Mitanni - Knowledge

10171: 2584:. This resulted in Shattiwaza going to Hittite king Suppiluliuma and declaring vassalage in exchange for Hittite military assistance. This ploy succeeded as the Hittite forces carried the day but the cost, besides becoming a vassal, was the ceding of some Mitanni territory to the Hittites, subsequently ruled by the king's son Piyassili as King of Carchemesh. As part of the agreement Shattiwaza would marry a daughter of Suppiluliuma as Queen and would be allowed ten wives but none of the other wives could be primary and the children from his marriage with the Queen would succeed. The Hittite text does include some tidbits about the war of succession which are hard to interpret. At one point the Hurrian nobles were taken to Taite and "crucified" though that practice was unknown in the ancient Near East until classical times. And at one point Shattiwaza flees to the 9608: 8748: 1502: 7380: 8343: 11835: 8052: 11465: 2424:

is still in effect so perhaps Suppiluliuma was hedging his bets. The other (CTH 52) includes a historical prologue from the Mitanni point of view which is partially lost though another fragment to this tablet was found in recent years. These prologues provide information about the events of the time of Tushratta but must be considered under the self interest of the two treaty parties. While the preambles of the treaties are a later retrospective and are filtered through the interests of the treaty parties, the tablets found in Egypt provide direct information. Eight Amarna letters were sent to pharaoh Amenhotep III (including

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plundered, and Mount Niblani I restored to my domain...When his son waxed strong with his servants, he slew his father Tushratta, the king. And when Tushratta, the king, died, Teshub gave a decision in favor of Artatama, and his son Artatama he spared...But the Harri people had become discontented and Shutatarra with the Marianni tried to kill Mattiuaza, the prince. He escaped and before the Sun, Shubbiluliuma...he came. The great king spoke thus: 'Teshub has rendered a decision in his favor.' Whereupon I took Mattiuaza, son of Tushratta, the king, into my hand, and placed him on the throne of his father."

2200: 8015: 7440: 957: 8594: 12187: 10228: 3074:"Like most other Hittite documents, the Annals have survived only in a late 13th century copy, the last in a line of copies made over several centuries. There are generally only minor variations between the Hittite and Akkadian versions of the text. Consistent with van den Hout's proposals, I have suggested that the document was first composed in Akkadian and later translated into Hittite – contra the suggestions that both versions were composed at the same time or that the Akkadian version was translated from an original Hittite one." 56: 8922: 2379: 2568:–1305 BC, (alternately Šattiwaza, Kurtiwaza, or Mattiwaza). What little is known about his period, like the later parts of the reign of his father, Tushratta, all comes from the partially recovered pair of Hittite texts in which Shattiwaza becomes a vassal of Hittite king Suppiluliuma I. The first text (CTH 51) lays out the condition of vassalage and in the second (CTH 52) Shattiwaza accepts these conditions. The text can be difficult to interpret because of gaps and the obtuse prose. The Suppiluliuma-Shattiwaza treaty reads: 7790: 12177: 7415: 9193: 1419:, hence giving rise to the Mitanni kingdom, while also adopting Hurrian language. Some of the recent studies such as those by Eva von Dassow (2022) and Cotticelli-Kurras and Pisaniello (2023), while noting the modern identification of Mittani as Indo-Aryan and the role of Indo-Aryan speakers in establishing its dynasty, have disputed the significance of Indo-Aryan vocabulary in an otherwise Hurrian-speaking state stating that it does not indicate any Indo-Aryan origins for Mitanni kings. According to 8000: 1611:, southern Turkey, have shown a very early beginning of Mitanni period, as in the ruins of a temple in Müslümantepe, ritual artefacts and a Mitannian cylinder seal were found, radiocarbon-dated to 1760–1610 BC. Archaeologist Eyyüp Ay, in his (2021) paper, describes the second phase of the temple as an "administrative center, which had craftsmen working in its workshops as well as farmers, gardeners and shepherds, might have been ruled by a priest bound to a powerful Mitannian leader." 11049: 10940: 7623: 9262: 268: 10256: 6707: 11282: 2813:(circa 1600 B.C.), the knowledge of which I owe to the kindness of Mr. Douglas Kennedy of the Centre National de Recherches de Paris, deals with the issue of beer to the tu-ur-gu-ma-an-ni ša éren ḫa-bi-in-gal-ba-ti-i ‘the dragomans of the Hanigalbatian soldiers/workers’", and "...A personnel register, probably also from the reign of Ammisaduqa, mentions the person ib-ba-tum éren ḫa-bi-in-ga-al-ba-at (BM96955 iii 9)..." 8274: 3443: 9370: 3292:, in The Electronic Idrimi, Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus (ORACC): "...(1) I am Idrimi, the son of Ilī-ilimma, a servant of IM, Hebat and IŠTAR, the lady of Alalah, the lady, my lady. (3) In Aleppo, the house of my father, a bad thing occurred, so we fled to the Emarites, sisters f my mother, and settled at Emar. Though my older brothers lived with me, none deliberated matters as I did..." . 8187: 2461:

the middle. In the first letter from Tusratta he claimed to have destroyed the Hittite forces that had invaded his territory and included a selection of the booty, including a chariot and several slaves. In later letters we see the Hittite ruler working to improve previously poor relations with the pharaoh so as to counterbalance Mitanni. According to other Amarna letters (EA 85, EA86, EA95) from

8010: 2547: 9365: 8917: 8589: 8182: 7995: 9482: 8444: 7427: 2572:(I), Mattiuaza, son of Tushratta, king of Mitanni, handed over to Shuttarna, of Mitanni, Artatama, the king, his father, did what was not right. His palace(?) . . . together with his possessions, he wasted; to give them to Assyria and Alshe, he wasted them. Tushratta, the king, my father, built a palace, filled (it) with treasures, but Shuttarna destroyed it, he overthrew it." 1647:, were discovered. It became possible to excavate the ruins in 2018 and again in 2022 when a drought caused water levels to drop considerably. In the 1st excavation 10 Mitanni-era tablets were found, in Babylonian cuneiform written in Akkadian, bearing Hurrian names, dating to the Middle-Trans-Tigridian IA and IB periods. Middle Trans-Tigridian IA and IB are dated to ( 1005:(1479–1425 BC), in the pharaoh's 22 regnal year, reported: "That enemy of Kadesh has come and has entered into Megiddo. He is at this moment. He has gathered to him the princes of foreign country loyal to Egypt, as well as (those) as far as Naharin and M, them of Hurru, them of Kode, their horses, their armies." In several later military campaigns the 4101:

A. Otto, "The Late Bronze Age Pottery of the Weststadt of Tall Bazi (North Syria)", in: M. Luciani, A. Hausleitner (Eds.), Recent Trends in the Study of Late Bronze Age Ceramics in Syro-Mesopotamia and Neighbouring Regions. Proceedings of the International Workshop in Berlin, 2 – 5 November 2006, OrA

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around 1250 BC. Shalmaneser I claimed to have defeated the Hittites and Mitanni slaying 14,400 men; the rest were blinded and carried away. His inscriptions mention the conquest of nine fortified temples; 180 Hurrian cities were "turned into rubble mounds," and Shalmaneser "slaughtered like sheep the

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The best that can be parsed out of the Hittite text is that some (unnamed) son killed the prior king Tushratta resulting in a succession crisis between Atratama II, brother of Tushratta, Shuttarna III, son of Tusratta, and Shattiwaza. son of Tushratta. The Hittites then made a treaty with Atratama II

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Tusratta faced a difficult situation, an ascendant Hittite New Kingdom in the west and in the east an Assyrian power beginning to free itself of Mitanni control at the start of the Middle Assyrian Period. A rule book-ended by succession crises. With no Mitanni or Assyrian records we are left with the

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When with the Sun, Shubbiluliuma, the great valiant, the king of Hatti, the beloved of Teshub, Artatama king of Harri, made a treaty and thereafter, Tushratta, king of Mitanni, exalted him, the king of Hatti, the valiant, exalted myself against Tushratta, the king of lands on this side of the river I

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At the death of Shuttarna, Mitanni was ravaged by a war of succession. Eventually Tushratta, a son of Shuttarna, ascended the throne, but the kingdom had been weakened considerably and both the Hittite and Assyrian threats increased. At the same time, the diplomatic relationship with Egypt went cold,

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A concept known as "Dark Age" was applied, until recently, to the archaeological gap between the Middle and Late Bronze Age on Northern Mesopotamian sites, but Costanza Coppini considers it a "transition" instead, which can be called "Late Bronze Age 0," attested from the Tell Leilan's end caused by

1415:. Since the late 20th century, the view that the Mitanni kingdom was ruled by royal house and aristocracy of Indo-Aryan origin has been prevalent among the scholars; accordingly, a branch of Indo-Aryans separated from the other Indo-Iranians around the turn of second millennium BCE and migrated into 2423:

codify the Mitanni Shattiwaza, probable son of Tushratta, entering the status of vassal to Suppiluliuma I. One (CTH 51, also known as KBo I 1) includes a historical prologue from the Hittite point of view which is complete, this tablet also confirms that the existing Hittite treaty with Artatama II

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times, Hurrians are known to have lived east of the river Tigris on the northern rim of Mesopotamia, and in the Khabur Valley. The group which became Mitanni gradually moved south into Mesopotamia before the 17th century BC. It was already a powerful kingdom at the end of the 17th century or in the

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11, Deutsches Archaologisches Institut-Orient-Abteilung, Berlin, p. 46: "...In Phase A10, a characteristic mix of Middle Bronze and Mittani potteries was recorded, which leads to the dating of this phase at the turn of the Middle to the Late Bronze Age, i.e. in the transitional MB III period (late

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Military - Tushratta having insulted the Hittite king, perhaps by refusing to be deposed, Suppiluliuma launched two campaigns against Mitanni interests, a "One Year War" and a "Six Year War". The first war is believed to have occurred roughly in the 15th regnal year of Ahkenaten. It is unclear how

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of Nineveh (actually her cult statue) to him as had been done in the time of Shuttarna II. The main focus of the Amarna letters, though, was a consequence of the realignment of power in Syria with the decline of Egyptian influence and rise of Hittite power, with a number of lesser powers caught in

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in the east, seem to have been incorporated into Mitanni under Shaushtatar as well. A letter (HSS 9 1) sealed with the seal of Shaushtatar was discovered in the house (Room A26) of Prince Šilwa-teššup in Nuzi which lay just north of the main mound. The letter is addressed to Ithia, vassal ruler of

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with Mitanni layers from 1550 to 1300 BC, as its Phase A9 (in trench T2) may alternatively represent a Middle Bronze/Late Bronze transitional, or Proto-Mitanni occupation within 16th century BC. In a subsequent excavation season, the deeper Phase A10 was identified as having a mix of Middle Bronze

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B. Einwag and A. Otto, "The Late Bronze Age at Tall Bazi: The Evidence of the Pottery and the Challenges of Radiocarbon Dating", in: From Pottery to Chronology: The Middle Euphrates Region in Late Bronze Age Syria. Proceedings of a Workshop in Mainz (Germany), May 5–7, 2012. MAAO 1, Gladbeck, pp.

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of Mitanni rebelled and committed hostile acts against Assyria. How this Shattuara was related to the dynasty of Partatama is unclear. Some scholars think that he was the second son of Artatama II, and the brother of Shattiwazza's one-time rival Shuttarna. Adad-nirari claims to have captured King

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Political - With the death of Shutarna II a crisis involving Tushratta and Artashumara resulted in Tushratta taking the throne. To counter this the Hittites entered a treaty with another brother Artatama II, which did not pan out. Then, after a reasonably long reign (based on the timing of Amarna

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himself was received at the Egyptian court. Amicable letters, sumptuous gifts, and letters asking for sumptuous gifts were exchanged. Three Amarna letters (EA 182 EA 183 and EA 185) were sent by Shutarna with two being sent from "Mušiḫuna". Mitanni was especially interested in Egyptian gold. This

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Rainey, Anson F.. "Amarna and Later: Aspects of Social History". Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past: Canaan, Ancient Israel, and Their Neighbors, from the Late Bronze Age through Roman Palaestina, edited by William G. Dever and Seymour (Sy) Gitin, University Park, USA: Penn State

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Gestoso Singer, Graciela. "Fortunes and Misfortunes of Messengers and Merchants in the Amarna Letters". Fortune and Misfortune in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 60th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale Warsaw, 21–25 July 2014, edited by Olga Drewnowska and Malgorzata Sandowicz,

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Novák, Mirko: "Mittani Empire and the Question of Absolute Chronology: Some Archaeological Considerations." In: Manfred Bietak/Ernst Czerny (eds.): "The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium BC III"; Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften

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has been suggested by Pecorelia (2000); S. Soldi claims that Tell Brak was one of the first centers specializing in the production of this Painted Nuzi Ware, and analyses on samples support the assumption that it was produced locally in various centers throughout the Mitanni kingdom. It was

2264:. This style, with a multitude of figures distributed over the whole of the available space, is taken as typically Hurrian. A second seal, belonging to Shuttarna I and found in Alalakh, used by Shaushtatar in two letters (AT 13 and 14) shows a more traditional Post-Akkadian - Ur III style. 2798: 3185:"The earliest attestation of the toponym Mittani comes from an Egyptian source, an inscription from Thebes on the grave of a state official called Amen-hemet. The inscription refers to the Syrian military expedition this official had taken part in, which advanced as far as the country of 4039:, in Changing Faces of Kingship in Syria-Palestine 1500–500 BCE, Ugarit Verlag, p. 38: "...the recent German archaeological excavations at Tell Fekheriye support the assumption that the capital of Mittani, Wassukkanni, was located there..." See also Novák (2013: 346) and Bonatz (2014). 994:(1506–1493 BC), the names Mitanni and Naharin are among the reminiscences of several of the pharaoh's officers. One of them, Ahmose si-Abina, wrote: "...His Majesty arrived at Naharin..." Another one, Ahmose pa-Nekhbit, recorded: "...when I captured for him in the land of Naharin..." 3120:: "...The present essay intends to rehabilitate Hani-Rabbat as the accurate normalization of the Assyrian name of Mitanni, by showing the unmotivated nature of the alternative Hanigalbat as opposed to the more substantiated reading of GAL as rab in the spelling of this toponym..." 3057:: "...The term Ḫanigalbat first occurs in the Akkadian version of the Annals of Ḫattušili I... whereas the Hittite version uses the generic expression 'the Hurrian enemy,' as do two old Babylonian texts... perhaps this term refers to the Hurrian "progenitor" of Mittani..." 899:," is far more numerous; the later being the deviation found in six documents, all from the periphery of the Akkadian sphere of influence. It is additionally argued that although they are graphically distinct, there is a high degree of overlap between the two signs, as " 1059:, Mitanni and Egypt struck an alliance to protect their mutual interests from the threat of Hittite domination. After a few successful clashes with the Egyptians over the control of Syria, Mitanni sought peace with them, and an alliance was formed. During the reign of 2675:, together with much booty and other prisoners. As Wasashatta himself is not mentioned, he may have escaped capture. There is a letter (KBo. 1, 14) from a Hittite king (to probably the Egyptian king) referring to a "King of Hanigalbat" which was possibly Wasašatta. 3206:"The most likely explanation for the preceding story about Mitanni is that it is part of the background of the speaker. This could imply that perhaps Amenemhet's father had risen in rank due to some major feat accomplished during Ahmose's military campaign there." 2418:

Knowledge of Tushratta comes from two sources, the Amarna letters and the texts of the Suppiluliuma-Shattiwaza treaties between Hittite ruler Suppiluliuma I and a son of Tushratta named Shattiwaza. These pair of treaties found at the ancient Hittite capital of

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Arrapha under Mitanni. Because Šauštatar is not mentioned in the letter and dynastic seals were often used after the reign of a ruler, especially in the periphery of empire, it is difficult to date this letter. Stein, based on various factors, puts the date at

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Frayne, Douglas R. and Stuckey, Johanna H.. "Š". A Handbook of Gods and Goddesses of the Ancient Near East: Three Thousand Deities of Anatolia, Syria, Israel, Sumer, Babylonia, Assyria, and Elam, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp.

4013:, in Costanza Coppini, Francesca Simi (eds.), Interactions and New Directions in Near Eastern Archaeology, Volume 3, Proceedings of the 5th Broadening Horizons Conference (Udine 5–8 June 2017), EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, Trieste, p. 209, Figure 2. 4078:

Kessler, Karlheinz, "Neue Tontafelfunde aus dem mitannizeitlichen Taidu – Ein Vorbericht", The Archaeology of Political Spaces: The Upper Mesopotamian Piedmont in the Second Millennium BCE, edited by Dominik Bonatz, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 35-42,

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De Martino, Stefano, (2004). "A Tentative Chronology of the Kingdom of Mittani from its Rise to the Reign of Tusratta", in Mesopotamian Dark Age Revisited: Proceedings of an International Conference of SCIEM 2000, Vienna 8th–9th November 2002, Vienna, p.

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Astour, Michael C.. "A Reconstruction of the History of Ebla (Part 2)". Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language, Volume 4, edited by Cyrus H. Gordon and Gary A. Rendsburg, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp.

4290:, in Costanza Coppini, Francesca Simi (eds.), Interactions and New Directions in Near Eastern Archaeology. Volume 3. Proceedings of the 5th 'Broadening Horizons' Conference (Udine 5–8 June 2017), Università di Trieste, EUT Edizioni, Trieste, p. 206. 4137:

Torrecilla, Eduardo, and Yoram Cohen. "A Mittani letter order from Azu (Had 8) and its implications for the chronology and history of the Middle Euphrates region in the Late Bronze Age." Revue d'assyriologie et d'archeologie orientale 112.1 (2018):

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von Dassow, E.; David I Owen; Gernot Wilhelm, State and Society in the Late Bronze Age: Alalah under the Mittani Empire, Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians 17, ed. David I. Owen and Gernot Wilhelm (Bethesda 2008) ISBN

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At least since around 1550 BC, at the beginning of Late Bronze age, Painted Nuzi Ware was identified as a characteristic pottery in Mitanni sites. The origin of this decorated pottery is an unsolved question, but a possible previous development as

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Salvini, Mirjo. "The earliest evidences of the Hurrians before the formation of the reign of Mittanni." Urkesh and the Hurrians Studies in Honor of Lloyd Cotsen. Urkesh/Mozan Studies Bibliotheca Mesopotamica. Malibu: Undena Publications (1998):

2577:(still in effect as of the Suppiluliuma-Shattiwaza treaty). Some combination of Atratama II and Shuttarna III made an alliance with the Assyrians to hold power in Mitanni. returning cultic items taken when Mitanni king Shaushtatar sacked Asshur 2144:–1490 BC (middle chronology). Parsha(ta)tar, known from another Nuzi inscription (HSS 13 165), an undated inventory list which mentions his death, is considered a different king than Barattarna by M. P. Maidman, Eva von Dassow, and Ian Mladjov. 2588:

with 200 chariots but the Kassites impounded the chariots and tried to kill him, which he mirsculously escapes and finds his way to Suppiluliuma. After presumably ascending the throne of what was left of Mitanni, Shattiwaza is lost to history.

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while seeking support from the Assyrians. A pro-Hurri/Assyria faction appeared at the royal Mitanni court. Eriba-Adad I had thus loosened Mitanni influence over Assyria, and in turn had now made Assyria an influence over Mitanni affairs. King

1661:-1270 BC) respectively by Peter Pfälzner (2007). In the 2nd excavation the entire city was mapped and 100 Middle Assyrian tablets were discovered. They were dated to after the city's destruction by earthquake and have not yet been published. 3223:"...We owe the earliest extant mention of Mittani to the tomb autobiography of Amenemhat, the astronomer and clockmaker who refers to a campaign that may have taken place as early as Ahmose's reign in the late sixteenth century BC..." 1562:

and 1275 BC, presumably by the Assyrians. Two Mitanni-era tablets were found during the modern excavation. One (TB 6002) mentioned "Artassumara the king, son of Shuttarna the king". Seventeen late period Mitanni tablets were found at

4026:, in al-Maqdissī, Mīšīl; Matoïan, Valérie; Nicolle, Christophe (eds.), Céramique de l'âge du bronze en Syrie, 2, L'Euphrate et la région de Jézireh, Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 180, Beyrouth, pp. 232, 244, and Figure 2. 1278:

of Hanigalbat. Eventually, under Shalmaneser I, that remaining part of the former Mitanni territory came under direct Assyrian control. This continued until the decline of Middle Assyrian power after the death of Tukulti-Ninurta I.

