League, visiting several Muslim countries to advocate the idea. He also engaged in a propaganda and media war with Nasser.

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in Arabic). After the Ba'athist military coups in Iraq and Syria in the 1960s, the Ba'athists "contributed very little to the development of all-Arab nationalism, which was its original

323: 2529:) were implacably opposed to nationalism as a European pollution intended to weaken Islamic unity, al-Banna "had regarded the transfer of power to non-Arabs after the first four ' 2749:

of Iraq sought to create an expanded Arab empire constructed out of the smaller nation-states that had been created in the mandate period. Abdullah's dream was to be king of a

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A number of Arab revolts against the European powers took place following the establishment of the British and French mandates. Resentment of British rule culminated in the

1888:, openly declared that the Ottoman Empire should be both Turkish and Arab, with the latter exercising religious and cultural leadership. due to their historical role in the 213:

demonstrated remarkable capabilities for mobilization, organization, and clandestine activities. This ideology seemed to be on the rise across the independent Arab states.

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During much of the 20th century, the rivalry between Syria and Nasser in Egypt for who would lead the union undermined the effort of forming a united Arab state. In 1958,

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attempt by Iraq's political establishment to secure the mantle of Arab leadership in their rivalry with Egypt and a genuine embrace of Arab identity by Iraq's leaders.

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Local patriotism centered on individual Arab countries was incorporated into the framework of Arab nationalism starting in the 1920s. This was done by positioning the

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the promotion of the formulas of union, integration or fusion that may fully respond to the legitimate and deep aspirations of the Arab people". Like his predecessor

3759: 7360: 947: 2864:. This loose union lasted until 1977 when it split due to political and territorial disputes between the republics' leadership. In 1974, Muammar Gaddafi and 2007:

period, when Arab lands were under French and British control, Arab nationalism became an important anti-imperial opposition movement against European rule.

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between Britain and France provided for the territorial division of much of that region between the two imperial powers. During the interwar years and the

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sentiments reached a boiling point on 15 April 1936, when an armed group of Arabs killed a Jewish civilian after intercepting his car near the village of

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from Europe, or not to become Western-like. The former can be exemplified by how the use of the veil was reintroduced as a nationalist symbol during the

1067: 5824: 2286: 2282:. By 1 June, al-Gaylani and al-Husayni fled to the country for Germany, while the army officers who carried out the coup were captured and executed. 1979:, who served as Faysal's prime minister, while the younger guard did not have one particular leader. However, the youth within al-Fatat founded the 4538:"Rethinking Gender in Arab Nationalism: Women and the Politics of Modernity in the Making of Nation-States. Cases from Egypt, Tunisia, and Algeria" 4467: 1058: 2414: 2317:

adopted its platform, pledging to help protect "the interests and rights" of the "sister Arab nations" and explore the "question of Arab unity."

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attributed to the prevailing of patriotism in those countries. During this period, a heavy influx of Christian missionaries and educators from

5854: 5301: 4433: 1029: 333: 1042: 6101: 2170:(AHC), a national committee bringing together Arab factions in Palestine, was established to coordinate the uprising. To protest increased 4584: 2226:

in the summer of 1934 in which a number of Jews were killed, in response to the events in Palestine. Al-Husayni, who leaned more towards

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organization's activities and members, al-Fatat went underground and demanded the complete independence and unity of the Arab provinces.

838: 823: 2628:(the battle of destiny)—the Arab nationalist movement is said to have suffered an "irreversible" slide towards "political marginality". 5809: 5237: 3342: 1208: 225:. Although pan-Arab nationalism lost appeal by the 1990s, it continued to exercise an intellectual hegemony throughout the Arab world. 3214: 1478: 1437: 913: 5804: 5209: 2631:

From the mid-1960s onward, the movement was further weakened by factional splits and ideological infighting. The formerly pro-Nasser

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leader of Germany, and other Nazi officials and attempted to coordinate Nazi and Arab policies to solve what he believed was the "

903: 893: 873: 858: 6773: 5794: 986: 878: 828: 5306: 2155: 1641: 2575:, in Egypt. This title became the foremother of a subsequent group of publications that came to be known as women's journals. 2113:

Arab resistance against the British Mandate in Palestine and increased Jewish settlement occurring there. In August 1933, the

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provided what was termed the "Arab political revival", resulting in the establishment of secret societies within the empire.

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is sometimes disparaged as "regionalism" by those who consider pan-Arabism the only legitimate variant of Arab nationalism.

7601: 7526: 6318: 6282: 5472: 2076: 1983:("al-Istiqlal") in February 1919. Its goal was to achieve unity and complete Arab independence. Prominent members included 1878:, Iranian political activist. They both shared their thoughts on reform for Islamic societies by publishing in the journal 1619: 804: 516: 362: 5185: 2446:

as the state ideology and declared Islam the state religion, however he was more assertive than Ben Bella in carrying out

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This allowed the questioning (albeit limited), of Ottoman power. Accordingly, in the 1860s, literature produced in the

1097: 2788:. This very exercise, while fostering Egypt's position at the centre of Arab politics, led to the weakening of Syria. 7303: 5926: 5849: 3639: 1324: 1228: 750: 261: 168: 6094: 5714: 5706: 5370: 2691: 2561:. (Male) Islamic modernists Muhammad Abduh and Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, along with Egyptian judge and intellectual 2016: 1163: 1711:

The modern Arabic language actually has two distinct words which can be translated into English as "nationalism":

7852: 7707: 6956: 6763: 3890:"Les Oulémas à l'indépendance de l'Algérie: dominants du champ religieux, dominés du champ politique (1962-1978)" 535: 172: 5452: 7556: 7511: 6768: 6589: 5874: 5636: 5230: 2934: 2050: 1374: 1018: 888: 745: 697: 229: 7957:

are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of

7646: 7641: 7571: 7531: 7516: 7298: 7253: 6873: 6521: 328: 316: 5442: 5422: 5402: 2647: 7812: 7757: 7727: 7636: 7611: 7596: 7521: 7501: 6599: 6511: 6287: 5819: 5779: 5769: 5318: 2861: 2114: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 735: 510: 401: 7631: 5335: 3896:, Bibliothèque historique des pays d’Islam (in French), Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne, pp. 247–318, 2813:

formally withdrew from the union agreement, denouncing the Syrian Ba'athists as "fascists and murderers".

1636:

Within the Arab nationalist movement are three main ideas: that of the Arab nation; Arab nationalism; and

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having taken control of neighboring Syria, Britain reoccupied Iraq in May to prevent it from joining the

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nationalism, colour and race, class struggle, or similar corrupt theories, are truly enemies of mankind!

2917: 2557:, who marched with other women during the 1919 revolution against the British and would then create the 1805:) which was under Ottoman control at the time, contained emotional intensity and strongly condemned the 1771:

has weakened faith in this ideal. The current dominant ideology among Arab policy makers has shifted to

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during the First World War. The Ottomans were defeated and the rebel forces, loyal to the Sharif's son

1866:

This new version of Arab patriotism was directly influenced by the Islamic modernism and revivalism of

1824:

Arabism and regional patriotism (such as in Egypt or in the Levant) mixed and gained predominance over

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One of the primary goals of modern Arab nationalism is ridding the Arab world of influence from the

7903: 7561: 7365: 6277: 5377: 5113: 5082: 5027: 2361:, Egypt in a meeting hosted by the Egyptian government which ended with an agreement known as the " 2159: 1612: 1345: 1238: 1168: 779: 3435:

Hurvitz, Nimrod (December 2006). "Muhibb ad-Din al-Khatib's Semitic Wave Theory and Pan-Arabism".

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in Cairo. This played a major role in France's decision to wage war against him during the 1956

7293: 7183: 6961: 6925: 6807: 6652: 6501: 5457: 3582: 2902: 2537: 2477:) or whether the destruction of Israel would bring about pan-Arab unity (the view advocated by 2430: 2055: 1889: 980: 681: 592: 176: 90: 5051: 4953:

Freedom in the Arab World: Concepts and Ideologies in Arabic Thought in the Nineteenth Century

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sought to counter the influences of Arab nationalism and communism in the region by promoting

2243:

was one such leader. Ghazi intended to build a strong Iraqi army and actively sought to annex

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still remains a potent political force today, the death of Nasser and the Arab defeat in the

730: 597: 4800:

Halliday, Fred (2013). "Nationalism in the Arab World Since 1945". In Breuilly, John (ed.).

