217:
100,000 can generate late-life mortality deceleration. These error rates cannot be ruled out by examining documents (the standard) because of successful pension fraud, identity theft, forgeries and errors that leave no documentary evidence. This capacity for errors to explain late-life plateaus solves the "fundamental question in aging research is whether humans and other species possess an immutable life-span limit" and suggests that a limit to human life span exists. A theoretical study suggested the maximum human lifespan to be around 125 years using a modified
274:
1035:
786:
and
Bernstein). In general, the findings of these studies indicated a good correlation between nucleotide excision repair capacity and life span. The association between nucleotide excision repair capability and longevity is strengthened by the evidence that defects in nucleotide excision repair proteins in humans and rodents cause features of premature aging, as reviewed by Diderich.
781:). One expectation of the theory (that DNA damage is the primary cause of aging) is that among species with differing maximum life spans, the capacity to repair DNA damage should correlate with lifespan. The first experimental test of this idea was by Hart and Setlow who measured the capacity of cells from seven different mammalian species to carry out DNA repair. They found that
213:: that death rates level off at advanced ages to a late-life mortality plateau. That is, there is no fixed upper limit to human longevity, or fixed maximal human lifespan. This law was first quantified in 1939, when researchers found that the one-year probability of death at advanced age asymptotically approaches a limit of 44% for women and 54% for men.
772:
Accumulated DNA damage appears to be a limiting factor in the determination of maximum life span. The theory that DNA damage is the primary cause of aging, and thus a principal determinant of maximum life span, has attracted increased interest in recent years. This is based, in part, on evidence in
785:
capability increased systematically with species longevity. This correlation was striking and stimulated a series of 11 additional experiments in different laboratories over succeeding years on the relationship of nucleotide excision repair and life span in mammalian species (reviewed by
Bernstein
644:
was a little older still, showing 4,862 years of growth rings. The exact age of
Prometheus, however, remains unknown as it is likely that growth rings did not form every year due to the harsh environment in which it grew but it was estimated to be ~4,900 years old when it was cut down in 1964. The
233:
conducted a
Bayesian sensitivity analysis of global population burden based on life expectancy projection at birth in future decades. The 95% prediction interval of average life expectancy rises as high as 106 years old by 2090, with ongoing and layered effects on world population and demography
216:
However, this evidence depends on the existence of a late-life plateaus and deceleration that can be explained, in humans and other species, by the existence of very rare errors. Age-coding error rates below 1 in 10,000 are sufficient to make artificial late-life plateaus, and errors below 1 in
773:
humans and mice that inherited deficiencies in DNA repair genes often cause accelerated aging. There is also substantial evidence that DNA damage accumulates with age in mammalian tissues, such as those of the brain, muscle, liver, and kidney (reviewed by
Bernstein et al. and see
197:
is entirely due to medical and public-health efforts, rising standards of living, better education, healthier nutrition and more salubrious lifestyles." Animal studies suggest that further lengthening of median human lifespan as well as maximum lifespan could be achieved through
202:" drugs or by directly reducing food consumption. Although calorie restriction has not been proven to extend the maximum human life span as of 2014, results in ongoing primate studies have demonstrated that the assumptions derived from rodents are valid in primates.
221:
for human survival curves. In another study, researchers claimed that there exists a maximum lifespan for humans, and that the human maximal lifespan has been declining since the 1990s. A theoretical study also suggested that the maximum human
3648:
Schriner SE, Linford NJ, Martin GM, Treuting P, Ogburn CE, Emond M, Coskun PE, Ladiges W, Wolf N, Van Remmen H, Wallace DC, Rabinovitch PS (June 2005). "Extension of murine life span by overexpression of catalase targeted to mitochondria".
980:
65% and maximum life span 110%. However, the degree of lifespan extension in relative terms by both the age-1 and daf-2 mutations is strongly dependent on ambient temperature, with ≈10% extension at 16 °C and 65% extension at
497:
that the oldest of the animals that they sampled had lived for about 392 ± 120 years (a minimum of 272 years and a maximum of 512 years). The authors further concluded that the species reaches sexual maturity at about 150 years of
2599:
Butler PG, Wanamaker AD, Scourse JD, Richardson CA, Reynolds DJ (March 2013). "Variability of marine climate on the North
Icelandic Shelf in a 1357-year proxy archive based on growth increments in the bivalve Arctica islandica".
