270:, and in 2006 in all of Canada, 13,030 farms occupying 2,316,566ha were counted by Statistics Canada. The same study of metayage found 2,489 farms covering 130,873ha in Ontario. The system was useful in Quebec for most agricultural properties at least as far back as the year 1800, and is still tracked statistically by value in Quebec as "loyer en espèces et à la part - agriculture". It appears to benefit from favourable tax treatment in Canada, where it is known as "sharecropping". In forestry metayage is the subject of a Government of Canada infosheet, and socio-economic report, and has been the subject in Quebec of recent scholarly research.
20:
1074:
165:, or halving - the halving, that is, of the produce of the soil between landowner and land-holder. Halving didn't imply equal amounts of the produce but rather division according to agreement. The produce was divisible in certain definite proportions, which obviously must have varied with the varying fertility of the soil and other circumstances and did in practice vary so much that the
208:, which consisted of letting a sizeable farm not to one métayer but to an association of several who would work together for the general good under the supervision of either the landlord or his bailiff. This arrangement got past the difficulty of finding tenants having sufficient capital and labour to run the larger farms.
169:'s share was sometimes as much as two-thirds, sometimes as little as one-third. Sometimes the landlord supplied all the stock, sometimes only part - the cattle and seed perhaps, while the farmer provided the implements; or perhaps only half the seed and half the cattle, the farmer finding the other halves. Thus the
293:
share to be divided between himself and his landlord and instead be encouraged to defraud the latter part of his rightful share. This was partly due to the métayer's relative state of destitution and with the fixed duration of his tenure - without which the metayage could not prosper. French metayers, in
180:
In the 18th
Century, métayage agreements began to give way to agreements to share profits from the sale of the crops and to straight tenant farming, although the practice in its original form could still be found in isolated communities until the early 20th Century. By 1929, there were still 200,000
292:
were paid by the métayer with the noble landowner being exempt. With the taxes being assessed according to the visible produce of the soil, they operated as penalties upon productiveness. Under this system, a métayer could fancy that his interest lay less in exerting himself to augment the total
103:, where burgeoning prosperity encouraged large-scale vineyard planting, similar to what the ancient Romans had accomplished using slave labor. The hyperinflation that followed the influx of Incan-American gold made Métayage preferable to cash tenancy and wage labour for both parties. Called
87:
population explosion of the late Middle Ages, combined with the relative lack of free land, made métayage an attractive system for both landowner and farmer. Once institutionalized, it continued into the 18th
Century, although the base causes had been relieved by emigration to the
247:. Métayage was used in French colonies, particularly after the demise of slavery. Also, because of its utility métayage spread to nearby British colonies such as Nevis, St. Lucia and Tobago. It still occurs in former French possessions, particularly in
80:, although it was not in widespread use. It proved useful after the emancipation of Roman slaves as the newly freed peasants had no land or cash (the same phenomenon happened in Brazil and the US when slavery was banned).
889:
926:
statcan.gc.ca: "Mode d'occupation, 2006: Tableau 4.5-5 - Mode d'occupation déclaré des terres possédées, louées, en métayage ou utilisées sous d'autres arrangements - Superficie en métayage, année de recensement
989:
nrcan.gc.ca: "La ferme forestière en métayage. 2004. Masse, S. Ressources naturelles Canada, Service canadien des forêts, Centre de foresterie des
Laurentides, Québec, QC. L’éclaircie No. 11. 2 p."
890:"Le métayage d'élevage au Mexique : colonisations foncières et dynamiques d'une institution agraire dans l'histoire contemporaine" (H. Cochet, Eric Léonard, Bernard Tallet)
1000:"La viabilité socio-économique de la ferme forestière en métayage" (Masse, S: Service canadien des forêts, Centre de foresterie des Laurentides, Natural Resources Canada)
948:
304:
wrote 'Le théâtre de l'agriculture' which recommends Métayage as cash tenants took all the risks so would demand lower rent while hired labour was expensive to manage.
308:
expressed dissatisfaction in 1819 with the institution of métayage because it reinforced the poverty of the peasants and prevented any social or cultural development.
135:
would receive anywhere from a third to two-thirds of the vines' production in exchange for the use of his soil. This system was used extensively in planting the
623:
193:
began to be applied to the old practice of sharing-out the actual crop, while métayage was used for the sharing-out of the proceeds from the sale of the crops.
1011:
ulaval.ca: "Des fermes forestières en métayage sur le territoire public québécois. Vers un outil d'évaluation pour les communautés" (Roy, ME: MSc thesis, 2006)
1089:
866:"irec.net: "Le metayage agricole comme l'un des moyens de la protection des ressources naturelles de kahuzi biega" (Ntamwira Kasigwa: thesis, 2000)"
297:'s time, were "removable at pleasure, and obliged to conform in all things to the will of their landlords," and so in general they so remained.
