2627:
2885:
when applied to
Younger Avestan since it is not known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Further confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media).
301:
2813:, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BCE the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations.
519:
2844:. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes).
3317:
47:
2840:). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as
3126:
3063:) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various
2884:
Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped into "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old
Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning
3155:
in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier
Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of
3191:
for writing
Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred sometime during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage. The Arabic
8623:(..) Ancient accounts link the Amazons with the Scythians and the Sarmatians, who successively dominated the south of Russia for a millennium extending back to the seventh century B.C. The descendants of these peoples were absorbed by the Slavs who came to be known as Russians.
2851:
attested Old
Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include
3011:
What is known in
Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups,
2700:
Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after the Proto-Indo-Iranian breakup, or the early-2nd millennium BCE, as the Old
Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of
8586:(..) In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers (the Goths) and by Iranian speakers (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans) in a shifting array of tribal and national configurations.
2617:
before the east-west division rose to prominence. It has traditionally been viewed as
Eastern Iranian; however, it lacks a large number of Eastern Iranian features and thus is only "Eastern Iranian" in the sense that it is not Western.
2860:" substrate in some of its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary, as
8888:
2856:. Additionally, the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a "
8875:
Jügel, Thomas. "Word-order variation in Middle Iranic: Persian, Parthian, Bactrian, and
Sogdian." Word order variation: Semitic, Turkic, and Indo-European languages in contact, Studia Typologica 31 (2022):
3086:
until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle
Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian, and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the
342:
The Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (400 BCE – 900 CE) and New Iranian (since 900 CE). The two directly-attested Old Iranian languages are
2888:
Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series
2397:, meaning "one who assembles (skilfully)". In the Iranic languages spoken on the plateau, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier, included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of the
3211:
The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and
11081:
8405:"We distinguish between the Aryan languages of Iran, or Irano-Aryan, and the Aryan languages of India, or Indo-Aryan. For the sake of brevity, Iranian is commonly used instead of Irano-Aryan".
8821:
3003:
in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw).
2727:
unaspirated stops *p, *t, *k before another consonant changing into fricatives *f, *θ, *x resp.; voiceless aspirated stops *pʰ, *tʰ, *kʰ turning into fricatives *f, *θ, *x, resp.
8640:(..) For example, the ancient Scythians, Sarmatians (amongst others), and many other attested but now extinct peoples were assimilated in the course of history by Proto-Slavs.
2739:
languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects,
2626:
8817:
2923:
As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring
2999:
It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothetical ancestor languages of
9933:
3180:(Persia). They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of
8352:
Lassen, Christian. 1936. Die altpersischen Keil-Inschriften von Persepolis. Entzifferung des Alphabets und Erklärung des Inhalts. Bonn: Weber. S. 182.
8045:
8967:
3091:, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the
8498:
Roland G. Kent: "Old Persion: Grammar Texts Lexicon". Part I, Chapter I: The Linguistic Setting of Old Persian. American Oriental Society, 1953.
2304:
2268:
8299:
11086:
11055:
9569:
1466:
8872:
Sokolova, V. S. "New information on the phonetics of Iranic languages." Trudy Instituta jazykoznanija NN SSR (Moskva) 1 (1952): 178–192.
11045:
10714:
3295:
in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the
10186:
2613:
are not considered to fall under these categories, and are instead sometimes classified as Central Iranian, since they diverged from
11071:
2802:
who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the
8201:
111:
8489:(2001): Autochthonous Aryans? The evidence from Old Indian and Iranian texts. Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 7(3): 1–115.
3151:(دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists and patrons of the literature flourished. The
83:
8960:
8848:
8829:
8683:
8667:
8464:
8131:
8104:
8061:
2275:
2247:
2965:
fail to fit into either group: in these, palatalization remains, and similar glide loss as in Old Persian occurs: *ćw >
1126:
3271:
population of the region, by the 6th century CE. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant
11076:
3139:, there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of
2232:
90:
8780:
11050:
8857:
Toroghdar, Zia (2018). "From Astara to Fuman: Comparison words from dialects of different languages Talysh and Tatic".
3338:
2297:
2254:
1185:
64:
8616:
8456:
3364:
518:
130:
3346:
11112:
8953:
2261:
1025:
97:
8729:
10566:
9562:
8980:
8916:
536:
8902:
10707:
3342:
2117:
1892:
1296:
68:
17:
8808:
8793:
79:
10179:
8940:
2290:
1862:
1131:
1068:
869:
755:
8755:
10739:
9402:
9172:
8598:
2387:
1550:
1053:
864:
859:
854:
749:
10747:
10621:
9483:
9430:
2790:
Old Persian was an Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in southwestern Iran (the modern-day province of
2639:
2456:
1867:
1362:
1063:
942:
928:
909:
2977:
A division of Iranian languages in at least three groups during the Old Iranian period is thus implied:
11107:
9555:
8053:
3136:
2670:
1205:
1163:
763:
9030:
11024:
10808:
10700:
10005:
9842:
9617:
9490:
9260:
2586:
2551:
1907:
1872:
1545:
849:
246:
235:
10626:
10172:
9522:
9416:
9203:
9178:
3327:
2167:
2057:
1877:
1408:
1240:
1191:
1087:
889:
844:
839:
759:
273:
30:
This article is about the language family. For languages spoken in the modern country of Iran, see
8475:
10998:
10863:
10070:
9460:
9423:
9409:
9208:
9197:
8976:
8030:
In modern and colloquial context, the term "Indic" refers more generally to the languages of the
7928:
7910:
3446:
3428:
3331:
3157:
2661:
The language was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day
2515:
2062:
1789:
899:
894:
884:
528:
328:
199:
57:
8798:
3168:, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between
10798:
10755:
9592:
9513:
9497:
9273:
9218:
9144:
9090:
8716:
8307:
7973:
are members of the ethnic group of the Avesta-reciters themselves, in contradistinction to the
2682:
2655:
2635:
2445:
2376:
2052:
2024:
1808:
1710:
1476:
1322:
946:
784:
676:
615:
570:
510:
502:
324:
223:
204:
104:
8451:
Lazard, Gilbert. 1998. Actancy. Empirical approaches to language typology. Mouton de Gruyter.
10971:
10818:
10499:
10230:
10151:
9506:
9453:
9444:
9437:
9149:
9139:
9120:
9114:
8403:
Historical studies (Pakistan) series. National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research.
8363:
2686:
2199:
2028:
936:
932:
917:
913:
10731:
10587:
9988:
9928:
9722:
9476:
9467:
9232:
8608:
8602:
8295:
7982:
7938:
7905:
7885:
3456:
3423:
3403:
3204:
in the 1920s under the then-Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently
3044:
2674:
2145:
2110:
1423:
1106:
1058:
995:
965:
923:
903:
767:
621:
10641:
8568:(..) Indeed, it is now accepted that the Sarmatians merged in with pre-Slavic populations.
1291:
8:
10986:
10429:
10144:
9686:
9639:
9285:
9242:
8990:
8035:
8031:
3112:
2924:
2503:
1418:
1413:
1309:
1233:
1198:
1121:
1111:
970:
671:
666:
635:
8181:
11019:
10908:
10344:
10219:
10059:
10036:
10026:
9773:
9659:
9188:
8895:
8771:
3272:
3116:
3104:
3000:
2865:
2535:
2484:
2124:
2075:
2009:
1993:
1618:
1271:
1010:
696:
601:
596:
7997:(DNa 14–15), in Darius I's inscription at Susa (DSe 13–14), and in the inscription of
291:
10925:
10666:
10613:
10504:
10051:
10031:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9955:
9857:
9826:
9784:
9715:
9664:
9634:
9382:
9375:
9368:
9347:
9322:
9317:
9265:
9068:
8844:
8825:
8679:
8663:
8612:
8460:
8452:
8306:. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 681–683. Archived from
8209:
8162:
8127:
8100:
8057:
7948:
7933:
3466:
3451:
3292:
3280:
3220:
3173:
3165:
3108:
3036:
3024:
2889:
2853:
2678:
2647:
2600:
2577:
2408:
2342:
2138:
2104:
2096:
2040:
2034:
2016:
1987:
1966:
1952:
1944:
1714:
1575:
1515:
1497:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1395:
1390:
1219:
1082:
731:
724:
717:
703:
689:
649:
565:
557:
457:
437:
375:
367:
347:
31:
2697:), according to the reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European.
300:
11029:
10981:
10892:
10848:
10826:
10723:
10471:
10334:
10290:
10238:
10080:
10065:
10041:
9976:
9916:
9911:
9896:
9890:
9874:
9868:
9862:
9820:
9728:
9669:
9654:
9300:
9252:
9163:
9131:
9099:
9075:
9004:
8767:
8396:
7990:
7943:
7923:
7895:
3461:
3441:
3413:
3276:
3216:
3212:
3177:
3169:
3152:
3120:
3040:
2817:
2702:
2610:
2558:
2499:
2492:
2488:
2132:
2082:
1899:
1705:
1593:
1533:
1510:
1453:
1448:
1385:
1372:
1367:
1357:
1030:
643:
591:
583:
576:
447:
417:
240:
35:
8440:
Indogermanica et Caucasica. Festschrift für Karl Horst Schmidt zum 65. Geburtstag.
3215:
spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as
11003:
10976:
10941:
10887:
10882:
10858:
10831:
10195:
10021:
9993:
9983:
9941:
9884:
9879:
9748:
9743:
9691:
9626:
9361:
9333:
9061:
9054:
9047:
9040:
9018:
9011:
8945:
8920:
8121:
8094:
8039:
7900:
7890:
3418:
3408:
3300:
3140:
3017:
3013:
2869:
2857:
2769:
2712:
Proto-Iranian innovations compared to Proto-Indo-Iranian include: the turning of
2706:
2685:
and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more precisely, the
2527:
2480:
2352:
2213:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2153:
2089:
2068:
2046:
1631:
1520:
1443:
1352:
1285:
1226:
1092:
824:
809:
799:
794:
710:
682:
371:
363:
336:
332:
306:
194:
159:
8841:
The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world
3263:
had been decisively taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g.
2927:.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw:
2723:*bʰ, *dʰ, *gʰ yielding to the voiced unaspirated plosives *b, *d, *g resp.; the
358:). Of the Middle Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are
10993:
10841:
10771:
10681:
10479:
10443:
10406:
10399:
10392:
10313:
10269:
10258:
10140:
10098:
10085:
9800:
9789:
9738:
9681:
9675:
9649:
9644:
9538:
9393:
9327:
8486:
8414:
8355:
8334:
John R. Perry (Summer–Autumn 1998). "A Review of the 'Encyclopaedia Iranica'".
8227:
8092:
7994:
3296:
3236:
3197:
3193:
3144:
3072:
3068:
3032:
2989:
2962:
2841:
2829:
2759:
2566:
2498:
This use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by
2338:
2329:
1958:
1825:
1700:
1258:
1212:
1180:
1116:
607:
467:
359:
175:
8147:
2538:). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention.
11101:
10955:
10918:
10913:
10868:
10853:
10582:
10535:
10494:
10457:
10327:
10224:
10209:
10046:
10000:
9921:
9811:
9794:
9108:
8784:
8742:
8703:
8655:
7915:
7865:
4053:
3433:
3383:
3264:
3188:
3092:
3067:-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial
3048:
2958:
2897:
2795:
2791:
2724:
2614:
2570:
2218:
1682:
1598:
1315:
1173:
1035:
789:
477:
379:
8907:
2519:
1005:
10545:
10422:
10355:
10214:
8476:
Encyclopaedia Iranica: EASTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES. By Nicholas Sims-Williams
8005:(XPh 12–13). In these, the two Achaemenid dynasties describe themselves as
4047:
3224:
3201:
3161:
2643:
2464:
1837:
1675:
1149:
1020:
819:
814:
804:
383:
183:
8009:"a Persian, son of a Persian, an Ariya, of Ariya origin."—The phrase with
3125:
2630:
Distribution of Iranic peoples in Central Asia during the Iron Age period.
265:
10779:
10763:
10651:
10646:
10530:
10378:
10362:
10091:
8275:
3268:
3147:
as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word
3052:
2765:
2511:
2468:
2422:
2383:
2324:
1813:
1799:
1763:
1471:
343:
27:
Branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family
8932:
7989:
is the name of a language (DB 4.89). The other three instances occur in
2931:
Avestan and most other Iranian languages have shifted these clusters to
1000:
11082:
List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language
10306:
9766:
8520:
Nicholas Sims-Williams, Iranica, under entry: Eastern Iranian languages
8002:
3256:
3232:
3228:
3164:(10th century) associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of
3143:, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called
3088:
3083:
3060:
2666:
2651:
1776:
1690:
1568:
1333:
396:
187:
8926:
8442:
Bielmeier, Robert und Reinhard Stempel (Hrg.). De Gruyter. S. 168–196.