4490: 4295: 3574: 2330:." The plan recognized the linguistic, cultural and economic ties between the states of the 7987: 7822: 7621: 7470: 7430: 7405: 7248: 7218: 7203: 7193: 7162: 7157: 7147: 7121: 7082: 6976: 6853: 6848: 6827: 6790: 6758: 6726: 6716: 6695: 6622: 6506: 6421: 6381: 6208: 6155: 6050: 6020: 5980: 5975: 5879: 5754: 5591: 3147: 3122: 2964: 2887: 2829: 2777: 2742: 2734: 2695: 2640: 2422: 2223: 2214: 2135: 2039: 1976: 755: 602: 113: 5199: 4766: 3171: 2670:

Other factors given for the decline include: regional attachments such as Iraqi president

1648:, which asserts that the Arab nation is the group of people who speak Arabic, inhabit the 8: 7872: 7752: 7546: 7485: 7450: 7355: 7258: 7213: 7178: 7142: 7137: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7046: 6992: 6940: 6930: 6863: 6832: 6785: 6690: 6606: 6579: 6542: 6469: 6436: 6416: 6386: 6272: 6172: 6040: 5397: 5330: 4585:

Women and the Egyptian Revolution: Engagement and Activism during the 2011 Arab Uprisings

4099: 2833: 2362: 2089: 2004: 1605: 1173: 975: 863: 198: 5175: 4078: 2270:

succeeded al-Said as Prime Minister in March 1940 and took a neutral position regarding

1859:

distinguished the notion of fatherland from that of nation; when applying the latter to

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Her Magazine, Her Voice: Foremothers of Women’s Journals in Africa and the Middle East

2029:

credited with forcing the French to take more steps to ensure Syrian independence. In

7933: 7918: 7712: 7400: 7092: 7041: 6997: 6858: 6795: 6627: 6594: 6399: 6391: 6292: 6229: 6005: 5696: 5631: 5546: 5526: 5155: 5136: 5088: 5057: 5033: 5012: 4993: 4966: 4805: 4776: 4745: 4654: 4642: 4557: 4439: 4366: 4328: 4301: 4274: 4247: 4220: 4193: 4052: 3897: 3868: 3838: 3811: 3784: 3635: 3601: 3575: 3526: 3406: 3369: 3324: 3285: 3246: 3112: 3084: 3064: 3014: 2944: 2884: 2730: 2699: 2554: 2206: 2127: 1988: 1837: 1817: 1661: 1653: 1568: 1553: 1300: 1148: 522: 159:, and the removal of those Arab governments that are considered to be dependent upon 121: 4744:. Internet Archive. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press. p. 282. 1696:

in ancient times or by associating the other pre-Islamic cultures, such as those of

7847: 7656: 7536: 7051: 7031: 6647: 6642: 6574: 6554: 6448: 6344: 6224: 5939: 5646: 5611: 5581: 5576: 5551: 5360: 4549: 3024: 2989: 2949: 2816: 2584: 2344: 2331: 2314: 2198: 2190: 2163: 2025: 1996: 1946: 1578: 1573: 1558: 1352: 1218: 233: 228:

Notable personalities and groups that are associated with Arab nationalism include

2158:

in Palestine. The AIP along with Palestinian notables selected popular leader and

7827: 7797: 7322: 6731: 6637: 6474: 5990: 5959: 5954: 5799: 5739: 5686: 5616: 5596: 5571: 5561: 5462: 5340: 4042: 3222:. Beirut: Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center. pp. 20, 21, 42. 2994: 2974: 2939: 2865: 2857: 2706:

concepts which might have "resuscitated" the ideology in its moment of weakness.

2687: 2644: 2514: 2439: 2298: 2261: 2210: 2194: 1938: 1856: 1645: 1583: 1563: 1401: 1313: 725: 686: 556: 551: 476: 265: 253: 249: 206: 81: 34: 7877: 3894:

L’Algérie des Oulémas : Une histoire de l’Algérie contemporaine (1931-1991)

2178:

was declared and a political, economic, and social boycott of Jews soon ensued.

1652:, and who feel they belong to the same nation, ideologies which originated from 7782: 7762: 7330: 6479: 5995: 5834: 5729: 5724: 5691: 5681: 5671: 5641: 5566: 5556: 5437: 5365: 5260: 5047: 4034: 3889: 3102: 3074: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3034: 3019: 2969: 2959: 2954: 2905: 2894: 2872:. The plan was rejected by Bourgiba due to his realization of the unity of the 2825: 2821: 2609: 2518: 2498: 2443: 2434: 2252: 2080: 1917: 1867: 1701: 1665: 1637: 1334: 641: 471: 439: 257: 133: 62: 30: 4553: 2088:

association also attracted Algerian public attention to what was happening in

1900:

In 1911, Arab intellectuals and politicians from throughout the Levant formed

73:. The Aqaba Flagpole is the sixth tallest free standing flagpole in the world. 45: 7976: 7425: 7420: 7375: 7370: 7350: 6673: 6349: 6000: 5626: 5606: 5541: 5493: 5407: 5189: 4658: 4561: 4038: 3530: 3373: 3328: 3289: 3250: 3009: 3004: 2984: 2750: 2663: 2353: 2240: 1984: 1860: 1849: 1806: 1790: 1705: 1548: 1492: 1357: 1305: 1120: 445: 241: 156: 141: 4324:

Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring

1844:

calling for a rebellion against the Ottomans. Meanwhile, other Lebanese and

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Lebanon, Transjordan, Yemen and the Palestinian Arab community convened in

2310: 2305:

messages tailored to Arabic-speaking Muslims in the Middle East via radio.

2302: 2290: 2275: 2271: 2257: 2143: 2126:" and promoting the growth of an industry, the LNA sought to undermine the 2101: 2093: 2046: 1395: 1290: 1190: 702: 646: 245: 217: 109: 2181: 7913: 7882: 7862: 7742: 7697: 7651: 7480: 7465: 7460: 7395: 7335: 6812: 6685: 5651: 5508: 5355: 5350: 5296: 5275: 4701:

Ghoussoub, "Feminism –or the Eternal Masculine– in the Arab World", p. 11

4022:

The Israel-Arab reader: a documentary history of the Middle East conflict

3097: 3029: 2714: 2683: 2621: 2566: 2526: 2466: 2447: 2418: 2398: 2279: 2068: 1942: 1929: 1802: 1768: 1689: 1518: 1452: 1295: 952: 670: 612: 574: 494: 338: 311: 222: 164: 137: 125: 4952: 4741:

Arab nationalism in the twentieth century : from triumph to despair

4569: 4537: 3538: 3514: 3297: 3273: 3258: 3234: 163:. This form of the ideology is rooted in the undesirable outcome of the 7928: 7772: 7702: 6198: 6160: 5586: 5503: 5498: 5427: 5070: 2679: 2562: 2521:, the founder of the earliest and largest revivalist organization, the 2386: 2358: 2294: 1825: 1649: 1233: 715: 284: 216:

Its influence began to wane in the following decades, with the rise of

187:

posed an existential threat to the territorial integrity and political

129: 3357: 3312: 2429:

and Pan-Arabism in an essay titled 'Algeria 1958'. Algerian president

2256:

pan-Arab dimension in Iraqi politics. The prime minister at the time,

2079:

founded in 1931 was a major Islamist and Arab nationalist movement in

7832: 7817: 7807: 7802: 7747: 7732: 7021: 6145: 6079: 5270: 4270:

Enhancing Regional Governance and Multilateral Cooperation in Maghreb

3132: 2800:

continued to be used in Egypt until 1971, after the death of Nasser.

2703: 2636: 2426: 2402: 2248: 2202: 2139: 2123: 2059: 1959: 1760: 1693: 1685: 1421: 1406: 630: 179:

grew as Arab nationalists centralized themselves around the newfound

50: 33:, and remains a prominent symbol of Arab nationalism. The design and 21: 1813: 7792: 7717: 7591: 7475: 6010: 5719: 5215: 3760:"L'Association des Oulémas, défenseur de la personnalité nationale" 2856:, however, both projects failed in 1966 and 1967. In 1971 and 1972 2805: 2725: 2655: 2571: 2530: 2147: 1901: 1845: 1673: 665: 160: 7857: 5009:

Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair

2513:

Another example of the occasional mingled of Arab nationalism and

2450:

to reverse French colonization, especially between 1970 and 1977.

1971:

heritage, and the tendency to give precedence to local ambitions.

7867: 7837: 7787: 7777: 7682: 7435: 7385: 6404: 6313: 4643:"Mujeres Y Revueltas En El Mundo Árabe: Historia Y Orientalismos" 4082: 3358:"Pan-Arab Nationalism: The Ideological Dream as Compelling Force" 2873: 2841: 2651: 2620:

After the defeat of the Arab coalition by Israel during the 1967

2485: 2457: 2118: 2063: 1967: 1833: 1798: 1681: 1513: 1473: 1468: 1458: 1416: 1411: 1213: 428: 421: 184: 4962:

Arab Nationalism – A History: Nation and State in the Arab World

3807:

Political Ascent: Contemporary Islamic Movements In North Africa

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To the Mountains: My Life in Jihad, from Algeria to Afghanistan

3598:

A History of the Modern Middle East: rulers, rebels, and rogues

2809: 2729:

President Gamal Abdel Nasser signing unity pact with President

2336: 2244: 2171: 1963: 1841: 1759:

of Egypt, who used both military and political power to spread

1677: 1669: 1540: 1285: 466: 117: 105: 3577:

The Arabic Language and National Identity: a Study in Ideology

2624:—which the reigning Arab nationalist leader Nasser had dubbed 7887: 5814: 2868:

attempted their two nations of Libya and Tunisia to form the

2860:

attempted to unite Libya, Egypt, Sudan and Syria to form the

2773: 2769: 2675: 2478: 2382: 2151: 2030: 2021: 1951: 1925: 1871: 1829: 1697: 1463: 1448: 292: 101: 66: 5084:

Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age

2264:, did not harbor the pan-Arabist sympathies Ghazi espoused. 205:

championed Arab nationalism, and political parties like the

4631:

Pepicelli, "Rethinking Gender in Arab Nationalism", p. 206.