911:
1094:
641:
311:
Although métayage and extreme rural poverty usually coincided, there were provinces in France and Italy (especially on the plains of
906:
698:
Land Tenure and
Political Tendency in Rural France: The Case of Sharecropping, S Sokoloff, European Studies Review, 1980, page 361
962:
714:
177:
was combined within métayage. Taxes were also frequently divided, being paid wholly by one or the other, or jointly by both.
1037:
The
Economic Theory of Sharecropping in Early Modern France, Philip Hoffman, The Journal of Economic History 1984, page 312
865:
146:
In the eighteenth century c. 75% of leased lands in western, southern and central France were sharecropped. North of the
852:
Dynamics in Social
Service Delivery and the Rural Economy of Madagascar: Descriptive Results of the 2004 Commune Survey
806:
795:
784:
211:
In France, since 1983, these métayage and similar farming contracts have been regulated by Livre IV of the Rural Code.
999:
1062:
826:
687:
620:
1046:
305:
252:
39:
system is the cultivation of land for a proprietor by one who receives a proportion of the produce, as a kind of
143:
was also used as the name for the proprietor under métayage. The contract still exists today in
Switzerland.
266:
is also applied to modern-day flexible cash leases at least in the nominally common law
Canadian province of
256:
227:, and survived there in places until the end of the nineteenth century. Similar systems formerly existed in
1111:
511:
117:) would offer to plant and tend to an uncultivated parcel of land belonging to a land owner (in French
773:
Du Droit a l'Oisiveté et de l'Organisation du
Travail Servile Dans les Républiques Grecques et Romaine
837:
Marshall, W.K. (1965) “Métayage in the Sugar
Industry of the British Windward Islands, 1838-1865"
259:
as a means to protect the natural environment. In Mexico the system is used in animal husbandry.
548:
1051:
Nouveaux principes d'economie politique, ou de la Richesse dans ses rapports avec la population
1010:
909:
904:
638:
294:
181:
Métayers, farming 11% of French cultivated land (same % in 1892). It was most common in
562:
925:
680:
Family and Farm: Agrarian Change and Household Organization in the Loire Valley, 1500-1900
19:
8:
506:
244:
65:
977:
937:
28:
959:
282:
adopted a different tone. They judged it by its appearance in France, where under the
1058:
822:
683:
301:
730:
16:
Cultivation of land for a proprietor by one who receives a proportion of the produce
707:
481:
473:
468:
460:
426:
420:
361:
279:
136:
903:, Factsheet 812 (2001) Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Ontario accessed at
284:
966:
718:
645:
627:
567:
537:
455:
447:
355:
988:
869:
1105:
1085:
1080:
850:
516:
334:
324:
182:
64:, the origin of some place names in areas where the system was used, such as
40:
1055:
New Principles of Political Economy of Wealth in Its Relation to Population
901:
Flexible Cash Lease Agreements/Contrats de métayage portant sur les cultures
746:
731:
Art. L. 462-28, French National Assembly, Law No 2006-11 of January 5 2006
329:
949:
bdso.gouv.qc.ca: "Databank of Official Statistics on Québec - Definitions"
760:
232:
96:
84:
56:, whereby the rent is paid annually in banknotes. A farm operating under
1098:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 257.
278:
British writers were unanimous in condemning the métayage system, until
248:
189:(72% and 49% respectively). As the métayage practice changed, the term
51:
807:
eur-lex.eu: "RÈGLEMENT (CE) No 1444/2002 DE LA COMMISSION" 24 Jul 2002
796:
eur-lex.eu: "REGLEMENT (CE) No 1837/2001 DE LA COMMISSION" 10 Sep 2001
785:
eur-lex.eu: "RÈGLEMENT (CE) No 1200/2009 DE LA COMMISSION" 30 Nov 2009
198:
174:
100:
89:
77:
24:
960:"Énoncé de politique sur la TPS/TVH - Metayage" (P-253) 13 Jan 2009
621:
Excerpts from R. Dion’s “ Histoire de la Vigne et du Vin en France“
312:
228:
166:
151:
119:
109:
1079:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
819:
The Caribbean in the Wider World, 1492-1992: A Regional Geography
267:
44:
197:
was still practised in the French overseas departments, notably
83:
In what is now northern Italy and southeastern France, the post
542:
240:
236:
224:
186:
394:
391:
220:
147:
432:
406:
376:
370:
978:
cra-arc.gc.ca: "Revenus de location 2013" T4036(F) Rév. 13
438:
385:
289:
1057:
by Richard Hyse, Transaction Publishers: London (1991).
1020:
1018:
219:
The system was once universal in certain provinces of
854:
International Labour organization (ILO), (April 2005)
775:
Chez Guillaumin et Ce, Libraires: Paris, pp. 258-261.