3131:
Teal: countries where Iranian languages are official in a subdivision.
2816:
The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of
10873:
10671:
10661:
10631:
10509:
10413:
10349:
10320:
9948:
8936:
8912:
8535:
3284:
3252:
3181:
3056:
2861:
2716:
2690:
1979:
1756:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1720:
1588:
285:
259:
255:
171:
10636:
9547:
3316:
2911:
Old Persian, however, has fronted these consonants further: *ć >
46:
10692:
10676:
10451:
10437:
10248:
9901:
8935:
by Scott L. Harvey and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the
7998:
7981:"). The word also appears four times in Old Persian: One is in the
7875:
3393:
3205:
3079:
2803:
2773:
2713:
2694:
1922:
1913:
1804:
1605:
1580:
1484:
975:
551:
179:
10947:
10164:
2828:
texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of
10540:
10484:
10464:
10386:
10276:
10121:
9753:
9708:
9226:
8638:. Vol. 9–11. Society for Slovene Studies. 1987. p. 36.
8436:
Sprachzeugnisse alt- und mitteliranischer Sprachen in Afghanistan
3248:
3240:
3064:
3028:
2961:, attested in the Middle Iranian period, and its modern relative
2825:
2755:
2747:
2720:
2452:
2364:
1972:
1936:
1929:
1727:
1347:
980:
351:
8662:. Cambridge University Press. 1979. 1st Paperback edition 2010.
8234:, vol. 2, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 684–687
3283:
barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of
2719:*s into non-sibilant fricative glottal *h; the voiced aspirated
10656:
10550:
10489:
10297:
10253:
10243:
9906:
9760:
9733:
9354:
7978:
7880:
7870:
3398:
3388:
3244:
2821:
2799:
2751:
2662:
2593:
2546:
The Iranian languages are divided into the following branches:
2398:
1695:
1649:
1168:
985:
427:
355:
3187:
The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of the
10514:
10369:
10263:
9340:
8555:
3260:
3078:
Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the
2444:
is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral
2403:
1794:
1668:
1662:
1644:
1015:
990:
8889:"Areal developments in the history of Iranic: West vs. East"
8093:
Johannes Bechert; Giuliano Bernini; Claude Buridant (1990).
2332:
10836:
10284:
10075:
3288:
3129:
Dark green: countries where Iranian languages are official.
2985:
2847:
In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only
2562:
2476:
2186:
2642:. This ancestor language is speculated to have origins in
2634:
The Iranian languages all descend from a common ancestor:
2386:", i.e. "of the Iranians"), recognized as a derivative of
3156:
Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as
305:
Distribution of the Iranian languages in and around the
3192:
script remains in use in contemporary modern Persian.
2415:
2346:
8693:
Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1996). "Iranian languages".
3995:
kîj, kiç, kenîşk, düêt (Pehlewanî), dwêt (Pehlewanî)
2900:
and depalatalized these consonants, and have *ć >
8573:
8561:
8530:
Windfuhr, Gernot (2009). "Dialectology and Topics".
8385:
A sketch of the modern languages of the East Indies.
8261:
8250:
3082:
dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century
2391:
400:
estimates that there are 86 languages in the group.
8697:. Vol. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda. pp. 238–245.
2599:Northeastern, by far the smallest branch, of which
2337:, first attested in a third-century inscription at
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8975:
8550:A Reader in Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian
2479:. He uses the same analogue as in differentiating
8886:
8736:. Vol. 5. Costa Mesa: Mazda. pp. 25–37.
8562:Brzezinski, Richard; Mielczarek, Mariusz (2002).
8221:
8219:
8086:
3176:, and "Pârsi" ("Persian" proper) to describe the
2669:. It was thus in relative proximity to the other
2401:, and remains also in other Iranian ethnic names
11099:
8929:in Russian, identical with above classification.
8208:. Vol. 8. Costa Mesa: Mazda. Archived from
8169:(Fifteenth ed.). Dallas: SIL International.
3239:, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day
8628:
8123:Persian Grammar: History and State of Its Study
8119:
8034:, thus also including non-Aryan languages like
4445:hêk/hêlke, tum, xaye (Pehlewanî), xa (Kelhorî)
3303:survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian.
3071:, though Bactrian was written using an adapted
2471:family and ethnic groups of this category, and
8216:
2896:Avestan and most other Iranian languages have
2820:, which take their name from their use in the
2743:evidence of only two has survived. These are:
2427:
10708:
10180:
9602:
9563:
8961:
8692:
8333:
8290:
8288:
8043:
3001:Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian
2995:Central Iranian (all other Iranian languages)
2783:attested Old Iranian languages are discussed
2298:
8838:
8314:
2832:but in the Avesta itself is simply known as
11056:Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature
8894:. Department of Indo-European linguistics,
8266:"to assemble skillfully", present in Greek
8195:
8193:
8113:
3527:zibā/xuš-čehr(e)/xoşgel(ak)/ghashanq/najib
3345:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2654:is suggested as a candidate for the common
493:
404:Top languages by number of native speakers
11046:Academy of Persian Language and Literature
10715:
10701:
10187:
10173:
9607:
9570:
9556:
8968:
8954:
8839:Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (2006).
8285:
6815:giçke, qicik, hûr, biçûk, büçik (Kelhorî)
2305:
2291:
2269:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
8794:"Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts"
8778:
8730:"Cases in Iranian languages and dialects"
8701:
8199:
3365:Learn how and when to remove this message
3299:. Various small Iranian languages in the
2475:for anything about the modern country of
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
34:. For the official language of Iran, see
8760:Transactions of the Philological Society
8727:
8597:
8529:
8501:
8248:descends from Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
8190:
8044:Reynolds, Mike; Verma, Mahendra (2007).
8017:is an ethnic name wider in meaning than
3124:
2981:Persid (Old Persian and its descendants)
2768:, the native language of a southwestern
2625:
11072:List of English words of Persian origin
8806:
8791:
8753:
8673:
8514:
8508:
8370:, Engelmann (p. vii) used the spelling
8321:
8225:
8096:Toward a Typology of European Languages
5129:çûn, řoştin, řoyiştin, çün (Pehlewanî)
3208:in the 1930s by the Soviet government.
14:
11100:
8740:
8401:History of northern areas of Pakistan.
8294:
8160:
10696:
10168:
9577:
9551:
8949:
8607:. Stanford University Press. p.
8584:. Taylor & Francis. p. 523.
8582:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
8579:
8186:. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
8013:("origin, descendance") assures that
7313:xwastin, wîstin, twastin (Pehlewanî)
6567:cê(cêga), ga, şwên, şwîn (Pehlewanî)
3498:dorr, soherâ, mah rang, sharr, juwān
2942:In Old Persian, these clusters yield
2609:According to modern scholarship, the
2435:
2276:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
2248:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
389:
10722:
8756:"The Ancient language of Azarbaijan"
8714:
8179:
8161:Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed. (2005).
8021:and not a simple adjectival epithet.
3870:giryan, girîn, gîristin (Pehlewanî)
3343:adding citations to reliable sources
3310:
2750:, the two languages/dialects of the
69:adding citations to reliable sources
40:
11077:List of French loanwords in Persian
10194:
8360:Grundriss der Iranischen Philologie
8173:
8007:pārsa pārsahyā puça ariya ariyaciça
5817:zıwan, zon, zuan, zuon, juan, jüan
4197:derge/derke, derga, qapî (Kelhorî)
3306:
2736:
2233:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
24:
11051:Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
10150:Languages between parentheses are
8908:Kurdish and other Iranic Languages
8866:
8772:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1954.tb00282.x
8678:(in German). Wiesbaden: Reichert.
8167:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
8154:
5192:Yezdan, Xwedê, Xuda, Xodê, Xwa(y)
4695:bawk, bab, babe, bawg (Pehlewanî)
3699:hävərdən, härdən, ävərdən, bərdən
2255:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
25:
11124:
8880:
8822:Deutscher Wissenschaftsverlag DWV
8749:. Vol. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda.
8723:. Vol. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda.
8710:. Vol. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda.
8566:. Osprey Publishing. p. 39.
3006:
2992:, and their Old Iranian ancestor)
2950:, with loss of the glide *w, but
2784:
10124:(unknown further classification)
9597:
9229:(unknown further classification)
5883:kenîn/pêkenîn, kenîn,xende,xene
3714:āwurdan, biyār ("(you) bring!")
3663:tāiiūr, dro-naŋh (scared bread)
3315:
3251:, the core region of the native
2621:
2262:Journal of Indo-European Studies
1026:Bible translations into Armenian
517:
331:that are spoken natively by the
299:
45:
8903:Society for Iranian Linguistics
8676:Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum
8648:
8591:
8542:
8523:
8492:
8480:
8469:
8445:
8428:
8408:
8390:
8377:
8346:
8327:
8148:"Ethnologue report for Iranian"
8024:
7963:
6754:xweh, xweşk, xoşk, xuşk, xoyşk
6381:kirdinewe, wazkirdin (Kelhorî)
4322:ker, gwêdirêj, xer (Pehlewanî)
2440:When used as a linguistic term
2375:(Parthian), both deriving from
537:List of Indo-European languages
56:needs additional citations for
11087:Persian language in South Asia
10154:of the language on their left.
8702:Yarshater, Ehsan, ed. (1996).
8674:Schmitt, Rüdiger, ed. (1989).
8238:
8200:MacKenzie, David Niel (1998).
8163:"Report for Iranian languages"
8140:
6512:soḍər, xənd͡zir (Arabic), xug
3098:
2730:
13:
1:
8941:University of Texas at Austin
8792:Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006).
8781:"The Iranian Language Family"
8564:The Sarmatians, 600 BC-AD 450
8244:Laroche. 1957. Proto-Iranian
8080:
8050:Language in the British Isles
6476:âshti, ârâmeš, ârâmî, sâzish
4019:kîjâ(girl), deter (daughter)
3807:hatin, were, bew (Pehlewanî)
2879:
2807:
2671:satem ethno-linguistic groups
1863:Proto-Indo-European mythology
1132:Paleolithic continuity theory
329:Indo-European language family
8779:Rezakhani, Khodadad (2001).
8728:Windfuhr, Gernot L. (1995).
8383:Cust, Robert Needham. 1878.
6839:küçük, küşkin, kişgələ, kəm
3717:āwurdan, āwāy-, āwar-, bar-
3023:The Western family includes
2638:, which itself evolved from
2388:Proto-Indo-European language
2363:are oblique plural forms of
2347:
2333:
2317:
1551:Northern Black Polished Ware
750:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
10622:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
8937:Linguistics Research Center
8843:. Oxford University Press.
8754:Henning, Walter B. (1954).
8048:. In Britain, David (ed.).
6630:xwendin/xwêndin, xwenistin
6239:zafan, zafarə, åŋhānō, åñh
4958:changol, mordâneg, lenkutk
4943:engust, pence,angus, pênce
3486:rind, delal, bedew, xweşik
2576:Northwestern, of which the
2541:
2416:
2345:inscription using the term
1868:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10:
11129:
10999:Romanized Persian alphabet
8810:Georgica et Irano-Semitica
8580:Adams, Douglas Q. (1997).
8262:
8251:
8054:Cambridge University Press
7744:ya, heya, ê / nê, ney, ni
7623:jin, afret, zindage,gyian
7386:ov, wat(orandian dialect)
3223:in parts of what is today
3102:
2392:
1164:Domestication of the horse
29:
11064:
11038:
11025:Middle Persian literature
11012:
10964:
10934:
10901:
10817:
10809:Western Iranian languages
10791:
10730:
10612:
10596:
10575:
10559:
10523:
10202:
10131:
10114:
10014:
9850:
9841:
9700:
9625:
9616:
9585:
9532:
9392:
9310:
9283:
9251:
9217:
9187:
9162:
9130:
9098:
9089:
9028:
8999:
8988:
8807:Delshad, Farshid (2010).
8715:Frye, Richard N. (1996).