377:. Since no histories, royal annals or chronicles have yet been found in its excavated sites, knowledge about Mitanni is sparse compared to the other powers in the area, and dependent on what its neighbours commented in their texts. 4921:

Kühne, Cord "Politische Szenerie und internationale Beziehungen Vorderasiens um die Mitte des 2. Jahrtausends vor Chr. (zugleich ein Konzept der Kurzchronologie). Mit einer Zeittafel." In: Hans-Jörg Nissen/Johannes Renger (eds.),

3591:"...The so-called 'Šattiwaza treaties' are a set of two documents (CTH 51 and CTH 52) ratifying the subjugation of Šattiwaza of Mittani to the Hittite king Šuppiluliuma I, an event dated to the 2nd half of the 14th century BCE..." 2783:"...The so-called 'Šattiwaza treaties' are a set of two documents (CTH 51 and CTH 52) ratifying the subjugation of Šattiwaza of Mittani to the Hittite king Šuppiluliuma I, an event dated to the 2nd half of the 14th century BCE..." 1273:

With the final decline of the Mitanni Empire the western portions of its territory came under direct control of the Hittites and the eastern portions came under direct control of the Assyrians. The middle part continued on as the

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by the Mitanni. Monumental buildings including a palace and temple were constructed on the high ground and a 40 hectare lower town developed. The Mitanni occupation lasted until the site was destroyed (in two phases) between

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during his 23rd year of reign, c. 1728 BCE , to Mitanni's predominance (c. 1600-1550 BCE). These are the first traces of what, in the Late Bronze Age I, was Mitanni in historical terms, at the emergence of the third phase of

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Shattuara and brought him to Ashur, where he took an oath as a vassal. Afterwards, he was allowed to return to Mitanni, where he paid Adad-nirari regular tribute. This must have happened during the reign of the Hittite King

2271:, Mitanni seems to have regained influence in the middle Orontes valley that had been conquered by Thutmose III. Amenhotep II fought in Syria in 1425 BC, presumably against Mitanni as well, but did not reach the Euphrates. 810:," "cities of the Upper Hanu" has suggested that there was a distinction between two different Hanu's, likely across each side of the river. This northern side designation spans much of the core territory of Mitanni state. 432:

The Mitanni Empire was a strong regional power limited by the Hittites to the north, Egyptians to the west, Kassites to the south, and later by the Assyrians to the east. At its maximum extent Mitanni ranged as far west as

1164: 4125:

Otto, Adelheid and Berthold Einwag. “Three ritual vessels from the Mittani-period temple at Tell Bazi.” Stories told around the fountain. Papers offered to Piotr Bieliński on the occasion of his 70th birthday (2019): pp.

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in marriage and after some back and forth over bride-price she traveled to Egypt and became a wife of the pharaoh. And when that pharaoh was ill near the end of his reign Tushratta sent (EA 23) the Hurrian goddess

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Kühne, Cord, "Imperial Mittani. An Attempt at Historical Reconstruction", In David I Owen and Gernot Wilhelm (eds.) Studies in the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians 10, pp. 203–221, 1999 ISBN

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to Alalakh in the kingdom of Mukish at the mouth of the Orontes. Idrimi of Alalakh, returning from Egyptian exile, could only ascend his throne with Barattarna's consent. While he got to rule Mukish and Ama'u,

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Martino, Stefano de (2024). "The Mittanian Cuneiform Documents: The Interplay between Content, Language, Material, Format, and Sealing Practices". In Marilina Betrò; Michael Friedrich; Cécile Michel (eds.).

4231:"... dating to the Middle-Trans-Tigridian I A/B period..." Ralf Beutelschieb (2019), and "...Ten texts in Akkadian language and Babylonian cuneiform script from at least four rooms ..." Betina Faist (2019). 10170: 3454:

Babylonian and Assyrian Historical Texts". Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement, edited by James B. Pritchard, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016, pp. 265-317

4184: 3116:, in Journal of Language Relationship, International Scientific Periodical Nº6 (2011), Russian State University for the Humanities, Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 4493:

Artzi, P., "The Diplomatic Service in Action: The Mitanni File”, in: R. Cohen and R. Westbrook (eds.): Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, Baltimore, London: 205–211, 2000

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Devecchi, Elena. "6 The Governance of the Subordinated Countries". Handbook Hittite Empire: Power Structures, edited by Stefano de Martino, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2022, pp. 271-312

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Wilson, John A.. "VII. Egyptian Historical Texts". The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures, edited by James B. Pritchard, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2021, pp. 226-245

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in the west also shifted its allegiance to Mitanni, and Assyria in the east had become largely a Mitannian vassal state by the mid-15th century BC. The nation grew stronger during the reign of

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were captured, as well as all of mount Kashiar to Eluhat and the fortresses of Sudu and Harranu to Carchemish on the Euphrates. Another inscription mentions the restoration of a temple to god

2651:-1265 BC, attempted to rebel. He sought Hittite help which did not come. The Hittites took Wasashatta's money but did not help. The Assyrians expanded further, and conquered the royal city of 1009:

mention Naharin, in particular those of his regnal years 33, 35, and 42. After that time, records become more available from local sources until the empire's end in the mid-13th century BC.

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Grayson, A. Kirk, "Assyrian Rulers 3rd and 2nd Millennia BC (to 1115 BC)(Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods, Vol 1)", University of Toronto Press, 1987, ISBN 9780802026057

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Astour, Michael C. “The Partition of the Confederacy of Mukiš-Nuḫiašše-Nii by Šuppiluliuma: A Study in Political Geography of the Amarna Age.” Orientalia, vol. 38, no. 3, 1969, pp. 381–414

3219:, in: Karen Radner, Nadine Moeller, D. T. Potts (eds.), The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, Volume III: From the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC, Oxford University Press, 4427:

Baranowski, Krzysztof J.. "Appendix 1. The Senders of the Amarna Letters". The Verb in the Amarna Letters from Canaan, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 216-233

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An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II

4328:"After 1600 BCE the area between Iran and Egypt was united into a dynamic regional system of empires, Mitanni covered northern and western Syria and northern Iraq circa 1550-1340 BCE..." 1261:). This terminology was last used for King Tushratta of Mitanni, in a letter in the Amarna archives. The normal title of the king was 'King of the Hurri-men' (without the determinative 12416: 5094: 3481:

Da Riva, Rocío. “Addendum to Rocío Da Riva, A New Attestation of Ḫabigalbat in Late Babylonian Sources, WdO 47/2 (2017) 259–264.” Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 48, no. 1, 2018, pp. 96–98

3600:

Kammenhuber, Annelies (1968). Die Arier im vorderen Orient. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag. p. 238. On p. 238 she indicates they spoke a "noch ungeteiltes Indo-Iranisch".

2137:(1479 – 1425 BC) fought against, can only be deduced from assumptions. This king, also known as Parratarna is considered, by J. A. Belmonte-Marin quoting H. Klengel, to have reigned 4311:"...The Mitanni empire covered northern and western Syria and northern Iraq (ca. 1600-1340 BCE) but succumbed to internal strife and the pressure of an expanding Assyrian empire..." 3084: 1118:, a new power struggle broke out. The Hittites and the Assyrians supported different pretenders to the throne. Finally a Hittite army conquered the capital Washukanni and installed 709:

to the Assyrians. These names seem to have referred to the same kingdom and were often used interchangeably, according to Michael C. Astour. Hittite annals mention a people called

1388:

is also "unanimously accepted" to have been derived from an Indo-Aryan dialect. Annelies Kammenhuber (1968) suggested that this vocabulary was derived from the still undivided

4224: 1693:

At the height of its power, during the 15th and the first half of 14th century BC, a large region from North-West Syria to the Eastern Tigris was under Mitanni's control.

2515:

much time passes between them. Though unsuccessful at defeating Tushratta, the military efforts do manage to seize control of several Mitanni vassals/allies, including

2229:. This is known from a later Hittite document, the Suppililiuma-Shattiwaza treaty. After the sack of Assur, Assyria may have paid tribute to Mitanni up to the time of 293: 254: 971:

The Egyptian official astronomer and clockmaker Amenemhet (Amen-hemet) apparently ordered to be written on his tomb that he returned from the "foreign country called

7256: 4605:

Cordani, Violetta. "One-year or Five-year War? A Reappraisal of Suppiluliuma's First Syrian Campaign" Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 38, no. 2, 2011, pp. 240-253

3416:

Akkermans, Peter MMG, José Limpens, and Richard H. Spoor. "On the frontier of Assyria: excavations at Tell Sabi Abyad, 1991.", Akkadica, vol. 84-85, pp. 1-52 (1993).

3445:

Düring, Bleda S., Eva Visser, and Peter MMG Akkermans. "Skeletons in the Fortress: The Late Bronze Age Burials of Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria." Levant 47.1 (2015): 30-50

3254:

Spalinger, Anthony. “A Critical Analysis of the ‘Annals’ of Thutmose III (Stücke V-VI).” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, vol. 14, 1977, pp. 41–54

4167: 4905:

Harrak, Amir "Assyria and Hanilgalbat. A historical reconstruction of the bilateral relations from the middle of the 14th to the end of the 12th centuries BC."

3376:

Devecchi, Elena. “Details That Make the Difference: The Akkadian Manuscripts of the ‘Šattiwaza Treaties.’” Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 48, no. 1, 2018, pp. 72–95

1706: 8703: 5087: 4111: 956: 4388: 4123: 6487: 4337:

Jankowska, N. B.. "11. Asshur, Mitanni, and Arrapkhe". Early Antiquity, edited by I. M. Diakonoff, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013, pp. 228-260

4270: 3174: 4288:"Defining the MB-LB transition in northern Mesopotamia: some archaeological considerations on the new data from the Erbil Plain and neighbouring regions" 4011:"Defining the MB-LB transition in northern Mesopotamia: some archaeological considerations on the new data from the Erbil Plain and neighbouring regions" 1446:. Kroonen et al. (2018) consider this as an early Indo-Aryan linguistic presence in Syria two centuries prior to the formation of the Mitanni realm, as 8832: 8708: 7080: 3263:

Leonard, Albert. “Archaeological Sources for the History of Palestine: The Late Bronze Age.” The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 52, no. 1, 1989, pp. 4–39

3139:

Spalinger, Anthony. “A New Reference to an Egyptian Campaign of Thutmose III in Asia.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 37, no. 1, 1978, pp. 35–41

3067: 1513:

from around 1600 to 1550 BC; this pottery was a continuity from the previous non-Mitannian Old Babylonian period. From around 1550 to 1270 BC, Painted

2503:, then becomes a vassal of the Hittite king in exchange for help retaking part of the Mitanni territory (with the rest going to the Suppiluliuma' son 6050: 5080: 55: 9125: 3571: 2763: 11464: 8747: 4057:

UR, JASON, et al. “THE SPATIAL DIMENSIONS OF EARLY MESOPOTAMIAN URBANISM: THE TELL BRAK SUBURBAN SURVEY, 2003—2006”, Iraq, vol. 73, 2011, pp. 1–19

2396:-1358 BC, is known only from a single mention in a tablet found in Tell Brak: "Artassumara the king, son of Shuttarna the king," and a mention in 1632:

and Mitanni potteries, considered to be in the turn of the Middle to the Late Bronze Age transitional period (late 17th – early 16th century BC).

8563: 2499:) who then allies with the Assyrians to take power in Mitanni with Assyria getting some Mitanni territory in exchange. Another son of Tushratta, 936:

The situation is complicated by there being, according to linguists, three separate dialects of Hurrian, central-western, northern, and eastern.

4023: 3683: 3405:, in Constituent, Confederate, and Conquered Space in Upper Mesopotamia: The Emergence of the Mittani State, De Gruyter, Berlin, Boston, p. 61. 3279:, in Constituent, Confederate, and Conquered Space in Upper Mesopotamia: The Emergence of the Mittani State, De Gruyter, Berlin, Boston, p. 69. 1411:, and established the Kingdom of Mitanni following a period of political vacuum, while also adopting Hurrian. This is considered a part of the 4578:

Luckenbill, D. D. “Hittite Treaties and Letters.” The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 37, no. 3, 1921, pp. 161–211

9503: 9224: 9135: 8824: 8539: 8481: 8477: 7249: 3402: 3276: 910:" or ""strong"" opposed to "great", easily being used as synonyms. Both signs also represent correlative readings; alternative readings of " 8781: 8777: 8485: 4566:

Altman, Amnon. "The Mittanian Raid of Amurru (EA 85: 51-55) Reconsidered", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 30, no. 2, 2003, pp. 345-371

2511:). And this comes to pass. Note that the original treaty with Artatama II is specifically kept in force, suggesting he outlived Tushratta. 12190: 9228: 9035: 8606: 8569: 8535: 8110: 8106: 7439: 7075: 4898:

Gaal, E. "The economic role of Hanilgalbat at the beginning of the Neo-Assyrian expansion." In: Hans-Jörg Nissen/Johannes Renger (eds.),

3216: 2448:

on the tablet stated that EA 23 arrived in the 36th year of Amenhotep III reign or roughly 1350 BC in the standard Egyptian Chronology.

979:)," but Alexandra von Lieven (2016) and Eva von Dassow (2022) consider that the expedition to Mitanni could have taken place in pharaoh 11834: 8393: 8237: 8102: 8098: 7379: 3352: 1583:. Finds included a Mitanni cylinder seal and several ritual bowls. Two cuneiform tablets of the Mitanni period sealed by Mitanni ruler 1036:

his vassal, and five generations seems to separate this king (also known as Parattarna) from the rise of Mitanni kingdom. The state of

4997:

von Dassow, Eva. "Alalaḫ between Mittani and Ḫatti." Asia Anteriore Antica. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Cultures 2 (2020): 196-226

2644:

According to an inscription (BM 115687) by Assyrian king Adad-nirari I, Shattuara's son Wasashatta (also read Uasašatta), who reigned

794:

River. The term developed into more than just a designation for a people group, but also took on a topographic aspect as well. In the

9121: 9117: 9031: 8828: 7585: 4623:

Grayson, Albert Kirk. Assyrian Royal Inscriptions: From the beginning to Ashur-resha-ishi I. Vol. 1. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1972.

3472:

Da Riva, Rocío. “A New Attestation of Ḫabigalbat in Late Babylonian Sources.” Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 47, no. 2, 2017, pp. 259–64

9232: 8489: 7242: 7131: 6480: 5067: 4929:

Maidman, Maynard P. "Mittanni Royalty and Empire: How Far Back." Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies Journal 11 (2018): 15-28

3536: 2451:

Some of the Amarna letters covered minor matters between Tushratta and the pharaohs. Amenhotep III asked for Tushratta's daughter

12396: 6692: 4185:"Urban Developments in Northeastern Mesopotamia from the Ninevite V to the Neo-Assyrian Periods: Excavations at Bassetki in 2017" 1122:, the son of Tushratta, as their vassal king of Mitanni in the late 14th century BC. The kingdom had by now been reduced to the 495: 490: 488: 485: 12391: 8635: 8389: 8369: 4924:

Mesopotamien und seine Nachbarn. Politische und kulturelle Wechselbeziehungen im Alten Orient vom 4. bis 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr.

4912: 4900:

Mesopotamien und seine Nachbarn. Politische und kulturelle Wechselbeziehungen im Alten Orient vom 4. bis 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr.

4271:"Political and Cultural Relations between the Kingdom of Mittani and its Subordinated Polities in Syria and Southeast Anatolia" 4037:"Political and Cultural Relations between the Kingdom of Mittani and its Subordinated Polities in Syria and Southeast Anatolia" 3175:"Political and Cultural Relations between the Kingdom of Mittani and its Subordinated Polities in Syria and Southeast Anatolia" 3051:"Political and Cultural Relations between the Kingdom of Mittani and its Subordinated Polities in Syria and Southeast Anatolia" 2857:"...the sealings provided satisfying proof that Tell Mozan was the site of the third-millennium Hurrian capital city Urkesh..." 1103:

attacked Shuttarna and annexed Mitanni territory in the middle of the 14th century BC, making Assyria once more a great power.

492: 8342: 8051: 12344: 12297: 12267: 6043: 5040: 4938: 4862: 4841: 4356: 3925: 3889: 3850: 3814: 3777: 3750: 3519: 3311: 2921: 2834: 2477:) Rib-Hadda tells Ahkenaten that all the lands of the Mitanni have been conquered by the Hittites but its date is uncertain. 1144:

and 1350 BC, but succumbed to Hittite and later Assyrian attacks, and Mitanni was reduced to the status of a province of the

4596:

Bryce, Trevor R. "Some Observations on the Chronology of Šuppiluliuma's Reign." Anatolian Studies, vol. 39, 1989, pp. 19–30

2151:

and reached a town called Iryn (maybe present day Erin, 20 km northwest of Aleppo.) They sailed down the Euphrates to

10591: 8086: 7938: 7795: 6822: 6473: 6106: 5740: 4514:

Altman, Amnon. "Šattiwaza's Declaration (CTH 52) Reconsidered." Acts of the V. International Congress of Hititology. 2005

2723: 2101: 1078:(1390–1366 BC) Mitanni influence over Assyria was on the wane. Eriba-Adad I became involved in a dynastic battle between 998: 4587:

Yamada, Masamichi. "The Hittite Administration in Emar: The Aspect of Direct Control", vol. 96, no. 2, 2006, pp. 222-234

4287: 4010: 2333:

that was reputed to cure diseases. A more or less permanent border between Egypt and Mitanni seems to have existed near

12386: 11261: 8940: 6017: 3361: 2203:

The central section of Shaushtatar's royal seal. The cuneiform legend reads "DUMU Par-sa-ta-tar" and "LUGAL Ma-i-ta-ni"

3981: 3830: 6549: 4821: 4478: 3982:"Linguistic supplement to Damgaard et al. 2018: Early Indo-European languages, Anatolian, Tocharian and Indo-Iranian" 3633: 3148:

Amenemhet's memoir was published in: Borchardt, L., (1930). "Altägyptische Zeitmessung", in E. von Basserman-Jordan,

1321: 1134: 374: 9607: 7213: 6036: 4878: 3995:"Problems of Transitions in Second Millennium BC Northern Mesopotamia: A View from Tell Barri (Northeastern Syria)" 3085:"Some Thoughts about Middle Bronze Age Alalakh and Ugarit: Reassessing an Alalakh Wall Painting with Archival Data" 2382:

Cuneiform tablet containing a letter from Tushratta of Mitanni to Amenhotep III (of 13 letters of King Tushratta).

1579:, dated to c. 1500 BCE. Mitanni period occupation, between 1400 and 1200 BC (radiocarbon) was found at the site of 1501: 17: 3113: 1282:

While under direct Assyrian control Hanigalbat was ruled by appointed governors such as the Assyrian grand-vizier

11255: 3414: 2733: 2147:

Thutmose III again waged war in Mitanni in the 33rd year of his rule. The Egyptian army crossed the Euphrates at

1294:. He resided in the newly built (over an existing Mitanni tower and residence) Assyrian administrative centre at 453:. Their sphere of influence is shown in Hurrian place names, personal names and the spread through Syria and the 3434:

Hagens, Graham. “The Assyrian King List and Chronology: A Critique.” Orientalia, vol. 74, no. 1, 2005, pp. 23–41

3199: 3053:, in Changing Faces of Kingship in Syria-Palestine 1500–500 BCE, Alter Orient und Testament 459, Ugarit Verlag, 11328: 10875: 10799: 7126: 7110: 4375: 4089: 3202:, in: RICH and GREAT: Studies in Honour of Anthony J. Spalinger, Faculty of Art, Charles University in Prague, 2992: 2936: 2728: 6242: 4202: 12180: 12160: 11442: 11349: 11334: 11172: 11042: 10843: 10542: 10227: 7611: 7152: 5104: 1384:

the Hittite: (treaty KBo I 3) and (treaty KBo I 1 and its duplicates). The toponym of the Mitanni capital of

119: 4321: 1044:, but the Hurrians were keen to keep the Hittites inside the Anatolian highland. Kizzuwatna in the west and 11981: 11790: 11766: 11166: 10146: 7162: 6897: 6440: 4914:

Kelly-Buccellati, Marilyn. "The Urkesh Mittani Horizon: Ceramic Evidence." talugaeš witteš (2020): 237-256.

3389: 5072: 3152:, vol. I., 1930, Berlin/Leipzig, pp 60ff. (Mentioned in Astour 1972:104, footnotes 25,26) transliterating 2344:

The reason Mitanni sought peace with Egypt may have been trouble with the Hittites. A Hittite king called

847: 12406: 11403: 10442: 10241: 9788: 9782: 8029: 7385: 7218: 7100: 7095: 7030: 6706: 5961: 5735: 4418:

D. Stein, A Reappraisal of the "Saustatar Letter" from Nuzi, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 79, 36-60, 1989

1489:

Sites with Mitannian remains were found mainly in three regions of Upper Mesopotamia: Northeastern Syria

1163: 1052: 4995: 4242: 4225:"A New Mittani Centre On the Middle Tigris (Kurdistan Region): Report On the 2018 Excavations At Kemune" 3964: 3905: 12030: 11886: 11649: 11340: 11150: 10496: 10158: 10126: 10120: 8327: 7223: 6832: 5116: 4324:, in: The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires, Oxford University Press, 3621: 3234:"A Gate Inscription from Karnak and Egyptian Involvement in Western Asia during the Early 18th Dynasty" 1517:(the most characteristic pottery in Mitanni times) developed as a contemporary to Younger Khabur Ware. 2172:(middle part of Syria). Barattarna or his son Shaushtatar controlled the North Mitanni interior up to 1438:

in northeastern Syria dating to a period slightly before 1761 BC, which is the time when the reign of

12167: 11775: 11661: 11643: 11493: 11155: 11019: 10720: 10535: 9432: 6907: 6722: 4456: 4409:

E. A. Speiser, A Letter of Sauäsatar and the Date of the Kirkuk Tablets, J AOS 49 (1929), pp. 269—275

4092:, in: The Ancient World Revisited, Studies in Manuscript Cultures, Vol. 37, De Gruyter, pp. 207- 219. 2360:, Aleppo, and maybe against Mitanni itself. Kizzuwatna may have fallen to the Hittites at that time. 1337: 109: 2952:

Diana L. Stein: Khabur Ware and Nuzi Ware: Their Origin, Relationship, and Significance. Malibu 1984

12153: 11798: 11795: 11718: 11688: 11631: 11617: 11023: 10007: 9745: 9162: 8946: 7789: 6862: 6504: 4537:

Luckenbill, D. D. “The Hittites.” The American Journal of Theology, vol. 18, no. 1, 1914, pp. 24–58

1021: 881: 10000: 4135: 3806: 2996: 2546: 11813: 11741: 11715: 11691: 11685: 11670: 11582: 11518: 11483: 11427: 11376: 10949: 9426: 9207: 8952: 8260: 7718: 7172: 7105: 6999: 6852: 6770: 6765: 6191: 5219: 4784: 4505:

Kitchen, K.A./P.J.N. Lawrence 2012. Treaty, Law and Covenant in the Ancient Near East. Wiesbaden.