4622:

Pepicelli, "Rethinking Gender in Arab Nationalism", p. 205.

4610:

Pepicelli, "Rethinking Gender in Arab Nationalism", p. 203.

2781: 2062:

which highlighted Muslim fears of the increasing growth of

1125: 434: 4795: 4793: 4719:

Pepicelli, "Rethinking Gender in Arab nationalism", p. 212

4674:

Pepicelli, "Rethinking Gender in Arab Nationalism", p. 210

4363:

Arab nationalism : between Islam and the nation-state

4095:"History Shows That True Peace Is Not Possible With Arabs" 4044:

Icon of Evil: Hitler's Mufti and the Rise of Radical Islam

3713:

Kramer, "Arab Nationalism: Mistaken Identity", p. 184-185.

3313:"The Formation of Pan-Arab Ideology in the Interwar Years" 2682:

Arabs in Iraq who feared Arab nationalism was actually "a

2235:

the development of "solidarity" between Arab governments.

2134:

Following the killing of the Syrian Arab guerrilla leader

1912: 5106:

Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest

4984:

Iraq: A Political History from Independence to Occupation

3600:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 119–120. 2150:. After Jews retaliated by killing two Arab farmers near 5127:. Ed. Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 151–155 4498:

United Nations Research Institute for Social Development

3834:

Algeria: Nation, Culture and Transnationalism, 1988-2015

3632:

Major Issues in Islam :The Challenges Within and Without

2533:' caliphs as the true reason for the decline of Islam." 128:. It bases itself on the premise that the people of the 57: 5125:

The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East

4790: 4692:

Campos, "Mujeres y Revueltas en el Mundo Árabe", p. 538

4683:

Campos, "Mujeres y Revueltas en el Mundo Árabe", p. 537

4468:"Feminism –or the Eternal Masculine– in the Arab World" 2465:

strengthened the Arabs' resolve to unite in favor of a

3405:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 161–177. 2142:, Arab-Jewish tensions in Palestine reached a climax. 197:

was directly linked to Western imperialism due to the

5077:. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996. pp. 24–25. 3927:

Political parties of the Middle East and North Africa

108:. As a traditional nationalist ideology, it promotes 4728:

Al-Ali, "Women's Movements in the Middle East", p. 8

4710:

