Hittites - Knowledge

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not all cases, articles describing similar laws are grouped together. More than a dozen consecutive articles describe what are known to be permitted and prohibited sexual pairings. These pairings mostly describe men (sometimes specifically referred to as free men, sometimes just men in general) having relations, be they consensual or not, with animals, step-family, relatives of spouses, or concubines. Many of these articles do not provide specific punishments but, prior to the law reforms, crimes against religion were most often punishable by death. These include incestuous marriages and sexual relations with certain animals. For example, one article states, "If a man has sexual relations with a cow, it is an unpermitted sexual pairing: he will be put to death." Similar relations with horses and mules were not subject to capital punishment, but the offender could not become a priest afterwards. Actions at the expense of other individuals most often see the offender paying some sort of compensation, be it in the form money, animals, or land. These actions could include the destruction of farmlands, death or injury of livestock, or assault of an individual. Several articles also specifically mention acts of the gods. If an animal were to die by certain circumstances, the individual could claim that it died by the hand of a god. Swearing that what they claim was true, it seems that they were exempt from paying compensation to the animal's owner. Injuries inflicted upon animals owned by another individual are almost always compensated with either direct payment, or trading the injured animal with a healthy one owned by the offender.

1812: 2566:, home of the pre-Hittite goddess Kattaha and the worship of other Hattic deities illustrates the ethnic differences in the areas the Hittites tried to control. Kattaha was originally given the name Hannikkun. The usage of the term Kattaha over Hannikkun, according to Ronald Gorny (head of the Alisar regional project in Turkey), was a device to downgrade the pre-Hittite identity of this female deity, and to bring her more in touch with the Hittite tradition. Their reconfiguration of Gods throughout their early history such as with Kattaha was a way of legitimizing their authority and to avoid conflicting ideologies in newly included regions and settlements. By transforming local deities to fit their own customs, the Hittites hoped that the traditional beliefs of these communities would understand and accept the changes to become better suited for the Hittite political and economic goals. 2133: 2017:), the Hittite Kingdom re-emerged from the fog of obscurity and entered the "Hittite Empire period". Many changes were afoot during this time, not the least of which was a strengthening of the kingship. Settlement of the Hittites progressed in the Empire period. However, the Hittite people tended to settle in the older lands of south Anatolia rather than the lands of the Aegean. As this settlement progressed, treaties were signed with neighboring peoples. During the Hittite Empire period the kingship became hereditary and the king took on a "superhuman aura" and began to be referred to by the Hittite citizens as "My Sun". The kings of the Empire period began acting as a high priest for the whole kingdom – making an annual tour of the Hittite holy cities, conducting festivals and supervising the upkeep of the sanctuaries. 4750:

laws at this time have a prominent lack of equality in punishments in many cases, distinct punishments or compensations for men and women are listed. Free men most often received more compensation for offenses against them than free women did. Slaves, male or female, had very few rights, and could easily be punished or executed by their masters for crimes. Most articles describe destruction of property and personal injury, to which the most common sentence was payment for compensation of the lost property. Again, in these cases men oftentimes receive a greater amount of compensation than women. Other articles describe how marriage of slaves and free individuals should be handled. In any case of separation or estrangement, the free individual, male or female, would keep all but one child that resulted from the marriage.

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mild, favoring monetary compensation over physical or capital punishment. Why these drastic reforms happened is not exactly clear, but it is likely that punishing murder with execution was deemed not to benefit any individual or family involved. These reforms were not just seen in the realm of capital punishment. Where major fines were to be paid, a severe reduction in penalty can be seen. For example, prior to these major reforms, the payment to be made for the theft of an animal was thirty times the animal's value; after the reforms, the penalty was reduced to half the original fine. Simultaneously, attempts to modernize the language and change the verbiage used in the law codes can be seen during this period of reform.

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the New Hittite Kingdom (1500–1180 BC). Between these time periods, different translations can be found that modernize the language and create a series of legal reforms in which many crimes are given more humane punishments. These changes could possibly be attributed to the rise of new and different kings throughout the history empire or to the new translations that change the language used in the law codes. In either case, the law codes of the Hittites provide very specific fines or punishments that are to be issued for specific crimes and have many similarities to Biblical laws found in the books of Exodus and

1983: 1303: 666: 1595: 1796:"Hattusili was king, and his sons, brothers, in-laws, family members, and troops were all united. Wherever he went on campaign he controlled the enemy land with force. He destroyed the lands one after the other, took away their power, and made them the borders of the sea. When he came back from campaign, however, each of his sons went somewhere to a country, and in his hand the great cities prospered. But, when later the princes' servants became corrupt, they began to devour the properties, conspired constantly against their masters, and began to shed their blood." 4893: 2212: 4624: 136: 2490: 4442: 2478: 119: 4796: 1432: 2633: 2596:. In this edict, he designated the Pankus, which was a general assembly, as the high court for constitutional crimes. Crimes such as murder were observed and judged by the Pankus. Kings themselves were also subject to jurisdiction under the Pankus. The Pankus also served as an advisory council for the king. The rules and regulations set out by the edict, and the establishment of the Pankus proved to be very successful and lasted all the way through to end of the New Kingdom. 1925: 1206: 1586:. It took some time before the Hittites established themselves following the collapse of the Old Assyrian Empire in the mid-18th century BC, as is clear from some of the texts included here. For several centuries there were separate Hittite groups, usually centered on various cities. But then strong rulers with their center in Hattusa (modern Boğazkale) succeeded in bringing these together and conquering large parts of central Anatolia to establish the Hittite kingdom. 2349: 1995: 4457: 8757: 5559:, in: Thomas Olander (ed.), The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective, Cambridge University Press, p. 78: "...the Anatolian split may be dated to the period between 4400–4100 BCE. If Proto-Anatolian indeed first broke up into its daughter languages around the thirty-first century BCE...it would mean that it had some 1,300–1000 years to undergo the specific innovations that define Anatolian as a separate branch..." 2185: 1615: 557: 4783:

property rights. The goals of crime prevention can be seen in the severity of the punishments issued for certain crimes. Capital punishment and torture are specifically mentioned as punishment for more severe crimes against religion and harsh fines for the loss of private property or life. The tablets also describe the ability of the king to pardon certain crimes, but specifically prohibit an individual being pardoned for murder.

2550: 1762: 1623: 1008: 34: 4763: 4553: 378: 1642:, or another site in Anatolia, that may first have been written in the 18th century BC, in Old Hittite language, and three of them using the so-called "Old Script" (OS); although most of the remaining tablets survived only as Akkadian copies made in the 14th and 13th centuries BC. These reveal a rivalry within two branches of the royal family up to the Middle Kingdom; a northern branch first based in 4521:), rather than a daughter language. By the end of the Hittite Empire, the Hittite language had become a written language of administration and diplomatic correspondence. The population of most of the Hittite Empire by this time spoke Luwian, another Indo-European language of the Anatolian family that had originated to the west of the Hittite region. 2108:). Having inherited a position of strength in the east, Mursili was able to turn his attention to the west, where he attacked Arzawa. At a point when the Hittites were weakened by the tularemia epidemic, the Arzawans attacked the Hittites, who repelled the attack by sending infected rams to the Arzawans. This was the first recorded use of 1804:, dating to the 16th century BC, is supposed to illustrate the unification, growth, and prosperity of the Hittites under his rule. It also illustrates the corruption of "the princes", believed to be his sons. The lack of sources leads to uncertainty of how the corruption was addressed. On Hattusili I's deathbed, he chose his grandson, 5602:, p. 3: "...The Anatolian branch is an extinct subclade of the Indo-European language family attested from the 25th century BCE onwards (see below) that consists of Hittite (known 20th–12th centuries BCE), Luwian (known 20th–7th centuries BCE), and a number of less well-attested members, such as Carian, Lycian, Lydian, and Palai..." 5585:, in: Thomas Olander (ed.), The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective, Cambridge University Press, p. 75: "...a Proto-Hittite ancestor language that may have been spoken only a few generations before the oldest attestations of Kanišite Hittite (twentieth century BCE), i.e. around 2100 BCE..." 1893:

periods difficult to reconstruct. The political instability of these years of the Old Hittite Kingdom can be explained in part by the nature of the Hittite kingship at that time. During the Old Hittite Kingdom prior to 1400 BC, the king of the Hittites was not viewed by his subjects as a "living god" like the

4478:). It remained in use until about 1100 BC. Hittite is the best attested member of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family, and the Indo-European language for which the earliest surviving written attestation exists, with isolated Hittite loanwords and numerous personal names appearing in an 2382:(Phrygians) who had been attempting to press into Assyrian colonies in southern Anatolia from the Anatolian highlands, and the Kaska people, the Hittites' old enemies from the northern hill-country between Hatti and the Black Sea, seem to have joined them soon after. The Phrygians had apparently overrun 4806:

Under both the old and reformed Hittite law codes, three main types of punishment can be seen: Death, torture, or compensation/fines. The articles outlined on the cuneiform tablets provide very specific punishments for crimes committed against the Hittite religion or against individuals. In many, but

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The law articles used by the Hittites most often outline very specific crimes or offenses, either against the state or against other individuals, and provide a sentence for these offenses. The laws carved in the tablets are an assembly of established social conventions from across the empire. Hittite

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between 4400 and 4100 BC, when the Anatolian language family split from (Proto)-Indo-European. Recent genetic and archaeological research has indicated that Proto-Anatolian speakers arrived in this region sometime between 5000 and 3000 BC. The Proto-Hittite language developed around 2100 BC, and the

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asserted that, rather than being compared to Judah, the Anatolian civilization " worthy of comparison to the divided Kingdom of Egypt", and was "infinitely more powerful than that of Judah". Sayce and other scholars also noted that Judah and the Hittites were never enemies in the Hebrew texts; in the

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At some point in the 16th or 15th century BC, Hittite law codes move away from torture and capital punishment and to more humanitarian forms of punishments, such as fines. Where the old law system was based on retaliation and retribution for crimes, the new system saw punishments that were much more

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in the 3rd millennium BC. According to Parpola, the appearance of Indo-European speakers from Europe into Anatolia, and the appearance of Hittite, was related to later migrations of Proto-Indo-European speakers from the Yamnaya culture into the Danube Valley at c. 2800 BC, which was in line with the

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One innovation that can be credited to these early Hittite rulers is the practice of conducting treaties and alliances with neighboring states; the Hittites were thus among the earliest known pioneers in the art of international politics and diplomacy. This is also when the Hittite religion adopted

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BC), who continued where his father left off and conquered several northern cities: including Hattusa, which he cursed, and also Zalpuwa. This was likely propaganda for the southern branch of the royal family, against the northern branch who had fixed on Hattusa as capital. Another set, the Tale of

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While different translations of laws can be seen throughout the history of the empire, the Hittite outlook of law was originally founded on religion and were intended to preserve the authority of the state. Additionally, punishments had the goal of crime prevention and the protection of individual

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from across the early Hittite Kingdom. In addition to the tablets, monuments bearing Hittite cuneiform inscriptions can be found in central Anatolia describing the government and law codes of the empire. The tablets and monuments date from the Old Hittite Kingdom (1650–1500 BC) to what is known as

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Ardzinba, Vladislav. (1974): Some Notes on the Typological Affinity Between Hattian and Northwest Caucasian (Abkhazo-Adygian) Languages. In: "Internationale Tagung der Keilschriftforscher der sozialistischen Länder", Budapest, 23–25. April 1974. Zusammenfassung der Vorträge (Assyriologica 1), pp.

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was developed by the Hittites. The head of the Hittite state was the king, followed by the heir-apparent. The king was the supreme ruler of the land, in charge of being a military commander, judicial authority, as well as a high priest. However, some officials exercised independent authority over

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The Hittites entered a weak phase of obscure records, insignificant rulers, and reduced domains. This pattern of expansion under strong kings followed by contraction under weaker ones, was to be repeated over and over through the Hittite Kingdom's 500-year history, making events during the waning

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The Bible refers to people as "Hittites" in several passages. The relationship between these peoples and the Bronze Age Hittite Empire is unclear. In some passages, the Biblical Hittites appear to have own kingdoms, apparently located outside geographic Canaan, and sufficiently powerful to put a

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Cases in which capital punishment is recommended in the articles most often seem to come from pre-reform sentences for severe crimes and prohibited sexual pairings. Many of these cases include public torture and execution as punishment for serious crimes against religion. Most of these sentences

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The last monarch of the Old Kingdom, Telepinu, reigned until about 1500 BC. Telepinu's reign marked the end of the "Old Kingdom" and the beginning of the lengthy weak phase known as the "Middle Kingdom". The period of the 15th century BC is largely unknown with few surviving records. Part of the

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languages. The latter was the language of the Hattians, the local inhabitants of the land of Hatti before being absorbed or displaced by the Hittites. Sacred and magical texts from Hattusa were often written in Hattic, Hurrian, and Luwian, even after Hittite became the norm for other writings.

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the Mitanni king despite attempts by the Hittite king Šuppiluliuma I, now fearful of growing Assyrian power, attempting to preserve his throne with military support. The lands of the Mitanni and Hurrians were duly appropriated by Assyria, enabling it to encroach on Hittite territory in eastern

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and Cyprus away from the Hittites en route and cutting off their coveted trade routes. This left the Hittite homelands vulnerable to attack from all directions, and Hattusa was burnt to the ground sometime around 1180 BC following a combined onslaught from new waves of invaders: the Kaskians,

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Not all laws prescribed in the tablets deal with criminal punishment. For example, the instructions of how the marriage of slaves and division of their children are given in a group of articles, "The slave woman shall take most of the children, with the male slave taking one child." Similar

1811: 4528:, the current tendency is to suppose that Proto-Indo-European evolved, and that the "prehistoric speakers" of Anatolian became isolated "from the rest of the PIE speech community, so as not to share in some common innovations." Hittite, as well as its Anatolian cousins, split off from 1737:

BC); but sometime in 1710–1705 BC, Kanesh was destroyed, taking the long-established Assyrian merchant trading system with it. A Kussaran noble family survived to contest the Zalpuwan/Hattusan family, though whether these were of the direct line of Anitta is uncertain.