3736: 3463:

Uncertain Dynasties". Rulers of Babylonia, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016, pp. 90-274

2738: 2404:

he briefly took power but was then murdered (by someone named Tuhi) and succeeded by his brother

1352:'s horse training text includes technical terms of Indo-Aryan origin, and the Indo-Aryan deities 1344:

who is the first Mitanni ruler historically attested to have existed, the Mitanni had Indo-Aryan

4300: 11976: 11966: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11706: 11697: 11640: 11620: 11614: 11608: 11605: 11596: 11524: 11521: 11512: 11412: 11391: 11005: 10779: 10711: 10621: 10365: 10359: 9840: 9295: 9154: 8719: 8500: 8040: 8014: 7974: 7617: 7390: 7203: 7055: 6814: 4792: 2697:

of Hanigalbat, rebelled against Assyrian control with the help of the Hittites and the nomadic

2199: 1576: 1389: 1145: 1006: 880:," if derived from a Hurrian word. More recently, in 2011, scholar Miguel Valério, then at the 795: 286: 12287: 8593: 7622: 3091:: "...the Level VII Palace by Hattusili I in his second year, 1628 BC (middle chronology)..." 3087:, in: Ougarit, un anniversaire, Bilans et recherches en cours, Peeters, Leuven-Paris-Bristol, 2824: 12336:

Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History

12257: 12220: 12142: 12019: 11679: 11655: 11611: 11599: 11593: 11590: 11545: 11539: 11515: 11480: 11436: 11424: 11421: 11418: 11406: 11400: 11388: 11382: 11201: 11111: 11108: 11099: 10662: 8739: 6872: 6358: 5765: 5713: 5362: 4632:

Skaist, Aaron. "The Chronology of the Legal Texts from Emar", vol. 88, no. 1, 1998, pp. 45-71

4168:"The First and Second Seasons of the German-Kurdish Excavations at Bassetki in 2015 and 2016" 3767: 3625: 3615: 3611: 2799:"The Geography of the Slave Trade and Northern Mesopotamia in the Late Old Babylonian Period" 1828:

Contemporary of Sinia and Qis-Addu in Terqa; Tudhaliya I of Hatti; Niqmepa of Alalakh, sacks

1412: 1332:

A number of theonyms, proper names and glosses (technical terminology) of the Mitanni are of

1063:, in the early 14th century BC, the relationship was very amicable, and he sent his daughter 752:

version mentioning "the Hurrian enemy," in a copy from the 13th century BC of the "Annals of

684: 415: 12334: 12186: 7999: 5328: 4151: 3794: 3497: 3289: 1312:

The name Hanigalbat was still in use as late as the later portion of the 1st millennium BC.

838:". The first attempts at decipherment in the late 19th century rendered forms interpreting " 11587: 11536: 11445: 11439: 11409: 11011: 10964: 10952: 10776: 10717: 10341: 10235: 10058: 9585: 8733: 8254: 7671: 7090: 7050: 6529: 5837: 5831: 5377: 5244: 4535: 3868:

Lubotsky, Alexander (2023), Willerslev, Eske; Kroonen, Guus; Kristiansen, Kristian (eds.),

2299: 2100:

All dates must be taken with caution since they are worked out only by comparison with the

1333: 1111:

invaded the Mitanni vassal states in northern Syria and replaced them with loyal subjects.

522: 511: 371: 11048: 8: 12092: 11947: 11652: 11602: 11527: 11477: 11430: 11415: 11394: 11093: 11079: 10967: 10900: 10723: 10614: 10556: 10320: 9993: 9833: 9552: 9357: 9174: 8987: 8303: 7514: 7177: 7085: 7060: 6867: 6842: 6394: 6339: 6253: 6160: 6138: 5900: 5862: 5708: 4036: 3870:"Indo-European and Indo-Iranian Wagon Terminology and the Date of the Indo-Iranian Split" 3742:

Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

3585:“Details That Make the Difference: The Akkadian Manuscripts of the ‘Šattiwaza Treaties.’” 3050: 2986: 2913: 2777:“Details That Make the Difference: The Akkadian Manuscripts of the ‘Šattiwaza Treaties.’” 2474: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2133:–1480 BC. Egyptian sources do not mention his name; that he was the king of Naharin whom 1671: 1430:

Jasper Eidem in 2014 reported on Farouk Ismail's earlier study, in reference to the word

1547:

which had dwindled to a minor settlement in Old Babylonian times, saw major development

1107:

the Egyptians fearing the growing power of the Hittites and Assyrians. The Hittite king

410:. Later on, Hurrians made up the main population of Mitanni, which was firstly known as 12318: 12132: 12009: 11570: 11509: 11503: 11031: 10995: 10908: 10889: 10785: 10782: 10735: 10701: 10698: 10653: 10344: 10329: 10314: 9990: 9987: 9978: 9737: 8912: 8640: 7913: 7766: 7683: 7486: 7167: 7136: 7035: 6882: 6799: 6102: 5951: 4980: 4796: 4305:

The Oxford Handbook of the Ancient State in the Ancient Near East and the Mediterranean

3677: 3553: 1701:

Mitanni, which first rose to power before 1550 BC, presents the following known kings:

1529: 1420: 1400: 1291: 1250:

sources have been taken as evidence for a Hurrian expansion to the South and the West.

1215: 1123: 791: 10788: 5269: 4523:

Beckman, Gary. "New Joins to Hittite Treaties", ZAVA, vol. 87, no. 1, 1997, pp. 96-100

4069:

Finkel, Irving L. “Inscriptions from Tell Brak 1984.” Iraq, vol. 47, 1985, pp. 187–201

3874:

The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited: Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics

3842: 1183:

first half of the 16th century BC, and its beginnings date to well before the time of

753: 12401: 12340: 12293: 12263: 11556: 11530: 11506: 11488: 11288: 11209: 11117: 10986: 10958: 10773: 10741: 10732: 10674: 10671: 10668: 10656: 10644: 10559: 10480: 10332: 10326: 10293: 10287: 9858: 9731: 9595: 9417: 9143: 8742: 8736: 8544: 8512: 8057: 7266: 7157: 7014: 7009: 6994: 6929: 6847: 6804: 6524: 6519: 6385: 6375: 5966: 5941: 5649: 5124: 5036: 4972: 4934: 4858: 4837: 4817: 4746: 4474: 4352: 3921: 3885: 3846: 3810: 3773: 3746: 3629: 3515: 3357: 3307: 3103:, Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Filologia classica e Italianistica (FICLIT). 2917: 2901: 2876:

Lawler, Andrew. "Who Were the Hurrians?" Archaeology, vol. 61, no. 4, 2008, pp. 46–52

2830: 2668: 1679: 1478: 1404: 1393: 1306: 1287: 1126:. The Assyrians had not given up their claim on Mitanni, and in the 13th century BC, 745: 726: 92: 9720: 2966: 2378: 1381: 939:

The Egyptians considered the Euphrates River to form the boundary between Syria and

12381: 12216: 12128: 12074: 12005: 11992: 11971: 11936: 11785: 11573: 11542: 11397: 11373: 11141: 11138: 11132: 11087: 10980: 10961: 10955: 10911: 10894: 10738: 10729: 10726: 10650: 10647: 10485: 10370: 9957: 9047: 8981: 8969: 8662: 8209: 7499: 7070: 7065: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6949: 6944: 6934: 6750: 6607: 6592: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6544: 6435: 5976: 5946: 5920: 5750: 5528: 5491: 5028: 4964: 4698: 4667: 3913: 3877: 3838: 3802: 3545: 3505: 3392:, in Archéologie et Histoire de la Syrie I, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, p. 349. 2968:

Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 3

2909: 2743: 1564: 787: 749: 518: 438: 355: 114: 96: 88: 7234: 5056: 4048:

Oates, David. “Excavations at Tell Brak, 1983-84.” Iraq, vol. 47, 1985, pp. 159–73

2850: 2310:, who ruled in the early 14th century BC. In a later royal marriage Tadu-Hepa, or 1427:) was of Aryan descent and their language displays a clear Indo-Aryan character. 12137: 12123: 12098: 12051: 12014: 12000: 11824: 11673: 11626: 11533: 11498: 11370: 11365: 11293: 11267: 11123: 10998: 10992: 10977: 10970: 10924: 10914: 10747: 10692: 10686: 10683: 10629: 10577: 10413: 10347: 10335: 10323: 10311: 10296: 10275: 10194: 10098: 10095: 10069: 9984: 9963: 9951: 9918: 9912: 9882: 9804: 9614: 8966: 8921: 8875: 8869: 8859: 8649: 7749: 7727: 7494: 7004: 6979: 6974: 6954: 6902: 6892: 6887: 6877: 6857: 6827: 6779: 6775: 6745: 6452: 6421: 6416: 6406: 6116: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5931: 5291: 5182: 4852: 4831: 3969:

Constituent, Confederate, and Conquered Space: The Emergence of the Mittani State

3740: 3617:

The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East

3574:, in Journal of Indo-European Studies 38 (1-2), pp. 26-40. See pp. 3, 5, and 10. 2941:

Constituent, Confederate, and Conquered Space: The Emergence of the Mittani State

2766:, in Journal of Indo-European Studies 38 (1-2), pp. 26-40. See pp. 3, 5, and 10. 2490:

historical claims of the Hittite king, for better or worse. In summary they are:

2345: 2160: 1990: 1644: 1471: 1295: 1179: 1096: 12176: 7414: 5062: 3100: 2260:

shows heroes and winged geniuses fighting lions and other animals, as well as a

763:

has a history of multiple renderings. The first portion has been connected to, "

721:), located in northeastern Syria. A Hittite fragment, probably from the time of 12035: 11579: 11472: 11361: 11314: 11275: 11218: 11120: 11056: 10974: 10933: 10927: 10917: 10905: 10689: 10677: 10665: 10585: 10474: 10428: 10338: 10308: 10272: 10136: 9981: 9960: 9954: 9945: 9897: 9867: 9849: 9824: 9812: 9724: 9581: 9452: 9303: 9165: 9159: 9062: 9054: 8990: 8963: 8927: 8760: 8527: 8524: 8425: 7833: 7598: 7504: 7481: 7373: 6984: 6390: 6012: 5912: 5745: 5502: 5412: 5372: 5352: 5204: 5144: 4152:"A Hurrian-Mitanni Temple in Müslümantepe in The Upper Tigris and New Findings" 2520: 2470: 2383: 2118:

King Barattarna is known from a cuneiform tablet in Nuzi and an inscription by

2030: 1969: 1950: 1575:

The oldest tablet issued by an unknown Mitannian king was found in the site of

1540:

was also known to be a Mitanni "royal city" whose current location is unknown.

1533: 1408: 1108: 1056: 734: 359: 259: 5032: 3917: 3881: 3510: 3189:(Mittani)...we presume that this expedition was the one led by Tuthmosis I..." 2495:

letters), Tushratta is killed by his son (unnamed but generally thought to be

1246:. There is no evidence for any invasion from the North-east. Generally, these 960:

Cylinder seal and modern impression: nude male, griffins, monkey, lion, goat,

12375: 12330: 12253: 12238: 12110: 12042: 11922: 11567: 11564: 11317: 11311: 11271: 11227: 11135: 11096: 10930: 10869: 10770: 10767: 10695: 10680: 10641: 10638: 10581: 10520: 10402: 10108: 10101: 10078: 9972: 9966: 9930: 9852: 9808: 9765: 9557: 9455: 9449: 9407: 9306: 9109: 9071: 8844: 8730: 8644: 8454: 8405: 8160: 8144: 7837: 7763: 7724: 7698: 7692: 7653: 7594: 7565: 7290: 6784: 6632: 6539: 6298: 6294: 6127: 5817: 5661: 5427: 5286: 4976: 4926:

Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient 1 (Berlin, Reimer 1982), 203–264.

4902:

Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient 1 (Berlin, Reimer 1982), 349–354.

2690: 2611: 2496: 2440:, wife of Amenhotep III, mother of Akhenaten and grandmother of Tutankhamun ( 2397: 2318: 2307: 2257: 2056: 1998: 1961: 1910: 1490: 1456:, which means 'man' or 'youth', associated to military affairs and chariots. 1283: 1243: 1226:(Amorite) and Hurrian names. Rulers with Hurrian names are also attested for 1127: 1068: 851: 351: 9192: 5417: 4174:

10, Deutsches Archaologisches Institut-Orient-Abteilung, Berlin, pp. 19, 24.

3584: 3233: 2776: 2702:

armies of the Hittites and the Ahlamu his allies." The cities from Taidu to

12283: 12080: 11958: 11892: 11810: 11801: 11732: 11658: 11561: 11305: 11206: 11129: 10983: 10939: 10819: 10744: 10704: 10635: 10632: 10626: 10565: 10517: 10505: 10419: 10396: 10389: 10305: 10299: 10269: 10081: 10053: 10035: 10026: 9975: 9768: 9762: 9756: 9661: 9631: 9437: 9349: 9246: 9183: 9131: 8960: 8685: 8620: 8610: 8521: 8472: 8357: 8337: 8333: 8118: 7982: 7842: 7822: 7775: 7734: 7521: 7476: 7325: 7310: 6789: 6602: 6534: 6431: 5916: 5908: 5629: 5623: 5497: 5480: 5456: 5387: 5323: 5134: 5102: 4827: 4788: 2694: 2684: 2528: 2401: 2290: 2284: 2268: 2230: 2168: 2134: 2081: 1965: 1896: 1889: 1674: 1087: 1075: 1060: 1002: 175: 6218: 6028: 4854:

History of Humanity: From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century B.C.

4389:"Reflexiones sobre el territorio de Cárquemis durante el periodo mittanio" 3649:

Mayrhofer, M. (1974). "Die Arier im Vorderen Orient – ein Mythos?".

1604: 1211: 12095: 12086: 11941: 11895: 11880: 11871: 11865: 11807: 11709: 11667: 11637: 11634: 11576: 11433: 11385: 11296: 11215: 11212: 11195: 11105: 10920: 10863: 10860: 10857: 10832: 10822: 10810: 10659: 10600: 10553: 10529: 10523: 10514: 10508: 10453: 10416: 10399: 10383: 10317: 10302: 10290: 10278: 10249: 10216: 10213: 10075: 10050: 10047: 10041: 9948: 9909: 9906: 9894: 9879: 9876: 9864: 9771: 9759: 9750: 9699: 9693: 9643: 9640: 9628: 9625: 9561: 9538: 9521: 9507: 9498: 9268: 9197: 9187: 9039: 9024: 9018: 9002: 8999: 8902: 8881: 8791: 8754: 8677: 8518: 8308: 8233: 8228: 8221: 8191: 8177: 8140: 7990: 7899: 7814: 7784: 7770: 7539: 7525: 7470: 7405: 7335: 7305: 7208: 7198: 6989: 6921: 6794: 6682: 6496: 6260: 6148: 6098: 6060: 5780: 5691: 5681: 5537: 5466: 5397: 5392: 5224: 4952: 4774:

for the debate regarding the extent of Indo-Aryan influence over Mitanni.

2810: 2457: 2369: 2322: 2207: 2194: 1976: 1918: 1885: 1815: 1757: 1592: 1510: 1466: 1443: 1435: 1345: 1341: 1302: 1219: 1188: 1083: 1041: 1013: 778:

to describe nomadic inhabitants along the southern shore of the northern

775: 672: 419: 9261: 2885:

Yakubovich, I. (2011). . Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 70(2), 337–339

12104: 12101: 12083: 12060: 12045: 12039: 11919: 11916: 11874: 11862: 11856: 11841: 11712: 11703: 11700: 11694: 11676: 11646: 11454: 11379: 11320: 11186: 11126: 10989: 10883: 10854: 10851: 10848: 10836: 10828: 10816: 10804: 10550: 10526: 10511: 10447: 10409: 10386: 10380: 10284: 10023: 9855: 9753: 9712: 9702: 9696: 9658: 9655: 9652: 9646: 9634: 9622: 9619: 9589: 9535: 9532: 9345: 9324: 9300: 9276: 9105: 8996: 8993: 8984: 8975: 8894: 8785: 8671: 8626: 8614: 8458: 8296: 8292: 8241: 8062: 7970: 7896: 7892: 7636: 7509: 7459: 7453: 6740: 6735: 5936: 5868: 5849: 5666: 5434: 5342: 5264: 5174: 5129: 3502:

Contacts of Languages and Peoples in the Hittite and Post-Hittite World

3236:, in: Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 99, no. 2, p. 275. 2711: 2660: 2656: 2639: 2627: 2541: 2516: 2508: 2500: 2349: 2295: 2280: 2261: 2226: 2177: 2148: 2063: 2016: 1868: 1640: 1588: 1584: 1525: 1521: 1385: 1275: 1184: 1119: 1115: 1037: 1017: 1012:

The first known use of Indo-Aryan names for Mitanni rulers begins with

991: 990:–1525 BC), actually by Amenemhet's father. During the reign of pharaoh 434: 395:

at Tell Mozan. The first recorded inscription of their language was of

190: 78: 27:

Ancient Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia

10255: 6465: 4984: 3557: 12113: 12056: 11913: 11883: 11877: 11868: 11853: 11847: 11829: 11804: 11682: 11664: 11451: 11448: 11308: 11235: 11221: 11192: 11180: 11102: 11073: 10813: 10807: 10572: 10502: 10459: 10456: 10405: 10188: 10105: 10091: 10088: 10044: 10038: 10020: 9942: 9933: 9903: 9900: 9891: 9873: 9870: 9708: 9705: 9569: 9565: 9541: 9489: 9476: 9446: 9341: 9337: 9215: 9075: 8812: 8807: 8803: 8772: 8689: 8666: 8630: 8515: 8438: 8361: 8353: 8320: 8217: 8201: 8173: 8136: 8005: 7963: 7780: 7659: 7545: 7045: 6730: 6617: 6554: 6310: 6280: 5996: 5926: 5854: 5792: 5785: 5760: 5696: 5676: 5671: 5542: 5513: 5407: 5367: 5229: 5025:

The Ancient World Revisited: Material Dimensions of Written Artefacts

2939:". In: Eva Cancik-Kirschbaum, Nicole Brisch and Jesper Eidem (eds.). 2622: 2598: 2504: 2462: 2452: 2405: 2373: 2311: 2303: 2113: 2038: 1936: 1773: 1580: 1544: 1514: 1439: 1416: 1377: 1254: 1247: 1239: 1192: 1079: 1064: 888:. The re-reading makes an argument on the basis of frequency, where " 779: 722: 458: 396: 61: 5585: 5561: 4437:

University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 143-164

3340:, Penguin Books; 3rd ed. edition (March 1, 1993) ISBN 978-0140125238 1524:, whose location has been determined by archaeologists to be on the 846:" having the same meaning; "Ḫani-Rabbat" denoting "the Great Hani". 12063: 11889: 11850: 11844: 11721: 11302: 11299: 11244: 11241: 11183: 11114: 11064: 11027: 10880: 10422: 10281: 10263: 10246: 10184: 10111: 10085: 10032: 10014: 9924: 9799: 9690: 9681: 9669: 9637: 9601: 9577: 9527: 9495: 9471: 9443: 9413: 9401: 9394: 9380: 9374: 9309: 9219: 9201: 9113: 9091: 9087: 8972: 8898: 8727: 8681: 8658: 8653: 8584: 8579: 8548: 8365: 8289: 8285: 8278: 8156: 8077: 7922: 7754: 7744: 7739: 7730: 7666: 7649: 7420: 7367: 7182: 6837: 6760: 6755: 6662: 6647: 6642: 6597: 6304: 6289: 6285: 6269: 6235: 6223: 6211: 6186: 5883: 5843: 5655: 5641: 5485: 5445: 5439: 5193: 5187: 5139: 4968: 4574: 4572: 4391:, in Orientalística en tiempos de crísis, Pórtico, Zaragoza, p. 59. 3967:, in Eva Cancik-Kirschbaum, Nicole Brisch and Jesper Eidem (eds.), 3549: 3068:"The Annals and Lost Golden Statue of the Hittite King Hattusili I" 2585: 2445: 2166:

Victories over Mitanni are recorded from the Egyptian campaigns in

2156: 1954: 1628: 1624: 1448: 1424: 1327: 1025: 980: 561: 450: 381: 363: 12292:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). 11281: 4873: 4065: 4063: 3863: 3861: 3690: 3651:

Sitzungsberichte der Oesterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften

2805:, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna, p. 21, and 1623:

river, Trans-Tigridian region in northern Iraq, a site now called

12116: 11944: 11925: 11910: 11904: 11898: 11232: 11177: 11070: 11067: 11015: 10866: 10608: 10547: 10468: 10462: 10197: 9969: 9939: 9794: 9684: 9649: 9440: 9383: 9284: 9253: 8957: 8506: 8449: 8378: 8273: 8265: 8130: 8065: 7872: 7869: 7854: 7850: 7662: 7656: 7640: 7518: 6939: 6667: 6622: 6612: 6363: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6174: 6153: 5971: 5770: 5602: 5571: 5509: 5382: 5318: 5254: 5249: 5209: 5199: 5068:

Iraq's drought unveils 3,400-year-old palace of mysterious empire

4351:. University of Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 11. 3587:, in: Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 48, no. 1, 2018, pp. 72–95. See 3534:

Thieme, Paul (1960). "The 'Aryan' Gods of the Mitanni Treaties".

2779:, in: Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 48, no. 1, 2018, pp. 72–95. See 2420: 2330: 2245: 2222: 2123: 2052: 1958: 1882: 1791: 1765: 1683: 1682:, but appears only sporadically in western Syrian cities such as 1591:

were also found. There is also a record of Mitanni governance at

1536:

as recent German archaeological excavations suggest. The city of

1373: 1365: 1349: 1235: 1207: 1100: 1048:

in the north were important allies against the hostile Hittites.