8660:Dictionary of Khotan Saka
8226:Schmitt, Rüdiger (1987),
7780:baleh, ârē, hā / na, née
7747:bełê, a, erê / ne, nexêr
6941:can, giyan, rewan, revan
5752:birsî, wirsî (Pehlewanî)
4570:êware, îware (Pehlewanî)
3828:biyamona, enen, biyâmuen
2587:Eastern Iranian languages
2580:are the dominant members.
2573:are the dominant members;
2552:Western Iranian languages
2428:
2412:
1873:Historical Vedic religion
1150:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
486:
298:
284:
272:
254:
229:
219:
195:Linguistic classification
193:
165:
155:
150:
145:
10627:Ancient Iranian religion
8741:Lazard, Gilbert (1996).
8434:Schmitt, Rüdiger. 1994.
8120:Gernot Windfuhr (1979).
7956:
7567:lewə, šarmux̌ (šarmuš̥)
7265:dehāt, helk, kallag, dê
6712:baowten, boten, bagoten
6399:vlätən, väzän, vâ-gudən
6067:aşme, menge (for month)
5904:rîk, baxendesten, xanne
5610:zaraŋh, zarəδiia, aηhuš
5397:pilâ, pillə, pille, gət
5225:Xodā, Izad, Yazdān, Baq
4478:toxm, xāya ("testicle")
4419:parwarz / xwâr, xwardīg
2892:consonants, *ć and *dź:
2864:did for what he called "
2794:) by the inhabitants of
2341:, with the accompanying
1878:Ancient Iranian religion
1241:Novotitarovskaya culture
1088:Indo-European migrations
494:Terminology and grouping
11113:Indo-European languages
10567:Ancient Iranian peoples
8977:Indo-European languages
8887:Martin Joachim Kümmel.
8511:) vi(2). Documentation.
8425:Traduit par Joyce Blau.
8423:Les langues iraniennes.
8421:in: Oranskij, Iosif M.
7653:ghenice/ghinice, caxoi
7268:mällə, məhällə, kəläyə
7250:gund, dêhat, dê, awayî
6896:vəçə, rikə, pəsər, rəy
6848:kuchak, kam, xurd, rîz
6763:xâke, xâv, xâxor, xuâr
6004:mêrdek, camêrd/cüamêrd
5901:purxə, xənde/ xəndəsən
5865:hizvā-, zafana (mouth)
5755:birçî, birsî (behdînî)
5691:mał, xanû, xanig, ghat
5628:asp/hesp/esp, hês(t)ir
5566:dil/dił/dir(Erbil)/zil
4507:zemîn, zewî, ʿerz, erd
4013:lâku, kör, kijâ (girl)
3941:ul, gur, târica, târek
3681:/anîn, hawerdin, hênan
3158:Abdullah ibn al-Muqaffa
3137:Arab conquest of Persia
2868:" and in one instance,
2603:is the dominant member.
2596:is the dominant member;
2592:Southeastern, of which
2557:Southwestern, of which
2516:George Abraham Grierson
1379:Northern/Eastern Steppe
335:, predominantly in the
10819:Dialects and varieties
10799:Indo-Iranian languages
8601:; et al. (1977).
6651:baxenden, baxundesten
6414:bâz-kardan, va-kardan
6091:ma, munek, mong, rojâ
5423:mazaṇt̰, masita, stūi
4940:engışte/gışte, bêçıke
4864:para-dāta (affianced)
4389:xwāṛə, xurāk / xwaṛəl
3132:
2806:inscription, composed
2631:
2446:Proto-Iranian language
2377:Proto-Iranian language
2351:, in reference to the
2328:derives directly from
1850:Religion and mythology
1809:Medieval Scandinavians
1100:Alternative and fringe
325:Indo-Iranian languages
323:, are a branch of the
10972:Old Persian cuneiform
10775:(c. 300 BCE – 800 CE)
10524:Related ethnic groups
8927:Iranian language tree
8532:The Iranian Languages
8364:Friedrich von Spiegel
8354:This was followed by
8296:Bailey, Harold Walter
8183:The Iranian languages
8126:. Walter de Gruyter.
8099:. Walter de Gruyter.
7753:Hao, ao, wō / na, ya
7322:begovastan, jovastan
6812:qıc/qıyt, wırd/werdi
6727:guftan, gōw-, wâxtan
6715:guftirən, gaf saxtən
6417:abâz-kardan, višādag
6007:mêrd, pîyaw, cuwamêr
5004:agir/awir, ahir,ayer
4398:warag, warâk, wārten
4152:gudən, kudən, kördən
4072:řoj, rûj (Pehlewanî)
3128:
2687:Pontic-Caspian Steppe
2629:
2371:(Middle Persian) and
2355:. The Middle-Iranian
2200:Indo-European studies
1563:Peoples and societies
354:(the language of the
10588:Proto-Indo-Europeans
10500:Tats of the Caucasus
10145:historical languages
8799:Encyclopædia Iranica
8747:Encyclopedia Iranica
8734:Encyclopedia Iranica
8721:Encyclopedia Iranica
8708:Encyclopedia Iranica
8695:Encyclopedia Iranica
8304:Encyclopedia Iranica
8260:adjective to a root
8232:Encyclopedia Iranica
8206:Encyclopedia Iranica
8056:. pp. 293–307.
7983:Behistun Inscription
7437:key, kengî(Hewlêrî)
6724:goftan, gap(-zadan)
6217:dâhun, lâmîze, loşe
5838:zəvön, zuvön, zuvän
5761:vašnâ, vešir, gesnâ
5391:yol, yal, vaz, dıjd
5269:zabr, sharr, jowain
4827:čənghol , čənghəla
4212:dar, gelo, darwāzag
3696:âurten, yārag, ārag
3424:Mazanderani (Tabari)
3339:improve this section
3243:, southern European
3196:, used to write the
2709:, and Central Asia.
2689:to the north of the
2675:Indo-European family
2656:Indo-Iranian culture
1107:Anatolian hypothesis
1059:Proto-Indo-Europeans
966:Hittite inscriptions
511:Indo-European topics
65:improve this article
10987:Persian calligraphy
10740:Proto-Indo-European
9403:Proto-Indo-European
8913:Iranian EFL Journal
8032:Indian subcontinent
7969:In the Avesta, the
7641:zən, zənək, zunönə
7499:ba, wa (Pehlewanî)
6836:peçik, biçuk, xerd
6833:kuçhī, kujī, kuştə
6775:xâxer, xâxor, xoar
6076:spūǵməi (spōẓ̌məi)
5981:zīndagīh, zīwišnīh
5892:xurəsen, xandastan
5519:sar, sarag, saghar
5195:Xwedê, Xweda, Xudê
4466:merqâne, tîm, balî
4460:heyg, heyk, ā morg
4427:hareθra / CE-, at-
4194:ber, keyber, çêber
4155:hâkerden, hâkorden
3992:keyne, çêne/çêneke
3953:tār, siyo, zolamât
3825:həmän, ämön, hömän
3720:āwāy-, āwar-, bar-
3539:xani, sraiia, sro-
3247:, and parts of the
3113:Ossetian literature
2925:Nuristani languages
2915:, *dź > *ð >
2703:southeastern Europe
2589:, subdivided into:
2554:, subdivided into:
2504:Robert Needham Cust
2487:or differentiating
1363:Multi-cordoned ware
1234:Mikhaylovka culture
1122:Indigenous Aryanism
1112:Armenian hypothesis
971:Hieroglyphic Luwian
405:
80:"Iranian languages"
11020:Persian literature
10767:(c. 525 – 300 BCE)
10748:Proto-Indo-Iranian
9484:Proto-Indo-Iranian
9431:Proto-Balto-Slavic
9173:Continental Celtic
8933:Old Iranian Online
8919:2019-01-22 at the
8896:University of Jena
8861:. pp. 38–172.
8548:Mary Boyce. 1975.
8180:Windfuhr, Gernot.
7993:'s inscription at
7819:azira, zira, diru
7768:are, ehe / nâ, no
7750:erê, belê, a / na
7667:gǝnā, γnā, ǰani-,
7629:x̌əd͡za (š̥əd͡za)
7334:bexâsten, bexâsti
6821:kūčnay, waṛ(ū)kay
6818:biçûk, hûr, qicik
6549:hū, varāza (boar)
5841:zivun, zebun, tok
5625:estor/ostor/astor
5394:mastar, mazan,tuh
4821:desgîran,xwşavest
4764:wēra (yara), bēra
4716:pîyer, pîyar, per
4704:piyar, piya, dada
4579:nomâzyar, nomâšon
4513:d͡zməka (md͡zəka)
3938:skəṇ, skaṇ, tyara
3897:gerevesen, gereva
3822:āhag, āyag, hatin
3279:'s close relative
3273:Scythian languages
3160:(8th century) and
3133:
3117:Kurdish literature
3105:Persian literature
2640:Proto-Indo-Iranian
2632:
2436:Iranian vs. Iranic
943:Proto-Indo-Iranian
929:Proto-Balto-Slavic
910:Proto-Italo-Celtic
403:
390:Number of speakers
319:, also called the
11108:Iranian languages
11095:
11094:
10950:
10902:Language features
10804:Iranian languages
10792:Language families
10784:
10776:
10768:
10760:
10752:
10744:
10690:
10689:
10614:Iranian religions
10604:Iranian languages
10474:
10467:
10460:
10446:
10432:
10425:
10416:
10409:
10402:
10395:
10381:
10372:
10365:
10358:
10337:
10330:
10323:
10316:
10309:
10300:
10293:
10279:
10272:
10233:
10162:
10161:
10110:
10109:
9837:
9836:
9579:Iranian languages
9545:
9544:
9539:extinct languages
9158:
9157:
9085:
9084:
8850:978-0-19-929668-2
8831:978-3-86888-004-5
8717:"Peoples of Iran"
8685:978-3-88226-413-5
8668:978-0-521-14250-2
8599:Atkinson, Dorothy
8538:. pp. 18–21.
8465:978-3-11-015670-6
8397:Dani, Ahmad Hasan
8270:"chariot", Greek
8212:on 13 March 2017.
8150:. Ethnologue.com.
8133:978-90-279-7774-8
8106:978-3-11-012108-7
8063:978-0-521-79488-6
8046:"Indic languages"
7954:
7953:
7458:ke, kemin, geder
7371:awe/awk, owe, ou
7337:xastən, vayistən
6706:gushag, guashten
6582:ja, jaygah, hend
6503:xoz/xonz, xınzır
6160:dā(ya), dāle(ka)
6037:chorice, mardina
5758:lweǵai (lweẓ̌ai)
5712:sere, kime, xene
5415:wuzurg, pīl, yal
4463:murqönə, murqänə
4404:xerâk / baxârden
4069:roce, roje, roze
4056:
4050:
4015:dətər (daughter)
3885:greewag, grehten
3690:vârden, biyordon
3601:vohuna, vahutāt̰
3489:x̌kūlay, x̌āista
3375:
3374:
3367:
3267:) by the various
3109:Pashto literature
2954:further fronting.
2842:Rigvedic Sanskrit
2735:The multitude of
2658:around 2000 BCE.
2648:Andronovo culture
2611:Avestan languages
2578:Kurdish languages
2315:
2314:
1576:Anatolian peoples
1546:Painted Grey Ware
1434:Nordic Bronze Age
1083:Kurgan hypothesis
1036:Old Irish glosses
1001:Gaulish epigraphy
491:
490:
348:Achaemenid Empire
317:Iranian languages
313:
312:
141:
140:
133:
115:
32:Languages of Iran
16:(Redirected from
11120:
11030:Tajik literature
10982:Persian alphabet
10946:
10827:Standard Persian
10782:
10774:
10766:
10758:
10750:
10742:
10724:Persian language
10717:
10710:
10703:
10694:
10693:
10470:
10463:
10456:
10442:
10428:
10421:
10412:
10405:
10398:
10391:
10377:
10368:
10361:
10354:
10333:
10326:
10319:
10312:
10305:
10296:
10289:
10275:
10268:
10229:
10189:
10182:
10175:
10166:
10165:
10006:Zoroastrian Dari
9848:
9847:
9623:
9622:
9572:
9565:
9558:
9549:
9548:
9491:Proto-Indo-Aryan
9096:
9095:
8997:
8996:
8970:
8963:
8956:
8947:
8946:
8899:
8893:
8854:
8835:
8815:
8803:
8788:
8783:. Archived from
8775:
8750:
8737:
8724:
8711:
8698:
8689:
8643:
8642:
8632:
8626:
8625:
8595:
8589:
8588:
8577:
8571:
8570:
8559:
8553:
8546:
8540:
8539:
8527:
8521:
8518:
8512:
8505:
8499:
8496:
8490:
8484:
8478:
8473:
8467:
8449:
8443:
8432:
8426:
8412:
8406:
8394:
8388:
8387:London: Trübner.