Al-Ali, "Women's Movements in the Middle East", p. 4

4491:"Women's Movements in the Middle East: Case Studies" 2525:. While in theory Islamic revivalists (for example 95: 4670: 4668: 4618: 4616: 2765:weakened the political feasibility of these ideas. 2320: 2033:, resentment of British hegemony led to wide-scale 5825:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 4981: 4243:Out of Africa: Post-Structuralism's Colonial Roots 4151: 4149: 1895: 167:; in successfully achieving their primary goal of 4802:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism 2368: 173:partitioning of their would-be unified Arab state 7974: 4804:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 445. 4665: 4613: 4365:(3rd ed.). London: Macmillan. p. 205. 4079:Israelis not welcome to derelict Jerusalem hotel 3780:Arabic Sociolinguistics: Issues and Perspectives 2852:in order to prepare the gradual merger in a new 5154:. University of Queensland Press. p. 128. 4588:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 33. 4146: 2042:, rather than an Arab nationalist alternative. 1727:(meaning "homeland, native country"). The term 4024:by Walter Laqueur, Barry M. Rubin 2001, p. 51. 3691: 3689: 3653: 3651: 3274:"Arab Nationalism: A Retrospective Evaluation" 2848:In 1964, Egypt, Iraq and North Yemen formed a 2230:, was instrumental in organizing the pan-Arab 1644:led to the foundation of the Arab nationalist 6095: 5855:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 5302:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 5231: 5212:by Mohamed Hassan Fadlalla, Codex Online S.A. 5029:The International Politics of the Middle East 4880:Charles Smith. "The Arab-Israeli Conflict". ( 4139: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4033: 3999: 3997: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3190:Charles Smith, The Arab-Israeli Conflict, in 2569:established the first Arab women's magazine, 1613: 193:of the entire region, and that the resulting 171:, the Arab rebels simultaneously enabled the 4900:, University of California Press, 1989, p.83 4085:, 26 March 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2010. 3317:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2912: 2780:. It was accompanied by attempts to include 2686:project" to establish "Sunni hegemony", the 2385:after announcing the nationalization of the 1742:In the post-World War years, the concept of 5210:"The Rise of Arab Nationalism in the Sudan" 4424: 4212: 3686: 3648: 3559: 3557: 2469:nationalist ideal. With the revival of the 1731:means attachment to the Arab nation, while 1719:(meaning "tribe, ethnic nationality"), and 188: 7953:: Forms of nationalism based primarily on 7597:Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines) 6102: 6088: 5238: 5224: 5117:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. 5025: 4917: 4915: 4882:International Relations of the Middle East 4266: 4185: 4134: 4122: 3994: 3980: 3971: 3955: 3953: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3192:International Relations in the Middle East 3166: 3164: 3162: 2096:. In 1955, it joined the Arab nationalist 2045:The relative independence of Egypt, Iraq, 2024:of southern Syria under the leadership of 1855:As early as 1870, Syrian Christian writer 1620: 1606: 291: 5133:Syria and Israel: From War to Peacemaking 5130: 5080: 4869:Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century 4856:Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century 4535: 4465: 4239: 4103:, 9 May 1994. Retrieved 16 November 2010. 2010: 144:: ethnicity, language, culture, history, 140:—constitute one nation bound together by 100:) is a political ideology asserting that 5935:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic 5865:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 5830:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) 5149: 5135:. Oxford University Press. p. 153. 4958: 4892: 4890: 4799: 4438:. Oxford University Press. p. 318. 4267:Ranelletti, Andrea (28 September 2018). 3887: 3860: 3837:. Oxford University Press. p. 246. 3776: 3595: 3572: 3554: 3497: 3186: 3184: 2916: 2815: 2724: 2643:and fell apart soon after. In 1966, the 2547: 2372: 2180: 1911: 1812: 56: 44: 20: 5810:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) 5795:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 5046: 5006: 4979: 4912: 4826:"What is the point of the Arab League?" 4764: 4737: 4641:Campos, Camila Pastor de Maria (2014). 4431: 4385: 4273:. Edizioni Nuova Cultura. p. 120. 4219:. Oxford University Press. p. 13. 4186:Vatikiotis, P. J. (30 September 2022). 3950: 3830: 3804:Shahin, Emad Eldin (23 February 2018). 3629: 3474: 3456: 3434: 3159: 7975: 7557:Galician independence movement (Spain) 6109: 5805:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 5176:"Islamic critique of Arab Nationalism" 4988:. Princeton University Press. p. 4898:Asad, the Struggle for the Middle East 4640: 4488: 4320: 4297:Interpreting Islamic Political Parties 4181: 4179: 3803: 3581:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 3232: 3212: 3197: 1735:means loyalty to a single Arab state. 7607:Patani United Liberation Organisation 7577:Inner Mongolian independence movement 6083: 5219: 5186:"Arab Nationalism: Mistaken Identity" 4887: 4293: 4213:Anas, Abdullah; Hussein, Tam (2019). 4114:"Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World." 3856: 3854: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3355: 3235:"Arab Nationalism: Mistaken Identity" 3181: 2205:, Alfred Roke, Abdul Latif Es-Salah, 1019:Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU) 7602:National Liberation Front of Corsica 7527:East Turkestan independence movement 5245: 4360: 4106: 4027: 3888:Courreye, Charlotte (29 June 2022), 3777:Suleiman, Yasir (16 December 2013). 3512: 3400: 3310: 3271: 2876:states. This would later become the 2720: 2100:'s insurgency against France in the 2077:Association of Algerian Muslim Ulama 1043:Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 5845:National Liberation Front (Algeria) 4512:A History of the Modern Middle East 4176: 3403:Arab Nationalism A Critical Enquiry 2832:(right), and Syrian vice president 2824:(centre) with Iraqi vice president 2713:In the 21st century, following the 85: 13: 5785:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) 5307:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 5087:. University of California Press. 4836:from the original on 8 August 2017 3916: 3851: 3389: 3349: 2828:(left), Algerian foreign minister 1642:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 14: 7999: 5850:Palestine Liberation Organization 5169: 4599:Women and the Egyptian Revolution 4389:Milestones (Ma'alim 'ala Al-Tariq 3749:Gershoni and Jankowski, pp.40–41. 3515:"The Origins of Arab Nationalism" 2836:(far right, half-covered) at the 2776:temporarily joined to create the 1763:throughout the Arab world. While 1229:Arab International Media Services 262:Palestine Liberation Organization 6064: 6063: 5790:Arabian Peninsula People's Union 5473:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 5196:, Summer 1993, pp. 171–206. 4933: 4924: 3864:Palestine and Modern Arab Poetry 2753:while as-Said's dream was for a 2471:Palestinian nationalist movement 2321:Establishment of the Arab League 1761:his version of pan-Arab ideology 1164:Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Crossing 1076:Qualifying Industrial Zone (QIZ) 53:associated with Arab nationalism 29:was originally used against the 7708:Basque Country (greater region) 7567:Guangdong Independence Movement 5433:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 5108:. New York: Grove Press, 2003. 5053:The Origins of Arab Nationalism 5032:. Manchester University Press. 4945: 4903: 4874: 4861: 4848: 4818: 4758: 4731: 4722: 4713: 4704: 4695: 4686: 4677: 4634: 4625: 4604: 4591: 4576: 4529: 4517: 4504: 4482: 4459: 4411: 4379: 4354: 4341: 4314: 4294:Salih, M. (28 September 2009). 4287: 4260: 4240:Ahluwalia, Pal (5 April 2010). 4233: 4206: 4167: 4158: 4088: 4072: 4015: 4006: 3962: 3941: 3932: 3881: 3824: 3797: 3770: 3752: 3743: 3734: 3725: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3673: 3660: 3623: 3614: 3589: 3566: 3545: 3506: 3488: 3447: 3428: 3419: 3380: 3362:Journal of Contemporary History 2700:freedom of political expression 2415:Algerian provisional government 1896:Rise of modern Arab nationalism 1068:Federation of Arab Trade Unions 7512:Assyrian independence movement 5875:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 5637:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz 5206:, Winter 2003, pp. 25–41. 5200:"Requiem for Arab Nationalism" 5114:Islamic Imperialism: A History 5081:Humphreys, R. Stephen (2005). 5011:. 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Cambridge University Press. 3153: 2741:In the 1940s, rulers such as 2650:into rival factions based in 1723:وطنية, derived from the word 1715:قومية, derived from the word 782:Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) 169:dissolving the Ottoman Empire 110:Arab culture and civilization 37:are the basis of many modern 7728:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 7637:Taiwan independence movement 7612:Ryukyu independence movement 7522:Champa independence movement 7502:Alsace independence movement 5820:Federation of Arab Republics 5780:Arab Socialist Union (Libya) 5770:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) 5371:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 5319:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 5026:Hinnebusch, Raymond (2003). 3861:Sulaiman, Khalid A. (1984). 3172:Requiem for Arab Nationalism 2862:Federation of Arab Republics 2598:Algerian War of Independence 2484:Pan-Arabism was initially a 2393:After the Second World War, 2115:League of Nationalist Action 1070:and Labor Societies (FATULS) 736:Federation of Arab Republics 402:Middle East and North Africa 7: 7592:Mapuche separatist movement 5945:Flag of the Arab Federation 5775:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) 5765:Arab Socialist Action Party 5150:McDonald, Michelle (2009). 4884:by Louise Fawcett), p. 220. 3630:Sindima, Harvey J. (2017). 