1033: 689: 446: 345: 339: 9369: 4569: 4156:

Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, April 27, 2021.

2294:

culminated in a number of royal marriages: the daughter of King

2163:

at Lake Nija was important enough to be included in the annals.

1423:(2023), however, the military elite of the Mitanni kingdom (see 388:

with a Hurrian name, Tupkish, was found on a clay sealing dated

11907: 11901: 11859: 11770: 11238: 11189: 10764:

Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")

10562: 10465: 10450: 10434: 10179: 10164: 10029: 9936: 9927: 9861: 9818: 9687: 9678: 9675: 9672: 9573: 9545: 9486: 9377: 9272: 9099: 8978: 8890: 8878: 8509: 8466: 8431: 8412: 8384: 8281: 8213: 8151: 8094: 8046: 7955: 7926: 7882: 7879: 7829: 7759: 7677: 7630: 7580: 7555: 7550: 7529: 7346: 7320: 7295: 6687: 6637: 6559: 5956: 5888: 5878: 5873: 5812: 5807: 5719: 5686: 5612: 5566: 5547: 5475: 5402: 5347: 5337: 5333: 5303: 5297: 5274: 5164: 5159: 5149: 5108: 4060: 3858: 3306:(2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 152. 2853:, The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 60, no. 2, 1997, pp. 77–96. 2703: 2698: 2664: 2524: 2466: 2357: 2353: 2338: 2326: 2321:

fell ill, the king of Mitanni sent him a statue of the goddess

2237: 2182: 2119: 1787: 1731: 1687: 1636: 1627:

was excavated, which in all likelihood was the ancient town of

1620: 1608: 1369: 1357: 1231: 1203: 1045: 1029: 454: 407: 385: 384:

were in the region as of the late 3rd millennium BC. A king of

367: 273: 9364: 8916: 8588: 8186: 8181: 8009: 7994: 4457:"The Kings of Mittani in Light of the New Evidence from Terqa" 4265: 4263: 4024:"The Late Bronze Age Ceramic Traditions of the Syrian Jazirah" 3271: 3269: 2225:, and took the silver and golden doors of the royal palace to 1242:

period) mention people with Hurrian names at the mouth of the

876:," or the apparent similarity to the Semitic feminine ending " 602: 12107: 12089: 10604: 10210: 10191: 9257: 9168: 9139: 9066: 8798: 8462: 8349: 8268: 8196: 8073: 8069: 7951: 7889: 7885: 7846: 7633: 7575: 7570: 7560: 7533: 7315: 7040: 6677: 6672: 6652: 6169: 5822: 5802: 5797: 5775: 5725: 5701: 5607: 5595: 5590: 5555: 5532: 5451: 5422: 5357: 5313: 5259: 5239: 3980:

Kroonen, Guus, Gojko Barjamovic, and Michaël Peyrot, (2018).

2672: 2652: 2334: 2218: 1829: 1739: 1614: 1537: 1396:

has shown that specifically Indo-Aryan features are present.

1361: 1353: 1227: 1222:

mention rulers of city-states in upper Mesopotamia with both

1091: 783: 442: 158: 12412:

States and territories disestablished in the 13th century BC

9481: 8443: 4227:, in: Zeitschrift Für Orient-Archäologie 12, pp. 10-43. See 3707: 3705: 3403:"The Mittani State: The Formation of the Kingdom of Mittani" 3277:"The Mittani State: The Formation of the Kingdom of Mittani" 3200:"The Movement of Time. News from the 'Clockmaker' Amenemhet" 1989:

Treaty with Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites, contemporary of

1711: 842:," meaning "great" in Sumerian, as a logogram for Akkadian " 11061: 10825: 10752: 10596: 10352: 9463: 9318: 9240: 9081: 9009: 8838: 8724: 8555: 8530: 8418: 8399: 8168: 8126: 8081: 8021: 7959: 7906: 7875: 7804: 7704: 7646: 7643: 7590: 7434: 7426: 7396: 7356: 7340: 7330: 7300: 6627: 6165: 5755: 5730: 5579: 5523: 5518: 5308: 5281: 5234: 5214: 5154: 4688: 4322:"The Empires of Western Asia and the Assyrian World Empire" 4260: 3876:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 257–262, 3495: 3266: 3160:, although Alexandra von Lieven (2016: 219) mentions it as 2849:

Buccellati, Giorgio, and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati, (1997).

2793: 2791: 2789: 2707: 2671:. The wife, sons and daughters of Wasashatta were taken to 2663:, Shuru, Nabula, Hurra and Shuduhu as well. They conquered 2437: 2241: 2152: 1199: 654: 648: 642: 636: 593: 555: 543: 4275:

Changing Faces of Kingship in Syria-Palestine 1500–500 BCE

3179:

Changing Faces of Kingship in Syria-Palestine 1500–500 BCE

2895: 2893: 2891: 2714:, a city of Mitanni that must have been occupied as well. 2689:

According to the royal annals (A.0.77.1) of Assyrian king

1493:, Northern Syria, and Southeastern Turkey (Upper Tigris). 1452:

is generally seen as a Hurrianized form of the Indo-Aryan

12417:

States and territories established in the 17th century BC

9058: 5617: 4711: 4682: 4673: 3702: 3040:

Astour 1972:103, noting Amarna letters 18:9; 20:17;29:49.

733:. Tushratta, who styles himself "king of Mitanni" in his 12227:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. 5011:, Aris & Philips Warminster 1989. ISBN 9780856684425 4203:"Ancient palace emerges from drought-hit Iraq reservoir" 3945: 3008: 3006: 2786: 2469:, Tushratta personally joined a large Mitanni raid into 1643:

Mitanni palace on the banks of the Tigris in modern-day

1187:, dating actually to the time of the Hittite sovereigns 884:

provided detailed support in favor of the older reading

542:

The earliest recorded form of the name of this state is

8695: 7351: 4277:, Alter Orient und Testament 459, Ugarit Verlag, p. 44. 2906:

The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume III

2888: 2306:, the daughter of Shuttarna II, was married to Pharaoh 12206:

Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

4757: 2610:–1285 BC. The royal inscriptions of the Assyrian king 829: 825: 818: 814: 804: 799: 768: 764: 624: 565: 343: 9727:

Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu

4725: 4709: 4685: 4243:"A 3,400-year-old city emerges from the Tigris River" 3831:"Chapter Twenty-Five. The genesis of the indo-aryans" 3003: 1598: 1509:

Mitanni's first phase in Jazira Region features Late

1496: 1301:

The Babylonian Kings List A names the Assyrian ruler

813:

The two signs that have led to variant readings are "

715: 549: 8795:

Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter

4955:(1960). "The 'Aryan' Gods of the Mitanni Treaties". 4679: 3933: 2289:

Later on, Egypt and Mitanni became allies, and King

1664: 1481:

and the Trans-Tigridian region (Northeastern Iraq).

7264: 4850: 4814:

Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East

4676: 4670: 3997:, in: Studia Chaburensia 10 (2022), pp. 15, 20, 26. 3795:"The BMAC of Central Asia and the Mitanni of Syria" 3717: 3696: 2436:). A single Amarna letter was sent by Tushratta to 1016:who succeeded his father Kirta on the throne. King 868:

There is still a difficulty to explain the suffix "