5881:, in: Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, Volume 62, June 2021: "...the Hittite state emerged in Hatti, in the bend of the Kızılırmak, from a mosaic of canton polities occupying North-Central Anatolia during the Middle Bronze Age (MBA; ca. 1900–1650 BCE)." 2266:, one of the oldest completely surviving treaties in history, fixed their mutual boundaries in southern Canaan, and was signed in the 21st year of Rameses (c. 1258 BC). Terms of this treaty included the marriage of one of the Hittite princesses to Ramesses. 1855:

for the next four centuries. Due to fear of revolts at home, he did not remain in Babylon for long. This lengthy campaign strained the resources of Hatti, and left the capital in a state of near-anarchy. Mursili was assassinated by his brother-in-law

2336:. The Hittite Kingdom thus vanished from historical records, much of the territory being seized by Assyria. Alongside with these attacks, many internal issues also led to the end of the Hittite Kingdom. The end of the kingdom was part of the larger 4698:

is the bull. As Teshub he was depicted as a bearded man astride two mountains and bearing a club. He was the god of battle and victory, especially when the conflict involved a foreign power. Teshub was also known for his conflict with the serpent

1634:, during the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 1900–1650 BC). The early history of the Hittite kingdom is known through four "cushion-shaped" tablets, (classified as KBo 3.22, KBo 17.21+, KBo 22.1, and KBo 22.2), not made in Ḫattuša, but probably created in 5362:[Report read on 15 May 1835 to the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belle-lettres of the Institute, on a dispatch made by Mr. Texier and containing drawings of bas-reliefs discovered by him near the village of Bogaz-Keui in Asia Minor]. 5360:"Rapport lu, le 15 mai 1835, à l'Académie royale des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres de l'Institut, sur un envoi fait par M. Texier, et contenant les dessins de bas-reliefs découverts par lui près du village de Bogaz-Keui, dans l'Asie mineure" 1860:

during his journey back to Hattusa or shortly after his return home, and the Hittite Kingdom was plunged into chaos. Hantili took the throne. He was able to escape multiple murder attempts on himself, however, his family did not. His wife,

1532:. He thought their languages "probably included archaic Proto-Indo-European dialects of the kind partly preserved later in Anatolian," and that their descendants later moved into Anatolia at an unknown time but maybe as early as 3000 BC. 6376:

At the very least, perhaps we can say that the Ahhiyawa Problem/Question has been solved and answered after all, for there is now little doubt that Ahhiyawa was a reference by the Hittites to some or all of the Bronze Age Mycenaean

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BC) is considered to be the last king of the Old Kingdom of the Hittites. He seized power during a dynastic power struggle. During his reign, he wanted to take care of lawlessness and regulate royal succession. He then issued the

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of Egypt, but rather as a first among equals. Only in the later period from 1400 BC until 1200 BC did the Hittite kingship become more centralized and powerful. Also in earlier years the succession was not legally fixed, enabling

5977: 5947: 2120:. More recent research based on new readings and interpretations of the Hittite texts, as well as of the material evidence for Mycenaean contacts with the Anatolian mainland, came to the conclusion that Ahhiyawa referred to 7279: 4501:"The present work undertakes to establish the nature and structure of the hitherto mysterious language of the Hittites, and to decipher this language It will be shown that Hittite is in the main an Indo-European language." 1885:). Throughout the remainder of the 16th century BC, the Hittite kings were held to their homelands by dynastic quarrels and warfare with the Hurrians. The Hurrians became the center of power in Anatolia. The campaigns into 2245:

was preoccupied with the Egyptians. The Hittites had vainly tried to preserve the Mitanni Kingdom with military support. Assyria now posed just as great a threat to Hittite trade routes as Egypt ever had. Muwatalli's son,

2340:. A study of tree rings of juniper trees growing in the region showed a change to drier conditions from the 13th century BC into the 12th century BC with drought for three consecutive years in 1198, 1197 and 1196 BC. 5572:, in: Science, 26 Aug 2022, Vol 377, Issue 6609, : "Around 7000-5000 years ago, people with ancestry from the Caucasus moved west into Anatolia Some of these migrants may have spoken ancestral forms of Anatolian " 1546:

However, Petra Goedegebuure has shown that the Hittite language has borrowed many words related to agriculture from cultures on their eastern borders, which is evidence of having taken a route across the Caucasus.

2262:. In response to increasing Assyrian annexation of Hittite territory, he concluded a peace and alliance with Ramesses II (also fearful of Assyria), presenting his daughter's hand in marriage to the Pharaoh. The 2599:

The Pankus established a legal code where violence was not a punishment for a crime. Crimes such as a murder and theft, which at the time were punishable by death, in other southwest Asian Kingdoms, were not

4838:'s army. The nature of this ethnic group is unclear, but has sometimes been interpreted as a local Canaanite tribe who had absorbed Hittite cultural influence from the Syro-Hittite kingdoms to the north. 995:. The Hittites would have called themselves something closer to "Neshites" or "Neshians" after the city of Nesha, which flourished for some two hundred years until a king named Labarna renamed himself 1889:

and southern Mesopotamia may be responsible for the reintroduction of cuneiform writing into Anatolia, since the Hittite script is quite different from that of the preceding Assyrian colonial period.

1749:, a southerner from Hurma usurped the throne but made sure to adopt Huzziya's grandson Ḫattušili as his own son and heir. The location of the land of Hurma is believed to be in the mountains south of 918:

and in other places from the same period; and only a small number of these objects are weapons. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry suggests "that most or all irons from the Bronze Age are derived from"

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Imparati, Fiorella. "Aspects De L'organisation De L'État Hittite Dans Les Documents Juridiques Et Administratifs." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 25, no. 3 (1982): 225–67.

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rivers in modern south east Turkey, took advantage of the situation to seize Aleppo and the surrounding areas for themselves, as well as the coastal region of Adaniya, renaming it Kizzuwatna (later

4830:. However, in most of their appearances, the Biblical Hittites are depicted as a people living among the Israelites – Abraham purchases the Patriarchal burial-plot of Machpelah from 1916:), who won a few victories to the southwest, apparently by allying himself with one Hurrian state (Kizzuwatna) against another (Mitanni). Telepinu also attempted to secure the lines of succession. 2604:

under the Hittite law code. Most criminal penalties involved restitution. For example, in cases of thievery, the punishment of that crime would to be to repay what was stolen in equal value.

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Another weak phase followed Tudhaliya I, and the Hittites' enemies from all directions were able to advance even to Hattusa and raze it. However, the kingdom recovered its former glory under

10923: 1170:"—were written in standard Akkadian cuneiform, but in an unknown language; although scholars could interpret its sounds, no one could understand it. Shortly after this, Sayce proposed that 1528:

in 2007 concluded that steppe herders who were archaic Indo-European speakers spread into the lower Danube valley about 4200–4000 BC, either causing or taking advantage of the collapse of

2273:, was the last strong Hittite king able to keep the Assyrians out of the Hittite heartland to some degree at least, though he too lost much territory to them, and was heavily defeated by 8094: 7491: 10918: 2165:

is uncertain, though it seems that the timely arrival of Egyptian reinforcements prevented total Hittite victory. The Egyptians forced the Hittites to take refuge in the fortress of

1819:, a large, four-handled Hittite terracotta vase with scenes in relief depicting a sacred wedding ceremony, mid 17th century BC, İnandıktepe, Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara 1228:—thus confirming the identity of the two names. He also proved that the ruins at Boğazköy were the remains of the capital of an empire that, at one point, controlled northern Syria. 1202:. Sayce's identification came to be widely accepted over the course of the early 20th century; and the name "Hittite" has become attached to the civilization uncovered at Boğazköy. 5582: 5556: 8355: 983:, an earlier people who had inhabited and ruled the central Anatolian region until the beginning of the second millennium BC, and who spoke an unrelated language known as 1658:. These are distinguishable by their names; the northerners retained language isolate Hattian names, and the southerners adopted Indo-European Hittite and Luwian names. 627: 613: 599: 585: 571: 543: 529: 515: 490: 476: 462: 448: 434: 420: 406: 392: 364: 350: 5427: 2153:

Hittite prosperity was mostly dependent on control of the trade routes and metal sources. Because of the importance of Northern Syria to the vital routes linking the

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Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, Des origines à la fin de l'ancien royaume hittite, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 1, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007

5904:"A Hittite scribal tradition predating the tablet collections of Ḫattuša?: The origin of the 'cushion-shaped' tablets KBo 3.22, KBo 17.21+, KBo 22.1, and KBo 22.2." 5910:: "...Three of the four documents that have this peculiar 'cushion-shape' are generally regarded as showing Old Script (OS): KBo 3.22, KBo 17.21+, and KBo 22.1..." 1355:) was considered the core of the Empire, and some Hittite laws make a distinction between "this side of the river" and "that side of the river". For example, the 1250:

from 1948 until his death in 2005. Smaller scale excavations have also been carried out in the immediate surroundings of Hattusa, including the rock sanctuary of

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festival in the autumn, and the KI.LAM festival of the gate house where images of the Storm God and up to thirty other idols were paraded through the streets.

1873:. All of the internal unrest among the Hittite royal family led to a decline of power. The Hurrians, a people living in the mountainous region along the upper 135: 8296: 6773: 4489:(1879–1952), who, on 24 November 1915, announced his results in a lecture at the Near Eastern Society of Berlin. His book about the discovery was printed in 1776:(the latter might also have had Labarna as a personal name), who conquered the area south and north of Hattusa. Hattusili I campaigned as far as the Semitic 8214:

Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, Le déclin et la chute de l'empire Hittite, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 4, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2010

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Before the archeological discoveries that revealed the Hittite civilization, the only source of information about the Hittites had been the Hebrew Bible.

4694:'s Teshub) was referred to as 'The Conqueror', 'The king of Kummiya', 'King of Heaven', 'Lord of the land of Hatti'. He was chief among the gods and his 5367: 4732:

tablets made from baked clay. What is understood to be the Hittite Law Code comes mainly from two clay tablets, each containing 186 articles, and are a

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in Indo-European linguistics, which had been predicted several decades before. Due to its marked differences in its structure and phonology, some early

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Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 2, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007

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Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, L'apogée du nouvel empire hittite, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 3, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2008

7090: 5984:, Vol. 141, No. 3, p. 564: "...Around 1750 BCE, Pitḫāna, king of Kuššara, conquered Nēša and took over power. He was succeeded by his son Anitta..." 7552:

The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire

2053:, this left Šuppiluliuma the supreme power broker in the known world, alongside Assyria and Egypt, and it was not long before Egypt was seeking an 1246:, excavations at Hattusa have been under way since 1907, with interruptions during the world wars. Kültepe was successfully excavated by Professor 6742: 2386:

from the West, with recently discovered epigraphic evidence confirming their origins as the Balkan "Bryges" tribe, forced out by the Macedonians.

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After this date, the power of both the Hittites and Egyptians began to decline yet again because of the power of the Assyrians. The Assyrian king

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Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance: The Stone Reliefs at Carchemish and Zincirli in the Earlier First Millennium BCE

6577: 5463:"The deep learning method applied to the detection and mapping of stone deterioration in open-air sanctuaries of the Hittite period in Anatolia" 8320: 4418: 9782: 5042: 4569:

Given the size of the empire, there are relatively few remains of Hittite art. These include some impressive monumental carvings, a number of

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By 1160 BC, the political situation in Asia Minor looked vastly different from that of only 25 years earlier. In that year, the Assyrian king

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Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, Les royaumes Néo-Hittites, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 5, Collection Kubaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2012

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instructions are given to the marriage of free individuals and slaves. Other actions include how breaking of engagements are to be handled.

4382: 1411:, the Hittite empire stretched from Arzawa in the west to Mitanni in the east, and included many of the Kaskian territories north as far as 902:

during the Bronze Age. This theory has been increasingly contested in the 21st century, with the Late Bronze Age collapse, and subsequent

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Hethitologieportal Mainz, by the Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mainz, corpus of texts and extensive bibliographies on all things Hittite

5309: 4916: 906:, seeing the slow, comparatively continuous spread of ironworking technology across the region. While there are some iron objects from 7685: 2393:

in Anatolia and northern Syria. They were the successors of the Hittite Kingdom. The most notable Syro-Hittite kingdoms were those at

2132: 2049:, another Amorite city-state. With his own sons placed over all of these new conquests and Babylonia still in the hands of the allied 1224:

found a royal archive with 10,000 tablets, inscribed in cuneiform Akkadian and the same unknown language as the Egyptian letters from

959:, built 200 kilometers (124 miles) west of the Hittite capital of Hattusa, which houses the world's most comprehensive exhibition of 4741:. In addition to criminal punishments, the law codes also provide instruction on certain situations such as inheritance and death. 1543:"customary" assumption that the Anatolian Indo-European language was introduced into Anatolia sometime in the third millennium BC. 118: 6114: 5879:"The ways of an empire: Continuity and change of route landscapes across the Taurus during the Hittite Period (ca. 1650–1200 BCE)" 5802: 1730: 1376:

with the rise of those kingdoms. Nevertheless, the Hittites continued to refer to the language that originated in these areas as

5978:"A new interpretation of the Old Hittite Zalpa-text (CTH 3.1): Nēša as the capital under Ḫuzzii̯a I, Labarna I, and Ḫattušili I" 5948:"A new interpretation of the Old Hittite Zalpa-text (CTH 3.1): Nēša as the capital under Ḫuzzii̯a I, Labarna I, and Ḫattušili I" 1940:

reason for both the weakness and the obscurity is that the Hittites were under constant attack, mainly from the Kaskians, a non-

6880: 1827:) or 1587 BC (low middle chronology), Mursili I conducted a great raid down the Euphrates River, bypassing Assyria and sacking 8016: 1270:. Archaeological expeditions to Hattusa have discovered entire sets of royal archives on cuneiform tablets, written either in 863:, it is the oldest historically attested Indo-European language. The history of the Hittite civilization is known mostly from 10938: 10735: 10117: 8987: 8368: 8240: 8113: 7995: 7856: 7837: 6300: 5697: 5630: 5437: 4389: 4361: 6306: 5128: 5085: 867:

texts found in their former territories, and from diplomatic and commercial correspondence found in the various archives of

10928: 8391: 4611:

from the end of the 8th century BC is a Luwian monument, from the Post-Hittite period, found in the modern Turkish city of

3240: 10641: 6505: 5348:

The Hittites: the story of a forgotten empire By Archibald Henry Sayce Queen's College, Oxford. October 1888. Introduction

1050:

expressed the critical view, common in the early 19th century, that, "no Hittite king could have compared in power to the

9050: 4346: 2061:. That son was evidently murdered before reaching his destination, and this alliance was never consummated. However, the 51: 1509:, either by means of conquest or by gradual assimilation. In archaeological terms, relationships of the Hittites to the 1027: 10787: 9787: 7877:

Kloekhorst, Alwin; Waal, Willemijn (2019). "A Hittite Scribal Tradition Predating the Tablet Collections of Ḫattuša?".

7251: 7201: 6974:"Hittite Criminal Law in the Light of Modern Paradigms: Searching for the traces of Modernday Criminal Law in the Past" 6913: 6489: 6234: 6207: 4411: 4368: 3299: 2299:

had by this time annexed much Hittite territory in Asia Minor and Syria, driving out and defeating the Babylonian king

2045:), who again conquered Aleppo. Mitanni was reduced to vassalage by the Assyrians under his son-in-law, and he defeated 1618:

Reliefs and hieroglyphs from Chamber 2 at Hattusa built and decorated by Šuppiluliuma II, the last king of the Hittites

6903: 6695:

Gorny, Ronald (August–November 1995). "Hittite Imperialism and Anti-Imperial Resistance As Viewed from Alișar Höyük".

9431: 8196: 8169: 8061: 8043: 7974: 7956: 7819: 7788: 7754: 7730: 7665: 7645: 7584: 7560: 7536: 7512: 7486: 7459: 7435: 7412: 7380: 7345: 5596:"Linguistic supplement to Damgaard et al. 2018: Early Indo-European languages, Anatolian, Tocharian and Indo-Iranian" 5318: 5159: 5122: 5079: 4950: 4574: 4446: 2632: 2497: 2493: 2482: 2219: 2188: 2157:

with Mesopotamia, defense of this area was crucial, and was soon put to the test by Egyptian expansion under Pharaoh

2006: 1323: 1283: 1016: 1012: 952: 6224: 5797: 2509:

various branches of the government. One of the most important of these posts in the Hittite society was that of the

1669:

period, when the merchant colony of the Old Assyrian Empire was flourishing in the site, and before the conquest of

8980: 8293: 6796:

Die Sprache der Hethiter: ihr Bau und ihre Zugehörigkeit zum indogermanischen Sprachstamm: ein Entzifferungsversuch

6765: 6072: 5280: 4375: 3139: 2405:

of the then defunct central ruling Hittite line. These Syro-Hittite states gradually fell under the control of the

2169:, but their own losses prevented them from sustaining a siege. This battle took place in the 5th year of Ramesses ( 825: 5189: 1673:, the following local kings reigned in Kaneš: Ḫurmili (prior to 1790 BC), Paḫanu (a short time in 1790 BC), Inar ( 1538:

also thought it was likely that the Anatolians reached the Near East from the north either via the Balkans or the

10413: 8787: 8259: 6626: 5903: 5022: 2650: 2553:

Map of the Hittite Empire at its greatest extent under Suppiluliuma I (c.1350–1322) and Mursili II (c.1321–1295).

1339:

The Hittite kingdom was centered on the lands surrounding Hattusa and Neša (Kültepe), known as "the land Hatti" (

1243: 1231: 987:. The modern conventional name "Hittites" is due to the initial identification of the people of Hattusa with the 9575: 8691: 6456: 5278:

Hittites, Ottomans and Turks: Ağaoğlu Ahmed Bey and the Kemalist Construction of Turkish Nationhood in Anatolia

4231: 4006: 3410: 196: 47: 17: 9186: 2542:

Egyptian monarchs engaged in diplomacy with two chief Hittite seats, located at Kadesh (a city located on the

10851: 5359: 4404: 3976: 3245: 3182: 2983: 2869: 1555: 10846: 10730: 9384: 8711: 7916:

Kloekhorst, Alwin (2020). "The Authorship of the Old Hittite Palace Chronicle (CTH 8): A Case for Anitta".

