17:
45:
2015:
1903:-style pottery. Mikhaylovka II is divided into a lower (3400-3300 BCE) and an upper level (3300-3000 BCE). Mikhaylovka II shows a shift from farming to cattle herding, typical for the Yamna horizon.
2056:
1830:
1794:
2080:
992:
2075:
2085:
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1988:
1801:
1773:
652:
2090:
1758:
1823:
1780:
711:
44:
2042:
1787:
551:
62:
1643:
1418:
822:
1816:
1388:
657:
594:
395:
281:
1981:
The Horse, the Wheel, and
Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
1881:
Lower
Mykhalivka culture is named after lower archaeological layer of the site near Mykhaylivka village of
1076:
579:
390:
385:
380:
275:
1393:
888:
589:
468:
454:
435:
731:
689:
289:
1433:
1398:
1071:
375:
1693:
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934:
766:
717:
613:
415:
370:
365:
285:
1588:
1315:
425:
420:
410:
54:
1892:(3700-2200 BCE) at the Bug-Dniepr area and the Crimea, and seems to have had connections to the
1578:
1550:
1334:
1236:
1002:
848:
472:
310:
202:
141:
96:
36:
28:
2030:
1725:
1554:
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1671:
1636:
949:
632:
584:
521:
491:
449:
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293:
147:
817:
8:
944:
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724:
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1650:
1601:
1535:
1519:
1144:
797:
536:
222:
127:
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1984:
1664:
1630:
1622:
1566:
1560:
1542:
1513:
1492:
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1470:
1240:
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1041:
1023:
964:
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921:
916:
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608:
257:
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91:
83:
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1608:
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1119:
1059:
1036:
979:
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911:
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556:
169:
117:
109:
102:
1888:
Mikhaylovka I (3600-3400 BCE) had connections to the west, and is related to the
1739:
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1703:
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1615:
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969:
878:
811:
752:
618:
350:
335:
325:
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236:
208:
1899:
Mikhaylovka II (3400-3000 BCE) had connections to the east, as reflected by its
2026:
1893:
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1351:
1226:
784:
738:
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642:
133:
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1744:
1208:
1124:
841:
699:
561:
315:
531:
16:
1871:
1363:
1201:
675:
546:
345:
340:
330:
2022:
1339:
1325:
1289:
997:
526:
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1302:
1216:
1094:
859:
1505:
1282:
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1114:
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1330:
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1106:
1010:
501:
77:
1498:
1462:
1455:
1253:
873:
506:
1221:
1175:
694:
511:
1320:
1194:
1188:
1170:
541:
516:
2014:
1712:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
20:
Map of the distribution of the Lower
Mikhaylovka culture
1930:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1997:Mallory, J. P. (1997), "Lower Mikhaylovka group",
1913:
1866:Lower Mikhaylovka culture is named after an early
2067:
1859:archaeological culture which flourished on the
2050:
1824:
2057:
2043:
1831:
1817:
1795:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
15:
1996:
1978:
1961:
1949:
1924:
2068:
1999:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1802:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1774:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2009:
1759:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
13:
2081:Archaeological cultures in Ukraine
1781:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
14:
2102:
2076:Archaeological cultures of Europe
1878:, noted for its fortifications.
2013:
1788:Journal of Indo-European Studies
552:Bible translations into Armenian
43:
2086:Chalcolithic cultures of Europe
63:List of Indo-European languages
1983:, Princeton University Press,
1:
1906:
1389:Proto-Indo-European mythology
658:Paleolithic continuity theory
2029:. You can help Knowledge by
1077:Northern Black Polished Ware
276:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
1855:(3600—3000 BCE) is a
1394:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10:
2107:
2091:European archaeology stubs
2008:
1979:Anthony, David W. (2007),
1971:
1863:from 3600 BC to 3000 BC.