8381:
8375:
8350:
8344:
8343:
8331:
8325:
8318:
8312:
8311:
8310:on 3 March 2016.
8292:
8283:
8265:
8264:
8254:
8253:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8223:
8214:
8213:
8202:"Ērān, Ērānšahr"
8197:
8188:
8187:
8177:
8171:
8170:
8158:
8152:
8151:
8144:
8138:
8137:
8117:
8111:
8110:
8090:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8070:
8028:
8022:
7991:Darius the Great
7967:
7271:dih, male, kolâ
6648:xöndən, xönəsən
6467:salaməti, dinci
6449:rōɣa, t͡sōkāləi
6142:mâr, mâya, nana
6103:mâh, mâng, mânk
5773:veşnâ, veşnâsâr
5734:demāna-, nmāna-
5706:ges, dawâr, log
5290:xūb, nêkog, beh
5275:xâr, xeş, xojir
5251:hewl, rınd, weş
4903:xâr, xeş, xojir
4779:taşe-vaşe, tars
4576:māx̌ām (māš̥ām)
4525:zəmi, gəl, bunə
4078:wrəd͡z (rwəd͡z)
4052:
4046:
3903:gerīstan/gerīye
3394:Kurmanji Kurdish
3377:
3376:
3370:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3350:
3319:
3311:
3307:Comparison table
3213:Turkic languages
3178:dialects of Fars
3153:Saffarid dynasty
3121:Tajik literature
2812:
2809:
2500:Christian Lassen
2459:prefer the term
2431:
2430:
2419:
2414:
2395:
2394:
2350:
2336:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2148:
2141:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
1996:
1982:
1975:
1961:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1916:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1706:Germanic peoples
1696:Hellenic peoples
1685:
1678:
1671:
1594:Mycenaean Greeks
1583:
1511:Thraco-Cimmerian
1409:Globular Amphora
1386:Abashevo culture
1325:
1318:
1288:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1031:Tocharian script
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
652:
638:
631:
624:
610:
586:
579:
560:
521:
498:
497:
487:150–200 million
406:
402:
321:Iranic languages
303:
294:
280:
268:
143:
142:
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
36:Persian language
21:
11128:
11127:
11123:
11122:
11121:
11119:
11118:
11117:
11098:
11097:
11096:
11091:
11060:
11034:
11008:
11004:Persian Braille
10977:Pahlavi scripts
10960:
10942:Persian grammar
10930:
10897:
10859:Kuwaiti Persian
10813:
10787:
10726:
10721:
10691:
10686:
10608:
10592:
10571:
10560:Ancient peoples
10555:
10519:
10220:'Ajam of Kuwait
10198:
10196:Iranian peoples
10193:
10163:
10158:
10157:
10127:
10106:
10010:
9833:
9696:
9612:
9581:
9576:
9546:
9541:
9528:
9523:Proto-Tocharian
9417:Proto-Anatolian
9394:Proto-languages
9388:
9306:
9279:
9261:Latino-Faliscan
9247:
9213:
9183:
9154:
9126:
9081:
9024:
8984:
8974:
8921:Wayback Machine
8891:
8883:
8869:
8867:Further reading
8864:
8851:
8832:
8813:
8802:. Vol. 13.
8686:
8651:
8646:
8636:Slovene Studies
8634:
8633:
8629:
8619:
8604:Women in Russia
8596:
8592:
8578:
8574:
8560:
8556:
8547:
8543:
8528:
8524:
8519:
8515:
8506:
8502:
8497:
8493:
8485:
8481:
8474:
8470:
8450:
8446:
8433:
8429:
8415:Lazard, Gilbert
8413:
8409:
8404:
8395:
8391:
8382:
8378:
8353:
8351:
8347:
8342:(3/4): 517–525.
8336:Iranian Studies
8332:
8328:
8319:
8315:
8293:
8286:
8243:
8239:
8224:
8217:
8198:
8191:
8178:
8174:
8159:
8155:
8146:
8145:
8141:
8134:
8118:
8114:
8107:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8078:
8077:
8068:
8066:
8064:
8029:
8025:
7968:
7964:
7959:
7670:sylgojmag / us
7632:zeyniye, zenak
7328:loath, loteten
6700:vâten, baguten
6636:lwastəl, kōtəl
6585:jâ, jigâ, jigə
6016:mardak, miarda
5963:zīndəgī, zīvəş
5960:zendegih, zind
5951:žwəndūn, žwənd
5927:Syaoθnāvareza-
5898:hendag, xandag
5785:gorosne, goşne
5376:gırd/gırs, pil
5287:xub, nīkū, beh
5150:şunen / burden
5138:šiyen, bišiyan
5019:âch, atesh, âs
4961:ənguşt, əngüşt
4888:x̌a (š̥a), səm
4707:piya, lala, po
4484:taoxmag, xâyag
4454:merqâna, karxâ
4422:parwarz / xwâr
4416:xordan / xurāk
4401:xördən, xöndən
4278:murdən, mərdən
4143:kardan, kordan
4010:dohtir, duttag
3950:zuləmât, tärik
3530:hučihr, hužihr
3371:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3336:
3320:
3309:
3301:Pamir Mountains
3275:of the region.
3130:
3123:
3101:
3009:
2882:
2810:
2733:
2707:Iranian Plateau
2624:
2561:(including the
2544:
2465:anthropological
2438:
2353:Iranian peoples
2320:
2311:
2282:
2281:
2214:Marija Gimbutas
2202:
2192:
2191:
2183:Winter solstice
2173:Horse sacrifice
2144:
2137:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2020:
2005:
1992:
1978:
1971:
1957:
1948:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1882:
1851:
1843:
1842:
1785:
1772:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1658:
1640:
1627:
1614:
1585:
1579:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1529:
1506:
1493:
1481:
1462:
1404:
1381:
1343:
1336:
1330:
1321:
1314:
1305:
1303:Northern Europe
1284:
1280:
1267:
1254:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1186:Steppe cultures
1159:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1127:Baltic homeland
1101:
1097:
1093:Eurasian nomads
1077:
1073:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1011:Runic epigraphy
1006:Latin epigraphy
961:
953:
952:
890:Proto-Anatolian
874:
829:
825:Thraco-Illyrian
810:Graeco-Phrygian
800:Graeco-Armenian
795:Graeco-Albanian
774:
752:
739:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
695:
688:
681:
648:
634:
627:
620:
606:
582:
575:
556:
541:
533:
531:
496:
392:
372:Parthian Empire
364:Sasanian Empire
337:Iranian Plateau
333:Iranian peoples
309:
307:Iranian plateau
290:
279:58= (phylozone)
278:
264:
167:
160:Iranian peoples
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11126:
11116:
11115:
11110:
11093:
11092:
11090:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11068:
11066:
11062:
11061:
11059:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11042:
11040:
11036:
11035:
11033:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11016:
11014:
11010:
11009:
11007:
11006:
11001:
10996:
10994:Tajik alphabet
10991:
10990:
10989:
10979:
10974:
10968:
10966:
10965:Writing system
10962:
10961:
10959:
10958:
10953:
10952:
10951:
10938:
10936:
10932:
10931:
10929:
10928:
10923:
10922:
10921:
10916:
10905:
10903:
10899:
10898:
10896:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10845:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10823:
10821:
10815:
10814:
10812:
10811:
10806:
10801:
10795:
10793:
10789:
10788:
10786:
10785:
10777:
10772:Middle Persian
10769:
10761:
10753:
10745:
10736:
10734:
10728:
10727:
10720:
10719:
10712:
10705:
10697:
10688:
10687:
10685:
10684:
10682:Zoroastrianism
10679:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10618:
10616:
10610:
10609:
10607:
10606:
10600:
10598:
10594:
10593:
10591:
10590:
10585:
10579:
10577:
10573:
10572:
10570:
10569:
10563:
10561:
10557:
10556:
10554:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10527:
10525:
10521:
10520:
10518:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10476:
10475:
10468:
10461:
10449:
10448:
10447:
10444:Pashtun tribes
10435:
10434:
10433:
10426:
10419:
10418:
10417:
10410:
10396:
10393:Chinese Tajiks
10384:
10383:
10382:
10375:
10374:
10373:
10359:
10347:
10342:
10341:
10340:
10339:
10338:
10324:
10317:
10310:
10303:
10302:
10301:
10282:
10281:
10280:
10273:
10270:Kurdish tribes
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10235:
10234:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10206:
10204:
10200:
10199:
10192:
10191:
10184:
10177:
10169:
10160:
10159:
10156:
10155:
10148:
10133:
10132:
10129:
10128:
10126:
10125:
10118:
10116:
10112:
10111:
10108:
10107:
10105:
10104:
10103:
10102:
10099:Middle Persian
10095:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10063:
10056:
10055:
10054:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10018:
10016:
10012:
10011:
10009:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9997:
9996:
9986:
9981:
9980:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9959:
9952:
9945:
9938:
9937:
9936:
9926:
9925:
9924:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9894:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9865:
9860:
9854:
9852:
9845:
9839:
9838:
9835:
9834:
9832:
9831:
9830:
9829:
9817:
9816:
9815:
9808:
9807:
9806:
9805:
9804:
9797:
9792:
9770:
9763:
9758:
9757:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9731:
9726:
9719:
9712:
9704:
9702:
9698:
9697:
9695:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9631:
9629:
9620:
9614:
9613:
9611:
9610:
9605:
9603:Middle Iranian
9600:
9595:
9589:
9587:
9583:
9582:
9575:
9574:
9567:
9560:
9552:
9543:
9542:
9533:
9530:
9529:
9527:
9526:
9519:
9518:
9517:
9503:
9502:
9501:
9494:
9480:
9477:Proto-Hellenic
9473:
9472:
9471:
9461:Proto-Germanic
9457:
9450:
9449:
9448:
9441:
9427:
9424:Proto-Armenian
9420:
9413:
9410:Proto-Albanian
9406:
9398:
9396:
9390:
9389:
9387:
9386:
9379:
9372:
9365:
9358:
9351:
9344:
9337:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9314:
9312:
9308:
9307:
9305:
9304:
9297:
9291:
9289:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9277:
9270:
9269:
9268:
9257:
9255:
9249:
9248:
9246:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9223:
9221:
9215:
9214:
9212:
9211:
9206:
9204:North Germanic
9201:
9193:
9191:
9185:
9184:
9182:
9181:
9179:Insular Celtic
9176:
9168:
9166:
9160:
9159:
9156:
9155:
9153:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9136:
9134:
9128:
9127:
9125:
9124:
9117:
9112:
9109:Dnieper Baltic
9104:
9102:
9093:
9087:
9086:
9083:
9082:
9080:
9079:
9072:
9065:
9058:
9051:
9044:
9036:
9034:
9026:
9025:
9023:
9022:
9015:
9008:
9000:
8994:
8986:
8985:
8973:
8972:
8965:
8958:
8950:
8944:
8943:
8930:
8924:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8882:
8881:External links
8879:
8878:
8877:
8873:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8862:
8859:Farhang-e Ilia
8855:
8849:
8836:
8830:
8804:
8789:
8787:on 2004-10-09.
8776:
8766:(1): 157–177.