5238: 4589:, are among the largest constructed sculptures, along with a number of large recumbent lions, of which the 4532:

at an early stage, thereby preserving archaisms that were later lost in the other Indo-European languages.

4529: 3664: 3167: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2863: 8962: 7392:

The Horse, the Wheel and Language. How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World

5462: 2389:

Although the Hittite Kingdom disappeared from Anatolia at this point, there emerged a number of so-called

10856: 9893: 7075: 3981: 3476: 3177: 3056: 3042: 3023: 2204: 2093:. The epidemic afflicted the Hittites for decades and tularemia killed Šuppiluliuma I and his successor, 1236: 1127: 1792:. Hattusili I did eventually capture Hattusa and was credited for the foundation of the Hittite Empire. 8780: 6734: 6067: 5114: 5071: 3319: 3277: 2877: 1359:

for an escaped slave who had fled beyond the river is higher than for a slave caught on the near side.

5878: 5826:

Petra Goedegebuure | Anatolians on the Move: From Kurgans to Kanesh (Marija Gimbutas Memorial Lecture)

4754:

would begin to go away in the later stages of the Hittite Empire as major law reforms began to occur.

1435:

Scheme of Indo-European language dispersals from c. 4000 to 1000 BC according to the widely held

10814: 9962: 9526: 8405: 8288: 6585: 4921: 4635: 4495:

The Language of the Hittites; Its Structure and Its Membership in the Indo-European Linguistic Family

4021: 3986: 3659: 2963: 2360: 1630:

The Hittite state was formed from many small polities in North-Central Anatolia, at the banks of the

1057:

As the discoveries in the second half of the 19th century revealed the scale of the Hittite kingdom,

7797:

Güterbock, Hans Gustav (1983) "Hittite Historiography: A Survey", in H. Tadmor and M. Weinfeld eds.

999:(meaning "the man of Hattusa") sometime around 1650 BC and established his capital city at Hattusa. 10943: 10772: 10747: 10597: 10256: 10251: 7764: 7740: 7654:"An Attempt at Reconstructing the Branches of the Hittite Royal Family of the Early Kingdom Period" 7305: 5401: 5038: 4831: 4775: 4590: 4535:

In Hittite there are many loanwords, particularly religious vocabulary, from the non-Indo-European

4281: 4171: 3991: 3522: 3354: 3305: 3201: 3003: 2958: 2953: 2873: 2259: 1567: 1529: 809: 8278: 6418: 1631: 1344: 10948: 10839: 10720: 10261: 10214: 10157: 9856: 9800: 9548: 9135: 4677: 4176: 3903: 3013: 3008: 2998: 2642: 2505: 2097:. After Šuppiluliuma I's rule, and the brief reign of his eldest son, Arnuwanda II, another son, 1551: 1550:

The dominant indigenous inhabitants in central Anatolia were Hurrians and Hattians who spoke non-

1484: 1116: 856: 211: 8097:

Sürenhagen, D., 'Forerunners of the Hattusili-Ramesses treaty'], BMSAES 6, pp. 59–67, 2006

7767:. "Historical Events and the Process of Their Transformation in Akkadian Heroic Traditions". In 4826:

Syrian army to flight. In these passages, the Biblical Hittites appear to refer to the Iron Age

4517:, had even argued that it should be classified as a sister language to Indo-European languages ( 1274:, the diplomatic language of the time, or in the various dialects of the Hittite confederation. 10933: 10861: 10762: 10757: 10445: 10393: 10313: 10246: 10150: 10135: 10028: 9795: 9749: 9590: 9477: 5336:

A history of the Hebrew monarchy: from the administration of Samuel to the Babylonish Captivity

4881:. Some scholars have proposed that the Homeric Keteians correspond to the Bronze Age Hittites. 4845:) have argued that the Bronze Age Hittites appear in Hebrew Bible literature and apocrypha as " 4665: 4599:

is the largest, if it is indeed Hittite. Nearly all are notably worn. Rock reliefs include the

4166: 4138: 3922: 3824: 3590: 3436: 3060: 2898: 2790: 2729: 2684: 2624: 2616: 2457:

Ultimately, both Luwian hieroglyphs and cuneiform were rendered obsolete by an innovation, the

2431: 2062: 2013:

With the reign of Tudhaliya I (who may actually not have been the first of that name; see also

1392:, it assumed the name of Kizzuwatna and successfully expanded northward to encompass the lower 1047: 801: 793: 7969:, revised and enlarged, Ancient Peoples and Places series (ed. G. Daniel), Thames and Hudson, 5856: 5666:

Steiner, G. (1990). "The Immigration of the First Indo-Europeans into Anatolia Reconsidered".

5622: 5616: 1302: 10792: 10752: 10565: 10440: 9504: 9494: 9453: 9424: 9302: 8706: 8289:

New research suggests drought accelerated Hittite Empire collapse - Phys.org February 8, 2023

7494:

Bryce, T., 'The 'Eternal Treaty' from the Hittite perspective', BMSAES 6, pp. 1–11, 2006

7241: 6341: 5429:

Recent Developments in Hittite Archaeology and History: Papers in Memory of Hans G. Güterbock

4911: 4436: 4313: 4142: 3050: 3046: 3031: 3027: 2451: 2199:, the earliest known surviving peace treaty, sometimes called the Treaty of Kadesh after the 1840: 1393: 884: 425: 219: 10680: 1982: 1847:

into Hittite domains, Mursili seems to have instead turned control of Babylonia over to his

1182:" mentioned in these Egyptian texts, as well as with the biblical Hittites. Others, such as 784:

Between the 15th and 13th centuries BC, the Hittites were one of the dominant powers of the

665: 10885: 10715: 10685: 10560: 10491: 10462: 10381: 9715: 9553: 9543: 8315: 7700: 7280:"Full text of "Hittites, Mittanis & Aryans Indo Aryan Superstrate in Mitanni Internet"" 6564: 6252:"The 'Hittite plague', an epidemic of tularemia and the first record of biological warfare" 5204: 4628: 4464:

belongs to the family of Anatolian languages and the oldest written Indo-European language.

4259: 4224: 3537: 3220: 3172: 3109: 3079: 3037: 3017: 2881: 2735: 1941: 1166:"—apparently located in the same general region as the Mesopotamian references to "land of 789: 716: 159: 10665: 7469:

Beal, Richard H (1986). "The History of Kizzuwatna and the Date of the Šunaššura Treaty".

4578: 3405: 2529:, was generally a member of the royal family. The kingdom's bureaucracy was headed by the 1816: 1706:), this conquest took place around 1750 BC. However, the real subject of these tablets is 1247: 938: 8: 10577: 10457: 10423: 10325: 10145: 10140: 9952: 9671: 9607: 9482: 9467: 9338: 9283: 9197: 9104: 9082: 8736: 8627: 7799:

History, Historiography and Interpretation: Studies in Biblical and Cuneiform Literatures

6544: 4827: 4738: 4486: 3532: 3527: 3423: 3347: 3312: 3235: 3225: 3084: 2785: 2780: 2749: 2462: 2406: 2390: 2367: 2337: 2215: 2027:), King Tudhaliya I, again allied with Kizzuwatna, then vanquished the Hurrian states of 1865:

and her son were murdered. In addition, other members of the royal family were killed by

1575: 1083: 907: 852: 817: 813: 550: 10293: 10283: 7194:

A reader of ancient Near Eastern texts : sources for the study of the Old Testament

6808:

Hawkins, David (February 1986). "Writing in Anatolia: Imported and Indigenous Systems".

5208: 5150:

Muhly, James D. (2003). "Metalworking/Mining in the Levant". In Richard, Suzanne (ed.).

1594: 10690: 10670: 10653: 10604: 10469: 10278: 10229: 10162: 10080: 10021: 10016: 10011: 9967: 9937: 9829: 9727: 9595: 9570: 9046: 7933: 7904: 7622: 7614: 7145: 7137: 7027: 7019: 6825: 6716: 6708: 6677: 6106: 5792: 5220: 4733: 4669: 4623: 4238: 4189: 4123: 4107: 3732: 3385: 3124: 2810: 2715: 2710: 2211: 2109: 1666: 1103: 930: 59:

This article is about the Anatolian culture. For the group described in the Bible, see

8249:

Stone, Damien. The Hittites: Lost Civilizations. United Kingdom, Reaktion Books, 2023.

7658:

Pax Hethitica: Studies on the Hittites and Their Neighbours in Honour of Itamar Singer

7405:

Pax Hethitica: Studies on the Hittites and Their Neighbours in Honour of Itamar Singer

4468:

The Hittite language is recorded fragmentarily from about the 19th century BC (in the

2286: 1956:. There is an archive in Sapinuwa, but it has not been adequately translated to date. 1773: 1719: 266: 125: 10913: 10799: 10695: 10631: 10626: 10555: 10452: 10167: 10095: 10090: 9932: 9861: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9634: 9585: 9329: 9319: 8803: 8741: 8686: 8236: 8192: 8165: 8148: 8109: 8057: 8039: 7991: 7970: 7952: 7937: 7908: 7852: 7833: 7815: 7812:

Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr. on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday

7784: 7750: 7726: 7661: 7641: 7626: 7580: 7556: 7532: 7508: 7482: 7455: 7431: 7408: 7376: 7341: 7247: 7207: 7197: 7149: 7031: 6973: 6909: 6720: 6485: 6452: 6352: 6296: 6271: 6230: 6203: 5693: 5626: 5483: 5460:

Hatır, Ergün; Korkanç, Mustafa; Schachner, Andreas; İnce, İsmail (1 September 2021).

5433: 5314: 5155: 5118: 5075: 4946: 4820: 4655: 4479: 4252: 4218: 4210: 4154: 4148: 4130: 4101: 4080: 4066: 4058: 3828: 3689: 3629: 3611: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3509: 3504: 3333: 3196: 2845: 2838: 2831: 2817: 2803: 2763: 2742: 2679: 2671: 2592: 2489: 2402: 2373: 2296: 2278: 2274: 2054: 1899: 1824: 1579: 1447:

3 (black) Yamnaya culture expansion (Pontic-Caspian steppe, Danube Valley) (late PIE)

1436: 1271: 1267: 1199: 1075: 1041: 988: 888: 778: 735: 713: 206: 186: 60: 7686:"In Search of a Distant Past: Forms of Historical Consciousness in Hittite Anatolia" 6868: 5224: 2035: 1101:

The first archaeological evidence for the Hittites appeared in tablets found at the

770: 10648: 10435: 10430: 10386: 10373: 10303: 10271: 10266: 10130: 10125: 10107: 10068: 10001: 9984: 9925: 9915: 9910: 9851: 9807: 9777: 9737: 9720: 9703: 9666: 9417: 9379: 8221: 8144: 7925: 7894: 7886: 7675:

Gilan, Amir. "Epic and History in Hittite Anatolia: In Search of a Local Hero". In

7606: 7445: 7129: 7011: 6817: 6700: 6669: 6263: 5475: 5212: 4729: 4582: 4536: 4506: 4485:

The language of the Hattusa tablets was eventually deciphered by a Czech linguist,

4461: 4432: 4246: 4196: 4013: 3819: 3707: 3647: 3624: 3567: 3562: 3499: 3486: 3481: 3471: 3144: 2757: 2705: 2697: 2690: 2454:. This state too was conquered and incorporated into the vast Neo-Assyrian Empire. 2300: 2263: 2200: 2162: 2148: 2121: 1599: 1583: 1563: 1559: 1525: 836: 683: 174: 41: 8294:

Video lecture at Oriental Institute – Tracking the Frontiers of the Hittite Empire

6821: 4586: 4557: 4441: 10866: 10834: 10707: 10675: 10658: 10614: 10609: 10587: 10582: 10540: 10533: 10508: 10368: 10363: 10204: 10085: 9979: 9974: 9942: 9767: 9757: 9651: 9644: 9639: 9624: 9580: 9462: 9448: 9396: 9365: 9360: 9350: 9060: 8952: 8597: 8527: 8508: 8300: 8157: 8031: 7985: 7946: 7744: 7720: 7653: 7594: 7574: 7570: 7550: 7546: 7526: 7522: 7502: 7498: 7449: 7424:"Manly Deeds: Hittite Admonitory History and Eastern Mediterranean Didactic Epic" 7423: 7400: 7370: 7335: 7237: 6290: 5687: 5595: 5479: 5284: 5108: 5065: 5026: 4892: 4644: 4540: 4327: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4267: 4203: 4182: 4160: 3745: 3634: 3557: 3466: 3399: 3340: 3206: 2938: 2923: 2913: 2908: 2824: 2796: 2477: 2410: 2066: 2031:

and Mitanni, and expanded to the west at the expense of Arzawa (a Luwian state).

1959:

It segues into the "Hittite Empire period" proper, which dates from the reign of

1929: 1878: 1852: 1836: 1377: 1356: 1251: 1111:), containing records of trade between Assyrian merchants and a certain "land of 1067: 1058: 984: 860: 411: 182: 178: 10288: 6449:

Creating Shapes in Civil and Naval Architecture: A Cross-Disciplinary Comparison

6196: 5570:"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe" 934: 933:

in 1923. The Hittites attracted the attention of Turkish archaeologists such as

10809: 10804: 10767: 10742: 10725: 10636: 10621: 10592: 10550: 10398: 10358: 10353: 10308: 10234: 10194: 10184: 10174: 9989: 9868: 9762: 9629: 9511: 9334: 8912: 8696: 8493: 8360: 8129: 8027: 8012: 6267: 5243: 4906: 4866: 4640: 4600: 4525: 4514: 4072: 3939: 3814: 3372: 3326: 3294: 3230: 2721: 2450:, their language may have been Luwian, testified to by monuments written using 2166: 2154: 2141: 2086: 1886: 1514: 1343:). After Hattusa was made the capital, the area encompassed by the bend of the 1095: 1063: 8130:"After the Hittites: The Kingdoms of Karkamish and Palistin in Northern Syria" 7610: 5824: 5216: 4608: 816:, some of which survived until the eighth century BC before succumbing to the 10907: 10890: 10777: 10572: 10545: 10518: 10496: 10474: 10241: 10224: 10209: 10053: 10006: 9994: 9920: 9812: 9686: 9681: 9656: 9538: 9242: 9238: 9071: 8761: 8659: 8273: 7981: 7776: 7366: 7211: 6556: 6356: 5906:, in: Zeitschrift Für Assyriologie Und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, 109(2), 5487: 4604: 4332: 3796: 3712: 3429: 3287: 3149: 2903: 2601: 2543: 2421: 2312: 2255: 2230: 2192: 2079: 1691: 1535: 1510: 1334: 1221: 1155: 1051: 911: 564: 10318: 10298: 6251: 5019: 4842: 4673: 4474: 3119: 1408: 1183: 1066:, they supplied the Israelites with cedar, chariots, and horses, and in the 945:

also influenced the naming of Turkish institutions, such as the state-owned

10782: 10523: 10513: 10479: 10408: 10403: 10330: 10120: 10102: 10063: 10058: 10038: 10033: 9905: 9898: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9772: 9710: 9691: 9676: 9612: 9375: 8310: 7825: 6552: 6275: 4966: 4723: 4518: 3951: 3789: 3263: 3134: 2933: 2928: 2918: 2270: 2242: 2094: 1874: 1451:

4B-C (blue & dark blue): Bell Beaker; adopted by Indo-European speakers

1431: 1115:". Some names in the tablets were neither Hattic nor Assyrian, but clearly 163: 9162: 8972: 8305: 6618: 4795: 4627:

Stag statuette, symbol of a Hittite male god. This figure is used for the

1924: 1368:

in the earliest Hittite texts. This terminology was replaced by the names

1205: 1123: 923: 10501: 10486: 10335: 10048: 9957: 9947: 9873: 9521: 9516: 9204: 9092: 9042: 9004: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8731: 8643: 8478: 8435: 7890: 7633: 4898: 4683: 4570: 4564: 3927: 3913: 3877: 3585: 2356: 2308: 2251: 2247: 2196: 2158: 2137: 2082:

annexed Carchemish and northeast Syria from the control of the Hittites.