690:Domestication of the horse
2021:This article relating to
1853:Lower Mykhaylivka culture
1399:Historical Vedic religion
676:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
1404:Ancient Iranian religion
767:Novotitarovskaya culture
614:Indo-European migrations
905:Northern/Eastern Steppe
1376:Religion and mythology
1335:Medieval Scandinavians
626:Alternative and fringe
21:
1726:Indo-European studies
1089:Peoples and societies
19:
633:Anatolian hypothesis
585:Proto-Indo-Europeans
492:Hittite inscriptions
37:Indo-European topics
1849:Mikhaylovka culture
1845:Mykhailivka Culture
889:Multi-cordoned ware
760:Mikhaylovka culture
648:Indigenous Aryanism
638:Armenian hypothesis
497:Hieroglyphic Luwian
2001:, Fitzroy Dearborn
1964:, p. 320-321.
469:Proto-Indo-Iranian
455:Proto-Balto-Slavic
436:Proto-Italo-Celtic
22:
2038:
2037:
1990:978-0-691-14818-2
1896:(3700-3000 BCE).
1870:site of the late
1841:
1840:
1102:Anatolian peoples
1072:Painted Grey Ware
960:Nordic Bronze Age
609:Kurgan hypothesis
562:Old Irish glosses
527:Gaulish epigraphy
2098:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2017:
2010:
2002:
1993:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1928:
1922:
1890:Kemi Oba culture
1833:
1826:
1819:
1674:
1667:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1522:
1508:
1501:
1487:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1442:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1232:Germanic peoples
1222:Hellenic peoples
1211:
1204:
1197:
1120:Mycenaean Greeks
1109:
1037:Thraco-Cimmerian
935:Globular Amphora
912:Abashevo culture
851:
844:
814:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
557:Tocharian script
260:
253:
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225:
218:
211:
178:
164:
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136:
112:
105:
86:
47:
24:
23:
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2105:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2025:in Europe is a
2005:
1991:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1931:
1923:
1914:
1909:
1837:
1808:
1807:
1740:Marija Gimbutas
1728:
1718:
1717:
1709:Winter solstice
1699:Horse sacrifice
1670:
1663:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1621:
1614:
1607:
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1593:
1546:
1531:
1518:
1504:
1497:
1483:
1474:
1461:
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1438:
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1408:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1311:
1298:
1273:
1266:
1259:
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1207:
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1193:
1184:
1166:
1153:
1140:
1111:
1105:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1055:
1032:
1019:
1007:
988:
930:
907:
869:
862:
856:
847:
840:
831:
829:Northern Europe
810:
806:
793:
780:
765:
758:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
712:Steppe cultures
685:
678:
671:
663:
662:
653:Baltic homeland
627:
623:
619:Eurasian nomads
603:
599:
575:
567:
566:
537:Runic epigraphy
532:Latin epigraphy
487:
479:
478:
416:Proto-Anatolian
400:
355:
351:Thraco-Illyrian
336:Graeco-Phrygian
326:Graeco-Armenian
321:Graeco-Albanian
300:
278:
265:
256:
249:
242:
235:
228:
221:
214:
207:
174:
160:
153:
146:
132:
108:
101:
82:
67:
59:
57:
12:
11:
5:
2104:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2018:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1989:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1952:, p. 320.