8751:
8738:
8725:
8712:
8699:
8690:
8684:
8671:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8644:
8627:
8617:
8590:
8572:
8554:
8541:
8522:
8513:
8500:
8491:
8487:Michael Witzel
8479:
8468:
8444:
8427:
8407:
8389:
8376:
8356:Wilhelm Geiger
8345:
8326:
8313:
8284:
8237:
8215:
8189:
8172:
8153:
8139:
8132:
8112:
8105:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8062:
8023:
7995:Naqsh-e Rostam
7961:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7929:Middle Persian
7926:
7921:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7859:
7858:
7855:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7841:
7838:
7835:
7832:
7829:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7808:
7805:
7797:
7796:
7793:
7792:yā / noit, mā
7790:
7787:
7784:
7781:
7778:
7775:
7772:
7771:həri, hə / nə
7769:
7766:
7763:
7762:ere, hān / na
7760:
7757:
7754:
7751:
7748:
7745:
7742:
7734:
7733:
7730:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7707:
7704:
7701:
7698:
7695:
7692:
7689:
7686:
7683:
7680:
7672:
7671:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7657:
7654:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7639:
7636:
7633:
7630:
7627:
7624:
7621:
7618:
7610:
7609:
7606:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7592:
7589:
7586:
7583:
7580:
7577:
7574:
7571:
7568:
7565:
7562:
7559:
7556:
7548:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7533:
7530:
7527:
7524:
7521:
7518:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7486:
7485:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7471:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7459:
7456:
7453:
7450:
7447:
7444:
7441:
7438:
7435:
7432:
7424:
7423:
7420:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7402:
7399:
7396:
7393:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7381:
7378:
7375:
7372:
7369:
7361:
7360:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7344:
7341:
7338:
7335:
7332:
7331:xäsən, xästən
7329:
7326:
7323:
7320:
7317:
7314:
7311:
7308:
7300:
7299:
7296:
7293:
7290:
7287:
7284:
7281:
7278:
7275:
7272:
7269:
7266:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7254:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7237:
7236:
7233:
7230:
7227:
7224:
7221:
7218:
7215:
7212:
7209:
7206:
7203:
7200:
7197:
7194:
7191:
7188:
7185:
7182:
7174:
7173:
7170:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7156:
7153:
7150:
7147:
7144:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7132:
7129:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7112:
7111:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7097:
7096:boland / bârz
7094:
7091:
7088:
7085:
7084:belen, belend
7082:
7079:
7076:
7073:
7070:
7067:
7064:
7061:
7058:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7014:əvəsor, bahar
7012:
7009:
7006:
7003:
7000:
6997:
6989:
6988:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6974:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6960:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6936:
6928:
6927:
6924:
6921:
6918:
6915:
6912:
6909:
6906:
6903:
6900:
6897:
6894:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6882:
6881:kur, law, pis
6879:
6876:
6873:
6865:
6864:
6861:
6858:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6834:
6831:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6802:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6785:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6773:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6741:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6725:
6722:
6719:
6716:
6713:
6710:
6709:gutən, guftən
6707:
6704:
6701:
6698:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6678:
6677:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6661:
6658:
6655:
6652:
6649:
6646:
6645:wánag, wānten
6643:
6642:hande, xwande
6640:
6637:
6634:
6631:
6628:
6625:
6617:
6616:
6613:
6612:gātu-, gātav-
6610:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6554:
6553:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6519:
6516:
6515:xu, xuyi, xug
6513:
6510:
6507:
6504:
6501:
6493:
6492:
6489:
6486:
6483:
6480:
6479:âštih, râmīšn
6477:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6412:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6396:pāch, pabozag
6394:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6350:
6347:
6344:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6320:
6317:
6314:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6244:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6191:
6183:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6068:
6065:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6025:mərd, mərdönə
6023:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6002:
5994:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5975:zindage, umre
5973:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5932:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5739:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5587:del, zel, zil
5585:
5584:dīl, dəl, qlf
5582:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5499:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5349:sabzeh, giyāh
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5322:wāx̌ə (wāš̥ə)
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5254:baş, çak, xas
5252:
5249:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5189:Homa/Huma/Oma
5187:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:xoš, xūb, beh
4913:
4910:
4907:
4906:xuş, xas, xub
4904:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4552:zãm, zam, zem
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:toxmag, xâyag
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4337:har, her, kar
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4275:mireg, murten
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4149:kanag, kurtin
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4059:
4058:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4004:titiye, dətar
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3513:xushrui, xagh(
3511:
3510:qəşaŋ, xoşgel
3508:
3507:qəşəng, şihid
3505:
3504:xoşgel, xojir
3502:
3501:xujīrçī/xujīr
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3447:Middle Persian
3444:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3389:Sorani Kurdish
3386:
3381:
3373:
3372:
3323:
3321:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3297:North Caucasus
3237:Eastern Europe
3198:Tajik language
3141:Middle Iranian
3135:Following the
3100:
3097:
3069:Aramaic script
3033:Middle Persian
3008:
3007:Middle Iranian
3005:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2982:
2975:
2974:
2955:
2940:
2921:
2920:
2909:
2881:
2878:
2830:Zoroastrianism
2811: 520 BCE
2778:
2777:
2770:Iranian people
2763:
2760:Zoroastrianism
2737:Middle Iranian
2732:
2729:
2623:
2620:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2569:dialects) and
2543:
2540:
2506:used the term
2437:
2434:
2339:Naqsh-e Rostam
2330:Middle Persian
2319:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2168:Fire sacrifice
2164:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2013:
2012:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1959:Zoroastrianism
1941:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1829:
1828:
1826:Medieval India
1817:
1816:
1811:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1780:
1779:
1767:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1708:
1703:
1701:Italic peoples
1698:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1635:
1634:
1622:
1621:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1537:
1536:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1501:
1500:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1479:
1477:Gandhara grave
1474:
1469:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1323:Middle Dnieper
1319:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1278:Eastern Europe
1275:
1274:
1262:
1261:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1206:Dnieper–Donets
1202:
1195:
1183:
1181:Kurgan culture
1178:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1117:Beech argument
1114:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
962:
959:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
940:
926:
921:
907:
900:Proto-Germanic
897:
895:Proto-Armenian
892:
887:
885:Proto-Albanian
881:
880:
873:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
836:
835:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
781:
780:
773:
772:
771:
770:
746:
745:
738:
737:
736:
735:
728:
721:
714:
707:
700:
693:
686:
674:
669:
663:
662:
656:
655:
654:
653:
641:
640:
639:
632:
625:
613:
612:
611:
599:
594:
589:
588:
587:
580:
568:
563:
562:
561:
548:
547:
540:
539:
532:
527:
526:
523:
522:
514:
513:
507:
506:
495:
492:
489:
488:
484:
483:
480:
474:
473:
470:
464:
463:
460:
454:
453:
450:
444:
443:
440:
434:
433:
430:
424:
423:
420:
414:
413:
410:
391:
388:
360:Middle Persian
311:
310:
304:
296:
295:
288:
282:
281:
276:
270:
269:
262:
252:
251:
250:
249:
244:
238:
231:
227:
226:
221:
220:Proto-language
217:
216:
215:
214:
213:
212:
197:
191:
190:
176:Eastern Europe
169:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
148:
147:
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
26:
18:Middle Iranian
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11125:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11105:
11103:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11069:
11067:
11063:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11043:
11041:
11039:Organizations
11037:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11017:
11015:
11011:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10992:
10988:
10985:
10984:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10969:
10967:
10963:
10957:
10956:Tajik grammar
10954:
10949:
10945:
10944:
10943:
10940:
10939:
10937:
10933:
10927:
10924:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10911:
10910:
10907:
10906:
10904:
10900:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10877:
10872:
10870:
10869:Judeo-Persian
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10829:
10828:
10825:
10824:
10822:
10820:
10816:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10796:
10794:
10790:
10781:
10778:
10773:
10770:
10765:
10762:
10759:(c. 1500 BCE)
10757:
10756:Proto-Iranian
10754:
10751:(c. 2000 BCE)
10749:
10746:
10743:(c. 3000 BCE)
10741:
10738:
10737:
10735:
10733:
10729:
10725:
10718:
10713:
10711:
10706:
10704:
10699:
10698:
10695:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10619:
10617:
10615:
10611:
10605:
10602:
10601:
10599:
10595:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10583:Indo-Iranians
10581:
10580:
10578:
10574:
10568:
10565:
10564:
10562:
10558:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10536:Bukharan Jews
10534:
10532:
10529:
10528:
10526:
10522:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10473:
10469:
10466:
10462:
10459:
10458:Arab-Persians
10455:
10454:
10453:
10450:
10445:
10441:
10440:
10439:
10436:
10431:
10427:
10424:
10420:
10415:
10411:
10408:
10404:
10403:
10401:
10397:
10394:
10390:
10389:
10388:
10385:
10380:
10376:
10371:
10367:
10366:
10364:
10360:
10357:
10353:
10352:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10336:
10332:
10331:
10329:
10328:Southern Lurs
10325:
10322:
10318:
10315:
10311:
10308:
10304:
10299:
10295:
10294:
10292:
10288:
10287:
10286:
10283:
10278:
10274:
10271:
10267:
10266:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10232:
10231:Baloch tribes
10228:
10227:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10207:
10205:
10203:Ethnic groups
10201:
10197:
10190:
10185:
10183:
10178:
10176:
10171:
10170:
10167:
10153:
10149:
10146:
10142:
10138:
10135:
10134:
10130:
10123:
10120:
10119:
10117:
10113:
10101:
10100:
10096:
10094:
10093:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10071:Caucasian Tat
10069:
10068:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10061:
10057:
10053:
10050:
10049:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10019:
10017:
10013:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9995:
9992:
9991:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9964:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9957:
9953:
9951:
9950:
9946:
9944:
9943:
9939:
9935:
9932:
9931:
9930:
9927:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9899:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9892:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9870:
9866:
9864:
9861:
9859:
9856:
9855:
9853:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9840:
9828:
9825:
9824:
9823:
9822:
9818:
9814:
9813:
9809:
9803:
9802:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9787:
9786:
9783:
9782:
9781:
9778:
9777:
9776:
9775:
9771:
9769:
9768:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9736:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9724:
9720:
9718:
9717:
9713:
9711:
9710:
9706:
9705:
9703:
9699:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9677:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9632:
9630:
9628:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9615:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9593:Proto-Iranian
9591:
9590:
9588:
9584:
9580:
9573:
9568:
9566:
9561:
9559:
9554:
9553:
9550:
9540:
9536:
9531:
9525:
9524:
9520:
9516:
9515:
9514:Proto-Romance
9511:
9510:
9509:
9508:
9504:
9500:
9499:
9498:Proto-Iranian
9495:
9493:
9492:
9488:
9487:
9486:
9485:
9481:
9479:
9478:
9474:
9470:
9469:
9465:
9464:
9463:
9462:
9458:
9456:
9455:
9451:
9447:
9446:
9442:
9440:
9439:
9435:
9434:
9433:
9432:
9428:
9426:
9425:
9421:
9419:
9418:
9414:
9412:
9411:
9407:
9405:
9404:
9400:
9399:
9397:
9395:
9391:
9385:
9384:
9380:
9378:
9377:
9373:
9371:
9370:
9366:
9364:
9363:
9359:
9357:
9356:
9352:
9350:
9349:
9345:
9343:
9342:
9338:
9336:
9335:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9315:
9313:
9309:
9303:
9302:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9292:
9290:
9288:
9287:
9282:
9276:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9264:
9263:
9262:
9259:
9258:
9256:
9254:
9250:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9228:
9225:
9224:
9222:
9220:
9216:
9210:
9209:West Germanic
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9199:
9198:East Germanic
9195:
9194:
9192:
9190:
9186:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9174:
9170:
9169:
9167:
9165:
9161:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9137:
9135:
9133:
9129:
9123:
9122:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9110:
9106:
9105:
9103:
9101:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9088:
9078:
9077:
9073:
9071:
9070:
9066:
9064:
9063:
9059:
9057:
9056:
9052:
9050:
9049:
9045:
9043:
9042:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9033:
9032:
9027:
9021:
9020:
9016:
9014:
9013:
9009:
9007:
9006:
9002:
9001:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8978:
8971:
8966:
8964:
8959:
8957:
8952:
8951:
8948:
8942:
8938:
8934:
8931:
8928:
8925:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8897:
8890:
8885:
8884:
8874:
8871:
8870:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8846:
8842:
8837:
8833:
8827:
8823:
8819:
8812:
8811:
8805:
8801:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8761:
8757:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8726:
8722:
8718:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8700:
8696:
8691:
8687:
8681:
8677:
8672:
8669:
8665:
8661:
8657:
8656:Bailey, H. W.