2058: 1960: 1828: 1772:

The founding of the Hittite Kingdom is attributed to either Labarna I or

1412: 1307: 1255: 1098:

found the first Hittite ruins in 1834 but did not identify them as such.

996: 992: 960: 942: 915: 899: 880: 829: 7899: 7618: 6062: 5855:. University of Texas at Austin: College of Liberal Arts. Archived from 5277: 3114: 2546:) and Carchemish (located on the Euphrates river in Southern Anatolia). 800:. By the 12th century BC, much of the Hittite Empire was annexed by the 10528: 10345: 10219: 10179: 10112: 8892: 8817: 8635: 8582: 8522: 8517: 8453: 8420: 7869:

Personal names from Kaniš: the oldest Indo-European linguistic material

7804:

Hoffner, Jr., H.A (1973) "The Hittites and Hurrians", in D. J. Wiseman

7576:

The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History

7141: 7023: 6848: 6712: 6681: 6037:

The kingdom of Hurma during the reign of Labarna and Hattusili. Part I.

4967:"Hittite | Definition, History, Achievements, & Facts | Britannica" 4648: 4445:

Bronze tablet from Çorum-Boğazköy dating from 1235 BC, photographed at

3890: 3804: 3682: 3447: 2531: 2521: 2511: 2394: 2383: 2348: 2316: 2098: 2075: 2070: 2046: 1994: 1498: 1373: 821: 720: 592: 439: 397: 283: 8463: 6829: 6530:

Barnett, R.D., "Phrygia and the Peoples of Anatolia in the Iron Age",

4469: 2413:(858–823 BC), and fully incorporated into Assyria during the reign of 2409:(911–608 BC). Carchemish and Melid were made vassals of Assyria under 2065:(1365–1050 BC) once more began to grow in power with the ascension of 1723: 1662: 1655: 1108: 848: 751: 10418: 10189: 10073: 10043: 9824: 9698: 9489: 9254: 9224: 8942: 8857: 8716: 7120:

Hoffner, Harry A. (1981). "The Old Hittite Version of Laws 164–166".

6560: 6036: 4728:

Hittite laws, much like other records of the empire, are recorded on

4700: 4510: 4093: 3870: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3834: 3702: 2466: 2465:(with the Bryges, who changed their name to Phrygians), and from the 2414: 2329: 2320: 2289:

also managed to win some victories, including a naval battle against

2238: 2090: 2014: 1945: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1844: 1805: 1746: 1742: 1159: 919: 872: 864: 785: 727: 723: 244: 8772: 8225: 8102:

L'alignement syntaxique dans les langues indo-européennes d'Anatolie

7451:

A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period

7133: 6999: 6704: 6506:"Drought may have doomed ancient Hittite empire, tree study reveals" 1745:, descendant of a Huzziya of Zalpa, took over Hatti. His son-in-law 1362:

To the west and south of the core territory lay the region known as

1258:

portraying the Hittite rulers and the gods of the Hittite pantheon.

883:; the decipherment of these texts was a key event in the history of 140:

Map of the Hittite Empire at its greatest extent, with Hittite rule

9819: 9560: 9499: 9248: 9213: 9167: 9155: 8867: 8832: 8827: 8701: 8542: 8468: 8445: 8430: 7929: 7867: 7015: 6673: 6229:(1st ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 297. 4661: 4456: 4036: 4027: 3918: 3719: 3598: 3089: 2665: 2575: 2458: 2447: 2426: 2290: 2234: 2184: 2117: 2085:

While Šuppiluliuma I reigned, the Hittite Empire was devastated by

2050: 1949: 1906: 1848: 1614: 1539: 1518: 1506: 1502: 1479: 1397: 1131: 980: 929:

Modern interest in the Hittites increased with the founding of the

903: 895: 808:

newcomers to the region. From the late 12th century BC, during the

743: 536: 508: 495: 355: 64: 8088:

The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization

4612: 2549: 2237:

and Mitanni, occupy their lands, and expand up to the head of the

1761: 1622: 1603: 1380:. Prior to the rise of Kizzuwatna, the heart of that territory in 1294:

houses the richest collection of Hittite and Anatolian artifacts.

781:, bordering the rival empires of the Hurri-Mitanni and Assyrians. 9732: 9661: 9617: 9472: 9307: 9272: 9266: 9260: 9150: 9118: 9097: 8937: 8932: 8907: 8901: 8897: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8872: 8862: 8852: 8847: 8837: 8822: 8726: 8721: 8665: 8647: 8592: 8587: 8556: 8532: 8513: 8488: 8483: 8473: 8457: 8425: 4878: 4800: 4767: 4691: 4687: 4596: 4490: 4086: 4050: 4043: 3841: 3461: 3094: 2352: 2324: 2113: 1987: 1933: 1894: 1882: 1832: 1781: 1777: 1765: 1750: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1670: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1635: 1571: 1491: 1420: 1401: 1381: 1364: 1319: 1217: 1209: 1071: 1007: 947: 868: 805: 797: 773:, when it encompassed most of Anatolia and parts of the northern 762: 747: 670: 653: 606: 369: 155: 9533: 8655: 5689:

In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth

4660:

Hittite religion and mythology were heavily influenced by their

2535:(Chief of the Scribes), whose authority did not extend over the 9565: 9440: 8670: 8651: 8639: 8622: 8602: 8572: 8547: 8415: 8410: 5773: 5248: 4846: 4771: 4762: 4707: 4695: 4552: 4450: 3809: 3763: 3282: 3099: 2563: 2516: 2461:, which seems to have entered Anatolia simultaneously from the 2401:. With the ruling family in Carchemish believed to have been a 2378: 2333: 2282: 2223: 2028: 1953: 1870: 1789: 1703: 1607: 1521:

had previously been considered within the migration framework.

1416: 1389: 1369: 1327: 1291: 1287: 1195: 1147: 1135: 1020: 956: 774: 739: 731: 657: 645: 578: 522: 481: 467: 453: 383: 7638:

The Secret of the Hittites: The Discovery of an Ancient Empire

7083:

Writings from the Ancient World Society of Biblical Literature

2319:, and continuing all the way to Canaan, founding the state of 10199: 9113: 8947: 8631: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8577: 8537: 8503: 8498: 8449: 8105: 8072: 7879:

Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie

6548: 5964: 5884: 5749: 5100: 5018:

Ancient History Encyclopedia. "Sea Peoples." September 2009.

4874: 4850: 4835: 3908: 3782: 3776: 3758: 3129: 3104: 2398: 1785: 1639: 1400:. To the southeast of the Hittites lay the Hurrian empire of 1385: 1151: 1143: 1079: 910:, the number is comparable to that of iron objects found in 876: 824:, their descendants scattered and ultimately merged into the 649: 620: 10924:

States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC

7337:

Law and Gender in the Ancient Near East and the Hebrew Bible

6148: 5913: 2218:

with a human head and a lion's body; Late Hittite period in

1823:

Mursili continued the conquests of Hattusili I. In 1595 BC (

9109: 8551: 8330: 8325: 8054:

The Tenth Generation: The Origins of the Biblical Tradition

6340:

Beckman, Gary M.; Bryce, Trevor R.; Cline, Eric H. (2012).

6007: 6005: 5992: 5990: 5930: 5928: 4706:

The Hittite gods are also honoured with festivals, such as

4300: 1483:

Hittite language itself is believed to have been in use in

1396:

as well. To the north lived the mountain people called the

1139: 769:, it reached its peak during the mid-14th century BC under 698: 9409: 10919:

States and territories established in the 17th century BC

8336: 8311:

Pictures of Yazılıkaya, one of a group of important sites

6423:

Ancient Egypt: an introduction to the history and culture

5646:

Puhvel, J. (1994). "Anatolian: Autochton or Interloper".

5459: 5338:(2nd ed.). London: John Chapman. p. 179 note 2. 5190:"Bronze Age iron: Meteoritic or not? A chemical strategy" 4985: 4505:

The decipherment famously led to the confirmation of the

4460:

Indo-European family tree in order of first attestation.

1902:-style rivalries between northern and southern branches. 1788:, where he attacked, but did not capture, its capital of 692: 7849:

Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon

7218: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6042: 6002: 5987: 5952:

Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol.141, No. 3

5925: 5761: 5002: 5000: 1388:. Upon its revolt from the Hittites during the reign of 8337:"Missione Archeologica Italiana a Uşaklı Höyük | MAIAC" 8306:

Pictures of Boğazköy, one of a group of important sites

6401: 6399: 6397: 6172: 4766:

Post-Hittite period statue of king Šuppiluliuma of the

2250:, took the throne and ruled as king for seven years as 1566:(i.e. it was one of only two or three languages in the 898:

to the Hittites, who were believed to have monopolized

6599: 6484:. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 30. 6419:"The peace treaty between Ramses II and Hattusili III" 6321: 5737: 5725: 5713: 5382: 5333: 1490:

The Hittites are first associated with the kingdom of

7430:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 66–85. 6836: 6382: 6342:"Writings from the Ancient World: The Ahhiyawa Texts" 6295:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 121–122. 6129: 6087: 4997: 2179: 1578:(2025–1750 BC); it was from the Assyrian speakers of 840: 704: 87: 8164:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 221–237. 8038:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 239–256. 7967:

The Hittites, and Their Contemporaries in Asia Minor

7660:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 115–135. 7334:

Peled, Ilan (4 November 2019). "HL (Hittite Laws)".

6922: 6461: 6394: 6292:

Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery

6160: 4888: 2112:. Mursili also attacked a city known as Millawanda ( 1948:. The capital once again went on the move, first to 1928:

Twelve Hittite gods of the Underworld in the nearby

1654:(still not found) and the former Assyrian colony of 1558:, but its affiliation remains uncertain, whilst the 701: 695: 7763: 7739: 7531:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 6641: 5537: 2424:occupied much of southern Anatolia. Known as Greek 2303:

in the process, who also had eyes on Hittite lands.