1929:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1894:Maykop culture
1883:Kherson Oblast
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1694:Fire sacrifice
1690:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1539:
1538:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:Zoroastrianism
1467:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1355:
1354:
1352:Medieval India
1343:
1342:
1337:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1306:
1305:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1234:
1229:
1227:Italic peoples
1224:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1161:
1160:
1148:
1147:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1063:
1062:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1027:
1026:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1005:
1003:Gandhara grave
1000:
995:
983:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
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924:
919:
914:
902:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
864:
863:
855:
854:
853:
852:
849:Middle Dnieper
845:
826:
825:
820:
815:
804:Eastern Europe
801:
800:
788:
787:
775:
774:
773:
772:
771:
770:
763:
749:
742:
735:
732:Dnieper–Donets
728:
721:
709:
707:Kurgan culture
704:
703:
702:
692:
680:
679:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
661:
660:
655:
650:
645:
643:Beech argument
640:
635:
629:
628:
622:
621:
616:
611:
605:
604:
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587:
582:
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569:
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534:
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514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
466:
452:
447:
433:
426:Proto-Germanic
423:
421:Proto-Armenian
418:
413:
411:Proto-Albanian
407:
406:
399:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
362:
361:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
307:
306:
299:
298:
297:
296:
272:
271:
264:
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262:
261:
254:
247:
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233:
226:
219:
212:
200:
195:
189:
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182:
181:
180:
179:
167:
166:
165:
158:
151:
139:
138:
137:
125:
120:
115:
114:
113:
106:
94:
89:
88:
87:
74:
73:
66:
65:
58:
53:
52:
49:
48:
40:
39:
33:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2103:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1876:Dnieper River
1874:of the lower
1873:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1861:Pontic steppe
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:J. P. Mallory
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:Reconstructed
1380:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1209:Insular Celts
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:Indo-Iranians
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
989:
987:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
931:
929:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
908:
906:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
870:
868:
867:Pontic Steppe
861:
858:
857:
850:
846:
843:
839:
838:
837:
834:
833:
832:
830:
824:
821:
819:
816:
813:
809:
808:
807:
805:
799:
796:
795:
794:
792:
786:
783:
782:
781:
779:
768:
764:
761:
757:
756:
754:
750:
747:
743:
740:
736:
733:
729:
726:
722:
719:
715:
714:
713:
710:
708:
705:
701:
700:Kurgan stelae
698:
697:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
684:
683:Pontic Steppe
677:
674:
673:
667:
666:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
625:
624:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
601:
600:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
571:
570:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
483:
482:
474:
473:Proto-Iranian
470:
467:
464:
460:
456:
453:
451:
448:
445:
441:
437:
434:
431:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
405:
402:
401:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
360:
357:
356:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
316:Daco-Thracian
314:
312:
309:
308:
305:
302:
301:
295:
291:
287:
283:
280:
279:
277:
274:
273:
270:
269:Reconstructed
267:
266:
259:
255:
252:
248:
245:
241:
238:
234:
231:
227:
224:
220:
217:
213:
210:
206:
205:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
183:
177:
173:
172:
171:
168:
163:
159:
156:
152:
149:
145:
144:
143:
140:
135:
131:
130:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
111:
107:
104:
100:
99:
98:
95:
93:
90:
85:
81:
80:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
51:
50:
46:
42:
41:
38:
35:
34:
30:
26:
25:
18:
2031:expanding it
2020:
2006:
1998:
1980:
1962:Anthony 2007
1957:
1950:Anthony 2007
1925:Mallory 1997
1898:
1887:
1880:
1865:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1766:Publications
1765:
1751:
1732:
1686:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:Paleo-Balkan
1541:
1540:
1528:
1527:
1469:
1468:
1424:
1423:
1411:
1381:
1364:Greater Iran
1357:
1356:
1345:
1344:
1308:
1307:
1295:
1294:
1237:Paleo-Balkan
1202:Celtiberians
1181:
1180:
1163:
1162:
1150:
1149:
1137:
1136:
1065:
1064:
1052:
1051:
1029:
1028:
1016:
1015:
985:
984:
927:
926:
904:
903:
866:
865:
828:
827:
803:
802:
790:
789:
777:
776:
759:
718:Bug–Dniester
682:
681:
547:Gothic Bible
463:Proto-Baltic
459:Proto-Slavic
444:Proto-Italic
440:Proto-Celtic
403:
358:
346:Italo-Celtic
341:Indo-Hittite
331:Graeco-Aryan
304:Hypothetical
303:
268:
203:Paleo-Balkan
185:
142:Indo-Iranian
97:Balto-Slavic
70:
2023:archaeology
1644:Continental
1637:Anglo-Saxon
1340:Middle Ages
1290:Middle Ages
1145:Indo-Aryans
1138:Indo-Aryans
945:Bell Beaker
940:Corded ware
836:Corded ware
725:Sredny Stog
670:Archaeology
450:Proto-Greek
430:Proto-Norse
2070:Categories
1907:References
1872:copper age
1857:Copper Age
1752:Institutes
1672:Lithuanian
1426:Indo-Aryan
1412:Historical
1346:Indo-Aryan
1303:Tocharians
1217:Cimmerians
1095:Bronze Age
986:South Asia
860:Bronze Age
798:Afanasievo
602:Mainstream
366:Vocabulary
286:Sound laws
148:Indo-Aryan
1687:Practices
1506:Yarsanism
1316:Albanians
1296:East Asia
1283:Scythians
1275:Phrygians
1268:Paeonians
1261:Illyrians
1247:Thracians
1164:East Asia
1115:Armenians
1042:Hallstatt
1024:Chernoles
965:Terramare
955:Trzciniec
922:Sintashta
917:Andronovo
818:Cernavodă
791:East Asia
746:Khvalynsk
486:Philology
396:Particles
282:Phonology
223:Liburnian
198:Tocharian
193:Anatolian
162:Nuristani
55:Languages
1733:Scholars
1631:Germanic
1602:Scottish
1567:Thracian
1561:Illyrian
1555:Albanian
1543:European
1536:Armenian
1520:Ossetian
1514:Scythian
1499:Yazidism
1449:Buddhism
1440:Hinduism
1331:Norsemen
1241:Anatolia
1158:Iranians
1151:Iranians
1132:Iron Age
1107:Hittites
1060:Colchian
1053:Caucasus
1011:Iron Age
980:Lusatian
975:Urnfield
899:Srubnaya
894:Poltavka
884:Catacomb
823:Cucuteni
778:Caucasus
595:Religion
580:Homeland
522:Behistun
502:Linear B
391:Numerals
386:Pronouns
311:Balkanic
258:Thracian
251:Phrygian
244:Paeonian
230:Messapic
216:Illyrian
128:Hellenic
123:Germanic
92:Armenian
84:Albanian
78:Albanoid
29:a series
27:Part of
1972:Sources
1665:Latvian
1623:Cornish
1493:Kurdish
1479:Persian
1471:Iranian
1463:Sikhism
1456:Jainism
1419:Hittite
1358:Iranian
1254:Dacians
1047:Jastorf
970:Tumulus
950:Únětice
879:Yamnaya
874:Chariot
812:Usatovo
753:Yamnaya
590:Society
574:Origins
507:Rigveda
359:Grammar
186:Extinct
176:Romance
155:Iranian
1987:
1680:Slavic
1659:Baltic
1609:Breton
1589:Celtic
1573:Dacian
1529:Others
1309:Europe
1182:Europe
1176:Yuezhi
1030:Europe
1017:Steppe
928:Europe
785:Maykop
739:Samara
695:Kurgan
512:Avesta
294:Ablaut
290:Accent
237:Mysian
209:Dacian
170:Italic
118:Celtic
110:Slavic
103:Baltic
71:Extant
1901:Repin
1868:Yamna
1651:Norse
1616:Welsh
1595:Irish
1584:Roman
1579:Greek
1434:Vedic
1326:Slavs
1321:Balts
1195:Gauls
1189:Celts
1171:Wusun
1066:India
842:Baden
542:Ogham
517:Homer
404:Other
381:Nouns
376:Verbs
134:Greek
2027:stub
1985:ISBN
1843:The
1713:Yule
1704:Sati
993:BMAC
371:Root
998:Yaz
2072::
1932:^
1915:^
1885:.
1851:,
1847:,
1110:)
461:·
442:·
292:,
288:,
284::
31:on
2058:e
2051:t
2044:v
2033:.
1927:.
1832:e
1825:t
1818:v
1711:/
1575:)
1570:·
1564:·
1558:·
1553:(
1333:/
1239:/
1104:(
475:)
471:(
465:)
457:(
446:)
438:(
432:)
428:(
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