8598:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 2221:some time in the 15th century during the reign of 1372:) are listed and invoked in two treaties found in 4370: 4368: 3181:, Alter Orient und Testament 459, Ugarit Verlag, 2159:) and then returned home via Mitanni. A hunt for 1505:Jazira region in light green, Northeastern Syria. 858:" on the basis of its alternative spelling with " 671:before 1600 BC in Babylonia, during the reign of 12373: 5027:. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 207–220. 4376:Nuzi Texts and Their Uses as Historical Evidence 3910:Volume 1 Karduniaš. Babylonia under the Kassites 3304:A History of the Ancient Near East c. 3000–323BC 2314:, the daughter of Tushratta, was sent to Egypt. 2102:chronology of other ancient Near Eastern nations 1133:The Mitanni dynasty had ruled over the northern 60:Kingdom of Mitanni at its greatest extent under 3828: 3384: 3382: 2400:17. According to the later, after the death of 2011:Contemporary of Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites 4740: 4531: 4529: 4365: 3745:. Princeton University Press. pp. 39–41. 3667: 3496:Cotticelli-Kurras, P.; Pisaniello, V. (2023), 3301: 2274: 2094:Last king of Mitanni before Assyrian conquest 1253:A Hittite fragment, probably from the time of 630: 601:Paralleling the evolution of Proto-Indo-Aryan 571: 7250: 6481: 6044: 5088: 4473:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 4183:Pfälzner, Peter, and Hasan A. Qasim, (2019). 4166:Pfälzner, Peter, and Hasan A. Qasim, (2017). 4029: 3670:Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen 3491: 3489: 3487: 3024:Astour, "Ḫattusilis̆, Ḫalab, and Ḫanigalbat" 2960: 2958: 2908:, Oxford University Press, pp. 455–528, 2809:"An unpublished Old Babylonian text dated to 1794:, Pilliya of Kizzuwatna, Zidanta II of Hatti 1520:Mitanni had outposts centred on its capital, 865:", which has since become the majority view. 854:after him, supported instead the reading of " 560:, meaning "to unite" and comparable with the 12241:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. 12215: 9719:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk 8312:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 3965:"The Kingdom of Šamšī-Adad and its Legacies" 3379: 3370: 3114:"Hani-Rabbat as the Semitic Name of Mitanni" 2984: 2823:Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (15 April 2008). 2363: 2217:–1460 BC. He sacked the Assyrian capital of 2107: 1268: 12251: 11468:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 7076:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 6058: 4526: 4501: 4499: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 3801:, Oxford University Press, pp. 69–91, 3150:Die Geschichte der Zeitmessung und der Ühre 2980: 2978: 2937:Levantine Polities under Mittanian Hegemony 2822: 2801:, in: H. Hunger and R. Pruzsinszky (eds.), 2621:–1275 BC) relate how the vassal king 2432:) and four to pharaoh Akhenaten (including 1477:The archaeological core zone of Mitanni is 1238:(layer VII, from the later part of the Old 608: 577: 7257: 7243: 6488: 6474: 6095:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3 6051: 6037: 5095: 5081: 4799:(2023), Frans van Koppen (2017) and others 4771: 4005: 4003: 3772:. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. 3682:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3484: 3395: 3356:. Princeton University Press. p. 61. 3353:1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed 2955: 2929: 2899: 1615:Trans-Tigridian region (Northeastern Iraq) 1051:Mitanni's major rival was Egypt under the 725:, mentions a "King of the Hurri," and the 54: 12168:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia 8764:"King of the four quarters of the world" 4303:, in: P.F. Bang, and W. Scheidel (eds.), 3807:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190226909.003.0008 3648: 3509: 3390:"Upper Mesopotamia in the Mittani Period" 2480:The Suppiluliuma-Shattiwaza treaty says: 1543:The major 3rd millennium urban center of 1309:(700–694) as being "Dynasty of Ḫabigal". 667:The Mitanni kingdom was firstly known as 414:, at Babylonia, in two texts of the late 12339:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. 4957:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4496: 4440: 3939: 3867: 3829:Kuz’Mina, E. E.; Mallory, J. P. (2007), 3735: 3711: 3537:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2975: 2964: 2545: 2377: 2198: 1752:First known king, may be also legendary 1500: 1315: 1162: 1071:. Mitanni was now at its peak of power. 1020:of Mitanni expanded the kingdom west to 955: 12313: 12311: 12309: 12184: 6495: 5021: 4871: 4000: 3951: 3792: 3765: 3012: 2033:, also known as Kurtiwaza or Mattiwaza 774:," "Hanu" or "Hana," first attested in 756:," who possibly reigned after 1630 BC. 737:, refers to his kingdom as Hanigalbat. 729:version of the text renders "Hurri" as 14: 12374: 12049: 11279: 11077: 8857: 8848:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 8752: 7676: 4951: 4387:Belmonte-Marin, Juan Antonio, (2015). 3903: 3533: 3498:"Indo-Aryans in the Ancient Near East" 2860: 2829:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 402. 1603:The (2017) salvage excavations at the 1198:Hurrians are mentioned in the private 12329: 12174: 12141: 12136: 12127: 12079: 12018: 12013: 12004: 11999: 11990: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11956: 11822: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11774: 11765: 11755: 11750: 11739: 11730: 11624: 11359: 11266: 11164: 11154: 11040: 10888: 10797: 10619: 10612: 10570: 10494: 10472: 10440: 10426: 10395: 10379: 10253: 10225: 10201: 10156: 10117: 10062: 9998: 9831: 9816: 9793: 9780: 9743: 9593: 9550: 9424: 9400: 9392: 9355: 9293: 9282: 9252: 9236: 9205: 9172: 9152: 9130: 9097: 9006: 8938: 8926: 8885: 8797: 8789: 8717: 8498: 8252: 8245: 8207: 8134: 8116: 8085: 8038: 8004: 7989: 7981: 7968: 7949: 7937: 7920: 7904: 7867: 7820: 7794: 7716: 7681: 7609: 7433: 7402: 7395: 7384: 7365: 7238: 6469: 6451: 6430: 6420: 6338: 6309: 6241: 6217: 6032: 5076: 5000:Weidner, "Assyrien und Hanilgalbat." 4933:Denkschrift Band XXXVII; Wien, 2007; 4826: 4468: 4459:, in: NABU 2019, No. 1, March, p. 34. 4346: 4146: 4144: 3957: 3723: 3609: 3603: 3349: 3060: 2267:During the reign of Egyptian Pharaoh 1635:In 2010, the 3,400-year-old ruins of 1257:, mentions a "King of the Hurrians" ( 740:The earliest attestation of the term 429:–1618 BC), in low middle chronology. 12306: 12282: 5063:Dutch excavations at Tell Sabi Abyad 4240: 4195: 3031:.2 (April 1972:102–109) p 103. 1484: 872:" if the first sign did not end in " 4907:Texte und Studien zur Orientalistik 4557:University Press, 2021, pp. 169-188 4102:32, Rahden/Westf., pp. 85-117, 2014 4090:"The Mittanian Cuneiform Documents" 2851:"Urkesh: The First Hurrian Capital" 2724:Chronology of the ancient Near East 2176:, and the coastal territories from 1290:(1191–1179), who took the title of 1067:to Egypt for marriage with Pharaoh 375:linguistic and political influences 24: 12262:. Getty Publications. p. 14. 12181:Chronology of the Neolithic period 11833: 11463: 11280: 11262:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt 11047: 10938: 10254: 10226: 10169: 9999: 9606: 9260: 7621: 6018:Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions 5103:Ancient states and regions in the 5015: 4189:Zeitschrift fur Orient-Archaologie 4172:Zeitschrift fur Orient-Archaologie 4141: 2914:10.1093/oso/9780190687601.003.0029 1863:Contemporary of Qis-Addu in Terqa 1847:Contemporary of Qis-Addu in Terqa 1599:Southeastern Turkey (Upper Tigris) 1497:Northeastern Syria (Jazira Region) 1055:. However, with the ascent of the 25: 12428: 11838:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 10174:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos 7985:("made the land of Elam submit") 5050: 4851:Sigfried J. de Laet, ed. (1996). 3843:10.1163/ej.9789004160545.i-763.91 1696: 1665:Pottery and other characteristics 1570: 1322:Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni 1090:, who called himself king of the 759:The reading of the Assyrian term 598:thus meant the "united kingdom." 12323: 12276: 12259:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins 12245: 12231: 12209: 12200: 12185: 12175: 9480: 9368: 9363: 9191: 8920: 8915: 8746: 8592: 8587: 8442: 8341: 8272: 8185: 8180: 8050: 8013: 8008: 7998: 7993: 7788: 7438: 7425: 7413: 7378: 7214:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 6705: 4879:Journal of Indo-European Studies 4666: 4644: 4635: 4626: 4617: 4608: 4599: 4590: 4581: 4560: 4550: 4540: 4517: 4508: 4487: 4462: 4430: 4421: 4412: 4403: 4394: 4381: 3070:, in Gephyra 16, November 2018, 2341:was part of Egyptian territory. 1931:Son of Shutarna II, brief reign 1434:that was found in a letter from 1158: 291: 266: 252: 11256:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 4777: 4349:The Archive of the Wullu Family 4340: 4331: 4314: 4293: 4280: 4234: 4223:Puljiz, Ivana, et al., (2019). 4217: 4177: 4160: 4129: 4117: 4105: 4095: 4082: 4072: 4051: 4042: 4016: 3987: 3974: 3897: 3835:The Origin of the Indo-Iranians 3822: 3786: 3759: 3729: 3661: 3642: 3594: 3577: 3564: 3527: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3408: 3343: 3330: 3320: 3295: 3282: 3257: 3248: 3239: 3226: 3209: 3198:von Lieven, Alexandra, (2016). 3192: 3167: 3142: 3133: 3123: 3106: 3094: 3077: 3043: 3034: 3026:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 3018: 2946: 2879: 2870: 2803:Mesopotamian Dark Age Revisited 2734:Cities of the ancient Near East 2678: 1713: 548:, composed of a Hurrian suffix 12397:Former monarchies of West Asia 12191:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia 11329:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 10876:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt 10800:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt 9362:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" 6771:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 6766:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 4909:, 400 (Hildesheim, Olms 1987). 4874:"About the Mitanni-Aryan Gods" 4764: 4734: 4659: 3912:, De Gruyter, pp. 45–92, 3572:"About the Mitanni Aryan Gods" 2843: 2816: 2769: 2764:"About the Mitanni Aryan Gods" 2756: 2729:List of Mesopotamian dynasties 2630:, but there is no exact date. 2592: 2188: 1786:Son of Kirta, contemporary of 1459: 1399:It is generally believed that 1206:, and the Hittite archives in 687:. Egyptians referred to it as 662: 13: 1: 12392:Former countries in West Asia 12161:Muslim conquest of the Levant 11407:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 11350:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 11335:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 11173:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 11043:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 10844:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt 10543:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt 7153:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 6550:Tigris–Euphrates river system 4787:(2009), Pita Kelekna (2009), 4269:De Martino, Stefano, (2018). 4088:de Martino, Stefano, (2024). 3401:De Martino, Stefano, (2014). 3302:Van De Mieroop, Marc (2007). 3275:De Martino, Stefano, (2014). 3173:De Martino, Stefano, (2018). 3049:De Martino, Stefano, (2018). 2749: 2645: 2633: 2615: 2604: 2578: 2562: 2551: 2535: 2409: 2390: 2250: 2211: 2138: 2127: 2086: 2068: 2043: 2021: 2003: 1981: 1941: 1923: 1901: 1873: 1855: 1839: 1820: 1802: 1778: 1744: 1655: 1648: 1556: 1548: 1532:, most likely at the site of 1168: 1149: 1138: 984: 961: 782:region, near the vicinity of 554:added to the Indo-Aryan stem 423: 400: 389: 324: 313: 220: 206: 168: 151: 120:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 64: 46: 42: 10710:Fourth Babylonian dynasty (" 7444:(Uruk influence or control) 5270:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia 4772:§ Indo-Aryan influences 4759:Ḫa-ni-gal-bat, Ḫa-ni-rab-bat 4758: 4726: 4710: 4286:Oselini, Valentina, (2020). 4192:17th/early 16th century BC). 4009:Oselini, Valentina, (2020). 3232:Redford, Donald B., (1979). 2985:Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). 2473:. In another Amarna letter ( 2348:conducted campaigns against 1678:particularly appreciated in 830: 824:" and its alternative form " 819: 805: 769: 716: 655: 649: 643: 641:evolved into the later form 637: 603: 594: 587:to unite, pair, couple, meet 556: 550: 544: 464: 457:of a distinct pottery type, 358:-speaking state in northern 7: 11404:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 10443:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt 10242:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9789:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9783:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9043:(Vassals of the Akkadians) 8030:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 7431:(Anonymous "King-priests") 7386:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 7219:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary 7101:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 7096:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 4836:. Oxford University Press. 4833:The Kingdom of the Hittites 4320:Barjamovic, Gojko, (2020). 4307:, Oxford University Press, 4299:Barjamovic, Gojko, (2012). 4035:De Martino, Stefano, 2018. 3993:Coppini, Costanza, (2022). 3837:, Brill, pp. 321–346, 3672:. Vol. IV. Heidelberg. 3668:Mayrhofer, M. (1986–2000). 3504:, Brill, pp. 332–345, 3083:Yener, Aslihan K., (2021). 2826:A Dictionary of Archaeology 2797:van Koppen, Frans, (2004). 2717: 2667:, destroyed it utterly and 2275:Artatama I and Shuttarna II 2210:reigned as King of Mitanni 1607:in the right bank of upper 1172: 16th–15th century BC 965: 15th/14th century BC 683:, in two texts of the late 625: 566: 10: 12433: 12196: 12031:Sasanian conquest of Egypt 11458: 11341:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 11225: 11199: 11151:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 10497:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt 10262:Third Babylonian dynasty ( 10159:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 10121:Second Intermediate Period 8931:(vassal of the Akkadians) 8319: 7464:Early or legendary kings: 7224:Chicago Hittite Dictionary 4806: 4750: 4718: 4702: 4469:Moran, William L. (1992). 3971:, p. 142, and footnote 16. 3906:"The Early Kassite Period" 3904:Koppen, Frans van (2017), 3769:The Horse in Human History 3622:Princeton University Press 3066:Bryce, Trevor R., (2018). 2935:von Dassow, Eva, (2014). " 2682: 2637: 2596: 2539: 2367: 2278: 2192: 2111: 1888:, contemporary of pharaoh 1325: 1319: 951: 946: 477: 469: 449:in the east, and north to 319:–1260 BC), earlier called 12387:Ancient Upper Mesopotamia 12165: 12158: 12151: 12122: 12072: 12069: 12028: 11987: 11953: 11934: 11776:Parthamaspates of Parthia 11762: 11727: 11586: 11554: 11347: 11326: 11253: 11250: 11156:Assyrian conquest of Elam 11149: 11037: 11003: 10937: 10898: 10762: 10751: 10708: 10536:Third Intermediate Period 10351: 10222: 10066:Second Babylonian dynasty 10011:("Old Babylonian Period") 9777: 9729: 9493: 9461: 9433:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt 9405: 9389: 9336: 9333: 9316: 9238: 9223: 9182: 9149: 9095: 9079: 9053: 9045: 9016: 8941:First Intermediate Period 8935: 8911: 8867: 8852: 8836: 8811: 8802: 8776: 8771: 8583: 8562: 8543: 8534: 8495: 8470: 8453: 8429: 8416: 8411: 8397: 8382: 8373: 8325: 8301: 8226: 8166: 8149: 8114: 8093: 8087:Early Dynastic Period III 8035: 8019: 7947: 7945: 7934: 7861: 7812: 7802: 7713: 7690: 7606: 7537: 7468: 7451: 7448: 7389: 7362: 7289: 7273: 7191: 7145: 7119: 7023: 6920: 6813: 6721: 6714: 6703: 6585: 6512: 6503: 6448: 6427: 6415: 6412: 6405: 6402: 6384: 6374: 6357: 6350: 6348: 6314: 6302: 6293: 6284: 6279: 6251: 6234: 6205: 6190: 6185: 6164: 6159: 6147: 6137: 6125: 6115: 6097: 6094: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6067: 6005: 5899: 5640: 5173: 5115: 5033:10.1515/9783111360805-007 4941:; pp. 389–401. 4347:Grosz, Katarzyna (1988). 4241:Tübingen, University of. 4022:Pfalzner, Peter, (2007). 3918:10.1515/9781501503566-002 3882:10.1017/9781009261753.021 3583:Devecchi, Elena, (2018). 3570:Fournet, Arnaud, (2010). 3511:10.1163/9789004548633_014 3288:Lauinger, Jacob, (2020). 3215:von Dassow, Eva, (2022). 3112:Valério, Miguel, (2011). 2775:Devecchi, Elena, (2018). 2762:Fournet, Arnaud, (2010). 2693:(1270s–1240s) King 2364:Artashumara and Tushratta 2108:Parattarna I / Barattarna 1909:Daughter marries pharaoh 1305:(705–681 BC) and his son 1269:After the fall of Mitanni 1074:However, by the reign of 631: 572: 323:in old Babylonian texts, 231: 227: 213: 200: 196: 186: 182: 165: 148: 144: 136: 128: 110:Historical Vedic religion 102: 84: 74: 53: 41: 34: 12154:Muslim conquest of Egypt 11618:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 11449:Cleopatra VII Philopator 10946:Eight Babylonian Dynasty 10008:First Babylonian dynasty 9746:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt 9250:(vassal of the Gutians) 8947:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt 7939:Early Dynastic Period II 6076:Northwestern Mesopotamia 4872:Fournet, Arnaud (2010). 4374:Maidman, M. P., (2010). 3984:, in Zenodo 2018, p. 11. 3737:Beckwith, Christopher I. 3697:Sigfried J. de Laet 1996 3217:"Mittani and Its Empire" 2965:Gauthier, Henri (1926). 2902:"Mittani and Its Empire" 2900:von Dassow, Eva (2022), 1734:founder, maybe mythical 1001:, an officer of pharaoh 882:New University of Lisbon 12239:"Rulers of Mesopotamia" 11982:Province of Mesopotamia 11791:Province of Mesopotamia 11767:Province of Mesopotamia 11742:Roman conquest of Egypt 11583:Antigonus II Mattathias 11377:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 10950:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 9427:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 8953:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 8261:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt 7796:Early Dynastic Period I 7719:Second Dynasty of Egypt 4785:Christopher I. Beckwith 4742:Hanikalbat, Khanigalbat 4741: 3963:Eidem, Jasper, (2014). 3350:Cline, Eric H. (2014). 2739:History of the Hittites 2185:remained with Mitanni. 1442:ended in the region of 1340:origins. Starting from 1265:indicating a country). 1086:and after this his son 735:Akkadian Amarna letters 344: 11839: 11621:Philip II Philoromaeus 11615:Antiochus XII Dionysus 11609:Demetrius III Eucaerus 11606:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 11597:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 11469: 11437:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 11392:Arsinoe III Philopator 11285: 11053: 10943: 10780:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 10712:Second Dynasty of Isin 10259: 10232: 10175: 10004: 9887:(Non-dynastic usurpers 9611: 9296:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt 9265: 9155:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt 8720:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 8501:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 8328:Second kingdom of Mari 8041:Third Dynasty of Egypt 7975:Dumuzid, the Fisherman 7627: 7618:First Dynasty of Egypt 7056:Babylonian mathematics 6236:Middle Hittite Kingdom 5863:Luwian-Aramaean states 4793:Elena Efimovna Kuzmina 4301:"Mesopotamian Empires" 3793:Parpola, Asko (2015), 3766:Kelekna, Pita (2009). 3610:Drews, Robert (1989). 3388:Novák, Mirko, (2013). 2574: 2558: 2487: 2386: 2337:on the Orontes River; 2233:(1390–1366 BC). 2204: 1764:Son of Kirta based on 1577:Tell Hammam et-Turkman 1506: 1175: 1146:Middle Assyrian Empire 1007:Annals of Thutmose III 968: 796:Middle Assyrian period 418:, during the reign of 404: 21st century BC 287:Middle Assyrian Empire 215:• Disestablished 12225:The Ancient Near East 12143:Byzantine Mesopotamia 12057:Province of Asoristan 12020:Byzantine Mesopotamia 11837: 11830:Province of Asoristan 11612:Philip I Philadelphus 11600:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 11594:Antiochus VIII Grypus 11591:Seleucus V Philometor 11546:Antiochus VII Sidetes 11540:Antiochus VI Dionysus 11467: 11440:Berenice IV Epiphanea 11401:Ptolemy VI Philometor 11389:Ptolemy IV Philopator 11386:Berenice II Euergetis 11383:Ptolemy III Euergetes 11284: 11202:Neo-Babylonian Empire 11112:Marduk-apla-iddina II 11109:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 11100:Marduk-apla-iddina II 11051: 11006:Humban-Tahrid dynasty 10942: 10663:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 10353:Middle Elamite period 10258: 10230: 10173: 10003: 9610: 9264: 9019:Third kingdom of Mari 8740:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 7815:First kingdom of Mari 7625: 7612:Early Dynastic Period 7454:Proto-Dynastic period 6359:Neo-Babylonian Empire 6192:Old Babylonian Empire 6107:Early Dynastic period 5714:Neo-Babylonian Empire 5298:Canaanite city-states 4455:Mladjov, I., (2019). 3799:The Roots of Hinduism 2570: 2549: 2482: 2381: 2202: 1619:To the east of upper 1504: 1413:Indo-Aryan migrations 1316:Indo-Aryan influences 1166: 1130:annexed the kingdom. 959: 701:to the Hittites, and 685:Old Babylonian period 416:Old Babylonian period 85:Common languages 11588:Alexander II Zabinas 11452:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 11428:Ptolemy XI Alexander 11410:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 10965:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 10953:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 10777:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 10718:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 10342:Marduk-apla-iddina I 10236:New Kingdom of Egypt 10059:Early Kassite rulers 9353:(Vassals of Ur III) 9334:(Vassals of UR III) 8734:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 8704:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 8255:Old Kingdom of Egypt 7051:Babylonian astronomy 6530:Mesopotamian Marshes 6086:Southern Mesopotamia 6081:Northern Mesopotamia 5997:Tanukhid confederacy 5832:New Kingdom of Egypt 4714:Mi-ta-an-ni; Mittani 2389:Artašumara, reigned 1810:Son of Parattarna I 1376:, between the kings 1259:LUGAL ERÍN.MEŠ Hurri 681:ḫa-bi-in-ga-al-ba-at 677:ḫa-bi-in-gal-ba-ti-i 45:1600 BC – 12093:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 11603:Antiochus X Eusebes 11431:Ptolemy XII Auletes 11422:Ptolemy X Alexander 11416:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 11395:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 11080:Neo-Assyrian Empire 10968:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 10901:Neo-Assyrian Empire 10724:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 10615:Syro-Hittite states 10321:Shagarakti-Shuriash 9994:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 8988:Neferkare Pepiseneb 8887:Akkadian Governors: 7391:Pre-Dynastic period 7132:Destruction by ISIL 7086:Sumerian literature 7061:Akkadian literature 6497:Ancient Mesopotamia 6340:Neo-Assyrian Empire 6254:Bronze Age Collapse 6187:Old Hittite Kingdom 6161:Old Assyrian period 6139:Third Dynasty of Ur 5709:Neo-Assyrian Empire 5492:Paleo-Syrian states 4857:UNESCO Publishing. 