3596:Anderson, Betty S. (2016). 3091: 2890:began working closely with 2755:Fertile Crescent Federation 2645:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 2421:. Albert Camus argued that 2343:The Egyptian government of 1038:Union for the Mediterranean 1014:Economic and Social Council 780:Cooperation Council for the 716:Attempts at political union 348:Weapons of mass destruction 271: 266:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 126:unification of Arab society 96: 10: 8004: 7627:Silesian Autonomy Movement 7507:Assam separatist movements 6662:Northern & Middle Asia 5916:On the Way of Resurrection 5909:The Battle for One Destiny 5840:Lebanese National Movement 5281:Third International Theory 4959:Choueiri, Youssef (2000). 4536:Pepicelli, Renata (2017). 3194:by Louise Fawcett, p. 220. 2615: 2166:to lead the uprising. The 2035:revolts across the country 1852:still under Ottoman rule. 1783: 1778: 1224:Arabian Television Network 1032:Social Development (AFESD) 1030:Arab Fund for Economic and 655:Third International Theory 183:, promoting the view that 124:. It often also calls for 7944: 7896: 7670: 7632:Székely autonomy movement 7494: 7321: 7286: 7241: 7171: 7130: 7112: 7105: 7060: 7017: 7010: 6985: 6949: 6921: 6914: 6841: 6751: 6744: 6709: 6661: 6615: 6530: 6457: 6369: 6362: 6327: 6306: 6265: 6258: 6238: 6217: 6181: 6133: 6126: 6117: 6059: 5968: 5925: 5893: 5870:Unified Political Command 5760:Arab Nationalist Movement 5705: 5657:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 5517: 5486: 5453:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 5324:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 5289: 5253: 4554:10.1163/22138617-12340145 4489:Al-Ali, Nadje S. (2002). 4432:Ruthven, Malise (2006) . 4189:Nasser and His Generation 3867:. Zed Books. p. 44. 3831:Crowley, Patrick (2017). 3783:. Routledge. p. 35. 3040:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 2913:Notable Arab nationalists 2850:Unified Political Command 2759:assassination of Abdullah 2633:Arab Nationalist Movement 2475:Arab Nationalist Movement 2454:The question of Palestine 2411:National Liberation Front 2098:National Liberation Front 1886:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 1061:Arab Trade Unions (ICATU) 741:Unified Political Command 211:Arab Nationalist Movement 7562:Greenlandic independence 5378:1952 Egyptian revolution 5123:. "Arab Nationalism." 4951:Abu-'Uksa, Wael (2016). 4192:. Taylor & Francis. 3929:, Greenwood Press, pp4–5 3573:Suleiman, Yasir (2003). 3311:Dawn, C. Ernest (1988). 2786:North Yemen in the union 2602:gendering of nationalism 2160:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem 6031:Palestinian nationalism 5950:Flag of the Arab Revolt 5443:1966 Syrian coup d'état 5423:1963 Syrian coup d'état 5403:1961 Syrian coup d'état 5182:, Vol III, No. 2, 1986. 5073:. 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Afterward the 2287:increasingly acquainted 2228:Palestinian nationalism 2110:Arab Independence Party 1981:Arab Independence Party 1922:flag of the Arab Revolt 1876:Jamal al-Din al-Afghani 1664:as the homeland of the 1249:Arab Capital of Culture 989:Industrialization (AOI) 746:Union of Arab Republics 329:Western Sahara conflict 279:Part of a series on the 71:flag of the Arab Revolt 27:flag of the Arab Revolt 7587:Māori protest movement 5458:1969 Libyan revolution 5336:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 3764:Algérie Presse Service 3437:Middle Eastern Studies 3278:Arab Studies Quarterly 2924: 2845: 2738: 2626:al-Ma‘raka al-Masiriya 2538:Faisal of Saudi Arabia 2390: 2328:Fertile Crescent Union 2218: 2056:World Islamic Congress 2011:Growth of the movement 1933: 1821: 1154:Qatar–Bahrain Causeway 682:Anti-Iranian sentiment 189: 177:Anti-Western sentiment 97:al-qawmīya al-ʿarabīya 74: 54: 42: 7617:Scottish independence 7582:Kashubian Association 7304:Indigenous Australian 6016:Jordanian nationalism 5750:Arab Islamic Republic 5745:Arab Higher Committee 5622:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 5602:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 5413:North Yemen civil war 5346:Arab–Israeli conflict 5204:Middle East Quarterly 5131:Ma'oz, Moshe (1995). 4772:Middle East Quarterly 4361:Tibi, Bassam (1997). 3740:Cavandish, p.126-127. 3704:Choueiri, pp.175–176. 3695:Choueiri, pp.171–173. 3657:Choueiri, pp.166–168. 3401:Tibi, Bassam (1990). 3356:Rubin, Barry (1991). 3213:Sayegh, Anis (1970). 3176:Middle East Quarterly 3118:Jordanian nationalism 3000:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 2980:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 2920: 2870:Arab Islamic Republic 2819: 2728: 2635:, publicly abandoned 2548:Women and nationalism 2495:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 2493:, founder along with 2463:1948 Arab–Israeli War 2389:Company, August 1956. 2376: 2350:Abdul Rahman al-Azzam 2268:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 2187:Arab Higher Committee 2184: 2168:Arab Higher Committee 2138:by British forces in 2117:(LNA) was founded in 2001:Sykes–Picot Agreement 1915: 1906:Arab Congress of 1913 1816: 1746:"gradually assumed a 1700:and North Africa and 1341:Arab Champions League 987:Arab Organization for 971:Joint Defence Council 770:Organizational unions 731:Arab Islamic Republic 334:Arab–Israeli conflict 195:Arab–Israeli conflict 69:, Jordan bearing the 60: 48: 24: 7823:Marathi Abhimaangeet 7622:Siberian regionalism 6051:Tunisian nationalism 6021:Lebanese nationalism 5981:Egyptian nationalism 5976:Algerian nationalism 5880:United Arab Republic 5755:Arab Liberation Army 5735:Arab Ba'ath Movement 5592:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 4097:, Joshua P. Feiler, 4081:, Douglas Hamilton, 4012:Choueiri, pp. 95–96. 3513:Aziz, M. A. (2009). 3272:Omar, Saleh (1992). 3174:" by Adeed Dawisha, 3148:Tunisian nationalism 3123:Lebanese nationalism 2965:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 2903:Iraqi Vice President 2888:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 2854:United Arab Republic 2830:Abdelaziz Bouteflika 2798:United Arab Republic 2778:United Arab Republic 2743:Abdullah I of Jordan 2735:United Arab Republic 2696:separation of powers 2517:sentiment was from 2425:was closely tied to 2423:Algerian nationalism 2260:and the regent king 2215:Raghib al-Nashashibi 2136:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam 2085:Abdelhamid ibn Badis 2040:Egyptian nationalism 1977:Rida Pasha al-Rikabi 1947:Faysal ibn al-Husayn 1874:Muslim scholar, and 1828:among some Arabs in 1169:Saudi–Egypt Causeway 1048:Chambers of Commerce 756:United Arab Republic 511:Human Rights Charter 104:constitute a single 7914:American Indigenous 7547:Free Papua Movement 6957:Balkar and Karachay 6752:Southeastern Europe 6283:Indigenous Canadian 6041:Sahrawi nationalism 5398:1959 Mosul uprising 5331:Great Syrian Revolt 5178:by Muhammad Yahya, 4965:. Wiley-Blackwell. 4100:The Palm Beach Post 3681:Islamic Imperialism 3668:Islamic Imperialism 2834:Abdul Halim Khaddam 2377:Egyptian president 2363:Alexandria Protocol 2189:, 1936; clockwise, 2090:Mandatory Palestine 1704:, into an evolving 1174:Bridge of the Horns 976:United Arab Command 751:United Arab Kingdom 199:Balfour Declaration 175:by Western powers. 7959:ethnic nationalism 7662:Welsh independence 7542:Free Aceh Movement 6774:in North Macedonia 6616:South-eastern Asia 6111:Ethnic nationalism 6046:Syrian nationalism 6026:Libyan nationalism 5986:Greater Mauritania 5902:The Arab Awakening 5885:United Arab States 5860:Rejectionist Front 5667:Gamal Abdel Nasser 5478:Yemeni unification 5468:Lebanese Civil War 5448:17 July Revolution 5418:Ramadan Revolution 5393:14 July Revolution 5202:by Adeed Dawisha, 5152:The Kiss of Saddam 4647:Foro Internacional 4523:Hoh, Anchi (2017), 4435:Islam in the World 4417:Richard Mitchell, 4119:. 30 January 2013. 3959:Nafi, pp. 192–193. 3634:. Hamilton Books. 3343:"ARAB NATIONALISM" 3143:Syrian nationalism 3128:Libyan nationalism 3045:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2925: 2922:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2899:Camp David Accords 2878:Arab Maghreb Union 2846: 2793:14 July Revolution 2763:14 July Revolution 2739: 2672:Abd al-Karim Qasim 2523:Muslim Brotherhood 2515:Islamic revivalist 2456:and opposition to 2395:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2391: 2379:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2354:Saudi royal family 2326:1943, dubbed the " 2285:Al-Husayni became 2232:Bloudan Conference 2219: 2172:Jewish immigration 2154:, this sparked an 2128:absentee landlords 1934: 1881:al-'Urwa al-Wuthqa 1822: 1757:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1159:King Fahd Causeway 1053:Arab Customs Union 1024:Arab Monetary Fund 788:Arab Maghreb Union 761:United Arab States 238:Gamal Abdel Nasser 203:Gamal Abdel Nasser 75: 55: 43: 39:Arab states' flags 16:Political ideology 7970: 7969: 7713:Catalan Countries 7317: 7316: 7282: 7281: 7237: 7236: 7101: 7100: 7006: 7005: 6740: 6739: 6358: 6357: 6254: 6253: 6077: 6076: 6006:Iraqi nationalism 5697:Constantin Zureiq 5547:Abdul Rahman Arif 5527:Butrus al-Bustani 5161:978-0-7022-4359-2 5142:978-0-19-159086-3 5094:978-0-520-93258-6 5063:978-0-231-07435-3 5039:978-0-7190-5346-7 5018:978-0-691-16915-6 4999:978-0-691-13957-9 4972:978-0-631-21729-9 4832:. 29 April 2016. 