1998:Exact replica of a Hittite monument from Fasıllar, 1718:Zalpuwa, supports Zalpuwa and exonerates the later 1235:Drinking cup in the shape of a fist; 1400–1380 BC, 1154:uncovered the diplomatic correspondence of Pharaoh 922:. The Hittite military also made successful use of 719:who formed one of the first major civilizations of 689: 686: 63:. For the pre-Hittite inhabitants of Anatolia, see 7407:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 37–46. 7401:"When Did the Hittites Begin to Write in Hittite?" 6195: 5461: 5107:Kristiansen, Kristian; Larsson, Thomas B. (2005). 5106: 5064:Kristiansen, Kristian; Larsson, Thomas B. (2005). 5063: 2285:, before that too fell to Assyria. The last king, 2069:in 1365 BC. Ashur-uballit I attacked and defeated 1266:The Hittites used a variation of cuneiform called 1082:'s army and counted as one of his "mighty men" in 8189:Officials and administration in the Hittite world 7801:, Magnes Press, Hebrew University pp. 21–35. 7076:"Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor" 6866: 6339: 6017: 2557: 1905:The next monarch of note following Mursili I was 894:Scholars once attributed the development of iron- 10905: 8390: 7945:Konstan, David; Raaflaub, Kurt A., eds. (2010). 6978:Aramazd Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 6563:tribal designations, and argued that they spoke 5525: 4834:and Hittites serve as high military officers in 4585:and Hattusa, with the monument at the spring of 7944: 7768: 7676: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7115: 7113: 7111: 6222: 5902:Kloekhorst, Alwin, and Willemijn Waal, (2019). 5178:. Gothenburg: Paul Astöms Förlag (1978): 56–58. 1178:in Anatolia was identical with the "kingdom of 765:(around 1650 BC). Known in modern times as the 8137:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 7876: 7597:(2016). "The Land of Hiyawa (Que) Revisited". 7177: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7159: 6972:Taş, İlknur; Dinler, Veysel (1 January 2015). 6532:The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. II, Part 2 6351:. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature: 6. 6223:Zuckerman, Molly K.; Martin, Debra L. (2016). 6107:"The Hittites – Resources of Ancient Anatolia" 5890: 5307:Cline, Eric H. (2021). "Of Arms and the Man". 4991: 4482:context from as early as the 20th century BC. 1690:One set of tablets, known collectively as the 9425: 8988: 8788: 8376: 8162:A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages 8036:A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages 7872:. Farewell symposium Michiel de Vaan. Leiden. 7230: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7061: 6993: 6991: 6697:The Archaeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia 5610: 5608: 5231: 4856: 4412: 1415:in the far north-east, as well as south into 1015:from a third millennium BC pre-Hittite tomb ( 79: 10882:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 7980: 7108: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7041: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6801: 5755: 4577:, carved ivory, and ceramics, including the 2525:(Chief of the Wine Stewards), who, like the 2496:deer with gold nose and two lions/panthers ( 2281:. He even temporarily annexed the island of 1974:several gods and rituals from the Hurrians. 1443:1 (black): Anatolian languages (archaic PIE) 951:("Hittite bank"), and the foundation of the 9002: 7156: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6479: 6249: 5829:, Oriental Institute, University of Chicago 5621:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 1469:– : Armenian, expanding from western steppe 1194:, but proposed connecting it with Biblical 9432: 9418: 9039:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3 8995: 8981: 8795: 8781: 8383: 8369: 8230: 8155: 7915: 7865: 7846: 7444: 7421: 7246:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 60. 6988: 6226:New directions in biocultural anthropology 5605: 5388: 5313:. Princeton University Press. p. 32. 5310:1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed 5272: 5270: 5006: 4917:List of artifacts significant to the Bible 4861:One single mention of a Trojan ally named 4849:", a people said to be named for a son of 4573:, as well as metalwork, in particular the 4419: 4405: 4383:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 1002: 134: 7898: 7746:Legends of the Kings of Akkade: The Texts 7651: 7038: 6971: 6154: 6048: 6011: 5996: 5934: 5919: 5846: 5426:Güterbock, Hans Gustav (1 January 2002). 5425: 4943:Crime and Punishment in the Ancient World 4680:elements may still be clearly discerned. 4618: 2057:of another of his sons with the widow of 1445:2 (black): Afanasievo culture (early PIE) 1384:was first referred to by the Hittites as 1216:During sporadic excavations at Boğazköy ( 8026: 8011: 7824: 7718: 7236: 6934: 6854: 6842: 6798:(Leipzig, Germany: J.C. Hinrichs, 1917). 5982:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4794: 4761: 4686:were prominent in the Hittite pantheon. 4634: 4622: 4551: 4455: 4440: 2548: 2519:). It was superseded by the rank of the 2488: 2476: 2347: 2210: 2183: 2131: 1993: 1981: 1923: 1869:, who was then murdered by his own son, 1843:in the process. Rather than incorporate 1810: 1760: 1741:Meanwhile, the lords of Zalpa lived on. 1626:Hittite chariot, from an Egyptian relief 1621: 1613: 1593: 1487:between the 20th and 12th centuries BC. 1478:The ancestors of the Hittites came into 1455:5C (red): Sintashta (proto-Indo-Iranian) 1430: 1322:, Hittite Old Kingdom (16th century BC) 1301: 1230: 1220:) that began in 1906, the archaeologist 1204: 1162:. Two of the letters from a "kingdom of 1126:by a "People of Hattusas" discovered by 1026: 1006: 664: 10706: 8118: 8085: 7454:. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. 7389: 7365: 7119: 6901: 6807: 6763: 6605: 6189: 6187: 6142: 6093: 5847:Lehmann, Winfred P.; Slocum, Jonathan. 5779: 5767: 5743: 5731: 5719: 5685: 5665: 5267: 4940: 4497:. The preface of the book begins with: 2562:In the Central Anatolian settlement of 2233:had seized the opportunity to vanquish 2176:by the most commonly used chronology). 1944:people settled along the shores of the 1665:under Uhna in 1833 BC. And during this 979:in Akkadian), a name received from the 941:. During this period, the new field of 726:. Possibly originating from beyond the 52:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 10906: 8186: 8127: 8056:, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 7775: 7725:. Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter. 7303: 7191: 6869:"'Hittite/Hurrian Mythology REF 1.2', 6745:from the original on 11 September 2017 6467: 6405: 6388: 6288: 6178: 6166: 5659: 5645: 5521:A Short Grammar of Hieroglyphic Luwian 5357: 5187: 2343: 2311:had already begun their push down the 1089: 1035: 669:The Great Temple in the inner city of 9413: 9395: 9374: 9364: 9282: 9253: 9185: 9161: 8976: 8802: 8776: 8364: 7987:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 7951:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 7683: 7674: 7593: 7579:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7569: 7545: 7521: 7507:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7504:Life and Society in the Hittite World 7497: 7398: 7372:The Hattian and Hittite Civilizations 7333: 7224: 7196:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6997: 6928: 6694: 6647: 6441: 6327: 6309:from the original on 27 February 2017 6023: 5614: 5306: 5149: 4390:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 4362:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 1554:. Some have argued that Hattic was a 1031:Ivory Hittite Sphinx, 18th century BC 761:–1650 BC), and an empire centered on 8123:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 7468: 6193: 6184: 6060: 5543: 5531: 5255:from the original on 7 November 2014 5045:from the original on 3 February 2017 4814: 4799:Sphinx Gate entrance of the city of 2420:A large and powerful state known as 1130:in 1884 was found to match peculiar 8108:49), Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 7832:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6584:, 12 September 2008, archived from 5188:Jambon, Albert (24 November 2017). 4841:Other biblical scholars (following 4790: 4347:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 2481:Bronze Hittite figures of animals ( 2127: 1306:Ceremonial vessels in the shape of 27:Ancient Anatolian people of Kussara 24: 8180: 8075:18), Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. 7866:Kloekhorst, Alwin (19 June 2014). 7830:Hittite and the Indo-European Verb 7806:Peoples of the Old Testament Times 7096:from the original on 28 April 2019 6366:from the original on 23 April 2016 6075:from the original on 13 April 2021 5805:from the original on 16 March 2016 5568:Lazaridis, Iosif, et al., (2022). 5370:from the original on 28 April 2019 5251:: Trustees of the British Museum. 5131:from the original on 29 March 2023 5088:from the original on 29 March 2023 5039:"The peaks and troughs of Hittite" 4369:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language 2469:and neighboring peoples in Syria. 2254:before being ousted by his uncle, 2180:Downfall and demise of the kingdom 2116:), which was under the control of 1815:The İnandık vase, also known as a 1574:colonies in the region during the 1459:7A (purple): Indo-Aryans (Mittani) 971:The Hittites called their kingdom 738:. The Hittites formed a series of 25: 10960: 8253: 6117:from the original on 6 March 2017 5197:Journal of Archaeological Science 5154:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 174–183. 4447:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 2498:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 2483:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 2220:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 2140:storming the Hittite fortress of 2007:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 1919: 1650:, and a southern branch based in 1463:(dark yellow): proto-Balto-Slavic 1324:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 1284:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 1017:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 953:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 859:; along with the closely related 54: instead of cuneiform script. 8961: 8755: 8231:de Martino, Stefan, ed. (2022). 8149:10.1111/j.2041-5370.2013.00055.x 7327: 7297: 7272: 7260:from the original on 16 May 2016 7073: 6905:A Brief Guide to the Greek Myths 6883:from the original on 6 July 2004 6629:from the original on 13 May 2017 6447:Horst Nowacki, Wolfgang Lefèvre 6429:from the original on 8 June 2011 5668:Journal of Indo-European Studies 5648:Journal of Indo-European Studies 5287:, Anatolian Studies, 58, 141–171 4891: 4676:counterparts. In earlier times, 4639:Early Hittite artifact found by 4376:Journal of Indo-European Studies 3140:Bible translations into Armenian 2631: 1808:(or Murshilish I), as his heir. 1497:Hittites in Anatolia during the 1461:7B (purple): Indo-Aryans (India) 1407:At its peak during the reign of 839:—referred to by its speakers as 814:several small independent states 788:, coming into conflict with the 682: 625: 611: 597: 583: 569: 555: 541: 527: 513: 488: 474: 460: 446: 432: 418: 404: 390: 376: 362: 348: 117: 32: 8080:Assyrian Colonies in Cappadocia 7473:. Vol. 55. pp. 424ff. 7375:. Ankara: Ministry of Culture. 6895: 6860: 6788: 6776:from the original on 5 May 2017 6757: 6727: 6688: 6653: 6611: 6570: 6537: 6524: 6498: 6473: 6411: 6349:Writings from the Ancient World 6333: 6289:Windle, Joachim Latacz (2004). 6282: 6243: 6216: 6099: 6054: 6029: 5970: 5957: 5940: 5896: 5871: 5840: 5817: 5785: 5692:. New York: Thames and Hudson. 5679: 5639: 5618:The Ancient Near East, Volume I 5594:Kroonen, Guus, et al., (2018). 5588: 5575: 5562: 5549: 5513: 5501: 5453: 5419: 5394: 5351: 5342: 5334:Francis William Newman (1853). 5327: 5300: 5290: 5181: 5168: 4945:. Lexington Books. p. 29. 2651:List of Indo-European languages 2124:, or at least to a part of it. 1712: 1589: 1453:5A-B (red): Eastern Corded ware 1449:4A (black): Western Corded Ware 1244:German Archaeological Institute 851:"—was a distinct member of the 812:, the Hittites splintered into 804:, with the remainder sacked by 81: 7555:. London-New York: Routledge. 7192:Coogan, Michael David (2013). 6857:, p. 20 with footnote 41. 6668:(1): 32–34. 1 September 1884. 6660:"The Empire of the Hittites". 6567:, a non-Indo-European language 6061:Mark, Joshua (28 April 2011). 5798:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5143: 5110:The Rise of Bronze Age Society 5067:The Rise of Bronze Age Society 5057: 5031: 5012: 4959: 4934: 4744: 2558:Religion of the early Hittites 2539:, the king's personal scribe. 1977: 1756: 1582:that the Hittites adopted the 13: 1: 8052:Mendenhall, George E. (1973) 7769:Konstan & Raaflaub (2010) 7719:Gilibert, Alessandra (2011). 7677:Konstan & Raaflaub (2010) 6822:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979976 6480:Spielvolgel, Jackson (2011). 5406:www.hethport.uni-wuerzburg.de 5402:"Rediscovery of the Hittites" 4927: 4757: 3977:Proto-Indo-European mythology 3246:Paleolithic continuity theory 2579: 2569: 2472: 2315:coastline, starting from the 2170: 2102: 2039: 2021: 1999: 1964: 1910: 1702:conquered neighbouring Neša ( 1681: 1674: 857:Indo-European language family 755: 730:, they settled in modern day 314: 299: 256: 235: 141: 105: 98: 10939:History of the Mediterranean 8392:Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia 8279:Resources in other libraries 7918:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 7749:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 7422:Bachvarova, Mary R. (2010). 7394:, Princeton University Press 7122:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 6908:. Little, Brown Book Group. 6902:Kershaw, Stephen P. (2013). 6764:Eduljee, K.E. (5 May 2017). 5480:10.1016/j.culher.2021.07.004 5468:Journal of Cultural Heritage 5432:. Eisenbrauns. p. 101. 4734:collection of practiced laws 4575:Alaca Höyük bronze standards 3665:Northern Black Polished Ware 2864:Proto-Indo-European language 1556:Northwest Caucasian language 1419:near the southern border of 1297: 1122:The script on a monument at 966: 841: 124:Royal seal of the last king 88: 7: 10929:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 9439: 8017:"The Position of Anatolian" 7652:Forlanini, Massimo (2010). 7528:The Kingdom of the Hittites 6250:Trevisanato, S. I. (2007). 5976:Kloekhorst, Alwin, (2021). 5946:Kloekhorst, Alwin, (2021). 5853:Linguistics Research Center 5581:Kloekhorst, Alwin, (2022). 5555:Kloekhorst, Alwin, (2022). 5510:. Chapter V. Vahan Kurkjian 4884: 3982:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 2607: 2494:Alaca Höyük bronze standard 2205:Istanbul Archaeology Museum 2189:Egypto-Hittite Peace Treaty 1722:from the charge of sacking 1694:text, begin by telling how 1494:sometime prior to 1750 BC. 1261: 1242:Under the direction of the 1237:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 1070:were friends and allies to 1013:Alaca Höyük bronze standard 891:have also been suggested. 746:, including the kingdom of 10: 10965: 8316:Der Anitta Text (at TITUS) 8233:Handbook of Hittite Empire 8121:The World of Ancient Times 7847:Kloekhorst, Alwin (2007). 7808:, Clarendon Press, Oxford. 7390:Anthony, David W. (2007), 7358: 7306:"The Chariots of Ahhiyawa" 7000:"The Hittite Inscriptions" 6268:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.03.012 6202:. Penguin (Non-Classics). 6068:World History Encyclopedia 5891:Kloekhorst & Waal 2019 5115:Cambridge University Press 5072:Cambridge University Press 4992:Kloekhorst & Waal 2019 4857:In ancient Greek mythology 4818: 4721: 4653: 4562: 4556:Monument over a spring at 4430: 3278:Domestication of the horse 2435: 2365: 2146: 1473: 1426: 1332: 1277: 1254:, which contains numerous 1146:. In 1887, excavations at 1039: 80: 58: 10875: 10827: 10344: 9748: 9447: 9392: 9371: 9359: 9356: 9349: 9346: 9328: 9318: 9301: 9294: 9292: 9258: 9246: 9237: 9228: 9223: 9195: 9178: 9149: 9134: 9129: 9108: 9103: 9091: 9081: 9069: 9059: 9041: 9038: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9011: 8959: 8810: 8750: 8679: 8565: 8398: 8274:Resources in your library 8235:. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. 8156:Yakubovich, Ilya (2020). 8095:UK Government Web Archive 8090:, Oxford University Press 7765:Goodnick-Westenholz, Joan 7741:Goodnick-Westenholz, Joan 7611:10.1017/S0066154616000053 7492:UK Government Web Archive 7340:. Routledge. p. 85. 6662:The Old Testament Student 6035:Joost Blasweiler (2020), 5877:Matessi, Alvise, (2021). 5283:22 September 2018 at the 5217:10.1016/j.jas.2017.09.008 4922:Short chronology timeline 4870: 4493:in 1917, under the title 3987:Historical Vedic religion 3264:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 2361:National Museum of Aleppo 2323: – taking 2295:But the Assyrians, under 2293:off the coast of Cyprus. 1441:– Center: Steppe cultures 641: 327: 323: 308: 293: 289: 279: 275: 253: 232: 228: 218: 202: 192: 170: 151: 133: 114: 97: 74: 9020:Northwestern Mesopotamia 7990:. Taylor & Francis. 7481:, Scholars Press, 1999, 7479:Hittite Diplomatic Texts 6735:"Telipinus Hittite king" 5782:, pp. 345, 361–367. 