4816:, Routledge, 2003, 4150:Ay, Eyyüp, (2021). 2561:Shattiwaza reigned 1234:, and tablets from 527:(1550–1069 BC) 202:• Established 12407:Indo-Aryan peoples 12319:Sumerian King List 12133:Palaestina Secunda 12010:Palaestina Secunda 11840: 11571:Alexander Jannaeus 11470: 11460:Hellenistic Period 11286: 11054: 11032:Humban-haltash III 10996:Nabu-shuma-ukin II 10944: 10909:Tukulti-Ninurta II 10890:Kingdom of Samaria 10786:Mar-biti-apla-usur 10783:Shirikti-shuqamuna 10753:Neo-Elamite period 10736:Marduk-shapik-zeri 10721:Itti-Marduk-balatu 10702:Tiglath-Pileser II 10699:Ashur-resh-ishi II 10654:Enlil-kudurri-usur 10345:Zababa-shuma-iddin 10330:Kadashman-Harbe II 10315:Kadashman-Enlil II 10260: 10233: 10176: 10005: 9991:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 9988:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 9979:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 9738:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 9612: 9266: 8641:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 8022:Old Elamite period 7914:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher 7767:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 7684:Jemdet Nasr period 7628: 7168:Mesopotamian myths 6196:Southern Akkadians 6103:Jemdet Nasr period 5952:Herodian Tetrarchy 4797:Alexander Lubotsky 4641:Bryce 2005, p. 314 4471:The Amarna Letters 3290:"Statue of Idrimi" 2669:sowed salt over it 2603:Shattuara reigned 2559: 2387: 2205: 1507: 1421:Alexander Lubotsky 1401:Indo-Aryan peoples 1292:King of Hanigalbat 1176: 1099:(1365–1330 BC) of 969: 36:Kingdom of Mitanni 12369: 12368: 12363: 12362: 12359: 12358: 12346:978-1-62564-606-4 12331:Unger, Merrill F. 12299:978-0-14-193825-7 12269:978-1-60606-649-2 12036:Province of Egypt 11967:Province of Egypt 11747:Province of Egypt 11489:Antigonid dynasty 11289:Achaemenid Empire 11210:Nebuchadnezzar II 11118:Ashur-nadin-shumi 10987:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 10959:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 10774:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 10742:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 10733:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 10675:Asharid-apal-Ekur 10672:Tiglath-Pileser I 10669:Ashur-resh-ishi I 10657:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 10645:Tukulti-Ninurta I 10592:Kingdom of Israel 10560:Osorkon the Elder 10481:Shutrukid dynasty 10366:Igehalkid dynasty 10333:Adad-shuma-iddina 10327:Enlil-nadin-shumi 10294:Kadashman-Enlil I 10288:Kadashman-harbe I 9732:Sukkalmah dynasty 9596:Isin-Larsa period 9418:Shimashki Dynasty 9144:Puzur-Inshushinak 8743:Netjerkare Siptah 8513:Neferirkare Kakai 8058:Egyptian pyramids 7267:Ancient Near East 7232: 7231: 7183:Ziggurat (Temple) 7158:Sumerian religion 6916: 6915: 6863:Middle Babylonian 6805:Kish civilization 6701: 6700: 6525:Lower Mesopotamia 6520:Upper Mesopotamia 6463: 6462: 6458: 6457: 6386:Macedonian Empire 6376:Achaemenid Empire 6249:c. 1200–1150 BCE 6232:c. 1400–1200 BCE 6203:c. 1600–1400 BCE 6183:c. 1800–1600 BCE 6145:c. 2000–1800 BCE 6135:c. 2100–2000 BCE 6123:c. 2200–2100 BCE 6113:c. 2350–2200 BCE 6092:c. 3500–2350 BCE 6026: 6025: 5967:Nabataean Kingdom 5942:Hasmonean dynasty 5937:Ghassanid Kingdom 5650:Achaemenid Empire 5486:Ib'al Confederacy 5125:Kish civilization 5042:978-3-11-136080-5 5007:Wilhelm, Gernot: 4939:978-3-7001-3527-2 4864:978-92-3-102811-3 4843:978-0-19-927908-1 4756: 4724: 4708: 4400:Cline 2014, p. 61 4358:978-87-7289-040-1 3927:978-1-5015-0356-6 3891:978-1-009-26175-3 3852:978-90-474-2071-2 3816:978-0-19-022690-9 3779:978-0-521-51659-4 3752:978-0-691-13589-2 3714:, pp. 39–41. 3612:"Chariot Warfare" 3521:978-90-04-54863-3 3313:978-1-4051-4911-2 2923:978-0-19-068760-1 2836:978-0-470-75196-1 2557:–1350 BC, Mitanni 2240:in the west, and 2098: 2097: 2076:Son of Shattuara 1707:Middle chronology 1680:Upper Mesopotamia 1485:Upper Mesopotamia 1479:Upper Mesopotamia 1405:Upper Mesopotamia 1307:Ashur-nadin-shumi 1288:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 999:Battle of Megiddo 929:" being read as " 748:, along with the 653:had given way to 647:, where the stem 540: 539: 528: 503: 502: 499: 498: 307: 306: 303: 302: 299: 298: 279: 278: 16:(Redirected from 12424: 12351: 12350: 12327: 12321: 12315: 12304: 12303: 12280: 12274: 12273: 12252:Thomas, Ariane; 12249: 12243: 12242: 12235: 12229: 12228: 12213: 12207: 12204: 12189: 12179: 12129:Palaestina Prima 12075:Byzantine Empire 12006:Palaestina Prima 11993:Byzantine Empire 11972:Syria Palaestina 11937:Palmyrene Empire 11923:Bahram VI Chobin 11786:Syria Palaestina 11574:Salome Alexandra 11557:Kingdom of Judea 11543:Diodotus Tryphon 11398:Cleopatra I Syra 11374:Ptolemy Keraunos 11142:Ashur-uballit II 11139:Sin-shumu-lishir 11133:Ashur-etil-ilani 11088:Sargonid dynasty 10981:Marduk-apla-usur 10962:Nabu-apla-iddina 10956:Shamash-mudammiq 10912:Ashurnasirpal II 10895:Kingdom of Judah 10739:Adad-apla-iddina 10730:Enlil-nadin-apli 10727:Nebuchadnezzar I 10651:Ashur-nirari III 10648:Ashur-nadin-apli 10486:Shutruk-Nakhunte 10371:Untash-Napirisha 10360:Kidinuid dynasty 9958:Shamshi-Adad III 9666:Dynasty of Larsa 9484: 9372: 9367: 9195: 9048:Shar-Kali-Sharri 8982:Neferkare Tereru 8970:Neferkare Khendu 8924: 8919: 8750: 8709:Kiku-siwe-tempti 8596: 8591: 8446: 8375:Kish III dynasty 8345: 8276: 8189: 8184: 8089:(2600–2340 BCE) 8054: 8017: 8012: 8002: 7997: 7941:(2700–2600 BCE) 7798:(2900–2700 BCE) 7792: 7709:(3100–2700 BCE) 7688:(3100–2900 BCE) 7442: 7429: 7417: 7393:(4000–2900 BCE) 7382: 7281: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7236: 7235: 7081:Sumerian cuisine 7071:Warfare in Sumer 7066:Economy of Sumer 6719: 6718: 6709: 6593:Fertile Crescent 6577:Sinjar Mountains 6572:Hamrin Mountains 6567:Zagros Mountains 6545:Taurus Mountains 6510: 6509: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6467: 6466: 6436:Byzantine Empire 6311:Middle Babylonia 6277:c. 1150–911 BCE 6070: 6069: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6030: 6029: 5977:Palmyrene Empire 5947:Herodian kingdom 5921:Byzantine Empire 5736:Israel (Samaria) 5097: 5090: 5083: 5074: 5073: 5046: 4988: 4944:Starr, R. F. S. 4895: 4893: 4891: 4868: 4847: 4800: 4781: 4775: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4755:romanized: 4754: 4752: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4729: 4723:romanized: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4707:romanized: 4706: 4704: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4663: 4651: 4648: 4642: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4567: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4533: 4524: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4494: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4466: 4460: 4453: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4419: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4392: 4385: 4379: 4372: 4363: 4362: 4344: 4338: 4335: 4329: 4318: 4312: 4297: 4291: 4284: 4278: 4267: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4238: 4232: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4199: 4193: 4181: 4175: 4164: 4158: 4148: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4058: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4033: 4027: 4020: 4014: 4007: 3998: 3991: 3985: 3978: 3972: 3961: 3955: 3954:, p. 69–91. 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3865: 3856: 3855: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3681: 3673: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3581: 3575: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3513: 3493: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3417: 3412: 3406: 3399: 3393: 3386: 3377: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3347: 3341: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3299: 3293: 3286: 3280: 3273: 3264: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3230: 3224: 3213: 3207: 3196: 3190: 3171: 3165: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3081: 3075: 3064: 3058: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3032: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3001: 3000: 2982: 2973: 2972: 2962: 2953: 2950: 2944: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2897: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2820: 2814: 2795: 2784: 2773: 2767: 2760: 2744:Seven-dots glyph 2650: 2647: 2620: 2617: 2609: 2606: 2583: 2580: 2567: 2564: 2556: 2553: 2414: 2411: 2395: 2392: 2302:. Kilu-Hepa, or 2255: 2252: 2216: 2213: 2143: 2140: 2132: 2129: 2091: 2088: 2073: 2070: 2048: 2045: 2026: 2023: 2008: 2005: 1986: 1983: 1949:Contemporary of 1946: 1943: 1928: 1925: 1906: 1903: 1878: 1875: 1860: 1857: 1844: 1841: 1825: 1822: 1807: 1804: 1783: 1780: 1749: 1746: 1712: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1565:Tall Al-Hamidiya 1561: 1558: 1553: 1550: 1338:Proto-Indo-Aryan 1173: 1170: 1154: 1151: 1143: 1140: 1135:Euphrates-Tigris 1082:and his brother 989: 986: 966: 963: 836: 827: 822: 816: 808: 801: 786:(capital of the 772: 766: 719: 658: 652: 646: 640: 634: 633: 628: 623:, into Sanskrit 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 606: 597: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 575: 574: 569: 559: 553: 547: 526: 482: 481: 478: 474: 473: 439:Taurus Mountains 428: 425: 405: 402: 394: 391: 349: 329: 326: 318: 315: 295: 294: 283: 282: 270: 269: 256: 255: 249: 248: 233: 232: 222: 208: 170: 153: 115:Hurrian religion 69: 66: 58: 48: 44: 32: 31: 21: 18:Mitannian Empire 12432: 12431: 12427: 12426: 12425: 12423: 12422: 12421: 12372: 12371: 12370: 12365: 12364: 12355: 12354: 12347: 12328: 12324: 12316: 12307: 12300: 12281: 12277: 12270: 12250: 12246: 12237: 12236: 12232: 12214: 12210: 12205: 12201: 12138:Byzantine Syria 12124:Byzantine Egypt 12099:Farrukh Hormizd 12059: 12055: 12052:Sasanian Empire 12038: 12034: 12015:Byzantine Syria 12001:Byzantine Egypt 11940: 11832: 11828: 11825:Sasanian Empire 11745: 11650:Mithridates III 11630: 11627:Parthian Empire 11560: 11499:Seleucid Empire 11496: 11486: 11462: 11371:Ptolemy I Soter 11369: 11366:Ptolemaic Egypt 11338: 11332: 11292: 11274: 11270: 11268:Kings of Byblos 11259: 11231: 11205: 11176: 11170: 11144: 11124:Mushezib-Marduk 11094:Tiglath-Pileser 11092: 11083: 11060: 11046: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11009: 11001: 10999:Nabu-mukin-zeri 10993:Nabu-nadin-zeri 10978:Marduk-bel-zeri 10971:Baba-aha-iddina 10948: 10925:Adad-nirari III 10915:Shalmaneser III 10904: 10893: 10892: 10879: 10873: 10872: 10870:Menkheperre Ini 10847: 10840: 10839: 10803: 10789:Nabû-mukin-apli 10766: 10755:(1100–540 BCE) 10748:Nabu-shum-libur 10716: 10693:Ashur-nirari IV 10687:Ashurnasirpal I 10684:Shamshi-Adad IV 10630:Ashur-uballit I 10625: 10607: 10603: 10599: 10595: 10589: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10578:Kings of Byblos 10576: 10546: 10539: 10533: 10532: 10501: 10500: 10484: 10478: 10446: 10433: 10432: 10414:Neferneferuaten 10374: 10373: 10369: 10363: 10357: 10356:(1500–1100 BCE) 10348:Enlil-nadin-ahi 10336:Adad-shuma-usur 10324:Kashtiliashu IV 10312:Kadashman-Turgu 10297:Burnaburiash II 10276:Kashtiliash III 10268: 10245: 10239: 10209: 10208:(1600–1260 BCE) 10207: 10177: 10168: 10162: 10150: 10144: 10140: 10134: 10130: 10124: 10104: 10099:Peshgaldaramesh 10094: 10084: 10074: 10070:Sealand Dynasty 10067: 10064: 10063: 10057: 10056: 10019: 10012: 10010: 9985:Ashur-nirari II 9964:Puzur-Ashur III 9952:Shamshi-Adad II 9923: 9921: 9919:Adaside dynasty 9916: 9915: 9890: 9888: 9886: 9885: 9848: 9846: 9844: 9837: 9828: 9822: 9811: 9807: 9805:Kings of Byblos 9803: 9797: 9786: 9749: 9736: 9735: 9717:Uruk VI dynasty 9715: 9664: 9615:Dynasty of Isin 9605: 9599: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9531: 9525: 9518: 9514: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9485: 9479: 9475: 9469: 9466: 9436: 9430: 9412: 9373: 9361: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9323: 9313: 9299: 9283: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9256: 9249: 9245: 9231: 9227: 9218: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9200: 9196: 9190: 9186: 9177:(2150–2000 BCE) 9158: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9090: 9086: 9074: 9070: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9022: 9012: 8967:Djedkare Shemai 8956: 8950: 8944: 8930: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8876:Sargon of Akkad 8874: 8873: 8870:Akkadian Empire 8862:(2340–2150 BCE) 8860:Akkadian Period 8847: 8843: 8831: 8827: 8806: 8794: 8784: 8780: 8763: 8759: 8745: 8723: 8702: 8700: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8652: 8643: 8629: 8625: 8613: 8609: 8597: 8568: 8565: 8559: 8547: 8538: 8505: 8504: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8448: 8447: 8441: 8437: 8436: 8424: 8423: 8407: 8404: 8392: 8388: 8377: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8331: 8323:(2500-539 BCE) 8311: 8307: 8277: 8271: 8264: 8258: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8200: 8194: 8190: 8176: 8172: 8162: 8159: 8155: 8143: 8139: 8129: 8125: 8123: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8061: 8055: 8049: 8045: 8044: 8028: 8027: 8026:(2700–1500 BCE) 8025: 7973: 7962: 7925:("conqueror of 7911: 7895: 7888: 7878: 7864: 7845: 7841: 7836: 7827: 7818: 7810: 7807: 7787: 7723: 7722: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7687: 7629: 7615: 7602: 7543: 7474: 7463: 7457: 7443: 7437: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7410:(4000–3100 BCE) 7409: 7403: 7377: 7371: 7343: 7324: 7314: 7287: 7285: 7269: 7263: 7233: 7228: 7187: 7141: 7115: 7024:Culture/society 7019: 6912: 6908:Muslim conquest 6878:Fall of Babylon 6809: 6710: 6697: 6581: 6499: 6494: 6464: 6459: 6453:Sassanid Empire 6422:Parthian Empire 6417:Seleucid Empire 6407:Seleucid Empire 6326: 6320: 6297: 6288: 6117:Akkadian Empire 6063: 6057: 6027: 6022: 6001: 5992:Sasanian Empire 5987:Seleucid Empire 5982:Parthian Empire 5932:Emesene Dynasty 5895: 5741:Israel (united) 5656:Aramaean states 5636: 5183:Akkadian Empire 5169: 5111: 5101: 5053: 5043: 5018: 5016:Further reading 4889: 4887: 4865: 4844: 4812:Bryce, Trevor, 4809: 4804: 4803: 4782: 4778: 4769: 4765: 4739: 4735: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4441: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4386: 4382: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4319: 4315: 4298: 4294: 4285: 4281: 4268: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4239: 4235: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4182: 4178: 4165: 4161: 4149: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4096: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4034: 4030: 4021: 4017: 4008: 4001: 3992: 3988: 3979: 3975: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3866: 3859: 3853: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3675: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3582: 3578: 3569: 3565: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3494: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3409: 3400: 3396: 3387: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3348: 3344: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3300: 3296: 3287: 3283: 3274: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3231: 3227: 3214: 3210: 3197: 3193: 3172: 3168: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3124: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3082: 3078: 3065: 3061: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3004: 2983: 2976: 2963: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2898: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2861: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2821: 2817: 2796: 2787: 2774: 2770: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2720: 2687: 2681: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2618: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2581: 2565: 2554: 2550:Cylinder seal, 2544: 2538: 2412: 2393: 2376: 2368:Main articles: 2366: 2298:was married to 2287: 2279:Main articles: 2277: 2253: 2214: 2197: 2191: 2141: 2130: 2116: 2110: 2089: 2071: 2046: 2024: 2006: 1991:Ashur-uballit I 1984: 1944: 1926: 1913:in his year 10 1904: 1876: 1858: 1842: 1823: 1805: 1781: 1747: 1699: 1667: 1658: 1654:-1350 BC) and ( 1651: 1645:Iraqi Kurdistan 1617: 1601: 1573: 1559: 1551: 1499: 1487: 1462: 1380:of Mitanni and 1330: 1324: 1318: 1296:Tell Sabi Abyad 1271: 1171: 1167:Cylinder seal, 1161: 1152: 1141: 1137:region between 1114:In the capital 1097:Ashur-uballit I 987: 964: 954: 949: 915: 904: 897: 863: 834: 806:KUR Ḫa-nu AN.TA 788:Kingdom of Hana 744:can be read in 727:Assyro-Akkadian 665: 620: 617: 614: 611: 589: 586: 583: 580: 525: 509: 491: 489: 472: 467: 426: 403: 392: 327: 316: 292: 267: 253: 216: 203: 172: 155: 124: 95: 91: 70: 67: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12430: 12420: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12367: 12366: 12361: 12360: 12357: 12356: 12353: 12352: 12345: 12322: 12305: 12298: 12275: 12268: 12254:Potts, Timothy 12244: 12230: 12208: 12198: 12197: 12194: 12193: 12183: 12172: 12171: 12164: 12157: 12150: 12146: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12126: 12120: 12119: 12078: 12071: 12067: 12066: 12048: 12027: 12023: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12003: 11997: 11996: 11989: 11985: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11963: 11962: 11955: 11951: 11950: 11933: 11929: 11928: 11821: 11817: 11816: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11779: 11778: 11773: 11764: 11760: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11737: 11736: 11729: 11728:30 BCE–116 CE 11725: 11724: 11662:Mithridates IV 11644:Mithridates II 11623: 11585: 11580:Aristobulus II 11553: 11549: 11548: 11473:Argead dynasty 11457: 11362:Argead dynasty 11358: 11354: 11353: 11345: 11344: 11324: 11323: 11315:Artaxerxes III 11278: 11276:Kings of Sidon 11265: 11252: 11248: 11247: 11224: 11219:Labashi-Marduk 11198: 11163: 11159: 11158: 11153: 11147: 11146: 11121:Nergal-ushezib 11076: 11057:Black Pharaohs 11039: 11035: 11034: 11002: 10975:Ninurta-apla-X 10936: 10934:Ashur-nirari V 10928:Shalmaneser IV 10918:Shamshi-Adad V 10906:Adad-nirari II 10897: 10887: 10796: 10792: 10791: 10761: 10757: 10756: 10750: 10707: 10690:Shalmaneser II 10678:Ashur-bel-kala 10666:Mutakkil-Nusku 10622:Middle Assyria 10618: 10611: 10586:Kings of Sidon 10569: 10493: 10492:1155–1025 BCE 10489: 10488: 10475:Elamite Empire 10471: 10438: 10437: 10429:Hittite Empire 10425: 10393: 10392: 10377: 10376: 10350: 10339:Meli-Shipak II 10309:Nazi-Maruttash 10273:Burnaburiash I 10252: 10224: 10223:1531–1155 BCE 10220: 10219: 10200: 10155: 10115: 10114: 10061: 9997: 9982:Enlil-Nasir II 9961:Ashur-nirari I 9955:Ishme-Dagan II 9946:Sharma-Adad II 9898:Ashur-apla-idi 9889:1735–1701 BCE) 9868:Ashur-apla-idi 9850:Shamshi-Adad I 9845:1808–1736 BCE) 9830: 9825:Yamhad dynasty 9815: 9813:Kings of Sidon 9792: 9779: 9778:1800–1595 BCE 9775: 9774: 9741: 9740: 9728: 9592: 9582:Puzur-Ashur II 9549: 9492: 9459: 9458: 9453:Mentuhotep III 9422: 9421: 9404: 9399: 9391: 9390:2025-1763 BCE 9387: 9386: 9358:Ur III dynasty 9354: 9335: 9332: 9328: 9327: 9315: 9304:Neferkare VIII 9292: 9288: 9287: 9280: 9279: 9251: 9237: 9235: 9222: 9208:Gutian dynasty 9204: 9180: 9179: 9171: 9166:Nebkaure Khety 9160:Meryibre Khety 9151: 9147: 9146: 9129: 9096: 9094: 9078: 9051: 9050: 9044: 9015: 9005: 8991:Neferkamin Anu 8964:Neferkare Neby 8937: 8933: 8932: 8928:Lugal-ushumgal 8925: 8910: 8906: 8905: 8884: 8865: 8864: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8835: 8822: 8820: 8816: 8815: 8810: 8801: 8796: 8788: 8775: 8770: 8766: 8765: 8761:Lugalannemundu 8751: 8716: 8712: 8711: 8706: 8692: 8675: 8656: 8647: 8638: 8633: 8617: 8604: 8600: 8599: 8582: 8577: 8573: 8572: 8561: 8552: 8551: 8542: 8533: 8528:Djedkare Isesi 8525:Menkauhor Kaiu 8497: 8493: 8492: 8469: 8452: 8428: 8426:Pabilgagaltuku 8415: 8410: 8396: 8385:Akshak dynasty 8381: 8372: 8324: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8300: 8251: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8225: 8210:Enun-dara-anna 8205: 8204: 8165: 8148: 8133: 8115: 8113: 8091: 8090: 8084: 8037: 8033: 8032: 8018: 8003: 7987: 7986: 7979: 7978: 7967: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7936: 7932: 7931: 7918: 7917: 7903: 7866: 7859: 7858: 7834:Kullassina-bel 7819: 7811: 7800: 7799: 7793: 7715: 7711: 7710: 7689: 7680: 7675: 7626:Narmer Palette 7608: 7607:3100–2900 BCE 7604: 7603: 7536: 7466: 7465: 7450: 7449:3200–3100 BCE 7446: 7445: 7432: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7388: 7383: 7364: 7363:4000–3200 BCE 7360: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7318: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7275: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7265:Rulers of the 7262: 7261: 7254: 7247: 7239: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7204:Assyriologists 7201: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7111:List of rulers 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7027: 7025: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 7000:Proto-Armenian 6997: 6992: 6987: 6985:Middle Persian 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6926: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6873:Neo-Babylonian 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6853:Old Babylonian 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6823:Early Dynastic 6819: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6727: 6725: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6557: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6516: 6514: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6493: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6470: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6446: 6445: 6429: 6428:63 BCE–224 CE 6425: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6391:Ancient Greeks 6383: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6369: 6368: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6313: 6308: 6301: 6292: 6283: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6266: 6250: 6246: 6245: 6243:Middle Assyria 6240: 6238: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6216: 6204: 6200: 6199: 6189: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6163: 6158: 6146: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6132: 6131: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6056: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6033: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6013:Amarna letters 6009: 6007: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5913:Roman Republic 5905: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5834: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5459: 5454: 5442: 5440:Hittite Empire 5437: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5194:Amorite states 5190: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5100: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5052: 5051:External links 5049: 5048: 5047: 5041: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4969:10.2307/595878 4963:(4): 301–317. 