4811:978-0-19-876820-3 4777:Middle East Forum 4751:978-0-691-10273-3 4445:978-0-19-530503-6 4372:978-0-230-37654-0 4334:978-1-317-81362-0 4307:978-0-230-10077-0 4280:978-88-3365-076-0 4253:978-1-135-16179-8 4226:978-1-78738-011-0 4199:978-1-000-72639-8 4058:978-1-4000-6653-7 4039:Rothmann, John F. 3903:979-10-351-0682-9 3874:978-0-86232-238-0 3844:978-1-78694-021-6 3817:978-0-429-97788-6 3790:978-1-136-77937-4 3607:978-0-8047-9875-4 3412:978-1-349-20804-3 3113:Iraqi nationalism 3085:Constantin Zureiq 3065:Shukri al-Quwatli 2945:Abdul Rahman Arif 2883:In October 1978, 2820:Syrian president 2731:Shukri al-Quwatli 2721:Attempts at unity 2531:Rightfully Guided 2431:Houari Boumédiène 1989:Shukri al-Quwatli 1838:Ibrahim al-Yaziji 1818:Ibrahim al-Yaziji 1791:Western countries 1662:Arabian Peninsula 1630: 1629: 1595: 1594: 1365: 1364: 1181: 1180: 997: 996: 927: 926: 805:Foreign relations 795: 794: 565: 564: 523:Ahmed Aboul Gheit 517:Secretary General 485: 484: 381: 380: 142:a common identity 122:Arabic literature 94: 7995: 7983:Arab nationalism 7963: 7848:Republika Srpska 7657:Walloon Movement 7537:Flemish Movement 7110: 7109: 7015: 7014: 6919: 6918: 6749: 6748: 6367: 6366: 6263: 6262: 6131: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6081: 6080: 6067: 6066: 5940:Eagle of Saladin 5647:Amin al-Husseini 5612:Faisal I of Iraq 5582:Sultan al-Atrash 5577:Mansur al-Atrash 5552:Abdul Salam Arif 5361:War of Attrition 5247:Arab nationalism 5240: 5233: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5165: 5146: 5098: 5067: 5043: 5022: 5003: 4987: 4976: 4940: 4937: 4931: 4928: 4922: 4919: 4910: 4907: 4901: 4896:Seale, Patrick, 4894: 4885: 4878: 4872: 4865: 4859: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4797: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4720: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4663: 4662: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4595: 4589: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4495: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4428: 4422: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4402: 4400: 4394: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4358: 4352: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4183: 4174: 4173:Dawisha, p. 123. 4171: 4165: 4164:Dawisha, p. 122. 4162: 4156: 4155:Dawisha, p. 119. 4153: 4144: 4143:Dawisha, p. 118. 4141: 4132: 4129: 4120: 4110: 4104: 4092: 4086: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4004: 4003:Dawisha, p. 117. 4001: 3992: 3991:Choueiri, p. 98. 3989: 3978: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3960: 3957: 3948: 3947:Choueiri, p. 94. 3945: 3939: 3936: 3930: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3858: 3849: 3848: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3766:. 17 April 2021. 3756: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3684: 3677: 3671: 3664: 3658: 3655: 3646: 3645: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3580: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3552: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3519:Pakistan Horizon 3510: 3504: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3472: 3469: 3454: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3398: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3368:(3/4): 535–551. 3353: 3347: 3346: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3188: 3179: 3168: 3025:Amin al-Husseini 2990:Faisal I of Iraq 2950:Abdul Salam Arif 2892:Syrian President 2658:, respectively. 2641:Marxism–Leninism 2585:Djamila Bouhired 2536:Meanwhile, King 2413:, and based the 2332:Fertile Crescent 2315:Mostafa El-Nahas 2199:Yaqub al-Ghusayn 2191:Jamal al-Husayni 2164:Amin al-Husseini 2026:Sultan al-Atrash 1997:Fertile Crescent 1916:Soldiers of the 1801:(the Levant and 1654:Sati' al-Hursi's 1622: 1615: 1608: 1380: 1379: 1353:Arabian Gulf Cup 1346:Cup Winners' Cup 1310: 1264:Jerusalem (2008) 1219:Arab Media Group 1196: 1195: 1092: 1091: 981:Peninsula Shield 942: 941: 810: 809: 626:Arab nationalism 580: 579: 526: 506:Founding Charter 500: 499: 396: 395: 324:Somali Civil War 317:Syrian Civil War 306: 305: 302:Political Issues 295: 276: 275: 234:Faisal I of Iraq 192: 161:Western hegemony 99: 89: 87: 78:Arab nationalism 35:pan-Arab colours 8003: 8002: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7993: 7992: 7973: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7948: 7940: 7892: 7828:Northern Epirus 7798:Ketuanan Melayu 7666: 7552:Future of Åland 7490: 7426:Native American 7323:Pan-nationalism 7313: 7278: 7242:Northern Europe 7233: 7167: 7126: 7106:Southern Europe 7097: 7056: 7002: 6981: 6945: 6910: 6837: 6736: 6705: 6657: 6611: 6526: 6453: 6354: 6323: 6302: 6293:Native American 6250: 6239:Southern Africa 6234: 6213: 6177: 6119: 6113: 6108: 6078: 6073: 6055: 5991:Greater Morocco 5964: 5960:Pan-Arab colors 5955:Hawk of Quraish 5921: 5889: 5740:Arab Federation 5701: 5687:Abdullah Rimawi 5662:Mostéfa Merarda 5617:Muammar Gaddafi 5597:Ahmed Ben Bella 5572:Jamal al-Atassi 5562:Bashar al-Assad 5513: 5482: 5463:Black September 5341:Anglo-Iraqi War 5285: 5249: 5244: 5172: 5162: 5143: 5111:Karsh, Efraim. 5095: 5064: 5048:Khalidi, Rashid 5040: 5019: 5000: 4973: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4895: 4888: 4879: 4875: 4866: 4862: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4798: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4596: 4592: 4581: 4577: 4542:Oriente Moderno 4534: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4509: 4505: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4472:New Left Review 4464: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4429: 4425: 4416: 4412: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4359: 4355: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4184: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4135: 4131:Choueiri, p.99. 4130: 4123: 4112:Herf, Jeffrey. 4111: 4107: 4093: 4089: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4035:Dalin, David G. 4032: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3995: 3990: 3981: 3977:Choueiri, p.97. 3976: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3938:Choueiri, p.93. 3937: 3933: 3921: 3917: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3859: 3852: 3845: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3775: 3771: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3731:Dodge, pp.8–10. 3730: 3726: 3722:Choueiri, p.92. 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3687: 3678: 3674: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3642: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3594: 3590: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3475: 3470: 3457: 3453:Choueiri, p.26. 3452: 3448: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3399: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3354: 3350: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3309: 3305: 3270: 3266: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3189: 3182: 3169: 3160: 3156: 3094: 3089: 2995:Muammar Gaddafi 2975:Ahmed Ben Bella 2940:George Antonius 2915: 2885:Iraqi President 2866:Habib Bourguiba 2858:Muammar Gaddafi 2737:, February 1958 2723: 2688:Islamic revival 2618: 2550: 2440:Ahmed Ben Bella 2371: 2323: 2211:Amin al-Husayni 2195:Hussein Khalidi 2185:Members of the 2013: 2005:British Mandate 1975:represented by 1939:Sharif of Mecca 1898: 1857:Francis Marrash 1786: 1781: 1666:Semitic peoples 1626: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1523: 1483: 1431: 1377: 1367: 1366: 1349: 1343: 1318: 1303: 1286:Arabic language 1269:Damascus (2009) 1193: 1183: 1182: 1089: 1081: 1080: 1072: 1069: 1063: 1060: 1034: 1031: 1009: 999: 998: 991: 988: 939: 929: 928: 923: 843: 807: 797: 796: 784: 781: 726:Arab Federation 707: 691: 675: 659: 651: 635: 577: 567: 566: 561: 527: 520: 519: 497: 487: 486: 481: 451: 393: 383: 382: 377: 303: 274: 254:Muammar Gaddafi 250:Ahmed Ben Bella 230:Hussein bin Ali 181:Palestine cause 118:Arabic language 86:القومية العربية 17: 12: 11: 5: 8001: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7906: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7783:Karakalpakstan 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7763:East Turkestan 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7327: 7325: 7319: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7134: 7132: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7064: 7062: 7061:United Kingdom 7058: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7011:Western Europe 7008: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6953: 6951: 6950:North Caucasus 6947: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6915:Eastern Europe 6912: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6845: 6843: 6842:Central Europe 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6823:Romani (Gypsy) 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6755: 6753: 6746: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6713: 6711: 6710:South Caucasus 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6679:South Mongolia 6671: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6540: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6472: 6467: 6461: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6373: 6371: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6269: 6267: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6128: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6107: 6106: 6099: 6092: 6084: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5972: 5970: 5969:Related topics 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5931: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5835:Islamic Legion 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5725:Al-Mourabitoun 5722: 5717: 5711: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5692:Hamdeen Sabahi 5689: 5684: 5682:Fuad al-Rikabi 5679: 5674: 5672:Adnan Pachachi 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5642:Saddam Hussein 5639: 5634: 5632:Sati' al-Husri 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5567:Hafez al-Assad 5564: 5559: 5557:Zaki al-Arsuzi 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5523: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5438:Aden Emergency 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5383:Iraqi Intifada 5380: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5366:Yom Kippur War 5363: 5358: 5353: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5299: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5261:Arab socialism 5257: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5243: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5207: 5197: 5183: 5171: 5170:External links 5168: 5167: 5166: 5160: 5147: 5141: 5128: 5118: 5109: 5099: 5093: 5078: 5068: 5062: 5044: 5038: 5023: 5017: 5004: 4998: 4977: 4971: 4956: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4932: 4923: 4911: 4902: 4886: 4873: 4860: 4847: 4817: 4810: 4789: 4757: 4750: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4685: 4676: 4664: 4633: 4624: 4612: 4603: 4590: 4582:Allam Nermin. 