8654:
8653:
8641:
8637:
8631:
8624:
8620:
8618:9780804709101
8614:
8610:
8606:
8605:
8600:
8594:
8587:
8583:
8576:
8569:
8565:
8558:
8551:
8545:
8537:
8533:
8526:
8517:
8510:
8504:
8495:
8488:
8483:
8477:
8472:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8457:3-11-015670-9
8454:
8448:
8441:
8437:
8431:
8424:
8420:
8416:
8411:
8402:
8398:
8393:
8386:
8380:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8349:
8341:
8337:
8330:
8323:
8317:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8291:
8289:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8259:
8255:
8247:
8241:
8233:
8229:
8222:
8220:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8196:
8194:
8185:
8184:
8176:
8168:
8164:
8157:
8149:
8143:
8135:
8129:
8125:
8124:
8116:
8108:
8102:
8098:
8097:
8089:
8085:
8065:
8059:
8055:
8052:. Cambridge:
8051:
8047:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8027:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7966:
7962:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7856:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7842:
7839:
7836:
7833:
7830:
7827:
7824:
7821:
7818:
7815:
7812:
7810:dwênê, dwêke
7809:
7806:
7804:
7803:
7799:
7798:
7794:
7791:
7789:yâ / nay, mâ
7788:
7785:
7782:
7779:
7777:ön / nai, nå
7776:
7773:
7770:
7767:
7764:
7761:
7758:
7755:
7752:
7749:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7736:
7735:
7731:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7717:
7714:
7711:
7708:
7705:
7702:
7699:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7687:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7674:
7673:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7658:
7655:
7652:
7649:
7646:
7643:
7640:
7637:
7634:
7631:
7628:
7625:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7616:
7612:
7611:
7607:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7590:
7587:
7584:
7581:
7578:
7575:
7572:
7569:
7566:
7563:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7550:
7549:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7534:
7531:
7528:
7525:
7522:
7519:
7516:
7513:
7510:
7507:
7504:
7501:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7488:
7487:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7472:
7469:
7466:
7463:
7461:key, çüvəxti
7460:
7457:
7454:
7451:
7448:
7445:
7442:
7440:kengê, kîngê
7439:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7426:
7425:
7421:
7418:
7415:
7412:
7409:
7406:
7403:
7400:
7397:
7394:
7391:
7388:
7385:
7382:
7379:
7376:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7363:
7362:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7336:
7333:
7330:
7327:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7315:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7306:
7302:
7301:
7297:
7294:
7292:vîs-, dahyu-
7291:
7288:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7276:
7273:
7270:
7267:
7264:
7261:
7258:
7255:
7252:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7243:
7239:
7238:
7234:
7231:
7228:
7225:
7222:
7219:
7216:
7213:
7210:
7207:
7204:
7201:
7198:
7195:
7192:
7189:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7176:
7175:
7171:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7157:
7154:
7151:
7148:
7145:
7142:
7139:
7136:
7133:
7130:
7127:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7118:
7114:
7113:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:buland, borz
7098:
7095:
7092:
7089:
7086:
7083:
7081:burz, bələnd
7080:
7077:
7075:barz, bılınd
7074:
7071:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7056:
7052:
7051:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7034:
7031:
7029:behār, vehār
7028:
7025:
7023:vehâr, behâr
7022:
7020:vəhâr, bâhâr
7019:
7016:
7013:
7010:
7007:
7005:bihar, behar
7004:
7002:behar, wehar
7001:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6991:
6990:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6952:
6949:
6946:
6943:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6930:
6929:
6925:
6922:
6919:
6916:
6913:
6910:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6898:
6895:
6892:
6889:
6886:
6883:
6880:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6867:
6866:
6862:
6860:kasu, kamna-
6859:
6856:
6853:
6850:
6847:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6835:
6832:
6829:
6826:
6823:
6820:
6817:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6804:
6803:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:xâhar/xwâhar
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6772:xâxur, xâxər
6771:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6691:gutin, witin
6690:
6687:
6685:
6684:
6680:
6679:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6641:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6605:
6602:
6599:
6596:
6593:
6590:
6588:jâ, gâ, kolâ
6587:
6584:
6581:
6578:
6575:
6572:
6569:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6556:
6555:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6508:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6495:
6494:
6490:
6487:
6484:
6481:
6478:
6475:
6472:
6469:
6466:
6463:
6460:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6448:
6445:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6363:xšap-, naxti
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6337:şö, şöv, şəb
6336:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6324:
6321:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6308:
6307:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6245:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6205:duxun, dâ:ân
6204:
6202:xūla (xʷəla)
6201:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6145:moa, ma, ina
6144:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6133:dayik, dayig
6132:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6052:mašīm, mašya
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5984:žīwahr, žīw-
5983:
5980:
5978:zendegi, jan
5977:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5966:zindegî, jan
5965:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5942:cuye, weşiye
5941:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5891:
5889:xandəl/xənda
5888:
5885:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5835:zewān, zobān
5834:
5831:
5829:zobun, zəvân
5828:
5825:
5822:
5820:ziman, zuwan
5819:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5806:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:gursag, shuy
5787:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5770:vəşnä, viştâ
5769:
5767:shudig, shud
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5749:vêşan/veyşan
5748:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5298:vohu, vaŋhu-
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5272:xujīr, xurum
5271:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5174:ay-, fra-vaz
5173:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5049:ātre-/aēsma-
5048:
5045:
5042:
5040:âdur, âtaxsh
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4928:xorz, dzæbæx
4927:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4900:xujīr, xurum
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4773:turs, terseg
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4522:zemin, degār
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4457:morqana, uyə
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4203:wər, dərwāza
4202:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4037:duxt, duxtar
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3977:sāmahe, sāma
3976:
3973:
3971:tārīg, tārēn
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:griy-, bram-
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3882:berame, bame
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3843:āmadan, awar
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3810:hatin, were,
3809:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3783:brād, brādar
3782:
3780:brād, brâdar
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3762:bərär, bərâr
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3625:ḍoḍəi, məṛəi
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3483:ciwan, nayab
3482:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3369:
3366:
3358:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3324:This section
3322:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3265:Slavicisation
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3189:Arabic script
3185:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3093:Syriac script
3090:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3031:Pahlavi) and
3030:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2959:Saka language
2956:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2805:
2801:
2798:, Persia, or
2797:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2636:Proto-Iranian
2628:
2622:Proto-Iranian
2619:
2616:
2615:Proto-Iranian
2612:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2510:in 1878, and
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2467:name for the
2466:
2462:
2458:
2457:John R. Perry
2454:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:J. P. Mallory
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:Reconstructed
1854:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1683:Insular Celts
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:Indo-Iranians
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:Pontic Steppe
1335:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1174:Kurgan stelae
1172:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:Pontic Steppe
1151:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
957:
956:
948:
947:Proto-Iranian
944:
941:
938:
934:
930:
927:
925:
922:
919:
915:
911:
908:
905:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
879:
876:
875:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
834:
831:
830:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
790:Daco-Thracian
788:
786:
783:
782:
779:
776:
775:
769:
765:
761:
757:
754:
753:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:Reconstructed
741:
740:
733:
729:
726:
722:
719:
715:
712:
708:
705:
701:
698:
694:
691:
687:
684:
680:
679:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
661:
658:
657:
651:
647:
646:
645:
642:
637:
633:
630:
626:
623:
619:
618:
617:
614:
609:
605:
604:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
585:
581:
578:
574:
573:
572:
569:
567:
564:
559:
555:
554:
553:
550:
549:
546:
543:
542:
538:
535:
534:
530:
525:
524:
520:
516:
515:
512:
509:
508:
504:
500:
499:
485:
481:
479:
476:
475:
471:
469:
466:
465:
461:
459:
456:
455:
451:
449:
446:
445:
441:
439:
436:
435:
431:
429:
426:
425:
421:
419:
416:
415:
411:
408:
407:
401:
399:
398:
394:As of 2000s,
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
308:
302:
297:
293:
289:
287:
283:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
261:
257:
253:
248:
245:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
228:
225:
224:Proto-Iranian
222:
218:
211:
208:
207:
206:
203:
202:
201:
200:Indo-European
198:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:
164:
161:
158:
154:
149:
144:
135:
132:
124:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
11065:Other topics
10875:
10803:
10642:Baháʼí Faith
10603:
10546:Persian Jews
10505:Tats of Iran
10430:Yidgha–Munji
10345:Mazanderanis
10136:
10097:
10090:
10058:
9954:
9947:
9940:
9889:
9867:
9819:
9810:
9799:
9779:
9772:
9765:
9721:
9714:
9707:
9674:
9578:
9534:
9521:
9512:
9507:Proto-Italic
9505:
9496:
9489:
9482:
9475:
9466:
9459:
9454:Proto-Celtic
9452:
9445:Proto-Slavic
9443:
9438:Proto-Baltic
9436:
9429:
9422:
9415:
9408:
9401:
9381:
9374:
9367:
9360:
9353:
9346:
9339:
9332:
9299:
9294:
9284:
9274:Osco-Umbrian
9272:
9237:
9219:Indo-Iranian
9196:
9171:
9145:South Slavic
9119:
9107:
9091:Balto-Slavic
9074:
9067:
9060:
9053:
9046:
9039:
9029:
9017:
9010:
9003:
8989:
8858:
8840:
8809:
8797:
8785:the original
8763:
8759:
8746:
8733:
8720:
8707:
8694:
8675:
8659:
8649:Bibliography
8639:
8635:
8630:
8622:
8603:
8593:
8585:
8581:
8575:
8567:
8563:
8557:
8549:
8544:
8531:
8525:
8516:
8509:Skjærvø 2006
8503:
8494:
8482:
8471:
8447:
8439:
8435:
8430:
8422:
8418:
8410:
8400:
8392:
8384:
8379:
8371:
8367:
8359:
8348:
8339:
8335:
8329:
8322:Skjærvø 2006
8316:
8308:the original
8303:
8279:
8271:
8267:
8257:
8249:
8245:
8240:
8231:
8210:the original
8205:
8182:
8175:
8166:
8156:
8142:
8122:
8115:
8095:
8088:
8067:. Retrieved
8049:
8026:
8018:
8014:
8010:
8006:
7986:
7974:
7970:
7965:
7831:dîruz, aruz
7801:
7800:
7759:ha / ne, na
7738:
7737:
7676:
7675:
7614:
7613:
7552:
7551:
7546:dymgæ / wad
7490:
7489:
7428:
7427:
7365:
7364:
7356:ūna, aništi
7304:
7303:
7241:
7240:
7178:
7177:
7116:
7115:
7066:bilind/berz
7063:bilind/berz
7054:
7053:
6993:
6992:
6979:rūwân, jyân
6976:rūwân, jyân
6932:
6931:
6893:possag, baç
6884:d͡zoy (zoy)
6869:
6868:
6851:kam, rangas
6830:gwand, hurd
6806:
6805:
6784:yàx, yàxbìç
6745:
6744:
6682:
6681:
6621:
6620:
6558:
6557:
6506:beraz,goraz
6497:
6496:
6491:fidyddzinad
6482:râm, râmīšn
6464:âştî, esket
6446:aştî, aramî
6443:aştî, aramî
6434:
6433:
6402:vâ-hekârden
6372:
6371:
6310:
6309:
6248:
6247:
6232:dahân, rumb
6187:
6186:
6124:
6123:
6082:mang, owşum
6061:
6060:
6013:səṛay, mēṛə
5998:
5997:
5989:gaēm, gaya-
5936:
5935:
5919:xande, xand
5874:
5873:
5810:
5809:
5804:
5803:
5743:
5742:
5682:
5681:
5619:
5618:
5596:dile, zorth
5563:zerri/zerre
5557:
5556:
5495:
5494:
5432:
5431:
5379:gewre,mezin
5370:
5369:
5331:rem, sabzag
5307:
5306:
5245:
5244:
5228:Xudā/Yazdān
5183:
5182:
5120:
5119:
5082:māhi, māhig
5058:
5057:
4995:
4994:
4934:
4933:
4873:
4872:
4812:
4811:
4791:tars, harās
4749:
4748:
4728:pedar, bābā
4686:
4685:
4623:
4622:
4561:
4560:
4528:zamîn, bene
4498:
4497:
4436:
4435:
4374:
4373:
4313:
4312:
4251:
4250:
4188:
4187:
4125:
4124:
4063:
4062:
4014:
3986:
3985:
3923:
3922:
3861:
3860:
3798:
3797:
3735:
3734:
3672:
3671:
3610:
3609:
3548:
3547:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3480:rınd, xasek
3474:
3473:
3361:
3355:October 2013
3352:
3337:Please help
3325:
3269:Proto-Slavic
3225:Turkmenistan
3210:
3206:Cyrillicized
3200:, was first
3194:Tajik script
3186:
3162:Ibn al-Nadim
3148:
3134:
3077:
3073:Greek script
3022:
3010:
2998:
2976:
2970:
2969:, *dźw >
2966:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2901:
2898:deaffricated
2887:
2883:
2873:
2854:Old Parthian
2848:
2846:
2837:
2833:
2815:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2740:
2734:
2711:
2699:
2683:Balto-Slavic
2660:
2644:Central Asia
2633:
2608:
2545:
2531:
2523:
2512:Orientalists
2507:
2497:
2472:
2460:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2421:
2402:
2390:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2323:
2321:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2240:Publications
2239:
2225:
2206:
2160:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:Paleo-Balkan
2015:
2014:
2002:
2001:
1943:
1942:
1898:
1897:
1885:
1855:
1838:Greater Iran
1831:
1830:
1819:
1818:
1782:
1781:
1769:
1768:
1711:Paleo-Balkan
1676:Celtiberians
1655:
1654:
1637:
1636:
1624:
1623:
1611:
1610:
1539:
1538:
1526:
1525:
1503:
1502:
1490:
1489:
1459:
1458:
1401:
1400:
1378:
1377:
1340:
1339:
1302:
1301:
1277:
1276:
1264:
1263:
1251:
1250:
1192:Bug–Dniester
1156:
1155:
1021:Gothic Bible
937:Proto-Baltic
933:Proto-Slavic
918:Proto-Italic
914:Proto-Celtic
877:
832:
820:Italo-Celtic
815:Indo-Hittite
805:Graeco-Aryan
778:Hypothetical
777:
742:
677:Paleo-Balkan
659:
628:
616:Indo-Iranian
571:Balto-Slavic
544:
395:
393:
341:
320:
316:
314:
274:Linguasphere
230:Subdivisions
209:
205:Indo-Iranian
184:Central Asia
168:distribution
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
10874:Judeo-Tat (
10780:New Persian
10764:Old Persian
10652:Manichaeism
10647:Khurramites
10531:Armeno-Tats
10092:Old Persian
9929:Mazanderani
9723:Khwarezmian
9608:New Iranian
9598:Old Iranian
9468:Proto-Norse
9295:Tocharian A
9150:West Slavic
9140:East Slavic
9121:West Baltic
9115:East Baltic
8818:Ars Poetica
8282:"art", etc.