4949: 4948:(London 1938). 4942: 4930: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4903: 4896: 4869: 4863: 4848: 4842: 4824: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4776: 4763: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4657: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4643: 4634: 4625: 4616: 4607: 4598: 4589: 4580: 4568: 4559: 4549: 4539: 4525: 4516: 4507: 4495: 4486: 4479: 4461: 4439: 4429: 4420: 4411: 4402: 4393: 4380: 4364: 4357: 4339: 4330: 4313: 4292: 4279: 4259: 4233: 4216: 4194: 4176: 4159: 4140: 4128: 4116: 4104: 4094: 4081: 4071: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4028: 4015: 3999: 3986: 3973: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3926: 3896: 3890: 3857: 3851: 3821: 3815: 3785: 3778: 3758: 3751: 3728: 3716: 3701: 3699:, p. 562. 3689: 3660: 3641: 3634: 3602: 3593: 3576: 3563: 3550:10.2307/595878 3526: 3520: 3483: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3436: 3427: 3418: 3407: 3394: 3378: 3369: 3363:978-1400849987 3362: 3342: 3329: 3319: 3312: 3294: 3281: 3265: 3256: 3247: 3238: 3225: 3208: 3191: 3166: 3141: 3132: 3122: 3105: 3101:Miguel Valério 3093: 3076: 3059: 3042: 3033: 3017: 3002: 2974: 2954: 2945: 2928: 2922: 2887: 2878: 2869: 2859: 2842: 2835: 2815: 2785: 2768: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2719: 2716: 2683:Main article: 2680: 2677: 2638:Main article: 2635: 2632: 2597:Main article: 2594: 2591: 2540:Main article: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2512: 2408:, who reigned 2384:British Museum 2365: 2362: 2276: 2273: 2254: 1400 BC 2236:The states of 2193:Main article: 2190: 2187: 2112:Main article: 2109: 2106: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2090: 1265 BC 2084: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2072: 1285 BC 2066: 2060: 2059: 2049: 2047: 1305 BC 2041: 2035: 2034: 2031:Hittite Empire 2029:Vassal of the 2027: 2025: 1330 BC 2019: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2007: 1330 BC 2001: 1995: 1994: 1987: 1985: 1335 BC 1979: 1973: 1972: 1970:Amarna letters 1951:Suppiluliuma I 1947: 1945: 1358 BC 1939: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1360 BC 1921: 1915: 1914: 1907: 1905: 1380 BC 1899: 1893: 1892: 1879: 1877: 1400 BC 1871: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1425 BC 1853: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1435 BC 1837: 1833: 1832: 1826: 1824: 1465 BC 1818: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1485 BC 1800: 1796: 1795: 1784: 1782: 1500 BC 1776: 1770: 1769: 1762: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1540 BC 1742: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1705:All dates are 1698: 1697:Mitanni rulers 1695: 1666: 1663: 1616: 1613: 1600: 1597: 1572: 1571:Northern Syria 1569: 1534:Tell Fekheriye 1498: 1495: 1486: 1483: 1461: 1458: 1392:language, but 1382:Šuppiluliuma I 1320:Main article: 1317: 1314: 1270: 1267: 1160: 1157: 1109:Suppiluliuma I 1057:Hittite Empire 953: 950: 948: 945: 925:," just like " 913: 902: 895: 861: 848:J. A. Knudtzon 832: 675:, attested as 664: 661: 538: 537: 534: 533: 530: 529: 515: 514: 505: 504: 501: 500: 497: 496: 493: 486: 471: 468: 466: 463: 445:in the south, 393: 2300 BC 362:and southeast 328: 1600 BC 305: 304: 301: 300: 297: 296: 289: 280: 277: 276: 271: 263: 262: 260:Hittite Empire 257: 245: 244: 239: 229: 228: 225: 224: 217: 214: 211: 210: 204: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 188: 187:Historical era 184: 183: 180: 179: 173: 166: 163: 162: 156: 149: 146: 145: 142: 141: 138: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 123: 122: 117: 112: 106: 104: 100: 99: 86: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 68: 1490 BC 59: 51: 50: 39: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12429: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12377: 12348: 12342: 12338: 12337: 12332: 12326: 12320: 12314: 12312: 12310: 12301: 12295: 12291: 12290: 12285: 12284:Roux, Georges 12279: 12271: 12265: 12261: 12260: 12255: 12248: 12240: 12234: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12212: 12203: 12199: 12195: 12192: 12188: 12182: 12178: 12173: 12170: 12169: 12163: 12162: 12156: 12155: 12148: 12147: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12130: 12125: 12121: 12118: 12115: 12112: 12111:Yazdegerd III 12109: 12106: 12103: 12100: 12097: 12094: 12091: 12088: 12085: 12082: 12077: 12076: 12068: 12065: 12062: 12058: 12054: 12053: 12047: 12044: 12043:Sahralanyozan 12041: 12037: 12032: 12025: 12024: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12007: 12002: 11998: 11995: 11994: 11986: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11964: 11961: 11960: 11952: 11949: 11946: 11943: 11939: 11938: 11931: 11930: 11927: 11924: 11921: 11918: 11915: 11912: 11909: 11906: 11903: 11900: 11897: 11894: 11891: 11888: 11885: 11882: 11879: 11876: 11873: 11870: 11867: 11864: 11861: 11858: 11855: 11852: 11849: 11846: 11843: 11836: 11831: 11827: 11826: 11819: 11818: 11815: 11812: 11809: 11806: 11803: 11800: 11799:Mithridates V 11797: 11796:Sinatruces II 11792: 11787: 11781: 11780: 11777: 11772: 11768: 11761: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11735: 11734: 11726: 11723: 11720: 11719:Artabanus III 11717: 11714: 11711: 11708: 11705: 11702: 11699: 11696: 11693: 11690: 11689:Tiridates III 11687: 11684: 11681: 11678: 11675: 11672: 11669: 11666: 11663: 11660: 11657: 11654: 11651: 11648: 11645: 11642: 11639: 11636: 11633: 11632:Mithridates I 11629: 11628: 11622: 11619: 11616: 11613: 11610: 11607: 11604: 11601: 11598: 11595: 11592: 11589: 11584: 11581: 11578: 11575: 11572: 11569: 11568:Aristobulus I 11566: 11565:John Hyrcanus 11563: 11559: 11558: 11551: 11550: 11547: 11544: 11541: 11538: 11535: 11534:Alexander III 11532: 11529: 11526: 11523: 11520: 11519:Antiochus III 11517: 11514: 11511: 11508: 11505: 11501: 11500: 11495: 11491: 11490: 11485: 11482: 11479: 11478:Alexander III 11475: 11474: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11453: 11450: 11447: 11444: 11441: 11438: 11435: 11432: 11429: 11426: 11423: 11420: 11417: 11414: 11413:Cleopatra III 11411: 11408: 11405: 11402: 11399: 11396: 11393: 11390: 11387: 11384: 11381: 11378: 11375: 11372: 11368: 11367: 11363: 11356: 11355: 11352: 11351: 11346: 11343: 11342: 11337: 11336: 11331: 11330: 11325: 11322: 11319: 11318:Artaxerxes IV 11316: 11313: 11312:Artaxerxes II 11310: 11307: 11304: 11301: 11298: 11295: 11291: 11290: 11283: 11277: 11273: 11272:Kings of Tyre 11269: 11263: 11258: 11257: 11249: 11246: 11243: 11240: 11237: 11234: 11230: 11229: 11228:Median Empire 11223: 11220: 11217: 11214: 11211: 11208: 11204: 11203: 11197: 11194: 11191: 11188: 11185: 11182: 11179: 11175: 11174: 11169: 11168: 11161: 11160: 11157: 11152: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11137: 11136:Sinsharishkun 11134: 11131: 11128: 11125: 11122: 11119: 11116: 11113: 11110: 11107: 11104: 11101: 11098: 11095: 11091: 11089: 11082: 11081: 11075: 11072: 11069: 11066: 11063: 11058: 11050: 11045: 11044: 11036: 11033: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11008: 11007: 11000: 10997: 10994: 10991: 10988: 10985: 10982: 10979: 10976: 10973:(five kings) 10972: 10969: 10966: 10963: 10960: 10957: 10954: 10951: 10947: 10941: 10935: 10932: 10931:Ashur-Dan III 10929: 10926: 10922: 10919: 10916: 10913: 10910: 10907: 10903: 10902: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10885: 10882: 10878: 10877: 10871: 10868: 10865: 10862: 10859: 10856: 10853: 10850: 10846: 10845: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10830: 10827: 10824: 10821: 10818: 10815: 10812: 10809: 10806: 10802: 10801: 10794: 10793: 10790: 10787: 10784: 10781: 10778: 10775: 10772: 10771:Ea-mukin-zeri 10769: 10768:Simbar-shipak 10765: 10760:1025–934 BCE 10759: 10758: 10754: 10749: 10746: 10743: 10740: 10737: 10734: 10731: 10728: 10725: 10722: 10719: 10715: 10713: 10706: 10703: 10700: 10697: 10696:Ashur-rabi II 10694: 10691: 10688: 10685: 10682: 10681:Eriba-Adad II 10679: 10676: 10673: 10670: 10667: 10664: 10661: 10658: 10655: 10652: 10649: 10646: 10643: 10642:Shalmaneser I 10640: 10639:Adad-nirari I 10637: 10634: 10631: 10628: 10624: 10623: 10617: 10616: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10593: 10587: 10583: 10582:Kings of Tyre 10579: 10575: 10574: 10568: 10567: 10564: 10561: 10558: 10555: 10552: 10549: 10545: 10544: 10538: 10537: 10531: 10528: 10525: 10522: 10521:Ramesses VIII 10519: 10516: 10513: 10510: 10507: 10504: 10499: 10498: 10491: 10490: 10487: 10483: 10482: 10477: 10476: 10470: 10467: 10464: 10461: 10458: 10455: 10452: 10449: 10445: 10444: 10439: 10436: 10431: 10430: 10424: 10421: 10418: 10415: 10412: 10411: 10407: 10404: 10403:Amenhotep III 10401: 10398: 10394: 10391: 10388: 10385: 10382: 10378: 10375: 10372: 10368: 10367: 10362: 10361: 10354: 10349: 10346: 10343: 10340: 10337: 10334: 10331: 10328: 10325: 10322: 10319: 10316: 10313: 10310: 10307: 10304: 10301: 10298: 10295: 10292: 10289: 10286: 10283: 10280: 10277: 10274: 10271: 10267: 10265: 10257: 10251: 10248: 10244: 10243: 10238: 10237: 10229: 10221: 10218: 10215: 10212: 10206: 10205: 10199: 10196: 10193: 10190: 10187: 10186: 10182: 10181: 10172: 10166: 10161: 10160: 10154: 10153: 10149: 10148: 10143: 10139: 10138: 10133: 10129: 10128: 10123: 10122: 10116: 10113: 10110: 10109:Melamkurkurra 10107: 10103: 10102:Ayadaragalama 10100: 10097: 10093: 10090: 10087: 10083: 10080: 10079:Itti-ili-nibi 10077: 10073: 10071: 10060: 10055: 10052: 10049: 10046: 10043: 10040: 10037: 10034: 10031: 10028: 10025: 10022: 10018: 10016: 10009: 10002: 9996: 9995: 9992: 9989: 9986: 9983: 9980: 9977: 9974: 9973:Ashur-shaduni 9971: 9968: 9967:Enlil-nasir I 9965: 9962: 9959: 9956: 9953: 9950: 9947: 9944: 9941: 9938: 9935: 9932: 9931:Sharma-Adad I 9929: 9926: 9922:1700–722 BCE) 9920: 9914: 9911: 9908: 9905: 9902: 9899: 9896: 9893: 9884: 9881: 9878: 9875: 9872: 9869: 9866: 9863: 9860: 9857: 9854: 9853:Ishme-Dagan I 9851: 9842: 9836: 9835: 9826: 9821: 9820: 9814: 9810: 9809:Kings of Tyre 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9790: 9785: 9784: 9776: 9773: 9770: 9767: 9766:Amenemhat III 9764: 9761: 9758: 9755: 9752: 9748: 9747: 9742: 9739: 9734: 9733: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9707: 9704: 9701: 9698: 9695: 9692: 9689: 9686: 9683: 9680: 9677: 9674: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9660: 9657: 9654: 9651: 9648: 9645: 9642: 9639: 9636: 9633: 9630: 9627: 9624: 9621: 9617: 9616: 9609: 9603: 9598: 9597: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9558:Puzur-Ashur I 9555: 9554: 9547: 9543: 9540: 9537: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9523: 9517: 9509: 9505: 9500: 9497: 9491: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9465: 9464:Third Eblaite 9460: 9457: 9456:Mentuhotep IV 9454: 9451: 9450:Mentuhotep II 9448: 9445: 9442: 9439: 9435: 9434: 9429: 9428: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9409: 9403: 9398: 9396: 9388: 9385: 9382: 9379: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9360: 9359: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9330: 9329: 9326: 9322: 9320: 9314: 9311: 9308: 9307:Wahkare Khety 9305: 9302: 9298: 9297: 9290: 9289: 9286: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9248: 9244: 9242: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9221: 9217: 9210: 9209: 9203: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9175:Ur III period 9170: 9167: 9164: 9163:Neferkare VII 9161: 9157: 9156: 9148: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9110:Ur-Ningirsu I 9107: 9103: 9101: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9083: 9077: 9073: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9049: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9026: 9021: 9020: 9014: 9011: 9004: 9001: 8998: 8995: 8992: 8989: 8986: 8983: 8980: 8977: 8974: 8971: 8968: 8965: 8962: 8959: 8955: 8954: 8949: 8948: 8943: 8942: 8934: 8929: 8923: 8918: 8914: 8908: 8907: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8883: 8880: 8877: 8872: 8871: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8855: 8851: 8846: 8842: 8840: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8814: 8809: 8805: 8800: 8793: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8774: 8768: 8767: 8762: 8758: 8756: 8749: 8744: 8741: 8738: 8735: 8732: 8729: 8726: 8722: 8721: 8714: 8713: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8699: 8697: 8693: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8676: 8673: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8645:Lugal-kisalsi 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8622: 8618: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8595: 8590: 8586: 8581: 8578: 8575: 8574: 8571: 8567: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8550: 8546: 8541: 8537: 8532: 8529: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8517: 8514: 8511: 8508: 8503: 8502: 8494: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8474: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8451: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8433: 8427: 8422: 8420: 8414: 8409: 8403: 8401: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8386: 8380: 8376: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8344: 8339: 8335: 8330: 8329: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8310: 8306: 8305: 8299: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8288: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8267: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8256: 8249: 8248: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8230: 8224: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8206: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8154: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8132: 8128: 8122: 8120: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8067: 8064: 8059: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8042: 8034: 8031: 8024: 8023: 8016: 8011: 8007: 8001: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7944: 7940: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7910: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7898: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7877: 7874: 7871: 7865: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7839: 7838:Nangishlishma 7835: 7831: 7826: 7824: 7817: 7816: 7809: 7806: 7805:First Eblaite 7801: 7797: 7791: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7778: 7777: 7773: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7764:Seth-Peribsen 7762: 7761: 7757: 7756: 7752: 7751: 7747: 7746: 7742: 7741: 7737: 7736: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7725:Hotepsekhemwy 7721: 7720: 7712: 7706: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7694: 7693:Proto-Elamite 7686: 7685: 7679: 7674: 7673: 7669: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7624: 7620: 7619: 7614: 7613: 7605: 7601: 7600: 7596: 7595:Double Falcon 7593: 7592: 7588: 7587: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7577: 7573: 7572: 7568: 7567: 7563: 7562: 7558: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7541: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7523: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7512: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7502: 7501: 7497: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7484: 7483: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7461: 7456: 7455: 7447: 7441: 7436: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7408: 7407: 7401: 7398: 7392: 7387: 7381: 7376: 7375: 7370: 7369: 7361: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7283: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7272: 7268: 7260: 7255: 7253: 7248: 7246: 7241: 7240: 7237: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7144: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6717: 6713: 6708: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6540:Syrian Desert 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6486: 6484: 6479: 6477: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6454: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6423: 6418: 6411: 6408: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6345: 6344: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6312: 6307: 6306: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6239: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6171: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6155: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6054: 6049: 6047: 6042: 6040: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5901:Classical Age 5898: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5662:Aram-Damascus 5660: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5220:First Babylon 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5093: 5091: 5086: 5084: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5010: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4992:9781934309148 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4920: 4918:9781883053505 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4828:Bryce, Trevor 4825: 4823: 4822:0-415-25857-X 4819: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4773: 4767: 4760: 4748: 4743: 4737: 4728: 4715: 4713: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4662: 4658: 4647: 4638: 4629: 4620: 4611: 4602: 4593: 4584: 4575: 4573: 4563: 4553: 4543: 4536: 4532: 4530: 4520: 4511: 4502: 4500: 4490: 4482: 4480:0-8018-4251-4 4476: 4472: 4465: 4458: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4433: 4424: 4415: 4406: 4397: 4390: 4384: 4377: 4371: 4369: 4360: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4334: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4289: 4283: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4264: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4204: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4114:149–176, 2018 4112: 4108: 4098: 4091: 4085: 4075: 4066: 4064: 4054: 4045: 4038: 4032: 4025: 4019: 4012: 4006: 4004: 3996: 3990: 3983: 3977: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3940:Lubotsky 2023 3936: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3893: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3862: 3854: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3818: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3781: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3762: 3754: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3732: 3726:, p. 55. 3725: 3720: 3713: 3712:Beckwith 2009 3708: 3706: 3698: 3693: 3685: 3679: 3671: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3637: 3635:0-691-02951-2 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3597: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3573: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3544:(4): 301–17. 3543: 3539: 3538: 3530: 3523: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3451: 3444: 3440: 3431: 3422: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3398: 3391: 3385: 3383: 3373: 3365: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3346: 3339: 3336:George Roux, 3333: 3323: 3315: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3291: 3285: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3260: 3251: 3242: 3235: 3229: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3136: 3126: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3102: 3097: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3037: 3030: 3027: 3021: 3015:, p. 11. 3014: 3009: 3007: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2981: 2979: 2971:. p. 25. 2970: 2969: 2961: 2959: 2949: 2943:. pp. 11-32. 