5756:Mallory & Adams 1997 5358:Texier, Charles (1835). 5152:Near Eastern Archaeology 4941:Drapkin, Israel (1989). 4776:Hatay Archaeology Museum 3992:Ancient Iranian religion 3355:Novotitarovskaya culture 3202:Indo-European migrations 1986:Tudhaliya IV (relief in 1729:Anitta was succeeded by 1680:–1775 BC), and Waršama ( 810:Late Bronze Age collapse 214:(Middle and New Kingdom) 8356:Map of Hittite Anatolia 8187:Bilgin, Tayfun (2018). 8100:Patri, Sylvain (2007), 8078:Orlin, Louis L. (1970) 7965:Macqueen, J. G. (1986) 7399:Archi, Alfonso (2010). 7304:Kelder, Jorrit (2005). 6543:The Georgian historian 5686:Mallory, J. P. (1989). 5519:John Marangozis (2003) 3493:Northern/Eastern Steppe 2506:constitutional monarchy 1661:Zalpuwa first attacked 1552:Indo-European languages 1003:Archeological discovery 889:prehistoric Scandinavia 212:Constitutional monarchy 9180:Middle Hittite Kingdom 8191:. Berlin: de Gruyter. 8119:Roebuck, Carl (1966). 8086:Parpola, Asko (2015), 7984:; Adams, D.Q. (1997). 7699:: 1–23. Archived from 6867:Siren, Christopher B. 6194:Roux, Georges (1993). 5615:Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). 5366:(in French): 368–376. 5276:Erimtan, Can. (2008). 4803: 4779: 4717: 4651: 4632: 4619:Religion and mythology 4581:. The Sphinx Gates of 4560: 4547: 4465: 4453: 3964:Religion and mythology 3923:Medieval Scandinavians 3214:Alternative and fringe 2554: 2501: 2486: 2363: 2226: 2208: 2144: 2063:Middle Assyrian Empire 2010: 1991: 1936: 1820: 1798: 1769: 1627: 1619: 1611: 1470: 1457:6 (magenta): Andronovo 1330: 1239: 1213: 1107:of Kanesh (now called 1078:was a captain in King 1048:Francis William Newman 1032: 1024: 802:Middle Assyrian Empire 794:Middle Assyrian Empire 750:(before 1750 BC), the 673: 310:• Disestablished 40:This article contains 10852:Medieval great powers 9303:Neo-Babylonian Empire 9136:Old Babylonian Empire 9051:Early Dynastic period 8299:11 April 2014 at the 8128:Weeden, Mark (2013). 7814:. Eisenbrauns, 2003, 6998:Sayce, A. H. (1905). 5793:"Anatolian languages" 5674:(1 & 2): 185–214. 5654:(3 & 4): 251–264. 4912:List of Hittite kings 4798: 4765: 4638: 4626: 4555: 4459: 4444: 4437:Anatolian hieroglyphs 4314:Indo-European studies 3677:Peoples and societies 2552: 2492: 2480: 2452:Anatolian hieroglyphs 2351: 2214: 2191:(c. 1258 BC) between 2187: 2161:. The outcome of the 2135: 1997: 1985: 1927: 1841:Old Babylonian Empire 1814: 1802:The Edict of Telepinu 1794: 1764: 1625: 1617: 1597: 1568:Hurro-Urartian family 1434: 1394:Anti-Taurus Mountains 1305: 1234: 1208: 1198:rather than with the 1030: 1010: 885:Indo-European studies 820:; lacking a unifying 668: 426:Third Eblaite Kingdom 171:Common languages 10862:European colonialism 10847:Ancient great powers 9030:Southern Mesopotamia 9025:Northern Mesopotamia 8082:, Mouton, The Hague. 7891:10.1515/za-2019-0014 7684:Gilan, Amir (2018). 6565:Kartvelian languages 6482:Western Civilization 5074:. pp. 342–343. 5025:18 June 2018 at the 4629:Hacettepe University 3221:Anatolian hypothesis 3173:Proto-Indo-Europeans 3080:Hittite inscriptions 2625:Indo-European topics 2055:alliance by marriage 1851:allies, who were to 887:. Cultural links to 790:New Kingdom of Egypt 717:Indo-European people 162:(under the reign of 10857:Modern great powers 9284:Neo-Assyrian Empire 9198:Bronze Age Collapse 9131:Old Hittite Kingdom 9105:Old Assyrian period 9083:Third Dynasty of Ur 7227:, pp. 355–356. 6545:Ivane Javakhishvili 6157:, pp. 115–116. 5922:, pp. 115–135. 5364:Journal des Savants 5209:2017JArSc..88...47J 5176:From Bronze to Iron 4828:Syro-Hittite states 4710:in the spring, the 4530:Proto-Indo-European 3477:Multi-cordoned ware 3348:Mikhaylovka culture 3236:Indigenous Aryanism 3226:Armenian hypothesis 3085:Hieroglyphic Luwian 2504:The earliest known 2407:Neo-Assyrian Empire 2391:Syro-Hittite states 2368:Syro-Hittite states 2344:Post-Hittite period 2338:Bronze Age Collapse 1576:Old Assyrian Empire 1570:). There were also 1513:of the Balkans and 1467:9 (yellow):Iranians 1090:Initial discoveries 1036:Biblical background 908:Bronze Age Anatolia 847:, "the language of 818:Neo-Assyrian Empire 551:Syro-Hittite states 295:• Established 9140:Southern Akkadians 9047:Jemdet Nasr period 8067:Neu, Erich (1974) 7243:The Book of Joshua 7004:The Biblical World 6770:Heritage Institute 6699:(299/300): 69–70. 6588:on 20 October 2017 6547:considered Tabal, 6256:Medical Hypotheses 5508:The Hittite Empire 5174:Waldbaum, Jane C. 4971:www.britannica.com 4832:Ephron the Hittite 4804: 4780: 4652: 4633: 4561: 4466: 4454: 3057:Proto-Indo-Iranian 3043:Proto-Balto-Slavic 3024:Proto-Italo-Celtic 2593:Edict of Telipinus 2555: 2502: 2487: 2376:was defeating the 2364: 2277:of Assyria in the 2227: 2209: 2145: 2110:biological warfare 2020:During his reign ( 2011: 1992: 1937: 1900:"War of the Roses" 1821: 1800:This excerpt from 1770: 1735:r. 1720–1710 1628: 1620: 1612: 1471: 1331: 1240: 1214: 1033: 1025: 931:Republic of Turkey 828:of the Levant and 826:modern populations 796:and the empire of 754:or Nesha kingdom ( 674: 10901: 10900: 10823: 10822: 10788:Polish–Lithuanian 9963:Gurjara-Pratihara 9407: 9406: 9402: 9401: 9330:Macedonian Empire 9320:Achaemenid Empire 9193:c. 1200–1150 BCE 9176:c. 1400–1200 BCE 9147:c. 1600–1400 BCE 9127:c. 1800–1600 BCE 9089:c. 2000–1800 BCE 9079:c. 2100–2000 BCE 9067:c. 2200–2100 BCE 9057:c. 2350–2200 BCE 9036:c. 3500–2350 BCE 8970: 8969: 8804:Anatolian peoples 8770: 8769: 8762:Turkey portal 8260:Library resources 8242:978-3-11-066178-1 8114:978-3-447-05612-0 7997:978-1-884964-98-5 7858:978-90-04-16092-7 7839:978-0-19-924905-3 7771:, pp. 26–50. 7679:, pp. 51–65. 7640:. Phoenix Press, 7599:Anatolian Studies 7446:Barjamovic, Gojko 6871:Myths and Legends 6810:World Archaeology 6794:Hrozný, Bedřich, 6512:. 8 February 2023 6425:. December 2006. 6330:, pp. 57–60. 6302:978-0-19-926308-0 6181:, pp. 25–26. 5770:, pp. 37–38. 5758:, pp. 12–16. 5699:978-0-500-05052-1 5632:978-0-415-16763-5 5439:978-1-57506-053-8 4821:Biblical Hittites 4815:Biblical Hittites 4656:Hittite mythology 4579:Hüseyindede vases 4429: 4428: 3690:Anatolian peoples 3660:Painted Grey Ware 3548:Nordic Bronze Age 3197:Kurgan hypothesis 3150:Old Irish glosses 3115:Gaulish epigraphy 2374:Tiglath-Pileser I 2297:Ashur-resh-ishi I 2279:Battle of Nihriya 2275:Tukulti-Ninurta I 2269:Hattusili's son, 2136:Egyptian pharaoh 1932:, a sanctuary of 1825:middle chronology 1598:The Sphinx Gate ( 1580:Upper Mesopotamia 1437:Kurgan hypothesis 1318:(Night) found in 1268:Hittite cuneiform 1200:Biblical Hittites 1076:Uriah the Hittite 1042:Biblical Hittites 989:Biblical Hittites 779:Upper Mesopotamia 742:in north-central 736:2nd millennium BC 663: 662: 637: 636: 633: 632: 501: 500: 271: 249: 207:Absolute monarchy 61:Biblical Hittites 48:rendering support 16:(Redirected from 10956: 10704: 10703: 10369:Austro-Hungarian 10069:Chagatai Khanate 9434: 9427: 9420: 9411: 9410: 9380:Byzantine Empire 9255:Middle Babylonia 9221:c. 1150–911 BCE 9014: 9013: 8997: 8990: 8983: 8974: 8973: 8965: 8797: 8790: 8783: 8774: 8773: 8760: 8759: 8758: 8385: 8378: 8371: 8362: 8361: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8246: 8202: 8175: 8152: 8134: 8124: 8091: 8049: 8023: 8021: 8008: 8006: 8004: 7962: 7948:Epic and History 7941: 7912: 7902: 7873: 7862: 7843: 7826:Jasanoff, Jay H. 7794: 7772: 7760: 7736: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7706:on 20 March 2021 7705: 7690: 7680: 7671: 7630: 7595:Bryce, Trevor R. 7590: 7571:Bryce, Trevor R. 7566: 7547:Bryce, Trevor R. 7542: 7523:Bryce, Trevor R. 7518: 7499:Bryce, Trevor R. 7474: 7465: 7441: 7428:Epic and History 7418: 7395: 7386: 7352: 7351: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7310: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7238:Woudstra, Marten 7234: 7228: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7189: 7154: 7153: 7128:(3/4): 206–209. 7117: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7095: 7080: 7071: 7036: 7035: 6995: 6986: 6985: 6969: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6919: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6805: 6799: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6623:all about turkey 6615: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6574: 6568: 6541: 6535: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6373: 6371: 6365: 6346: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6262:(6): 1371–1374. 6247: 6241: 6240: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6201: 6191: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6000: 5994: 5985: 5974: 5968: 5961: 5955: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5859:on 12 April 2010 5849:"Hittite Online" 5844: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5683: 5677: 5675: 5663: 5657: 5655: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5612: 5603: 5592: 5586: 5579: 5573: 5566: 5560: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5465: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5304: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5274: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5194: 5185: 5179: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5035: 5029: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4973:. 1 October 2023 4963: 4957: 4956: 4938: 4901: 4896: 4895: 4872: 4791:Examples of laws 4507:laryngeal theory 4433:Hittite language 4421: 4414: 4407: 4262: 4255: 4241: 4234: 4227: 4213: 4206: 4199: 4192: 4185: 4110: 4096: 4089: 4075: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4030: 3865: 3858: 3851: 3844: 3837: 3820:Germanic peoples 3810:Hellenic peoples 3799: 3792: 3785: 3708:Mycenaean Greeks 3697: 3625:Thraco-Cimmerian 3523:Globular Amphora 3500:Abashevo culture 3439: 3432: 3402: 3357: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3329: 3322: 3315: 3308: 3145:Tocharian script 2848: 2841: 2834: 2827: 2820: 2813: 2806: 2799: 2766: 2752: 2745: 2738: 2724: 2700: 2693: 2674: 2635: 2612: 2611: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2517:Royal Bodyguards 2437: 2304: 2301:Nebuchadnezzar I 2264:Treaty of Kadesh 2201:Battle of Kadesh 2175: 2172: 2163:Battle of Kadesh 2149:Battle of Kadesh 2128:Battle of Kadesh 2122:Mycenaean Greece 2107: 2104: 2044: 2041: 2026: 2023: 2004: 2001: 1969: 1966: 1915: 1912: 1817:Hüseyindede vase 1736: 1716: 1715: 1745–1720 1714: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1646:and secondarily 1632:Kızılırmak River 1584:cuneiform script 1560:Hurrian language 1526:David W. Anthony 1485:Central Anatolia 1345:Kızılırmak River 991:by 19th-century 879:and the broader 853:Anatolian branch 846: 837:Hittite language 760: 757: 711: 710: 707: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 629: 628: 615: 614: 601: 600: 587: 586: 573: 572: 559: 558: 545: 544: 531: 530: 517: 516: 505: 504: 492: 491: 478: 477: 464: 463: 450: 449: 436: 435: 422: 421: 408: 407: 394: 393: 380: 379: 366: 365: 352: 351: 345: 344: 329: 328: 319: 316: 304: 301: 269: 261: 258: 247: 240: 237: 197:Hittite religion 146: 143: 138: 121: 110: 107: 103: 100: 91: 85: 84: 83: 72: 71: 42:cuneiform script 36: 35: 21: 10964: 10963: 10959: 10958: 10957: 10955: 10954: 10953: 10944:Former kingdoms 10904: 10903: 10902: 10897: 10886:American Empire 10871: 10867:African empires 10819: 10702: 10394:Central African 10340: 10158:Romano-Germanic 9744: 9478:Middle Assyrian 9451: 9443: 9438: 9408: 9403: 9397:Sassanid Empire 9366:Parthian Empire 9361:Seleucid Empire 9351:Seleucid Empire 9270: 9264: 9241: 9232: 9061:Akkadian Empire 9007: 9001: 8971: 8966: 8957: 8806: 8801: 8771: 8766: 8756: 8754: 8746: 8675: 8561: 8394: 8389: 8346: 8344: 8341:usaklihoyuk.org 8335: 8301:Wayback Machine 8285: 8284: 8283: 8268: 8267: 8263: 8256: 8243: 8226:10.2307/3632187 8199: 8183: 8181:Further reading 8178: 8172: 8132: 8069:Der Anitta Text 8046: 8028:Melchert, Craig 8019: 8013:Melchert, Craig 8002: 8000: 7998: 7959: 7859: 7840: 7791: 7757: 7733: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7688: 7668: 7587: 7563: 7539: 7515: 7462: 7438: 7415: 7383: 7361: 7356: 7355: 7348: 7332: 7328: 7318: 7316: 7308: 7302: 7298: 7288: 7286: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7263: 7261: 7254: 7235: 7231: 7223: 7219: 7204: 7190: 7157: 7134:10.2307/1359903 7118: 7109: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7078: 7072: 7039: 6996: 6989: 6970: 6935: 6927: 6923: 6916: 6900: 6896: 6886: 6884: 6865: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6841: 6837: 6806: 6802: 6793: 6789: 6779: 6777: 6762: 6758: 6748: 6746: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6705:10.2307/1357346 6693: 6689: 6659: 6658: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6604: 6600: 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2014 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5291: 5285:Wayback Machine 5275: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5192: 5186: 5182: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5148: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5125: 5117:. p. 249. 5105: 5101: 5091: 5089: 5082: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5041:. 7 July 2004. 5037: 5036: 5032: 5027:Wayback Machine 5017: 5013: 5007:Kloekhorst 2020 5005: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4953: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4897: 4890: 4887: 4859: 4823: 4817: 4793: 4760: 4747: 4726: 4720: 4658: 4645:Leonard Woolley 4621: 4592:Lion of Babylon 4567: 4550: 4513:, most notably 4439: 4431:Main articles: 4425: 4396: 4395: 4328:Marija Gimbutas 4316: 4306: 4305: 4297:Winter solstice 4287:Horse sacrifice 4258: 4251: 4237: 4230: 4223: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4134: 4119: 4106: 4092: 4085: 4071: 4062: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4026: 4017: 3996: 3965: 3957: 3956: 3899: 3886: 3861: 3854: 3847: 3840: 3833: 3795: 3788: 3781: 3772: 3754: 3741: 3728: 3699: 3693: 3678: 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1462: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1429: 1337: 1300: 1280: 1264: 1094:French scholar 1092: 1068:Book of Genesis 1059:Archibald Sayce 1044: 1038: 1005: 969: 963:and artifacts. 861:Luwian language 758: 685: 681: 656: 652: 648: 626: 612: 598: 584: 570: 556: 542: 528: 514: 489: 475: 461: 447: 433: 419: 412:Pala (Anatolia) 405: 391: 377: 363: 349: 317: 311: 302: 296: 267:Šuppiluliuma II 263: 259: 241: 238: 210: 147: 144: 129: 128: 126:Šuppiluliuma II 122: 108: 101: 93: 77: 68: 57: 56: 55: 46:Without proper 37: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10962: 10952: 10951: 10949:Former empires 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10899: 10898: 10896: 10895: 10894: 10893: 10888: 10879: 10877: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10843: 10842: 10831: 10829: 10825: 10824: 10821: 10820: 10818: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10796: 10795: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10739: 10738: 10733: 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10078: 10077: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10025: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 9999: 9998: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9972: 9971: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9929: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9908: 9903: 9902: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9866: 9865: 9864: 9859: 9849: 9848: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9822: 9817: 9816: 9815: 9805: 9804: 9803: 9798: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9754: 9752: 9750:Post-classical 9746: 9745: 9743: 9742: 9741: 9740: 9730: 9725: 9724: 9723: 9718: 9708: 9707: 9706: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9622: 9621: 9620: 9615: 9605: 9600: 9599: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9557: 9556: 9551: 9549:Middle Kingdom 9546: 9536: 9531: 9530: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9509: 9508: 9507: 9505:Neo-Babylonian 9502: 9497: 9495:Old Babylonian 9487: 9486: 9485: 9480: 9470: 9465: 9459: 9457: 9445: 9444: 9437: 9436: 9429: 9422: 9414: 9405: 9404: 9400: 9399: 9394: 9390: 9389: 9373: 9372:63 BCE–224 CE 9369: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9354: 9353: 9348: 9344: 9343: 9335:Ancient Greeks 9327: 9323: 9322: 9317: 9313: 9312: 9300: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9287: 9286: 9281: 9277: 9276: 9257: 9252: 9245: 9236: 9227: 9222: 9218: 9217: 9210: 9194: 9190: 9189: 9187:Middle Assyria 9184: 9182: 9177: 9173: 9172: 9160: 9148: 9144: 9143: 9133: 9128: 9124: 9123: 9107: 9102: 9090: 9086: 9085: 9080: 9076: 9075: 9068: 9064: 9063: 9058: 9054: 9053: 9040: 9037: 9033: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9000: 8999: 8992: 8985: 8977: 8968: 8967: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8913:Palaic peoples 8910: 8905: 8895: 8890: 8880: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8814: 8812: 8808: 8807: 8800: 8799: 8792: 8785: 8777: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8764: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8683: 8681: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8569: 8567: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8559: 8554: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8446:Hurrian States 8443: 8441:Hittite Empire 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8395: 8388: 8387: 8380: 8373: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8353: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8291: 8282: 8281: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8254:External links 8252: 8251: 8250: 8247: 8241: 8228: 8218: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8203: 8197: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8176: 8170: 8153: 8125: 8116: 8098: 8092: 8083: 8076: 8065: 8050: 8044: 8024: 8009: 7996: 7978: 7963: 7957: 7942: 7930:10.1086/709313 7913: 7885:(2): 189–203. 