4575: 4528: 4516: 4503: 4481: 4458: 4444: 4423: 4410: 4378: 4371: 4353: 4340: 4333: 4313: 4306: 4286: 4279: 4259: 4252: 4232: 4225: 4205: 4198: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4145: 4133: 4121: 4105: 4087: 4071: 4057: 4026: 4014: 4005: 3993: 3979: 3970: 3961: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3915: 3902: 3880: 3873: 3850: 3843: 3823: 3816: 3796: 3789: 3769: 3751: 3742: 3733: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3685: 3672: 3659: 3647: 3640: 3622: 3613: 3606: 3588: 3565: 3563:Khalidi, p. 8. 3553: 3551:Khalidi, p. 7. 3544: 3505: 3496: 3487: 3473: 3455: 3446: 3427: 3425:Choueri, p.25. 3418: 3411: 3388: 3386:Choueri, p.23. 3379: 3348: 3334: 3303: 3264: 3225: 3205: 3196: 3180: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3103:Arab socialism 3100: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3075:Hamdeen Sabahi 3072: 3067: 3062: 3060:Samih al-Qasim 3057: 3055:Adnan Pachachi 3052: 3050:Jaafar Nimeiry 3047: 3042: 3037: 3035:Kamal Jumblatt 3032: 3027: 3022: 3020:Saddam Hussein 3017: 3015:Sati' al-Husri 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2970:Allal al-Fassi 2967: 2962: 2960:Hafez al-Assad 2957: 2955:Zaki al-Arsuzi 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2926: 2914: 2911: 2906:Saddam Hussein 2895:Hafez al-Assad 2826:Saddam Hussein 2822:Hafiz al-Assad 2733:, forming the 2722: 2719: 2617: 2614: 2610:state-feminism 2549: 2546: 2519:Hasan al-Banna 2499:Zaki al-Arsuzi 2444:Arab socialism 2435:Arab socialist 2433:, who pursued 2370: 2367: 2322: 2319: 2299:Jewish problem 2176:general strike 2081:French Algeria 2012: 2009: 1941:to launch the 1918:Sharifian Army 1897: 1894: 1868:Muhammad Abduh 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1702:Horn of Africa 1638:pan-Arab unity 1628: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1617: 1610: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1525: 1524: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1378: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1339: 1337: 1335:Pan Arab Games 1329: 1328: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1259:Algiers (2007) 1253: 1252: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1203: 1202: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1143: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1116:Berlin–Baghdad 1110: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1090: 1088:Transportation 1087: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1066: 1064: 1057: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1028: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1010: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 995: 994: 993: 992: 985: 983: 978: 973: 965: 964: 958: 957: 956: 955: 950: 940: 935: 934: 931: 930: 925: 924: 922: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 855: 852: 851: 845: 844: 842: 841: 836: 834:European Union 831: 826: 820: 817: 816: 808: 803: 802: 799: 798: 793: 792: 791: 790: 785: 778: 773: 772: 766: 765: 764: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 720: 719: 711: 710: 709: 708: 706: 705: 700: 694: 692: 690: 689: 684: 678: 676: 674: 673: 668: 662: 658: 657: 652: 650: 649: 644: 642:Arab socialism 638: 636: 634: 633: 628: 622: 617: 616: 608: 607: 606: 605: 603:Fattah el-Sisi 600: 595: 587: 586: 578: 573: 572: 569: 568: 563: 562: 560: 559: 554: 549: 543: 540: 539: 531: 530: 529: 528: 515: 513: 508: 498: 493: 492: 489: 488: 483: 482: 480: 479: 474: 469: 463: 460: 459: 453: 452: 450: 449: 442: 440:Eastern Arabia 437: 432: 425: 417: 414: 413: 407: 406: 405: 404: 394: 389: 388: 385: 384: 379: 378: 376: 375: 370: 365: 360: 354: 351: 350: 344: 343: 342: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 320: 319: 304: 301: 300: 297: 296: 288: 287: 281: 280: 273: 270: 258:Saddam Hussein 134:Atlantic Ocean 63:Aqaba Flagpole 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8000: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7961: 7960: 7956: 7955:ethnic groups 7952: 7947: 7946: 7943: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7904:Local (China) 7902: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7768:Herzeg-Bosnia 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7669: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 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6548:in Bangladesh 6546: 6545: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531:Southern Asia 6529: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328:South America 6326: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266:North America 6264: 6261: 6257: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6100: 6098: 6093: 6091: 6086: 6085: 6082: 6070: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 6001:Greater Yemen 5999: 5997: 5996:Greater Syria 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5707:Organizations 5704: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5627:George Habash 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5607:Izzat Darwaza 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5542:Yasser Arafat 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5519:Personalities 5516: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5494:Arab identity 5492: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5408:Arab Cold War 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5236: 5234: 5229: 5227: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5190:Martin Kramer 5187: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5163: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5134: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5121:Sela, Avraham 5119: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5102:Karsh, Efraim 5100: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4985: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4939:McDonald, 128 4936: 4927: 4918: 4916: 4906: 4899: 4893: 4891: 4883: 4877: 4870: 4864: 4857: 4851: 4835: 4831: 4830:The Economist 4827: 4821: 4813: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4794: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4761: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4734: 4725: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4680: 4671: 4669: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4617: 4607: 4600: 4594: 4587: 4586: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4513: 4507: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4447: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4427: 4420: 4414: 4407: 4391: 4390: 4386:Sayyid Qutb. 4382: 4374: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4344: 4336: 4330: 4327:. Routledge. 4326: 4325: 4317: 4309: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4290: 4282: 4276: 4272: 4271: 4263: 4255: 4249: 4246:. Routledge. 4245: 4244: 4236: 4228: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4209: 4201: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4182: 4180: 4170: 4161: 4152: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4118: 4115: 4109: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4060: 4054: 4051:. p. 4. 4050: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4023: 4018: 4009: 4000: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3974: 3968:Nafi, p. 194. 3965: 3956: 3954: 3944: 3935: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3905: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3876: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3857: 3855: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3827: 3819: 3813: 3810:. Routledge. 3809: 3808: 3800: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3692: 3690: 3682: 3676: 3669: 3663: 3654: 3652: 3643: 3641:9780761870173 3637: 3633: 3626: 3620:Khalidi, p.9. 3617: 3609: 3603: 3599: 3592: 3584: 3579: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3503:Khalidi, p.6. 3500: 3494:Sela, 154–155 3491: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3422: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3344: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3218: 3217: 3209: 3200: 3193: 3187: 3185: 3178:, Winter 2003 3177: 3173: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3158: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3010:George Habash 3008: 3006: 3005:Ghazi of Iraq 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2985:Izzat Darwaza 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2751:Greater Syria 2748: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2718: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2665: 2664:Fred Halliday 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2576: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2555:Hoda Sha'rawi 2545: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2508:raison d'etre 2505: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2442:, he imposed 2441: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2241:Ghazi of Iraq 2236: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1999:, the secret 1998: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1985:Izzat Darwaza 1982: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1958:Nonetheless, 1955: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1931: 1928:, during the 1927: 1923: 1920:carrying the 1919: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1861:Greater Syria 1858: 1853: 1851: 1850:Greater Syria 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1807:Ottoman Turks 1804: 1800: 1794: 1792: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1706:Arab identity 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1590: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1493:Arab diaspora 1489: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1370: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1085: 1084: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1003: 1002: 990: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 968: 967: 966: 963: 962:Joint defence 960: 959: 954: 951: 949: 946: 945: 944: 943: 938: 933: 932: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 