8276:aristocracy
8042:. See e.g.
7939:Old Persian
7906:Mazandarani
7765:əhâ/nä, nâ
7729:ýāre, sard
7638:jan, jinik
7635:jen, jiyan
7582:verg, verk
7319:ɣ(ʷ)ux̌təl
7078:borz, bwrz
6999:wesar/usar
6973:ravân, jân
6914:pur, pusar
6911:pesar, pur
6899:peser/rîkâ
6824:qijel, ruk
6760:xōr (xʷōr)
6440:haşti/aşti
6408:vākerde(n)
6390:vâz-kardan
6088:mâng, məng
6070:mang, heyv
6010:mêr, camêr
5945:jiyan, jîn
5709:sərə, xöne
5637:asb, astar
5634:ās , aspa
5581:dil, hatyr
5534:cile, cale
5525:kalle, sar
5522:kəlle, sər
5489:k'ux / arm
5400:gat, pilla
5382:mezin, gir
5343:sozi, çame
5319:giya, çêre
5263:xâr, xojir
5207:Xoda, Hwdâ
5037:ātaš, āzar
4946:tilî, pêçî
4897:wash, hosh
4891:xojir, xar
4647:cham, chem
4644:čaş,gelgan
4331:astar, xar
4007:kinə, kila
3965:tārīk, tār
3932:tarî/tarîk
3759:brāt, brās
3756:bira, boli
3726:bara, bar-
3708:o(v)erden,
3634:nān, nagan
3457:Old Persian
3099:New Iranian
3089:Manichaeans
3053:Old Ossetic
3045:Khwarezmian
2904:, *dź >
2766:Old Persian
2731:Old Iranian
2524:Irano-Aryan
2522:contrasted
2508:Irano-Aryan
2118:Continental
2111:Anglo-Saxon
1814:Middle Ages
1764:Middle Ages
1619:Indo-Aryans
1612:Indo-Aryans
1419:Bell Beaker
1414:Corded ware
1310:Corded ware
1199:Sredny Stog
1144:Archaeology
924:Proto-Greek
904:Proto-Norse
462:10 million
452:15 million
442:35 million
432:50 million
422:84 million
384:Hephthalite
352:Old Avestan
344:Old Persian
11102:Categories
11013:Literature
10909:Vocabulary
10783:(from 800)
10307:Feyli Lurs
10291:Bakhtiaris
10239:Bashkardis
9767:Sarghulami
9687:Yazghulami
9640:Ishkashimi
9233:Indo-Aryan
8278:"), Latin
8274:, (as in "
8081:References
8069:2021-10-04
8003:Persepolis
7822:zir, zinə
7783:ōhāy / ne
7774:a, ā / na
7756:ahan / na
7620:cıni/ceni
7452:kadi, ked
7395:ow, ou ,u
7184:hirê/hiri
7107:bərəzaṇt̰
7069:lwəṛ, ǰəg
6890:zoə, zurə
6736:vac, mrū-
6673:pat-pǝrǝs
6521:khug, huk
6428:gom kænyn
6411:ët chideu
6387:prānistəl
6334:šap, shaw
6154:mâr, nenâ
6136:dayik, dê
6073:meh, heyv
5782:maghzönch
5694:xanî, mal
5667:asp, stōr
5664:asp, stōr
5441:dest, des
5385:lōy, stər
5260:x̌ə (š̥ə)
5257:baş, rind
5159:sà, tideu
4879:weş, hewl
4659:tīya, çaş
4573:êvar, şev
4510:erd, zevî
4081:revj, ruz
4051:), kizgæ (
3867:bermayene
3849:āy-, āgam
3846:awar, čām
3816:biyâmiyan
3560:xwîn, xûn
3257:Sarmatians
3233:Tajikistan
3229:Uzbekistan
3174:Azerbaijan
3103:See also:
2880:Isoglosses
2834:vohu daena
2826:liturgical
2781:Indirectly
2756:liturgical
2677:, such as
2667:Kazakhstan
2652:Bronze Age
2646:, and the
2532:Indo-Aryan
2520:Max Müller
2469:linguistic
2382:(meaning "
2226:Institutes
2146:Lithuanian
1900:Indo-Aryan
1886:Historical
1820:Indo-Aryan
1777:Tocharians
1691:Cimmerians
1569:Bronze Age
1460:South Asia
1334:Bronze Age
1272:Afanasievo
1076:Mainstream
840:Vocabulary
760:Sound laws
622:Indo-Aryan
482:5 million
472:8 million
397:Ethnologue
386:empires).
378:(from the
370:(from the
362:(from the
346:(from the
188:South Asia
166:Geographic
91:newspapers
10926:Phonology
10672:Yarsanism
10662:Mazdaznan
10657:Mazdakism
10632:Assianism
10597:Languages
10510:Yaghnobis
10465:Basseries
10414:Oroshoris
10350:Ossetians
10335:Mamasanis
10321:Hasanvand
10152:varieties
10139:indicate
10060:Pahlavani
10052:Bakhtiari
10037:Kuhmareyi
10027:Bashkardi
9949:Old Azeri
9660:Sanglechi
9537:indicate
9286:Tocharian
9243:Nuristani
8991:Anatolian
8536:Routledge
8036:Dravidian
7975:anairiia-
7851:diya(ka)
7802:yesterday
7786:hâ / ney
7697:sor, sal
7591:urge/urj
7455:kén, kəy
7283:deh, wis
7208:se, setâ
7146:da, datâ
6959:ruh, jön
6944:reh, can
6938:roh, gan
6875:lac, laj
6639:baxânden
6591:cigə, cə
6570:cih, geh
6422:būxtaka-
6405:vakardən
6378:akerdene
6257:naw, nêw
6151:mâr, mär
6148:mât, mâs
6130:may, mar
6049:martiya-
5880:huyayene
5646:əsb, əsp
5462:das, bāl
5459:dəs, bâl
5420:vazraka-
5316:giya/gya
5278:xub, xas
5031:taş, gor
5010:wōr (ōr)
4989:ængwyldz
4824:dergistî
4710:pet, pes
4698:bav, bab
4653:çəş, bəj
4442:hak, akk
4281:bamerden
4269:bamarden
4236:dar, bar
4224:dər, dar
4218:dar, loş
4093:ruz, ruj
4090:ruz, ruj
3998:dot, keç
3909:barmâdan
3894:girəstən
3702:biyârden
3687:(rā)wṛəl
3616:nan, non
3475:beautiful
3326:does not
3285:Samarkand
3253:Scythians
3202:Latinised
3182:Khuzestan
3061:Sarmatian
2862:Herodotus
2772:known as
2758:texts of
2725:voiceless
2717:fricative
2691:Black Sea
2322:The term
2318:Etymology
2161:Practices
1980:Yarsanism
1790:Albanians
1770:East Asia
1757:Scythians
1749:Phrygians
1742:Paeonians
1735:Illyrians
1721:Thracians
1638:East Asia
1589:Armenians
1516:Hallstatt
1498:Chernoles
1439:Terramare
1429:Trzciniec
1396:Sintashta
1391:Andronovo
1292:Cernavodă
1265:East Asia
1220:Khvalynsk
960:Philology
870:Particles
756:Phonology
697:Liburnian
672:Tocharian
667:Anatolian
636:Nuristani
529:Languages
412:speakers
286:Glottolog
256:ISO 639-2
172:West Asia
156:Ethnicity
121:June 2021
10849:Hazaragi
10677:Yazidism
10667:Scythian
10480:Semnanis
10472:Sistanis
10452:Persians
10438:Pashtuns
10407:Badzhuis
10400:Shughnis
10314:Hadavand
10259:Kumzaris
10249:Farsiwan
10244:Dehwaris
10081:Hazaragi
10032:Garmsiri
9972:Sangsari
9967:Lasgerdi
9956:Parthian
9934:Tabaroid
9902:Kurmanji
9858:Ashtiani
9827:Yaghnobi
9785:Ossetian
9774:Scythian
9749:Southern
9744:Northern
9716:Bactrian
9665:Sarikoli
9635:Bartangi
9383:Thracian
9376:Phrygian
9369:Paeonian
9348:Illyrian
9323:Armenian
9318:Albanian
9189:Germanic
9069:Pisidian
8917:Archived
8658:(1979).
8552:, p. 14.
8417:. 1977.
8399:. 1989.
8366:(1859),
8362:(1895).
8298:(1987).
8228:"Aryans"
7999:Xerxes I
7985:, where
7979:non-Arya
7949:Ossetian
7934:Parthian
7876:Kurmanji
7862:English
7739:yes / no
7685:sal/sał
7380:obə/ūbə
7349:xwâstan
7316:xwestin
7310:waştene
7280:qishloq
7259:döh, da
7110:bærzond
7043:vâhara-
7008:spərlay
6962:ro, jân
6887:pur, zâ
6878:law/kuř
6718:gute(n)
6666:xwândan
6657:vane(n)
6633:xwendin
6627:wendene
6600:jâh/gâh
6485:šiyâti-
6384:vekirin
6373:open (v)
6340:şow, şu
6328:šö, šav
6055:adæjmag
5954:zindәgi
5913:shinteu
5862:hazâna-
5805:language
5764:vahşian
5649:asp, as
5516:sə, sər
5284:bashand
5165:şow/row
5126:şiayene
4986:aṇgušta
4955:anqiştə
4912:bashand
4850:xîsmenz
4845:nükürdə
4692:pi, pêr
4677:čašman-
4632:çaw/çaş
4591:nemâşun
4475:tarmurx
4469:xaykərg
4430:xærinag
4383:xwardin
4380:werdene
4352:marcabe
4334:hə, hər
4301:mạriya-
4257:merdene
4239:duvara-
4206:darvâca
4179:kәrәta-
4131:kerdene
4116:raocah-
4113:raucah-
3987:daughter
3968:tārīg/k
3834:umae(n)
3813:rā tləl
3804:ameyene
3792:æfsymær
3789:brātar-
3777:barādar
3705:avardən
3542:ræsughd
3495:ghašang
3467:Ossetian
3452:Parthian
3380:English
3281:Yaghnobi
3221:Bactrian
3166:Khorasan
3080:Sasanian
3037:Bactrian
3035:, while
3025:Parthian
2876:"dog").