7874: 7863: 7857: 7844: 7838: 7822: 7809: 7802: 7795: 7789: 7773: 7761: 7755: 7737: 7731: 7716: 7681: 7672: 7666: 7649: 7631: 7591: 7585: 7567: 7561: 7543: 7537: 7519: 7513: 7495: 7489: 7475: 7466: 7460: 7442: 7436: 7419: 7413: 7396: 7387: 7381: 7367:Akurgal, Ekrem 7362: 7360: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7346: 7326: 7296: 7271: 7253:978-0802825254 7252: 7229: 7217: 7203:978-0195324921 7202: 7155: 7107: 7074:Roth, Martha. 7037: 7016:10.1086/473607 6987: 6933: 6931:, p. 135. 6921: 6915:978-1472107541 6914: 6894: 6859: 6847: 6835: 6816:(3): 363–376. 6800: 6787: 6756: 6741:. 5 May 2017. 6726: 6687: 6674:10.1086/469493 6652: 6640: 6625:. 5 May 2017. 6619:"The Hittites" 6610: 6608:, p. 118. 6598: 6578:"The Hittites" 6569: 6559:to be ancient 6536: 6523: 6497: 6491:978-1111342142 6490: 6472: 6460: 6440: 6410: 6393: 6391:, p. 110. 6381: 6332: 6320: 6301: 6281: 6242: 6236:978-1118962961 6235: 6215: 6209:978-0140125238 6208: 6183: 6171: 6159: 6155:Forlanini 2010 6147: 6128: 6111:Pericles Press 6098: 6086: 6063:"The Hittites" 6053: 6051:, p. 119. 6049:Forlanini 2010 6041: 6028: 6016: 6014:, p. 130. 6012:Forlanini 2010 6001: 5999:, p. 122. 5997:Forlanini 2010 5986: 5969: 5956: 5939: 5937:, p. 121. 5935:Forlanini 2010 5924: 5920:Forlanini 2010 5912: 5895: 5893:, p. 189. 5883: 5870: 5839: 5816: 5784: 5772: 5760: 5748: 5746:, p. 262. 5736: 5734:, p. 229. 5724: 5722:, p. 133. 5712: 5698: 5678: 5658: 5638: 5631: 5604: 5587: 5574: 5561: 5548: 5546:, p. 426. 5536: 5524: 5512: 5500: 5452: 5438: 5418: 5393: 5381: 5350: 5341: 5326: 5319: 5299: 5289: 5266: 5244:British Museum 5230: 5180: 5167: 5160: 5142: 5123: 5099: 5080: 5056: 5030: 5011: 4996: 4984: 4958: 4951: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4907:Hittite plague 4903: 4902: 4886: 4883: 4858: 4855: 4819:Main article: 4816: 4813: 4792: 4789: 4759: 4756: 4746: 4743: 4722:Main article: 4719: 4716: 4712:nuntarriyashas 4654:Main article: 4641:T. E. Lawrence 4620: 4617: 4601:Hanyeri relief 4563:Main article: 4549: 4546: 4526:Craig Melchert 4515:Warren Cowgill 4503: 4502: 4487:Bedřich Hrozný 4427: 4426: 4424: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4357: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4317: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4282:Fire sacrifice 4278: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4256: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4207: 4200: 4193: 4186: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4127: 4126: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4090: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4073:Zoroastrianism 4055: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4010: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3943: 3942: 3940:Medieval India 3931: 3930: 3925: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3894: 3893: 3881: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3859: 3852: 3845: 3838: 3822: 3817: 3815:Italic peoples 3812: 3807: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3767: 3766: 3761: 3749: 3748: 3736: 3735: 3723: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3686: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3651: 3650: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3615: 3614: 3602: 3601: 3594: 3593: 3591:Gandhara grave 3588: 3583: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3452: 3451: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3440: 3437:Middle Dnieper 3433: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3392:Eastern Europe 3389: 3388: 3376: 3375: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3359: 3358: 3351: 3337: 3330: 3323: 3320:Dnieper–Donets 3316: 3309: 3297: 3295:Kurgan culture 3292: 3291: 3290: 3280: 3268: 3267: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3231:Beech argument 3228: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3054: 3040: 3035: 3021: 3014:Proto-Germanic 3011: 3009:Proto-Armenian 3006: 3001: 2999:Proto-Albanian 2995: 2994: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2860: 2859: 2852: 2851: 2850: 2849: 2842: 2835: 2828: 2821: 2814: 2807: 2800: 2788: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2755: 2754: 2753: 2746: 2739: 2727: 2726: 2725: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2694: 2682: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2662: 2661: 2654: 2653: 2646: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2628: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2609: 2606: 2602:capital crimes 2571: 2568: 2559: 2556: 2515:(Chief of the 2474: 2471: 2417:(722–705 BC). 2366:Main article: 2345: 2342: 2181: 2178: 2174: 1274 BC 2155:Cilician gates 2147:Main article: 2129: 2126: 2106: 1330 BC 2043: 1350 BC 2036:Šuppiluliuma I 2025: 1400 BC 2003: 1300 BC 1979: 1976: 1968: 1430 BC 1921: 1920:Middle Kingdom 1918: 1914: 1500 BC 1837:Amorite rulers 1758: 1755: 1591: 1588: 1515:Maykop culture 1475: 1472: 1428: 1425: 1333:Main article: 1299: 1296: 1279: 1276: 1263: 1260: 1186:, agreed that 1128:William Wright 1096:Charles Texier 1091: 1088: 1037: 1034: 1004: 1001: 993:archaeologists 968: 965: 771:Šuppiluliuma I 767:Hittite Empire 661: 660: 643: 639: 638: 635: 634: 631: 630: 623: 617: 616: 609: 603: 602: 595: 589: 588: 581: 575: 574: 567: 561: 560: 553: 547: 546: 539: 533: 532: 525: 519: 518: 511: 502: 499: 498: 493: 485: 484: 479: 471: 470: 465: 457: 456: 451: 443: 442: 437: 429: 428: 423: 415: 414: 409: 401: 400: 395: 387: 386: 381: 373: 372: 367: 359: 358: 353: 341: 340: 335: 325: 324: 321: 320: 318: 1180 BC 312: 309: 306: 305: 303: 1650 BC 297: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 281: 280:Historical era 277: 276: 273: 272: 264: 254: 251: 250: 242: 239: 1650 BC 233: 230: 229: 226: 225: 222: 216: 215: 204: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 172: 168: 167: 153: 149: 148: 145: 1300 BC 139: 131: 130: 123: 116: 115: 112: 111: 109: 1180 BC 102: 1650 BC 95: 94: 78: 76:Hittite Empire 75: 50:, you may see 38: 31: 30: 29: 26: 18:Hittite Empire 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10961: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10934:Ancient Syria 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10892: 10891:Soviet empire 10889: 10887: 10884: 10883: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10876:Miscellaneous 10874: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10841: 10838: 10837: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10826: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10794: 10791: 10790: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10728: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10709: 10705: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10673: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10660: 10657: 10656: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10629: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10607: 10606: 10603: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10575: 10574: 10571: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10558: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10507: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10494: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10475:German Empire 10473: 10472: 10471: 10468: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10455: 10454: 10451: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10401: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10343: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10286: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10243: 10240: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10216: 10215:Turco-Persian 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10159: 10156: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10122: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10083: 10082: 10079: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10004: 10003: 10000: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9977: 9976: 9973: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9955: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9913: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9871: 9870: 9867: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9853: 9850: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9827: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9814: 9811: 9810: 9809: 9806: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9793: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9747: 9739: 9736: 9735: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9713: 9712: 9709: 9705: 9702: 9701: 9700: 9697: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9664: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9626: 9623: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9513: 9510: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9491: 9488: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9475: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9435: 9430: 9428: 9423: 9421: 9416: 9415: 9412: 9398: 9391: 9387: 9386: 9381: 9377: 9370: 9367: 9362: 9355: 9352: 9345: 9341: 9340: 9336: 9331: 9325: 9324: 9321: 9315: 9314: 9310: 9309: 9304: 9298: 9297: 9289: 9288: 9285: 9279: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9269: 9268: 9263: 9262: 9256: 9251: 9250: 9244: 9240: 9235: 9231: 9226: 9220: 9219: 9216: 9215: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9192: 9191: 9188: 9183: 9181: 9175: 9174: 9170: 9169: 9164: 9158: 9157: 9152: 9146: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9132: 9126: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9115: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9099: 9094: 9088: 9087: 9084: 9078: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9066: 9065: 9062: 9056: 9055: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9035: 9034: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9006: 8998: 8993: 8991: 8986: 8984: 8979: 8978: 8975: 8964: 8954: 8953:West Pontians 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8923:Paphlagonians 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8903: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8888: 8884: 8881: 8878: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8798: 8793: 8791: 8786: 8784: 8779: 8778: 8775: 8763: 8753: 8752: 8749: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8697:Armenia Minor 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8680:Classical Age 8678: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8564: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8416:Assuwa League 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8386: 8381: 8379: 8374: 8372: 8367: 8366: 8363: 8357: 8354: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8326:Hittites.info 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8248: 8244: 8238: 8234: 8229: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8216: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8200: 8198:9781501516627 8194: 8190: 8185: 8184: 8173: 8171:9781119193296 8167: 8163: 8159: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8131: 8126: 8122: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8093: 8089: 8084: 8081: 8077: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8063: 8062:0-8018-1654-8 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8045:9781119193296 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8018: 8014: 8010: 7999: 7993: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7982:Mallory, J.P. 7979: 7976: 7975:0-500-02108-2 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7958:9781444315646 7954: 7950: 7949: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7850: 7845: 7841: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7821: 7820:1-57506-079-5 7817: 7813: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7790:0-14-020259-5 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7756:9780931464850 7752: 7748: 7747: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7732:9783110222258 7728: 7724: 7723: 7717: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7687: 7682: 7678: 7673: 7669: 7667:9783447061193 7663: 7659: 7655: 7650: 7647: 7646:1-84212-295-9 7643: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7586:9780191505027 7582: 7578: 7577: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7562:9781134159079 7558: 7554: 7553: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7538:9780199279081 7534: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7514:9780199241705 7510: 7506: 7505: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7487:0-7885-0551-3 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7467: 7463: 7461:9788763536455 7457: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7437:9781444315646 7433: 7429: 7425: 7420: 7416: 7414:9783447061193 7410: 7406: 7402: 7397: 7393: 7388: 7384: 7382:9789751727565 7378: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7349: 7347:9781000733457 7343: 7339: 7338: 7330: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7285: 7281: 7275: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7233: 7226: 7221: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7195: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6994: 6992: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6930: 6925: 6917: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6898: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6872: 6863: 6856: 6855:Jasanoff 2003 6851: 6844: 6843:Melchert 2012 6839: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6804: 6797: 6791: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6760: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6730: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6656: 6650:, p. 22. 6649: 6644: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6607: 6602: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6534:(1975) p. 422 6533: 6527: 6511: 6507: 6501: 6493: 6487: 6483: 6476: 6470:, p. 39. 6469: 6464: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6408:, p. 36. 6407: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6390: 6385: 6378: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6329: 6324: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6294: 6293: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6238: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6219: 6211: 6205: 6200: 6199: 6190: 6188: 6180: 6175: 6169:, p. 25. 6168: 6163: 6156: 6151: 6145:, p. 94. 6144: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6096:, p. 93. 