400:
364:
1015:
761:
D. Vassberg "Land and Society in Golden Age Castile"
429:
409:
373:
656:
Sharecropping and Sharecroppers, T J Byres, page 18
435:
403:
379:
367:
43:. Another class of land tenancy in France is named
639:agrivalais.ch: "Contrat de métayage dans la vigne"
243:. It is tracked to this day in statistics of the
157:In Italy and France, respectively, it was called
1103:
821:Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, p. 74.
23:Contract for metayage, papyrus, 35th year of
938:biographi.ca: "DCB entry for ANTROBUS, JOHN"
682:State University of New York Press: Albany.
921:
919:
733:Journal officiel de la République Française
204:In France, there was also a system termed
131:would have ownership of the vines and the
771:Moreau-Christophe, Louis-Mathurin (1849)
667:Law and Life of Rome: 90 B.C. to A.D. 212
596:Law and Life of Rome: 90 B.C. to A.D. 212
1084:
916:
710:Clicanoo, Journal de l'Ile de la Réunion
669:Cornell Univ. Press: Ithaca, NY. p. 158
598:Cornell Univ. Press: Ithaca, NY. p. 157
239:, and in the countries bordering on the
18:
1104:
255:the system is used in the vicinity of
71:
480:
467:
454:
201:, until 2006 when it was abolished.
315:) where the contrary was the case.
13:
14:
1123:
1072:
425:
360:
1040:
1031:
1004:
993:
982:
971:
953:
942:
931:
894:
883:
858:
844:
831:
811:
800:
789:
778:
765:
754:
740:
724:
701:
692:
672:
659:
650:
611:pg 116. Simon and Schuster 1989
95:Métayage was used early in the
839:The Jamaican Historical Review
632:
614:
601:
588:
575:
568:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
555:
530:
499:
347:
1:
817:Richardson, Bonham C. (1992)
492:
214:
76:Métayage was available under
273:
7:
747:French Rural Code Livre IV
318:
99:in northern France and the
10:
1128:
609:Vintage: The Story of Wine
512:Collins English Dictionary
257:Kahuzi-Biéga National Park
585:Capitula CXXXVI - CXXXVII
908:with English version at
678:Shaffer, John W. (1982)
340:
1095:Encyclopædia Britannica
1024:Cruveilhier, J. (1894)
708:"Le colonat partiaire"
549:Oxford University Press
107:, a laborer (in French
717:8 October 2007 at the
482:[meddzaˈdriːa]
477:
464:
451:
300:In 1600, the landlord
150:it was only common in
32:
1026:Étude sur le métayage
581:Cato, Marcus Porcius
545:UK English Dictionary
22:
1047:de Sismondi, Simonde
469:[meðjeˈɾi.a]
206:métayage par groupes
665:Crook, J.A. (1967)
594:Crook, J.A. (1967)
543:Oxford Dictionaries
306:Simonde de Sismondi
245:European Commission
72:Origin and function
66:Metairie, Louisiana
1112:Agricultural labor
965:2013-10-04 at the
735:of January 6, 2006
644:2012-12-24 at the
626:2007-09-27 at the
571:. Merriam-Webster.
171:instrumentum fundi
33:
456:[metɛjaʒ]
302:Olivier de Serres
195:Colonat partiaire
191:colonat partiaire
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868:. Archived from
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55:
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1090:Métayage System
1088:, ed. (1911). "
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872:on 2014-04-13
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874:. Retrieved
870:the original
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29:26th Dynasty
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712:15 May 2006
288:all direct
97:Middle Ages
85:Black Death
50: [
876:2014-04-09
563:"métayage"
538:"métayage"
507:"Metayage"
493:References
251:. In the
249:Madagascar
215:Localities
125:concedente
101:Rhinelands
522:March 23,
478:mezzadria
274:Criticism
262:The term
235:, and in
175:Roman Law
159:mezzadria
90:New World
78:Roman law
27:(533 BC,
25:Amasis II
1106:Category
963:Archived
841:5:28-55.
715:Archived
642:Archived
624:Archived
465:mediería
452:métayage
319:See also
313:Lombardy
264:métayage
229:Portugal
167:landlord
163:métayage
152:Lorraine
141:Bailleur
133:bailleur
129:prendeur
120:bailleur
115:mezzadro
110:prendeur
105:complant
62:métairie
58:métayage
37:metayage
1083::
1049:(1819)
474:Italian
461:Spanish
268:Ontario
233:Castile
199:Réunion
127:). The
46:fermage
1077:
1061:
1028:Paris.
825:
686:
448:French
241:Danube
237:Greece
225:France
187:Allier
183:Landes
927:2006"
341:Notes
290:taxes
253:Congo
221:Italy
148:Loire
54:]
1059:ISBN
823:ISBN
684:ISBN
524:2019
223:and
185:and
161:and
35:The
1092:".
173:of
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459:;
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446:;
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427:/-
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417:,
413:-/
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356:UK
231:,
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