2866:Scythian
2849:directly
2836:(later:
2804:Behistun
2774:Persians
2721:plosives
2714:sibilant
2695:Caucasus
2693:and the
2679:Thracian
2601:Ossetian
2542:Grouping
2514:such as
2485:Germanic
2455:such as
2453:scholars
2409:Ossetian
2365:gentilic
2343:Parthian
2207:Scholars
2105:Germanic
2076:Scottish
2041:Thracian
2035:Illyrian
2029:Albanian
2017:European
2010:Armenian
1994:Ossetian
1988:Scythian
1973:Yazidism
1923:Buddhism
1914:Hinduism
1805:Norsemen
1715:Anatolia
1632:Iranians
1625:Iranians
1606:Iron Age
1581:Hittites
1534:Colchian
1527:Caucasus
1485:Iron Age
1454:Lusatian
1449:Urnfield
1373:Srubnaya
1368:Poltavka
1358:Catacomb
1297:Cucuteni
1252:Caucasus
1069:Religion
1054:Homeland
996:Behistun
976:Linear B
865:Numerals
860:Pronouns
785:Balkanic
732:Thracian
725:Phrygian
718:Paeonian
704:Messapic
690:Illyrian
602:Hellenic
597:Germanic
566:Armenian
558:Albanian
552:Albanoid
503:a series
501:Part of
376:Bactrian
368:Parthian
292:iran1269
180:Caucasus
10935:Grammar
10893:Dehwari
10888:Sistani
10883:Bukhori
10832:Iranian
10732:History
10541:Hazaras
10495:Talyshs
10485:Shabaks
10387:Pamiris
10298:Shehnis
10277:Yazidis
10225:Balochs
10210:Achomis
10141:extinct
10137:Italics
10122:Badeshi
10066:Persian
10042:Kumzari
9984:Taleshi
9977:Sorkhei
9962:Semnani
9917:Kordali
9897:Kurdish
9891:Gorgani
9869:Daylami
9863:Balochi
9843:Western
9821:Sogdian
9780:Alanian
9754:Wanetsi
9739:Central
9729:Parachi
9709:Avestan
9670:Shughni
9655:Roshani
9618:Eastern
9586:History
9535:Italics
9355:Moesian
9341:Getaean
9301:Kuchean
9266:Romance
9238:Iranian
9227:Badeshi
9076:Sidetic
9005:Hittite
8939:at the
8419:Preface
8372:Eranian
8358:in his
8272:aristos
8252:*ar-yo-
7971:airiia-
7944:Avestan
7924:Persian
7920:Shugni
7896:Balochi
7891:Talyshi
7795:o / næ
7608:birægh
7605:vehrka
7602:varka-
7467:çavaxt
7392:ow, âv
7359:fændyn
7346:xâstan
7343:forteu
7289:dahyu-
7242:village
7205:su, sə
7199:se, he
7196:so, se
7155:thiste
7125:deh/de
7093:beland
7087:bülünd
7017:bārgāh
6984:urvan-
6923:pūθra-
6863:chysyl
6857:kamna-
6845:zulice
6797:xahar-
6790:xwahar
6739:dzuryn
6721:lövdeu
6688:vatene
6663:xândan
6660:heideu
6654:xundən
6470:āş(t)i
6425:būxta-
6393:okarde
6178:mātar-
6115:måŋha-
5791:veşnâg
5737:xædzar
5688:key/çê
5486:zasta-
5483:dasta-
5412:bozorg
5409:wazmin
5364:kærdæg
5361:urvarā
5239:xwycaw
5222:Xuthoi
5198:Xwədāi
5153:raftən
5144:shoten
5106:māsyāg
4979:angust
4976:angošt
4973:angiht
4967:əngüşt
4918:dārmag
4853:nāmzād
4839:nömzət
4836:nāmzād
4800:tạrsa-
4638:stərga
4614:arzaŋh
4609:êbêrag
4606:ēvārag
4594:şangum
4588:şänsər
4562:evening
4537:zimath
4489:toxma-
4407:xardən
4392:harden
4386:xwarin
4296:murdan
4293:mordan
4284:mürdən
4260:mirdin
4242:dvara-
4176:kạrta-
4173:kartan
4170:kardan
4167:kardan
4164:chideu
4158:saxtən
4134:kirdin
4042:duxδar
4034:duxtar
4031:doxtar
4025:doxter
4022:duxtər
3962:torice
3956:tariki
3840:āmadan
3831:amarən
3786:brātar
3736:brother
3729:xæssyn
3678:ardene
3649:gartha
3533:hužihr
3462:Avestan
3442:Persian
3438:Shugni
3414:Balochi
3409:Talyshi
3347:removed
3332:sources
3293:Ossetic
3277:Sogdian
3249:Balkans
3241:Ukraine
3217:Sogdian
3170:Isfahan
3065:Aramaic
3041:Sogdian
3029:Arsacid
3018:Eastern
3014:Western
2984:Sakan (
2952:without
2890:palatal
2818:Avestan
2748:Avestan
2673:of the
2650:of the
2559:Persian
2528:Iranian
2489:Turkish
2473:Iranian
2463:as the
2442:Iranian
2393:*ar-yo-
2139:Latvian
2097:Cornish
1967:Kurdish
1953:Persian
1945:Iranian
1937:Sikhism
1930:Jainism
1893:Hittite
1832:Iranian
1728:Dacians
1521:Jastorf
1444:Tumulus
1424:Únětice
1353:Yamnaya
1348:Chariot
1286:Usatovo
1227:Yamnaya
1064:Society
1048:Origins
981:Rigveda
833:Grammar
660:Extinct
650:Romance
629:Iranian
458:Caspian
448:Balochi
438:Kurdish
418:Persian
374:), and
327:in the
247:Eastern
241:Avestan
236:Western
210:Iranian
146:Iranian
105:scholar
10876:Juhuri
10837:Afghan
10637:Bábism
10576:Origin
10551:Shihuh
10490:Tajiks
10423:Wakhis
10370:Kudars
10356:Digors
10254:Gilaks
10215:Aimaqs
10115:Others
10022:Achomi
9994:Tatoid
9942:Median
9912:Xwarin
9907:Sorani
9885:Gorani
9880:Gilaki
9801:Jassic
9761:Ormuri
9734:Pashto
9701:Others
9692:Yidgha
9362:Mysian
9334:Dacian
9311:Others
9253:Italic
9164:Celtic
9132:Slavic
9100:Baltic
9062:Milyan
9055:Lycian
9048:Luwian
9041:Carian
9019:Palaic
9012:Lydian
8876:39–62.
8847:
8828:
8743:"Dari"
8704:"Iran"
8682:
8666:
8615:
8463:
8455:
8368:Avesta
8300:"Arya"
8246:*arya-
8130:
8103:
8060:
7987:ariya-
7977:(the "
7901:Gilaki
7881:Pashto
7871:Sorani
7846:dêrûž
7843:diruz
7840:biyor
7834:deydi
7816:parūn
7807:vızêr
7682:serre
7561:gurg,
7543:vāta-
7514:gwáth
7505:siləi
7449:keyna
7410:âb/aw
7383:âv, ö
7256:kəlay
7166:datha
7102:bârež
7090:beleŋ
7072:pilla
7046:vahar
7038:wahâr
7035:bahâr
7032:bahor
7026:vasal
7011:vâ:âr
6994:spring
6956:rawân
6950:rəvân
6842:koçek
6778:xuvar
6769:gwhâr
6757:xwîşk
6746:sister
6733:gaub-
6697:wayəl
6694:gotin
6676:kæsyn
6609:gâθu-
6573:d͡zāi
6509:beraz
6488:rāma-
6473:salöm
6366:æxsæv
6360:xšap-
6301:nãman
6298:nâman
6229:dahân
6220:duhun
6214:dəhən
6175:mâtar
6172:dayek
6169:mâdar
6166:mâdar
6125:mother
6028:mardî
5972:zeŋei
5969:həyat
5957:jimon
5948:jiyan
5930:xudyn
5924:karta
5916:xande
5907:xəndə
5886:kenîn
5868:ævzag
5859:izβān
5856:zuwān
5853:zabān
5844:zuhun
5832:zivon
5823:ziman
5811:tongue
5808:(also
5779:gosna
5776:gisnə
5744:hungry
5727:xânag
5721:chide
5673:aspa-
5658:vorge
5613:zærdæ
5548:sairi
5545:kalli
5513:kalla
5471:thust
5388:pilla
5295:vahu-
5236:baya-
5233:baga-
5177:cæwyn
5162:ro/şo
5114:kæsag
5111:masya
5103:māhig
5073:māyai
4970:kelek
4964:angus
4952:anquš
4949:gwəta
4935:finger
4925:srīra
4842:numze
4833:nomja
4830:numzâ
4818:waşti
4813:fiancé
4803:tars-
4782:tərsi
4740:pitar
4737:pitar
4731:pidar
4719:piyər
4687:father
4674:čaša-
4665:čashm
4603:begáh
4597:evāra
4585:begáh
4546:zamīg
4543:zamīg
4540:zamīn
4519:zamin
4516:zemin
4451:hagəi
4413:xideu
4410:harde
4395:harde
4368:xæræg
4365:kaθβa
4314:donkey
4307:mælyn
4290:mideu
4287:morde
4272:marde
4263:mirin
4182:kænyn
4161:kerde
4146:karde
4140:kawəl
4137:kirin
4045:čyzg (
4028:rezin
3974:tārīk
3959:tārīk
3917:kæwyn
3914:snuδ,
3891:birme
3888:burmə
3879:bərma
3876:žəṛəl
3873:girîn
3855:cæwyn
3852:āgam-
3774:værod
3771:berar
3768:birar
3765:birâr
3753:bərâr
3723:bara-
3711:videu
3693:varde
3646:nu(n)
3596:gōxan
3584:xī(n)
3536:naiba
3492:xojir
3419:Gilaki
3399:Pashto
3287:, and
3259:, and
3245:Russia
3149:darbâr
3119:, and
3057:Scytho
3051:, and
2870:Median
2858:Median
2838:behdin
2824:, the
2822:Avesta
2800:Persis
2752:Avesta
2741:direct
2705:, the
2663:Russia
2594:Pashto
2530:) and
2493:Turkic
2481:German
2461:Iranic
2420:) and
2399:Avesta
2380:*arya-
2367:nouns
2154:Slavic
2133:Baltic
2083:Breton
2063:Celtic
2047:Dacian
2003:Others
1783:Europe
1656:Europe
1650:Yuezhi
1504:Europe
1491:Steppe
1402:Europe
1259:Maykop
1213:Samara
1169:Kurgan
986:Avesta
768:Ablaut
764:Accent
711:Mysian
683:Dacian
644:Italic
592:Celtic
584:Slavic
577:Baltic
545:Extant
428:Pashto
380:Kushan
356:Avesta
350:) and
186:, and
151:Iranic
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
10948:Ezāfe
10919:Verbs
10914:Nouns
10854:Aimaq
10842:Tajik
10515:Zazas
10379:Jaszs
10363:Irons
10264:Kurds
10086:Tajik
10015:South
9851:North
9790:Digor
9682:Wakhi
9676:Vanji
9650:Munji
9645:Khufi
9627:Pamir
9328:Greek
9031:Luwic
8892:(PDF)
8814:(PDF)
8268:harma
8040:Munda
8019:pārsa
8015:ariya
7957:Notes
7857:znon
7837:diru
7828:dîru
7813:duho
7726:θard
7650:zena
7644:zenā
7615:woman
7597:gurg
7594:gorg
7588:gorg
7585:gürg
7579:vərg
7576:gurk
7573:varg
7570:varg
7558:verg
7481:cim-
7443:kəla
7419:avō-
7366:water
7340:hāse
7325:piye
7253:gund
7247:dewe
7235:ærtæ
7232:θri-
7217:arai
7179:three
7169:dasa
7060:berz
6970:jöne
6926:fyrt
6920:puça
6917:puhr
6827:hırd
6807:small
6781:xuar
6766:hova
6751:waye
6730:gōw-
6703:vote
6579:vira
6576:yâga
6559:place
6458:ârâm
6455:aşiş
6452:dinj
6435:peace
6355:shab
6352:shab
6311:night
6287:nöme
6254:name
6242:dzyx
6226:gêve
6188:mouth
6112:mâh-
6100:mêst
6079:mâng
6046:mard
6043:mard
6040:mard
6034:piyā
6031:mərd
6022:merd
6019:merd
5992:card
5910:xana
5895:sıre
5875:laugh
5850:zive
5847:zevu
5826:žəba
5796:ṣ̌uδ
5724:xāne
5718:huna
5715:xunə
5700:kiya
5683:house
5670:aspa
5631:hesp
5620:horse
5558:heart
5480:dast
5477:dast
5474:dast
5456:dast
5453:dast
5444:dest
5438:dest
5426:styr
5403:kələ
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