6095: 6090: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6057: 6050: 6045: 6038: 6032: 6025: 6020: 6013: 6008: 6006: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5983: 5979: 5973: 5966: 5960: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5936: 5931: 5929: 5921: 5916: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5892: 5887: 5880: 5874: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5843: 5828: 5827: 5820: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5788: 5781: 5776: 5769: 5764: 5757: 5752: 5745: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5721: 5716: 5701: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5682: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5619: 5611: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5584: 5578: 5571: 5565: 5558: 5552: 5545: 5540: 5533: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5509: 5504: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5464: 5456: 5441: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5422: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5390: 5385: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5354: 5345: 5337: 5330: 5322: 5320:9780691208015 5316: 5312: 5311: 5303: 5293: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5273: 5271: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5171: 5163: 5161:1-57506-083-3 5157: 5153: 5146: 5130: 5126: 5124:9780521843638 5120: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5103: 5087: 5083: 5081:9780521843638 5077: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5060: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5015: 5008: 5003: 5001: 4993: 4988: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4954: 4952:0-669-01279-3 4948: 4944: 4937: 4933: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4889: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4873:) is made by 4868: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4797: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4755: 4751: 4742: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4679: 4678:Indo-European 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4630: 4625: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4605:Hemite relief 4602: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4587:Eflatun Pınar 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4559: 4558:Eflatun Pınar 4554: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4524:According to 4522: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4463: 4458: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4422: 4417: 4415: 4410: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4334: 4333:J. P. Mallory 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4310: 4309: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4015: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3970:Reconstructed 3968: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3798: 3797:Insular Celts 3794: 3791: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3713:Indo-Iranians 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3455:Pontic Steppe 3449: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3288:Kurgan stelae 3286: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3271:Pontic Steppe 3265: 3262: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3062: 3061:Proto-Iranian 3058: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2904:Daco-Thracian 2902: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2857:Reconstructed 2855: 2854: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2605: 2603: 2597: 2595: 2594: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2551: 2547: 2545: 2544:Orontes River 2540: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2479: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2432:Ancient Greek 2429: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2369: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2313:Mediterranean 2310: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2256:Hattusili III 2253: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2231:Shalmaneser I 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193:Hattusili III 2190: 2186: 2177: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2080:Adad-nirari I 2077: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2018: 2016: 2008: 1996: 1989: 1984: 1975: 1971: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942:Indo-European 1935: 1931: 1926: 1917: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1896: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1797: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1624: 1616: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1536:J. P. Mallory 1533: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1511:Ezero culture 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1481: 1438: 1433: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1349:Marassantiya, 1346: 1342: 1336: 1335:Hittite sites 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1222:Hugo Winckler 1219: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1190:was probably 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1158:and his son, 1157: 1156:Amenhotep III 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1134:scripts from 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1117:Indo-European 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1099: 1097: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064:Book of Kings 1060: 1055: 1053: 1052:King of Judah 1049: 1043: 1029: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 949: 944: 940: 936: 932: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 844: 838: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 734:in the early 733: 729: 725: 722: 718: 715: 709: 679: 672: 667: 659: 655: 651: 647: 644: 642:Today part of 640: 624: 622: 619: 618: 610: 608: 605: 604: 596: 594: 591: 590: 582: 580: 577: 576: 568: 566: 563: 562: 554: 552: 549: 548: 540: 538: 535: 534: 526: 524: 521: 520: 512: 510: 507: 506: 503: 497: 494: 487: 486: 483: 480: 473: 472: 469: 466: 459: 458: 455: 452: 445: 444: 441: 438: 431: 430: 427: 424: 417: 416: 413: 410: 403: 402: 399: 396: 389: 388: 385: 382: 375: 374: 371: 368: 361: 360: 357: 354: 347: 346: 343: 342: 339: 336: 334: 331: 330: 326: 322: 313: 307: 298: 292: 288: 285: 282: 278: 274: 268: 265: 252: 246: 243: 231: 227: 223: 221: 217: 213: 209:(Old Kingdom) 208: 205: 201: 198: 195: 191: 188: 184: 180: 176: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 154: 150: 137: 132: 127: 120: 113: 96: 90: 73: 70: 66: 62: 53: 49: 45: 43: 19: 10642:Contemporary 10492:Indo-Persian 10480:Nazi Germany 10424:Contemporary 10326:Vijayanagara 10225:Great Seljuk 10136:Thessalonica 10064:Golden Horde 9704:Carthaginian 9602: 9483:Neo-Assyrian 9468:Neo-Sumerian 9383: 9376:Ancient Rome 9347:311–129 BCE 9333: 9326:336–301 BCE 9316:539–331 BCE 9306: 9299:626–539 BCE 9290:729–609 BCE 9280:911–729 BCE 9271: 9265: 9259: 9247: 9233: 9229: 9212: 9202: 9196: 9179: 9166: 9154: 9139: 9130: 9116: 9095: 9070: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9003:Timeline of 8842: 8818:Cappadocians 8628:Neo-Hittites 8440: 8345:. Retrieved 8343:(in Italian) 8340: 8321:Tahsin Ozguc 8265:the Hittites 8264: 8232: 8188: 8161: 8140: 8136: 8120: 8101: 8087: 8079: 8068: 8053: 8035: 8001:. Retrieved 7986: 7966: 7947: 7921: 7917: 7900:1887/3199128 7882: 7878: 7868: 7848: 7829: 7811: 7805: 7798: 7781:The Hittites 7780: 7777:Gurney, O.R. 7745: 7721: 7708:. Retrieved 7701:the original 7696: 7692: 7657: 7637: 7634:Ceram, C. W. 7602: 7598: 7575: 7551: 7527: 7503: 7478: 7477:G Brinkman, 7470: 7450: 7427: 7404: 7391: 7371: 7336: 7329: 7317:. Retrieved 7312: 7299: 7287:. Retrieved 7283: 7274: 7262:. Retrieved 7242: 7232: 7220: 7193: 7125: 7121: 7098:. Retrieved 7086: 7082: 7010:(1): 30–40. 7007: 7003: 6981: 6977: 6924: 6904: 6897: 6885:. Retrieved 6876: 6870: 6862: 6850: 6845:, p. 7. 6838: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6795: 6790: 6778:. Retrieved 6769: 6759: 6747:. Retrieved 6738: 6729: 6696: 6690: 6665: 6661: 6655: 6643: 6631:. Retrieved 6622: 6613: 6606:Akurgal 2001 6601: 6590:, retrieved 6586:the original 6581: 6572: 6539: 6531: 6526: 6514:. Retrieved 6510:The Guardian 6509: 6500: 6481: 6475: 6463: 6451:Brill, 2009 6448: 6443: 6431:. Retrieved 6422: 6413: 6384: 6375: 6368:. Retrieved 6348: 6335: 6323: 6311:. Retrieved 6291: 6284: 6259: 6255: 6245: 6225: 6218: 6198:Ancient Iraq 6197: 6174: 6162: 6150: 6143:Roebuck 1966 6119:. Retrieved 6113:. May 2017. 6110: 6101: 6094:Roebuck 1966 6089: 6077:. Retrieved 6066: 6056: 6044: 6039:academia.edu 6031: 6019: 5981: 5972: 5959: 5951: 5942: 5915: 5907: 5898: 5886: 5873: 5861:. Retrieved 5857:the original 5852: 5842: 5831:, retrieved 5825: 5819: 5807:. Retrieved 5796: 5787: 5780:Anthony 2007 5775: 5768:Parpola 2015 5763: 5751: 5744:Anthony 2007 5739: 5732:Anthony 2007 5727: 5720:Anthony 2007 5715: 5703:. Retrieved 5688: 5681: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5617: 5599: 5590: 5577: 5564: 5551: 5539: 5527: 5520: 5515: 5507: 5503: 5491:. 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Penguin. 7284:archive.org 7089:: 213–246. 6877:Comcast.net 6592:1 September 6468:Gurney 1966 6406:Gurney 1966 6389:Gurney 1966 6179:Gurney 1966 6167:Gurney 1966 5833:23 November 5705:18 February 5600:Zenodo 2018 5583:"Anatolian" 5557:"Anatolian" 5493:18 February 5445:18 February 5135:21 December 5092:21 December 5049:19 December 5020:Sea Peoples 4899:Asia portal 4745:Use of laws 4739:Deuteronomy 4647:(right) in 4609:Niğde Stele 4583:Alaca Höyük 4565:Hittite art 4472:texts, see 4232:Continental 4225:Anglo-Saxon 3928:Middle Ages 3878:Middle Ages 3733:Indo-Aryans 3726:Indo-Aryans 3533:Bell Beaker 3528:Corded ware 3424:Corded ware 3313:Sredny Stog 3258:Archaeology 3038:Proto-Greek 3018:Proto-Norse 2587: 1500 2583: 1525 2467:Phoenicians 2309:Sea Peoples 2252:Mursili III 2248:Urhi-Teshub 2197:Ramesses II 2159:Ramesses II 2138:Ramesses II 2087:an epidemic 2059:Tutankhamen 1978:New Kingdom 1961:Tudhaliya I 1780:kingdom of 1774:Hattusili I 1757:Old Kingdom 1720:Ḫattušili I 1687:–1750 BC). 1685: 1775 1678: 1790 1600:Alaca Höyük 1562:was a near- 1413:Hayasa-Azzi 997:Hattusili I 961:Hittite art 943:Hittitology 916:Mesopotamia 900:ironworking 881:Middle East 830:Mesopotamia 759: 1750 333:Preceded by 260: 1210 160:Tarḫuntašša 10908:Categories 10800:Portuguese 10681:Revival Le 10671:Vietnamese 10314:Later Tran 10284:Vietnamese 10180:Singhasari 10168:Holy Roman 9792:Bulgarian 9728:Satavahana 9699:Phoenician 9635:Achaemenid 9596:Indo-Greek 9576:Macedonian 9490:Babylonian 9117:and other 9096:and other 8893:Mariandyni 8868:Lycaonians 8828:Cataonians 8707:Cappadocia 8687:Antigonids 8636:Carchemish 8583:Cimmerians 8523:Purushanda 8518:Sagalassos 8454:Kizzuwatna 8421:Carchemish 8399:Bronze Age 8347:17 January 7471:Orientalia 7264:19 October 7225:Bryce 2005 6929:Bryce 2002 6887:8 February 6766:"Hittites" 6739:Britannica 6648:Bryce 2002 6516:9 February 6457:9004173455 6433:27 January 6328:Bryce 2005 6024:Bryce 2005 5374:10 October 5259:7 November 5239:"Hittites" 4977:20 October 4928:References 4843:Max Müller 4758:Law reform 4684:Storm gods 4649:Carchemish 4595:statue at 4340:Institutes 4260:Lithuanian 4014:Indo-Aryan 4000:Historical 3934:Indo-Aryan 3891:Tocharians 3805:Cimmerians 3683:Bronze Age 3574:South Asia 3448:Bronze Age 3386:Afanasievo 3190:Mainstream 2954:Vocabulary 2874:Sound laws 2736:Indo-Aryan 2585: – c. 2570:The Pankus 2532:gal dubsar 2527:gal mesedi 2522:gal gestin 2512:gal mesedi 2473:Government 2395:Carchemish 2384:Cappadocia 2355:storm god 2099:Mursili II 2076:Asia Minor 2047:Carchemish 1930:Yazılıkaya 1530:Old Europe 1499:Bronze Age 1409:Muršili II 1374:Kizzuwatna 1314:(Day) and 1252:Yazılıkaya 1184:Max Müller 1040:See also: 920:meteorites 822:continuity 721:Bronze Age 712:) were an 593:Carchemish 440:Kizzuwatna 398:Purushanda 284:Bronze Age 203:Government 10793:Couronian 10431:Ethiopian 10419:Manchukuo 10374:Brazilian 10220:Ghaznavid 10190:Srivijaya 10141:Trebizond 10126:Byzantine 10108:North Sea 10103:Norwegian 10091:Almoravid 10074:Ilkhanate 10044:Majapahit 10017:Muromachi 9926:Solomonic 9911:Ethiopian 9825:Caliphate 9758:Aragonese 9586:Ptolemaic 9308:Chaldeans 9225:Phoenicia 9163:Karduniaš 8943:Telchines 8933:Pisidians 8887:Maeonians 8858:Leucosyri 8848:Isaurians 8838:Cilicians 8717:Commagene 8158:"Hittite" 7938:224830641 7909:208141226 7851:. Brill. 7710:5 January 7627:163486778 7605:: 67–79. 7525:(2005) . 7289:14 August 7212:796081940 7150:159932628 7032:143295386 6721:163346233 6357:1570-7008 5954:, p. 564. 5544:Beal 1986 5532:Beal 1986 5488:1296-2074 5474:: 38–39. 5203:: 47–53. 4770:state of 4730:cuneiform 4701:Illuyanka 4670:Canaanite 4275:Practices 4094:Yarsanism 3904:Albanians 3884:East Asia 3871:Scythians 3863:Phrygians 3856:Paeonians 3849:Illyrians 3835:Thracians 3752:East Asia 3703:Armenians 3630:Hallstatt 3612:Chernoles 3553:Terramare 3543:Trzciniec 3510:Sintashta 3505:Andronovo 3406:Cernavodă 3379:East Asia 3334:Khvalynsk 3074:Philology 2984:Particles 2870:Phonology 2811:Liburnian 2786:Tocharian 2781:Anatolian 2750:Nuristani 2643:Languages 2578:(reigned 2438:), Latin 2436:Τιβαρηνοί 2427:Tibarenoi 2415:Sargon II 2330:Phrygians 2321:Philistia 2243:Muwatalli 2239:Euphrates 2091:tularemia 2071:Mattiwaza 2015:Tudhaliya 1946:Black Sea 1879:Euphrates 1867:Zidanta I 1863:Harapsili 1858:Hantili I 1845:Babylonia 1806:Mursili I 1747:Labarna I 1743:Huzziya I 1347:(Hittite 1310:, called 1298:Geography 1160:Akhenaten 1124:Boğazkale 967:Etymology 873:Babylonia 865:cuneiform 786:Near East 728:Black Sea 724:West Asia 714:Anatolian 262:–1180 BC 245:Labarna I 193:Religion 10914:Hittites 10773:Japanese 10736:Scottish 10716:American 10708:Colonial 10637:Imperial 10605:Moroccan 10541:Japanese 10519:Afsharid 10378:Burmese 10364:Austrian 10319:Later Le 10294:Early Le 10279:Venetian 10205:Tiwanaku 10118:Hellenic 10081:Moroccan 10012:Kamakura 10002:Japanese 9985:Saffarid 9938:Georgian 9852:Chalukya 9830:Rashidun 9820:Calakmul 9788:Bruneian 9667:Haryanka 9645:Sasanian 9640:Parthian 9591:Bactrian 9581:Seleucid 9561:Goguryeo 9539:Egyptian 9473:Assyrian 9463:Akkadian 9454:Colonies 9249:Arameans 9243:Damascus 9214:Arameans 9168:Kassites 9156:Hurrians 8877:Termilae 8843:Hittites 8833:Caucones 8737:Pergamon 8702:Bithynia 8566:Iron Age 8406:Ahhiyawa 8297:Archived 8032:"Luwian" 8030:(2020). 8015:(2012). 8003:24 March 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2974:Pronouns 2899:Balkanic 2846:Thracian 2839:Phrygian 2832:Paeonian 2818:Messapic 2804:Illyrian 2716:Hellenic 2711:Germanic 2680:Armenian 2672:Albanian 2666:Albanoid 2617:a series 2615:Part of 2608:Language 2576:Telipinu 2459:alphabet 2448:Josephus 2444:Thobeles 2440:Tibareni 2291:Alashiya 2258:after a 2241:, while 2118:Ahhiyawa 2051:Kassites 1950:Sapinuwa 1907:Telepinu 1895:Pharaohs 1572:Assyrian 1540:Caucasus 1519:Caucasus 1507:Hurrians 1503:Hattians 1480:Anatolia 1398:Kaskians 1341:Ha-at-ti 1272:Akkadian 1262:Writings 981:Hattians 924:chariots 904:Iron Age 896:smelting 806:Phrygian 744:Anatolia 740:polities 678:Hittites 537:Urumeans 509:Kaskians 496:Alashiya 356:Hattians 187:Akkadian 82:𒄩𒀜𒌅𒊭 65:Hattians 10840:largest 10835:Empires 10815:Swedish 10810:Spanish 10805:Russian 10768:Italian 10743:Chinese 10731:English 10726:British 10721:Belgian 10696:Vietnam 10686:Tay son 10632:Tsarist 10627:Russian 10622:Ottoman 10588:Dzungar 10583:Khoshut 10556:Mexican 10551:Maratha 10534:Pahlavi 10514:Safavid 10509:Iranian 10436:Haitian 10399:Chinese 10359:Ashanti 10331:Wagadou 10257:Eastern 10252:Western 10235:Timurid 10195:Tibetan 10185:Songhai 10175:Serbian 10096:Almohad 10086:Idrisid 9990:Samanid 9980:Tahirid 9975:Iranian 9953:Kannauj 9933:Genoese 9869:Chinese 9862:Eastern 9857:Western 9845:Fatimid 9840:Abbasid 9835:Umayyad 9808:Burmese 9768:Ayyubid 9763:Angevin 9733:Xianbei 9721:Eastern 9716:Western 9662:Magadha 9625:Iranian 9618:Xiongnu 9603:Hittite 9512:Chinese 9500:Kassite 9449:Ancient 9441:Empires 9151:Mitanni 9119:Amorite 9098:Amorite 9072:Gutians 8948:Trojans 8938:Sidians 8908:Mysians 8898:Milyans 8883:Lydians 8873:Lycians 8863:Luwians 8853:Leleges 8823:Carians 8811:Peoples 8727:Osroene 8722:Galatia 8712:Cilicia 8692:Armenia 8666:Phrygia 8648:Kammanu 8644:Ḫilakku 8593:Diauehi 8588:Colchis 8557:Zalpuwa 8533:Shupria 8514:Pisidia 8489:Miletus 8474:Kussara 8464:Kalašma 8458:Mitanni 8426:Hapalla 7693:Anadolu 7636:(2001) 7359:Sources 7142:1359903 7024:3140922 6713:1357346 6682:3156304 6582:smie.co 6370:2 April 6313:2 April 5205:Bibcode 4879:Odyssey 4877:in the 4871:Κητειοι 4801:Hattusa 4692:Hurrian 4688:Tarhunt 4674:Hurrian 4631:emblem. 4597:Babylon 4537:Hurrian 4491:Leipzig 4470:Kültepe 4462:Hittite 4253:Latvian 4211:Cornish 4081:Kurdish 4067:Persian 4059:Iranian 4051:Sikhism 4044:Jainism 4007:Hittite 3946:Iranian 3842:Dacians 3635:Jastorf 3558:Tumulus 3538:Únětice 3467:Yamnaya 3462:Chariot 3400:Usatovo 3341:Yamnaya 3178:Society 3162:Origins 3095:Rigveda 2947:Grammar 2774:Extinct 2764:Romance 2743:Iranian 2359:in the 2357:Tarḫunz 2325:Cilicia 2216:Chimera 2114:Miletus 1988:Hattusa 1934:Hattusa 1883:Cilicia 1853:rule it 1849:Kassite 1839:of the 1833:Babylon 1782:Yamkhad 1778:Amorite 1766:Hattusa 1751:Kussara 1708:Pithana 1700:Kussara 1696:Pithana 1671:Pithana 1652:Kussara 1648:Hattusa 1644:Zalpuwa 1636:Kussara 1564:isolate 1517:of the 1492:Kussara 1474:Origins 1427:History 1421:Lebanon 1402:Mitanni 1386:Adaniya 1382:Cilicia 1320:Hattusa 1278:Museums 1218:Hattusa 1210:Hattusa 1109:Kültepe 1072:Abraham 973:Hattusa 948:Etibank 869:Assyria 855:of the 798:Mitanni 763:Hattusa 748:Kussara 671:Hattusa 654:Lebanon 607:Phrygia 370:Kussara 255:• 248:(first) 234:• 175:Hittite 156:Hattusa 152:Capital 89:Ḫattuša 10778:Mongol 10763:German 10758:French 10748:Danish 10691:Dainam 10666:Tongan 10654:Somali 10649:Sokoto 10615:'Alawi 10593:Kalmyk 10573:Mongol 10566:Second 10546:Korean 10497:Mughal 10487:Indian 10470:German 10463:Second 10453:French 10446:Second 10382:Second 10354:Afghan 10346:Modern 10272:Kyrgyz 10267:Uighur 10262:Second 10242:Turkic 10210:Toltec 10146:Epirus 10131:Nicaea 10054:Mongol 10007:Yamato 9943:Huetar 9801:Second 9738:Rouran 9687:Shunga 9682:Maurya 9657:Kushan 9630:Median 9608:Hunnic 9566:Harsha 8902:Solymi 8742:Pontus 8671:Urartu 8652:Kummuh 8640:Gurgum 8623:Mushki 8603:Etiuni 8573:Aeolia 8548:Wilusa 8469:Kaskia 8411:Arzawa 8262:about 8239: 8195: 8168: 8112: 8060: 8042: 7994: 7973: 7955: 7936: 7907: 7855: 7836: 7818: 7787: 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The 4603:, and 4541:Hattic 4475:Ishara 4451:Ankara 4268:Slavic 4247:Baltic 4197:Breton 4177:Celtic 4161:Dacian 4117:Others 3897:Europe 3770:Europe 3764:Yuezhi 3618:Europe 3605:Steppe 3516:Europe 3373:Maykop 3327:Samara 3283:Kurgan 3100:Avesta 2882:Ablaut 2878:Accent 2825:Mysian 2797:Dacian 2758:Italic 2706:Celtic 2698:Slavic 2691:Baltic 2659:Extant 2564:Ankuwa 2463:Aegean 2379:Mushki 2353:Luwian 2334:Bryges 2317:Aegean 2283:Cyprus 2235:Hurria 2224:Ankara 2167:Kadesh 2078:, and 2029:Aleppo 1954:Samuha 1887:Amurru 1875:Tigris 1871:Ammuna 1790:Aleppo 1724:Kanesh 1704:Kanesh 1692:Anitta 1663:Kanesh 1656:Kanesh 1608:Turkey 1417:Canaan 1390:Ammuna 1378:Luwian 1370:Arzawa 1365:Luwiya 1357:bounty 1351:Greek 1328:Ankara 1292:Turkey 1288:Ankara 1196:Kittim 1188:Khatti 1176:Khatti 1148:Amarna 1136:Aleppo 1054:...". 1021:Ankara 985:Hattic 957:Ankara 843:nešili 792:, the 775:Levant 752:Kanesh 732:Turkey 658:Cyprus 646:Turkey 579:Kummuh 523:Mushki 482:Wilusa 468:Arzawa 454:Assuwa 384:Kanesh 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