2942: 2938: 2932: 2925: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2882: 2873: 2863: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2838: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2819: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2765: 2759: 2755: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2691:Shalmaneser I 2686: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2624: 2613: 2612:Adad-nirari I 2600: 2590: 2587: 2573: 2569: 2548: 2543: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2507:made king of 2506: 2502: 2498: 2497:Shuttarna III 2493: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2444:). A note in 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2416: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2398:Amarna letter 2385: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319:Amenhotep III 2315: 2313: 2309: 2308:Amenhotep III 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2286: 2282: 2272: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2209: 2201: 2196: 2186: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2136: 2126:. He reigned 2125: 2121: 2115: 2105: 2103: 2093: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2057:Adad-nirari I 2054: 2050: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2002: 2000: 1999:Shuttarna III 1997: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1962:Amenhotep III 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1911:Amenhotep III 1908: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1838: 1836:Parattarna II 1835: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1673: 1662: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1568: 1566: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1503: 1494: 1492: 1491:Jazira Region 1482: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1468: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1407:and northern 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1329: 1323: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1277: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1165: 1159:Early kingdom 1156: 1155:and 1260 BC. 1147: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1128:Shalmaneser I 1125: 1124:Khabur Valley 1121: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1069:Amenhotep III 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1024:and made the 1023: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 982: 978: 974: 958: 944: 942: 937: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 909: 905: 898: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 864: 857: 853: 852:E. A. Speiser 849: 845: 841: 837: 835: 823: 821: 811: 809: 807: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 771: 762: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 718: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 691: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 660: 657: 651: 645: 639: 627: 605: 599: 596: 568: 563: 558: 552: 546: 536: 535: 532: 531: 524: 520: 517: 516: 513: 507: 506: 494: 487: 484: 483: 480: 479: 476: 475: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 430: 421: 417: 413: 409: 398: 387: 383: 378: 376: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 354:texts, was a 353: 348: 347: 341: 337: 333: 322: 311: 290: 288: 285: 284: 281: 275: 272: 265: 264: 261: 258: 251: 250: 247: 246: 243: 240: 238: 235: 234: 230: 226: 218: 212: 209:1600 BC 205: 199: 195: 192: 189: 185: 181: 177: 174: 164: 161:(first known) 160: 157: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 107: 105: 101: 98: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 77: 73: 63: 57: 52: 40: 33: 30: 19: 12335: 12325: 12289:Ancient Iraq 12288: 12278: 12258: 12247: 12233: 12224: 12211: 12202: 12166: 12159: 12152: 12081:Ardashir III 12073: 12050: 11991: 11959:Roman Empire 11957: 11935: 11893:Yazdegerd II 11823: 11814:Artabanus IV 11811:Vologases VI 11802:Vologases IV 11733:Roman Empire 11731: 11716:Vologases II 11692:Artabanus II 11686:Artabanus II 11671:Tiridates II 11659:Phraates III 11625: 11562:Simon Thassi 11555: 11537:Demetrius II 11525:Antiochus IV 11516:Seleucus III 11510:Antiochus II 11497: 11487: 11484:Alexander IV 11471: 11459: 11443:Ptolemy XIII 11425:Berenice III 11419:Cleopatra IV 11360: 11357:331–141 BCE 11348: 11339: 11333: 11327: 11306:Artaxerxes I 11287: 11254: 11251:539–331 BCE 11226: 11207:Nabopolassar 11200: 11171: 11165: 11162:626–539 BCE 11130:Ashurbanipal 11085: 11084: 11078: 11041: 11038:745–609 BCE 11004: 10984:Eriba-Marduk 10945: 10899: 10874: 10842: 10841: 10831: 10820:Shoshenq III 10798: 10795:911–745 BCE 10763: 10745:Marduk-zer-X 10709: 10705:Ashur-dan II 10636:Arik-den-ili 10633:Enlil-nirari 10627:Eriba-Adad I 10620: 10613: 10590: 10571: 10566:Psusennes II 10541: 10540: 10534: 10518:Ramesses VII 10506:Ramesses III 10495: 10479: 10473: 10441: 10427: 10408: 10397:Amenhotep II 10390:Thutmose III 10364: 10358: 10355: 10306:Kurigalzu II 10300:Kara-hardash 10270:Agum-Kakrime 10261: 10240: 10234: 10203: 10202: 10185:'Aper-'Anati 10183: 10178: 10157: 10151: 10145: 10141: 10135: 10131: 10125: 10119: 10118: 10082:Damqi-ilishu 10065: 10054:Samsu-Ditana 10036:Sin-muballit 10027:Sin-muballit 10006: 9976:Ashur-rabi I 9841:Shamshi-Adad 9838: 9832: 9817: 9787: 9781: 9769:Amenemhat IV 9763:Senusret III 9757:Amenemhat II 9744: 9730: 9716: 9665: 9662:Damiq-ilishu 9632:Lipit-Eshtar 9613: 9594: 9551: 9519: 9515: 9499:Shakkanakkus 9462: 9438:Mentuhotep I 9431: 9425: 9406: 9393: 9356: 9350:Puzur-Ishtar 9317: 9312: 9294: 9247:Lugalannatum 9239: 9206: 9173: 9153: 9132:Hishep-Ratep 9098: 9080: 9017: 9007: 8961:Neferkare II 8951: 8945: 8939: 8886: 8868: 8858: 8837: 8790:Invasion by 8753: 8718: 8694: 8686:Enannatum II 8650:E-iginimpa'e 8619: 8611:Igrish-Halam 8522:Nyuserre Ini 8499: 8473:Awan dynasty 8471: 8430: 8417: 8398: 8383: 8374: 8358:Ishtup-Ishar 8338:Iku-Shamagan 8334:Ikun-Shamash 8326: 8304:Ur I dynasty 8302: 8295: 8284: 8259: 8253: 8227: 8208: 8167: 8150: 8135: 8117: 8076: 8068: 8039: 8020: 7983:Enmebaragesi 7969: 7950: 7921: 7912: 7905: 7868: 7863: 7843:En-tarah-ana 7828: 7821: 7813: 7803: 7779: 7776:Neferkasokar 7774: 7769: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7717: 7697: 7691: 7682: 7670: 7665: 7616: 7610: 7597: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7538: 7524: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7477:Finger Snail 7475: 7469: 7452: 7421:Anu Ziggurat 7404: 7372: 7366: 7284:Territories/ 7106:Royal titles 7031:Architecture 6868:Neo-Assyrian 6715:(Pre)history 6657: 6535:Persian Gulf 6439: 6432:Ancient Rome 6403:311–129 BCE 6389: 6382:336–301 BCE 6372:539–331 BCE 6362: 6355:626–539 BCE 6346:729–609 BCE 6336:911–729 BCE 6327: 6321: 6315: 6303: 6268: 6258: 6252: 6222: 6210: 6206: 6195: 6172: 6151: 6126: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6059:Timeline of 5917:Roman Empire 5909:Ancient Rome 5861: 5836: 5718: 5654: 5622: 5578: 5554: 5490: 5461: 5444: 5296: 5192: 5135:Chagar Bazar 5059:(livius.org) 5024: 5009:The Hurrians 5008: 5001: 4960: 4956: 4953:Thieme, Paul 4945: 4923: 4906: 4899: 4890:27 September 4888:. Retrieved 4883: 4877: 4853: 4832: 4813: 4789:Asko Parpola 4779: 4766: 4736: 4717:or Hittite: 4703:𒆳𒌷𒈪𒋫𒀭𒉌 4661: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4610: 4601: 4592: 4583: 4562: 4552: 4542: 4519: 4510: 4489: 4470: 4464: 4432: 4423: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4383: 4348: 4342: 4333: 4325: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4295: 4282: 4274: 4250:. Retrieved 4246: 4236: 4228: 4219: 4207:. Retrieved 4197: 4188: 4179: 4171: 4162: 4155: 4131: 4119: 4107: 4097: 4084: 4074: 4053: 4044: 4031: 4018: 3989: 3976: 3968: 3959: 3952:Parpola 2015 3947: 3935: 3909: 3899: 3873: 3834: 3824: 3798: 3788: 3768: 3761: 3741: 3731: 3719: 3692: 3669: 3663: 3657:(3). Vienna. 3654: 3650: 3644: 3616: 3605: 3596: 3588: 3579: 3566: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3501: 3477: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3410: 3397: 3372: 3351: 3345: 3338:Ancient Iraq 3337: 3332: 3322: 3303: 3297: 3284: 3259: 3250: 3241: 3228: 3220: 3211: 3203: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3135: 3125: 3117: 3108: 3096: 3088: 3079: 3071: 3062: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3028: 3025: 3020: 3013:Fournet 2010 2987: 2967: 2948: 2940: 2931: 2905: 2881: 2872: 2862: 2854: 2845: 2825: 2818: 2807:footnote 65: 2806: 2802: 2780: 2771: 2758: 2695:Shattuara II 2688: 2685:Shattuara II 2679:Shattuara II 2659:, Amasakku, 2643: 2602: 2575: 2571: 2560: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2450: 2417: 2402:Shuttarna II 2388: 2343: 2316: 2291:Shuttarna II 2288: 2285:Shuttarna II 2269:Amenhotep II 2266: 2235: 2231:Eriba-Adad I 2206: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2146: 2135:Thutmose III 2117: 2099: 2082:Shattuara II 1966:Amenhotep IV 1897:Shuttarna II 1890:Amenhotep II 1881:Treaty with 1774:Parattarna I 1700: 1692: 1675:Kamares Ware 1668: 1634: 1618: 1602: 1574: 1542: 1530:Khabur River 1519: 1508: 1488: 1476: 1463: 1453: 1447: 1431: 1429: 1398: 1390:Indo-Iranian 1346:throne names 1331: 1311: 1300: 1286:, father of 1281: 1272: 1262: 1258: 1252: 1223: 1197: 1178:As early as 1177: 1132: 1113: 1105: 1088:Shuttarna II 1076:Eriba-Adad I 1073: 1061:Shuttarna II 1050: 1011: 1003:Thutmose III 996: 976: 972: 970: 940: 938: 935: 930: 926: 922: 918: 911: 907: 900: 893: 889: 885: 877: 873: 869: 867: 859: 855: 843: 839: 828: 817: 812: 803: 800:𒌷𒆳𒄩𒉡𒀭𒋫 798:, a phrase " 767: 760: 758: 741: 739: 730: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 688: 680: 676: 668: 666: 635:), the name 600: 592:). The name 541: 431: 411: 379: 366:(modern-day 342:records, or 335: 331: 320: 309: 308: 242:Succeeded by 241: 236: 176:Shattuara II 29: 12221:Simpson, W. 12149:639–651 CE 12096:Azarmidokht 12087:Khosrow III 12070:628–641 CE 12026:618–628 CE 11988:395–618 CE 11954:273–395 CE 11942:Vaballathus 11932:270–273 CE 11896:Hormizd III 11881:Yazdegerd I 11872:Ardashir II 11866:Adur Narseh 11820:224–270 CE 11808:Vologases V 11782:117–224 CE 11763:116–117 CE 11710:Vardanes II 11707:Vologases I 11698:Gotarzes II 11668:Phraates IV 11638:Hyspaosines 11577:Hyrcanus II 11552:141–30 BCE 11531:Demetrius I 11528:Antiochus V 11522:Seleucus IV 11513:Seleucus II 11507:Antiochus I 11494:Antigonus I 11446:Ptolemy XIV 11434:Cleopatra V 11216:Neriglissar 11213:Amel-Marduk 11196:Psamtik III 11167:Late Period 11106:Sennacherib 11097:Shalmaneser 11024:Tammaritu I 10921:Shammuramat 10864:Takelot III 10861:Osorkon III 10858:Shoshenq VI 10833:Pedubast II 10823:Shoshenq IV 10811:Shoshenq II 10660:Ashur-dan I 10601:Ish-bosheth 10554:Psusennes I 10530:Ramesses XI 10524:Ramesses IX 10515:Ramesses VI 10509:Ramesses IV 10454:Ramesses II 10417:Tutankhamun 10400:Thutmose IV 10384:Thutmose II 10318:Kudur-Enlil 10303:Nazi-Bugash 10291:Kurigalzu I 10279:Ulamburiash 10250:Amenhotep I 10231:Tutankhamun 10217:Parshatatar 10214:Shuttarna I 10147:Seventeenth 10076:Ilum-ma-ili 10051:Ammi-saduqa 10048:Ammi-ditana 10042:Samsu-iluna 9949:Erishum III 9910:Adad-salulu 9907:Ipqi-Ishtar 9895:Ashur-dugul 9880:Adad-salulu 9877:Ipqi-Ishtar 9865:Ashur-dugul 9834:Old Assyria 9829:(Amorites) 9772:Sobekneferu 9760:Senusret II 9751:Amenemhat I 9723:Sîn-iribam 9700:Sin-Iqisham 9694:Sin-Iddinam 9644:Erra-imitti 9641:Lipit-Enlil 9629:Ishme-Dagan 9626:Iddin-Dagan 9562:Shalim-ahum 9553:Old Assyria 9539:Yasmah-Adad 9516:Lim Dynasty 9508:Hanun-Dagan 9504:Hitial-Erra 9269:Ur-Ningirsu 9225:Kuda (Uruk) 9198:Ishgum-Addu 9188:Ishtup-Ilum 9040:Ishma-Dagan 9025:Shakkanakku 9003:Neferirkare 9000:Neferkauhor 8903:Ili-ishmani 8882:Manishtushu 8845:Lugalzagesi 8841:III dynasty 8825:Puzur-Nirah 8540:Ishar-Malik 8519:Shepseskare 8309:Mesannepada 8234:Nin-kisalsi 8222:Lugal-kitun 8192:Meskalamdug 8178:Ur-Pabilsag 7991:Aga of Kish 7900:Barsal-nuna 7785:Khasekhemwy 7771:Neferkara I 7750:Weneg-Nebty 7728:Nebra/Raneb 7540:Lower Egypt 7526:Scorpion II 7471:Upper Egypt 7423:, 4000 BCE) 7406:Uruk period 7209:Hittitology 7199:Assyriology 7120:Archaeology 6990:Old Persian 6800:Jemdet Nasr 6449:224–mid 7C 6413:129–63 BCE 6395:Macedonians 6290:city-states 6286:Neo-Hittite 6261:Sea Peoples 6177:city-states 6156:city-states 6099:Uruk period 6061:Mesopotamia 5682:Bit Bahiani 5467:Tell Hadidi 4727:Mi-it-ta-ni 2993:John Murray 2811:Ammi-saduqa 2655:, and took 2649: 1285 2619: 1307 2608: 1305 2593:Shattuara I 2582: 1450 2566: 1330 2555: 1500 2413: 1358 2394: 1360 2370:Artashumara 2346:Tudḫaliya I 2300:Thutmose IV 2215: 1480 2208:Shaushtatar 2195:Shaushtatar 2189:Shaushtatar 2142: 1510 2131: 1500 1993:in Assyria 1977:Artatama II 1919:Artashumara 1886:Thutmose IV 1816:Shaushtatar 1799:Parshatatar 1758:Shuttarna I 1659: 1350 1652: 1550 1593:Tell Hadidi 1560: 1300 1552: 1600 1511:Khabur Ware 1472:Khabur ware 1467:Samsu-iluna 1460:Archaeology 1436:Tell Leilan 1403:settled in 1342:Shuttarna I 1303:Sennacherib 1218:texts from 1189:Hattusili I 1153: 1350 1142: 1600 1084:Artatama II 1042:Shaushtatar 1014:Shuttarna I 988: 1550 917:" include " 906:" denotes " 886:Hani-Rabbat 754:Ḫattušili I 707:Ḫani-Rabbat 673:Ammi-Saduqa 669:Ḫabingalbat 663:Ḫani-Rabbat 523:New Kingdom 512:hieroglyphs 427: 1638 420:Ammi-Saduqa 406:), king of 336:Hani-Rabbat 317: 1550 237:Preceded by 12376:Categories 12105:Khosrow IV 12102:Hormizd VI 12084:Shahrbaraz 12061:Khosrow II 12046:Shahrbaraz 12040:Shahrbaraz 11920:Khosrow II 11917:Hormizd IV 11875:Shapur III 11863:Hormizd II 11857:Bahram III 11842:Ardashir I 11713:Pacorus II 11704:Vonones II 11701:Meherdates 11695:Vardanes I 11680:Orodes III 11677:Phraates V 11656:Sinatruces 11504:Seleucus I 11481:Philip III 11455:Arsinoe IV 11380:Arsinoe II 11321:Darius III 11187:Psamtik II 11127:Esarhaddon 11020:Ummanigash 10990:Nabonassar 10884:Bakenranef 10855:Pedubast I 10852:Takelot II 10849:Harsiese A 10837:Osorkon IV 10829:Shoshenq V 10817:Osorkon II 10805:Shoshenq I 10551:Amenemnisu 10527:Ramesses X 10512:Ramesses V 10460:Amenmesses 10448:Ramesses I 10410:Smenkhkare 10387:Hatshepsut 10381:Thutmose I 10285:Karaindash 10024:Sumu-la-El 9856:Mut-Ashkur 9847:(Amorites) 9754:Senusret I 9713:Rim-Sin II 9703:Silli-Adad 9697:Sin-Eribam 9659:Suen-magir 9656:Ur-du-kuga 9653:Iter-pisha 9647:Enlil-bani 9635:Ur-Ninurta 9623:Shu-Ilishu 9620:Ishbi-Erra 9590:Erishum II 9536:Yahdun-Lim 9533:Yaggid-Lim 9346:Tura-Dagan 9325:Utu-hengal 9301:Meryhathor 9277:Nam-mahani 9243:II dynasty 9212:(21 kings) 9106:Puzer-Mama 9102:II dynasty 9084:IV dynasty 8997:Neferkaure 8994:Qakare Ibi 8985:Neferkahor 8976:Neferkamin 8895:Ilshu-rabi 8786:Ishqi-Mari 8782:Ikun-Ishar 8778:Enna-Dagan 8698:II dynasty 8672:Bara-irnun 8627:Puzur-Suen 8623:IV dynasty 8615:Irkab-Damu 8560:(3 kings) 8486:Ukkutahesh 8459:Meskiagnun 8455:A'annepada 8402:II dynasty 8297:Thamphthis 8293:Shepseskaf 8242:Lugal-dalu 8141:Udulkalama 8121:II dynasty 8063:Sekhemkhet 7971:Lugalbanda 7897:Melem-Kish 7893:En-me-nuna 7678:Canaanites 7672:Horus Bird 7637:Neithhotep 7510:Scorpion I 7460:Naqada III 7173:Divination 6883:Achaemenid 6848:Isin-Larsa 6741:Trialetian 6736:Mousterian 6723:Prehistory 6173:and other 6152:and other 5869:Carchemish 5850:Nabataeans 5667:Aram Rehob 5435:Carchemish 5245:Third Mari 5225:Third Ebla 5175:Bronze Age 5130:Tell Halaf 5117:Copper Age 4886:(1): 26–40 4783:Including 3724:Bryce 2005 3624:. p. 2995:. p. 2750:References 2657:Washukanni 2640:Wasashatta 2634:Wasashatta 2628:Mursili II 2542:Shattiwaza 2536:Shattiwaza 2517:Kizzuwatna 2509:Carchemish 2501:Shattiwaza 2465:, king of 2438:Queen Tiye 2415:-1335 BC. 2350:Kizzuwatna 2296:Artatama I 2281:Artatama I 2262:winged sun 2227:Washukanni 2178:Kizzuwatna 2149:Carchemish 2064:Wasashatta 2051:Vassal of 2017:Shattiwaza 1869:Artatama I 1641:Bronze Age 1589:Artatama I 1585:Saushtatar 1526:headwaters 1522:Washukanni 1386:Washukanni 1334:Indo-Aryan 1326:See also: 1276:rump state 1240:Babylonian 1202:texts, in 1185:Thutmose I 1120:Shattiwaza 1116:Washukanni 1053:Thutmosids 1038:Kizzuwatna 1018:Barattarna 997:After the 992:Thutmose I 983:'s reign ( 790:) and the 761:Ḫanigalbat 742:Ḫanigalbat 731:Hanigalbat 703:Ḫanigalbat 607:, meaning 435:Kizzuwatna 412:Ḫabigalbat 372:Indo-Aryan 332:Hanigalbat 321:Ḫabigalbat 191:Bronze Age 129:Government 79:Washukanni 62:Barattarna 12217:Hallo, W. 12114:Peroz III 11948:Antiochus 11914:Khosrow I 11884:Shapur IV 11878:Bahram IV 11869:Shapur II 11854:Bahram II 11848:Hormizd I 11805:Osroes II 11683:Vonones I 11665:Orodes II 11641:Artabanus 11309:Darius II 11236:Phraortes 11222:Nabonidus 11193:Ahmose II 11181:Psamtik I 11074:Tanutamun 10923:(regent) 10814:Takelot I 10808:Osorkon I 10573:Phoenicia 10557:Amenemope 10503:Setnakhte 10457:Merneptah 10406:Akhenaten 10189:Sakir-Har 10127:Sixteenth 10106:Akurduana 10092:Gulkishar 10089:Shushushi 10045:Abi-eshuh 10039:Hammurabi 10021:Sumu-abum 9943:Shu-Ninua 9934:Iptar-Sin 9904:Sin-namir 9901:Nasir-Sin 9892:Puzur-Sin 9874:Sin-namir 9871:Nasir-Sin 9725:Sîn-gāmil 9721:Sîn-kāšid 9709:Rim-Sin I 9706:Warad-Sin 9586:Naram-Sin 9570:Erishum I 9566:Ilu-shuma 9542:Zimri-Lim 9490:Indilimma 9477:Ibbit-Lim 9447:Intef III 9410:invasions 9397:invasions 9342:Ili-Ishar 9338:Iddi-ilum 9331:2100 BCE 9321:V dynasty 9291:2125 BCE 9229:Puzur-ili 9216:La-erabum 9150:2150 BCE 9076:Shu-turul 9069:(3 years) 9036:Shu-Dagan 8936:2200 BCE 8913:Naram-Sin 8909:2250 BCE 8853:2340 BCE 8819:2350 BCE 8813:Luh-ishan 8808:Urukagina 8804:Lugalanda 8773:Isar-Damu 8769:2370 BCE 8715:2380 BCE 8690:Enentarzi 8678:Enannatum 8667:Gishakidu 8631:Ur-Zababa 8607:Adub-Damu 8603:2400 BCE 8576:2425 BCE 8570:Napilhush 8558:invasions 8536:Enar-Damu 8516:Neferefre 8496:2450 BCE 8439:Ur-Nanshe 8434:I dynasty 8421:I dynasty 8362:Ikun-Mari 8321:Phoenicia 8317:2500 BCE 8250:2575 BCE 8218:Melamanna 8202:Akalamdug 8174:A-Imdugud 8137:Ur-Nungal 8124:(5 kings) 8111:Baba-Damu 8107:Ibbi-Damu 8036:2600 BCE 8006:Gilgamesh 7964:Iltasadum 7935:2700 BCE 7909:I dynasty 7862:2800 BCE 7825:I dynasty 7781:Hudjefa I 7714:2900 BCE 7660:Semerkhet 7652:(regent) 7639:(regent) 7546:Hedju Hor 7374:Naqada II 7046:Cuneiform 6922:Languages 6731:Acheulean 6618:Babylonia 6555:Euphrates 6505:Geography 6364:Chaldeans 6281:Phoenicia 6219:Karduniaš 5962:Macedonia 5927:Commagene 5855:Qedarites 5793:Phoenicia 5761:Philistia 5677:Bit Agusi 5672:Bit-Adini 5514:Tall Bazi 5408:Phoenicia 5378:Jerusalem 5230:Ekallatum 5002:Ugaritica 4977:0003-0279 4205:. CNN.com 3678:cite book 2855:Abstract: 2623:Shattuara 2599:Shattuara 2505:Piyassili 2463:Rib-Hadda 2453:Tadukhipa 2406:Tushratta 2374:Tushratta 2312:Tadukhipa 2304:Gilukhipa 2161:elephants 2114:Baratarna 2039:Shattuara 1937:Tushratta 1852:Shaitarna 1732:Eponymous 1721:Comments 1605:Ilısu Dam 1587:, one by 1581:Tell Bazi 1545:Tell Brak 1515:Nuzi Ware 1440:Zimri-Lim 1432:marijannu 1417:West Asia 1394:Mayrhofer 1378:Sattiwaza 1255:Mursili I 1248:onomastic 1216:Cuneiform 1193:Mursili I 1174:, Mitanni 1080:Tushratta 1065:Gilu-Hepa 967:, Mitanni 780:Euphrates 723:Mursili I 697:, it was 618:he unites 465:Etymology 459:Nuzi ware 397:Tish-atal 103:Religion 12402:Hurrians 12333:(2014). 12286:(1992). 12256:(2020). 12223:(1971). 12064:Kavad II 11890:Bahram V 11851:Bahram I 11845:Shapur I 11722:Osroes I 11653:Orodes I 11647:Gotarzes 11635:Phraates 11300:Darius I 11297:Cambyses 11245:Astyages 11242:Cyaxares 11184:Necho II 11115:Bel-ibni 11065:Shebitku 11028:Indabibi 10881:Tefnakht 10423:Horemheb 10282:Agum III 10264:Kassites 10247:Ahmose I 10112:Ea-gamil 10096:DIŠ+U-EN 10086:Ishkibal 10033:Apil-Sin 10015:Amorites 9925:Bel-bani 9800:Biblical 9691:Nur-Adad 9682:Gungunum 9670:Naplanum 9638:Bur-Suen 9602:Amorites 9578:Sargon I 9528:Amorites 9472:Amorites 9444:Intef II 9414:Kindattu 9402:Ibbi-Sin 9381:Amar-Sin 9375:Ur-Nammu 9310:Merykare 9202:Apil-kin 9114:Pirig-me 9092:Ur-gigir 9088:Ur-nigin 9028:dynasty) 8973:Merenhor 8899:Epirmupi 8728:Userkare 8682:Entemena 8659:Ur-Lumma 8654:Meskigal 8585:Eannatum 8580:Kun-Damu 8564:Shushun- 8549:Enakalle 8408:kushanna 8394:Undalulu 8366:Iblul-Il 8290:Menkaure 8286:Bikheris 8279:Djedefre 8238:Me-durba 8163:shaengur 8157:En-hegal 8145:Labashum 8103:Agur-lim 8099:Abur-lim 8078:Qahedjet 7923:Enmerkar 7755:Wadjenes 7745:Horus Sa 7740:Nubnefer 7731:Nynetjer 7705:Susa III 7667:Sneferka 7650:Merneith 7368:Naqada I 7192:Academia 7146:Religion 7015:Urartian 7010:Sumerian 6995:Parthian 6930:Akkadian 6903:Sasanian 6893:Parthian 6888:Seleucid 6838:Simurrum 6828:Akkadian 6761:Khiamian 6751:Natufian 6663:Simurrum 6648:Kassites 6643:Hittites 6598:Adiabene 6305:Arameans 6299:Damascus 6270:Arameans 6224:Kassites 6212:Hurrians 5884:Palistin 5844:Itureans 5642:Iron Age 5446:Hurrians 5188:Alashiya 5140:Hamoukar 5004:6 (1969) 4830:(2005). 4795:(2007), 4791:(2015), 4751:𒄩𒉌𒃲𒁁 4747:Akkadian 4719:𒈪𒀉𒋫𒉌 4378:, p. xx. 4247:phys.org 3739:(2009). 3162:Mi-ti-ni 3158:Me-ta-ni 2718:See also 2586:Kassites 2446:hieratic 2323:Shaushka 2157:Maskanah 1959:pharaohs 1955:Hittites 1625:Bassetki 1449:mariannu 1425:Maryannu 1328:Maryannu 1284:Ilī-padâ 1212:Boğazköy 1180:Akkadian 1148:between 981:Ahmose I 977:Mi-ti-ni 941:Naharain 746:Akkadian 717:Ḫu-ur-ri 638:Maitanni 604:máytʰati 595:Maitanni 562:Sanskrit 545:Maitanni 451:Lake Van 382:Hurrians 364:Anatolia 352:Egyptian 340:Assyrian 171:1260 BC 154:1540 BC 132:Monarchy 93:Akkadian 12382:Mitanni 12117:Narsieh 11945:Zenobia 11926:Vistahm 11911:Kavad I 11905:Kavad I 11899:Peroz I 11887:Khosrow 11233:Deioces 11190:Wahibre 11178:Necho I 11071:Taharqa 11068:Shabaka 11052:Taharqa 11016:Teumman 10867:Rudamun 10609:Solomon 10548:Smendes 10469:Twosret 10463:Seti II 10204:Mitanni 10198:Khamudi 10152:Dynasty 10142:Dynasty 10132:Dynasty 9970:Nur-ili 9940:Lullaya 9843:dynasty 9795:Abraham 9685:Abisare 9650:Zambiya 9544:(Queen 9496:Amorite 9467:Kingdom 9441:Intef I 9408:Elamite 9395:Amorite 9384:Shu-Sin 9285:Tirigan 9254:Ur-Baba 9184:Nûr-Mêr 9122:Lu-gula 9118:Lu-Baba 9032:Ididish 9013:Kingdom 9010:Eblaite 9008:Second 8958:Menkare 8833:Shu-Sin 8829:Ishu-Il 8757:dynasty 8737:Pepi II 8670:(Queen 8556:Elamite 8507:Userkaf 8450:Akurgal 8379:Ku-Baba 8195:(Queen 8131:Mesilim 8066:Sanakht 8056:(First 7873:Zuqaqip 7870:Kalumum 7855:Kalibum 7851:Puannum 7808:Kingdom 7657:Anedjib 7641:Hor-Aha 7586:Nat-Hor 7519:Iry-Hor 7515:Shendjw 7487:Pen-Abu 7435:Susa II 7178:Prayers 7163:Deities 7127:Looting 6970:Kassite 6965:Hurrian 6960:Hittite 6950:Elamite 6945:Eblaite 6940:Aramaic 6935:Amorite 6858:Kassite 6833:Gutians 6815:History 6780:Samarra 6776:Hassuna 6746:Zarzian 6668:Subartu 6658:Mitanni 6623:Chaldea 6613:Assyria 6586:Ancient 6207:Mitanni 6175:Amorite 6154:Amorite 6128:Gutians 6006:Sources 5972:Osroene 5771:Ascalon 5746:Jericho 5624:Nuhašše 5572:Suteans 5510:Armanum 5462:Mitanni 5457:Nuhašše 5418:Shechem 5398:Megiddo 5393:Lakisha 5383:Kenites 5373:Jericho 5353:Dimasqu 5324:Aštartu 5319:Ascalon 5255:Palmyra 5210:Andarig 5200:Alalakh 5145:Jericho 5107:of the 5105:history 5057:Mitanni 4807:Sources 4699:Hittite 4547:318-337 4309:p. 125: 4209:28 June 4138:149-158 4126:503-518 3221:p. 466: 3204:p. 220: 2529:Nuhašše 2421:Hattusa 2331:Nineveh 2246:Arrapha 2223:Nur-ili 2174:Nuhašše 2169:Nuhašše 2124:Alalakh 2053:Assyria 1953:of the 1883:pharaoh 1792:Alalakh 1766:Alalakh 1718:Reigned 1684:Alalakh 1629:Mardama 1595:(Azu). 1528:of the 1374:Hattusa 1370:Ashvins 1366:Nasatya 1350:Kikkuli 1244:Orontes 1236:Alalakh 1208:Hattusa 1101:Assyria 1034:Alalakh 1026:Amorite 952:Summary 947:History 921:" and " 892:" not " 750:Hittite 695:Mitanni 690:Naharin 644:Mitanni 626:méthati 612: 581: 508:mꜥṯn(j) 470:Mitanni 447:Arraphe 437:by the 370:) with 356:Hurrian 346:Naharin 310:Mitanni 223:1260 BC 167:• 150:• 97:Amorite 89:Hurrian 75:Capital 49:1260 BC 12343: 12296: 12266: 11908:Jamasp 11902:Balash 11860:Narseh 11771:Trajan 11769:under 11303:Xerxes 11239:Madyes 11103:Sargon 10563:Siamun 10466:Siptah 10451:Seti I 10435:Ugarit 10180:Semqen 10165:Hyksos 10137:Abydos 10030:Sabium 9937:Bazaya 9928:Libaya 9862:Asinum 9859:Rimush 9819:Yamhad 9711:(...) 9688:Sumuel 9679:Zabaia 9676:Samium 9673:Emisum 9574:Ikunum 9546:Shibtu 9487:Immeya 9378:Shulgi 9273:Ur-gar 9233:Ur-Utu 9100:Lagash 8979:Nikare 8891:Eshpum 8879:Rimush 8731:Pepi I 8566:tarana 8510:Sahure 8490:Hishur 8467:Balulu 8432:Lagash 8413:Mug-si 8406:Ensha- 8354:Sa'umu 8282:Khafre 8266:Snefru 8214:Mes-he 8161:Lugal- 8152:Lagash 8095:Sagisu 8047:Djoser 7956:Tizqar 7927:Aratta 7883:Arwium 7880:Mashda 7830:Jushur 7760:Senedj 7699:period 7631:Narmer 7581:Wazner 7556:Hsekiu 7551:Ny-Hor 7530:Narmer 7500:Canide 7491:Animal 7397:Susa I 7347:Lagash 7321:Akshak 7296:Canaan 7005:Sutean 6980:Median 6975:Luwian 6955:Gutian 6843:Ur III 6756:Nemrik 6693:Cities 6688:Urartu 6638:Hamazi 6633:Gutium 6608:Armani 6560:Tigris 6513:Modern 5957:Iturea 5889:Pattin 5879:Luhuti 5874:Kummuh 5813:Tartus 5766:Ashdod 5720:Canaan 5697:Sam'al 5692:Hamath 5687:Geshur 5613:Ugarit 5603:Tadmor 5586:ʿApiru 5567:Aḫlamū 5562:ʿApiru 5548:Tuttul 5503:Aleppo 5476:Naziba 5413:Qadesh 5403:Midian 5388:Kumidi 5363:Gibeon 5343:Beruta 5338:Hauran 5334:Bashan 5329:Azzati 5304:Amalek 5275:Yamhad 5265:Ṭābetu 5250:Mukish 5205:Amurru 5165:Urkesh 5160:Ugarit 5150:Byblos 5109:Levant 5039: 4985:595878 4983: 4975: 4937: 4861: 4840: 4820: 4477: 4355: 4326:p. 76: 4252:3 June 4229:p. 33: 3924: 3888: 3849: 3813: 3776: 3749: 3632: 3589:p. 72: 3558:595878 3556: 3518: 3360: 3310: 3183:p. 37: 3177:, in: 3130:57-196 3118:p. 174 3089:p. 579 2920: 2867:99-115 2833: 2781:p. 72: 2704:Irridu 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His 2238:Aleppo 2183:Aleppo 2120:Idrimi 2055:under 1957:, and 1788:Idrimi 1726:Maitta 1715:Rulers 1688:Ugarit 1672:Aegean 1637:Kemune 1621:Tigris 1609:Tigris 1454:*marya 1364:, and 1358:Varuna 1348:. 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