909:United States 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 854: 853: 850: 847: 846: 840: 839:Latin America 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 824:African Union 822: 821: 819: 818: 815: 812: 811: 806: 801: 800: 789: 786: 783: 777: 776: 775: 774: 771: 768: 767: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 723: 722: 721: 718: 717: 713: 712: 704: 701: 699: 696: 695: 693: 688: 685: 683: 680: 679: 677: 672: 669: 667: 664: 663: 661: 660: 656: 653: 648: 645: 643: 640: 639: 637: 632: 629: 627: 624: 623: 621: 620: 619: 618: 615: 614: 610: 609: 604: 601: 599: 598:King Abdullah 596: 594: 591: 590: 589: 588: 585: 582: 581: 576: 571: 570: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 544: 542: 541: 538: 537: 533: 532: 524: 518: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 502: 501: 496: 491: 490: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 464: 462: 461: 458: 455: 454: 448: 447: 446:Bab-el-Mandeb 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 430: 426: 424: 423: 419: 418: 416: 415: 412: 409: 408: 403: 400: 399: 398: 397: 392: 387: 386: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 353: 352: 349: 346: 345: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 318: 315: 314: 313: 310: 309: 308: 307: 299: 298: 294: 290: 289: 286: 283: 282: 278: 277: 269: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 242:George Habash 239: 235: 231: 226: 224: 219: 214: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 191: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 157:Western world 153: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 112:, celebrates 111: 107: 103: 98: 92: 83: 79: 72: 68: 64: 59: 52: 47: 40: 36: 32: 31:Ottoman Turks 28: 23: 19: 7950: 7949: 7878:Székely Land 7843:Pashtunistan 7693:Balawaristan 7466:South Slavic 7456:Scandinavian 6986:Volga Region 6600:in Sri Lanka 6458:Eastern Asia 6376: 6319:Puerto Rican 6140: 6134:North Africa 6118:Nationalisms 6036:Pan-Islamism 5914: 5907: 5900: 5800:Ba'ath Party 5677:Ameen Rihani 5537:Jassem Alwan 5532:Michel Aflaq 5388:Algerian War 5314:Iraqi Revolt 5246: 5203: 5193: 5179: 5151: 5132: 5124: 5112: 5105: 5083: 5074: 5052: 5028: 5008: 4983: 4961: 4946:Bibliography 4935: 4930:Dawisha, 214 4926: 4905: 4897: 4881: 4876: 4868: 4863: 4855: 4850: 4838:. Retrieved 4829: 4820: 4801: 4780:. Retrieved 4770: 4760: 4740: 4733: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4679: 4650: 4646: 4636: 4627: 4606: 4598: 4593: 4583: 4578: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4519: 4511: 4506: 4497: 4484: 4475: 4471: 4461: 4449:. Retrieved 4434: 4426: 4418: 4413: 4404: 4397:. Retrieved 4395:. p. 61 4388: 4381: 4362: 4356: 4349:Arafat's War 4348: 4343: 4323: 4316: 4300:. Springer. 4296: 4289: 4269: 4262: 4242: 4235: 4215: 4208: 4188: 4169: 4160: 4117:Google Books 4116: 4108: 4098: 4090: 4074: 4062:. Retrieved 4049:Random House 4047:. New York: 4043: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4008: 3973: 3964: 3943: 3934: 3926: 3923:Frank Tachau 3918: 3907:, retrieved 3893: 3883: 3863: 3833: 3826: 3806: 3799: 3779: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3680: 3675: 3667: 3662: 3631: 3625: 3616: 3597: 3591: 3576: 3568: 3547: 3522: 3518: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3449: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3421: 3402: 3382: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3337: 3323:(1): 67–91. 3320: 3316: 3306: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3242: 3238: 3228: 3215: 3208: 3199: 3191: 3175: 3080:Jurji Zaydan 3070:Ameen Rihani 2930:Michel Aflaq 2897:to foil the 2882: 2853: 2847: 2802: 2797: 2790: 2767: 2747:Nuri al-Said 2740: 2712: 2708: 2669: 2660: 2639:in favor of 2630: 2625: 2619: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2590: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2551: 2542:pan-Islamism 2535: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2491:Michel Aflaq 2483: 2452: 2407: 2392: 2342: 2324: 2311:Anthony Eden 2307: 2291:Adolf Hitler 2284: 2276:Vichy France 2272:World War II 2266: 2262:'Abd al-Ilah 2258:Nuri al-Said 2237: 2220: 2144:Anti-Zionist 2133: 2106: 2102:Algerian War 2094:Palestinians 2074: 2047:Saudi Arabia 2044: 2017:Iraqi revolt 2014: 1993: 1973: 1956: 1935: 1924:in southern 1899: 1890:early Muslim 1880: 1865: 1854: 1823: 1795: 1787: 1772: 1764: 1752: 1743: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1710: 1659: 1646:Ba'ath Party 1635: 1631: 1588: 1528: 1503: 1491: 1490: 1436: 1383: 1375:Demographics 1323: 1304: 1247: 1199: 1139: 1106: 961: 848: 814:Multilateral 813: 769: 714: 703:Anti-Zionism 698:Antisemitism 687:Anti-Shi'ism 625: 611: 584:Arab leaders 583: 536:Institutions 534: 456: 444: 427: 420: 410: 347: 246:Michel Aflaq 227: 218:nation-state 215: 207:Ba'ath Party 154: 114:Arab history 77: 76: 18: 7988:Arab League 7883:Tamil Eelam 7863:Saraikistan 7743:Hatay State 7698:Balochistan 7652:Wallmapuwen 7346:Bangladeshi 6818:Montenegrin 6722:Azerbaijani 6686:Pan-Turkism 6427:Palestinian 6370:Middle East 6278:Greenlandic 6182:East Africa 5730:Arab Ba'ath 5652:Salah Jadid 5509:Arabization 5356:Six-Day War 5351:Suez Crisis 5297:Arab Revolt 5276:Pan-Arabism 5071:Hiro, Dilip 4840:5 September 3909:26 December 3098:Pan-Arabism 3030:Salah Jadid 2715:Arab Spring 2622:Six-Day War 2567:Hind Nawfal 2563:Qasim Amine 2527:Sayyid Qutb 2448:Arabization 2419:Suez Crisis 2399:Arab League 2345:Nahas Pasha 2303:antisemitic 2280:Axis powers 2224:Constantine 2207:Ahmed Hilmi 2156:Arab revolt 2069:pan-Arabist 2051:North Yemen 1943:Arab Revolt 1930:Arab Revolt 1892:community. 1820:(1847–1906) 1803:Mesopotamia 1769:Six-Day War 1690:Mesopotamia 1686:Babylonians 1519:Marsh Arabs 1453:Arabization 1438:Ethnicities 1274:Doha (2010) 1149:Dubai Smile 953:Arab Revolt 948:Expenditure 671:Sunni Islam 593:King Salman 435:Nile Valley 339:Pan-Arabism 312:Arab Winter 223:Six-Day War 165:Arab Revolt 138:Arabian Sea 7977:Categories 7929:Indigenous 7873:Sindhudesh 7853:Santa Cruz 7773:Hutu Power 7703:Bangsamoro 7294:Australian 7269:Lithuanian 7184:Andalusian 6962:Circassian 6926:Belarusian 6874:in Austria 6808:Macedonian 6764:in Albania 6653:Vietnamese 6487:Hongkonger 6480:chauvinist 6161:Pharaonism 5894:Literature 5587:Tariq Aziz 5504:Arab world 5499:Arab Union 5428:Dhofar War 4921:Ma'oz, 153 4653:(3): 537. 4548:(1): 204. 4510:Anderson, 4430:quoted in 3245:(3): 177. 3154:References 2761:, and the 2704:democratic 2702:and other 2387:Suez Canal 2359:Alexandria 2020:1925, the 1826:Ottomanism 1670:Canaanites 1650:Arab world 1543:(majority) 1504:Lifestyles 1402:Christians 1398:(majority) 1306:Mu'allaqat 1301:Literature 1239:Al Jazeera 1234:Al Arabiya 914:Uzbekistan 557:Parliament 495:Governance 285:Arab world 264:, and the 190:status quo 132:—from the 130:Arab world 7833:Occitania 7818:Manchukuo 7808:Lezgistan 7803:Kurdistan 7748:Hazarajat 7733:Circassia 7495:Movements 7446:Pakistani 7421:Mongolian 7361:Congolese 7274:Norwegian 7264:Icelandic 7229:Valencian 7224:Navarrese 7209:Castilian 7189:Aragonese 7153:Sardinian 6936:Ukrainian 6906:Slovenian 6886:Hungarian 6801:in Cyprus 6781:Aromanian 6769:in Kosovo 6674:Mongolian 6590:Sinhalese 6560:Dravidian 6517:Taiwanese 6465:Cantonese 6442:in Cyprus 6412:Jordanian 6335:Argentine 6307:Caribbean 6298:Québécois 6246:Afrikaner 5927:Symbolism 5271:Nasserism 5266:Ba'athism 5180:Al-Tawhid 4909:Sela, 155 4867:Dawisha, 4854:Dawisha, 4659:0185-013X 4562:0030-5472 4478:(161): 8. 3531:0030-980X 3525:(1): 60. 3485:Sela, 154 3471:Sela, 153 3374:0022-0094 3329:0020-7438 3290:0271-3519 3284:(4): 24. 3251:0011-5266 3203:Sela, 151 3133:Nasserism 3108:Ba'athism 2791:With the 2692:pluralism 2637:Nasserism 2427:Nasserism 2403:communism 2337:Levantine 2249:sheikhdom 2203:Fuad Saba 2124:feudalism 2060:Jerusalem 1960:Jerusalem 1773:wataniyya 1737:Wataniyya 1733:wataniyya 1721:wataniyya 1694:Near East 1682:Assyrians 1422:Mandaeans 1131:Palestine 919:Venezuela 849:Bilateral 647:Ba'athism 631:Nasserism 391:Geography 146:geography 91:romanized 51:Nasserism 7793:Katarism 7718:Chameria 7671:Projects 7476:Turanian 7471:Tunisian 7441:Oceanian 7431:Nigerian 7381:Hispanic 7376:Germanic 7366:European 7299:Hawaiian 7249:Estonian 7219:Galician 7204:Canarian 7194:Asturian 7163:Venetian 7158:Sicilian 7148:Padanian 7122:Corsican 7083:Scottish 6977:Ossetian 6896:Silesian 6879:Völkisch 6854:Bavarian 6849:Austrian 6828:Romanian 6813:Moldovan 6791:Croatian 6759:Albanian 6727:Georgian 6717:Armenian 6696:Siberian 6623:Filipino 6538:Assamese 6507:Okinawan 6492:Japanese 6422:Lebanese 6400:Diaspora 6382:Assyrian 6350:Peruvian 6259:Americas 6209:Tigrayan 6156:Egyptian 6069:Category 6011:Islamism 5720:Al-Fatat 5487:Concepts 5254:Ideology 5194:Daedalus 5050:(1993). 4834:Archived 4601:, p. 34. 4570:48572297 4514:, p.118. 4451:23 April 4399:29 March 4064:18 March 4041:(2008). 3539:24711051 3298:41858027 3259:20027188 3239:Daedalus 3092:See also 2806:Damascus 2656:Damascus 2572:Al-Fatat 2467:pan-Arab 2253:Al Sabah 1902:al-Fatat 1872:Egyptian 1846:Damascus 1765:qawmiyya 1753:qawmiyya 1744:qawmiyya 1729:qawmiyya 1713:qawmiyya 1680:and the 1674:Arameans 1554:Armenian 1530:Language 1427:Hinduism 1385:Religion 1358:Arab Cup 1214:Nile-SAT 1209:Arab-SAT 1107:Railways 1098:Aviation 937:Military 899:Pakistan 666:Islamism 613:Ideology 477:ad-Dahna 272:Ideology 209:and the 150:politics 49:Flag of 7868:Silesia 7838:Ossetia 7813:Luhansk 7788:Karelia 7778:Ilirida 7758:Donetsk 7683:Assyria 7486:Ugandan 7451:Russian 7396:Iranian 7386:Iberian 7356:Chinese 7331:African 7287:Oceania 7259:Finnish 7254:Faroese 7214:Catalan 7179:Spanish 7143:Lombard 7138:Italian 7078:English 7073:Cornish 7068:British 7052:Walloon 7047:Occitan 7032:Flemish 7022:Arpitan 6993:Chuvash 6941:Yiddish 6931:Russian 6864:Frisian 6833:Serbian 6786:Bosniak 6691:Pashtun 6607:Tripuri 6580:Punjabi 6543:Bengali 6522:Tibetan 6470:Chinese 6437:Turkish 6417:Kurdish 6405:Zionism 6396:Jewish 6387:Iranian 6345:Mapuche 6340:Criollo 6314:Haitian 6273:Chicano 6218:Nigeria 6173:Sahrawi 5715:Al-Awda 5290:History 4871:, p.330 4858:, p.317 4782:23 July 4597:Allam, 4351:, 35–36 4347:Karsh, 4083:Reuters 3925:(1994) 3679:Karsh, 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