619:
which live longer than that. The longest-lived perennials, woody-stemmed plants such as trees and bushes, often live for hundreds and even thousands of years (one may question whether or not they may die of old age). A
1745:
Castanheira, H., Pelletier, F. and
Ribeiro, I. (2017). A Sensitivity Analysis of the Bayesian Framework for Projecting Life Expectancy at Birth, UN Population Division, Technical Paper No. 7. New York: United
250:
value (a measure of the volume of oxygen flow to the cardiac muscle) decreases as a function of age. Therefore, the maximum lifespan of a person could be determined by calculating when the person's VO
2894:
Baker, Mailing
Address: 100 Great Basin National Park; pm, NV 89311 Phone: 775-234-7331 Available 8:00 am- 4:00; Thanksgiving, Monday through Friday Closed on; Christmas; Us, New Year's Day Contact.
465:(Swedish: Branteviksålen) is thought to have lived in a water well in southern Sweden since 1859, which makes it over 150 years old. It was reported that it had died in August 2014 at an age of 155.
134:, whereas maximum life span is determined by "rate of aging". Longevity refers only to the characteristics of the especially long lived members of a population, such as infirmities as they age or
2771:
Piraino S, Boero F, Aeschbach B, Schmid V (June 1996). "Reversing the Life Cycle: Medusae
Transforming into Polyps and Cell Transdifferentiation in Turritopsis nutricula (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)".
3564:
Perez-Campo R, López-Torres M, Cadenas S, Rojas C, Barja G (April 1998). "The rate of free radical production as a determinant of the rate of aging: evidence from the comparative approach".
2396:
683:"Maximum life span" here means the mean life span of the most long-lived 10% of a given cohort. Caloric restriction has not yet been shown to break mammalian world records for longevity.
552:
sp.1, are able to revert to the polyp stage even after reproducing (so-called reversible life cycle), rather than dying as in other jellyfish. Consequently, these species are considered
797:, are involved in maintaining mammalian longevity. The life span of 13 mammalian species correlated with poly(ADP ribosyl)ation capability measured in mononuclear cells. Furthermore,
695:
experience maximum life-span extension from a diet that contains all of the nutrients but only 40–60% of the calories that the animals consume when they can eat as much as they want.
746:
to award money to researchers who can extend the maximum life span of mice. So far, three Mouse Prizes have been awarded: one for breaking longevity records to Dr. Andrzej Bartke of
707:
the life extending benefits of calorie restriction are gained immediately at any age upon beginning calorie restriction and ended immediately at any age upon resuming full feeding.
801:
cell lines from peripheral blood lymphocytes of humans over age 100 had a significantly higher poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation capability than control cell lines from younger individuals.
4052:
Moore CJ, Schwartz AG (October 1978). "Inverse correlation between species lifespan and capacity of cultured fibroblasts to convert benzo(a)pyrene to water-soluble metabolites".
4454:
945:(fruit-flies) bred for 15 generations by only using eggs that were laid toward the end of reproductive life achieved maximum life spans 30% greater than that of controls
4474:
2221:
793:(PARPs). PARPs are enzymes that are activated by DNA strand breaks and play a role in DNA base excision repair. Burkle et al. reviewed evidence that PARPs, and especially
266:
max value between 50 and 60 at age 20 would be expected "to live for 100 to 125 years, provided they maintained their physical activity so that their rate of decline in VO
4479:
3240:
Bernstein H, Payne CM, Bernstein C, Garewal H, Dvorak K (2008). "Chapter 1: Cancer and aging as consequences of un-repaired DNA damage.". In Kimura H, Suzuki A (eds.).
277:
Average and commonly accepted maximum lifespans correspond to the extremums of the body mass (1, 2) and mass normalized to height (3, 4) of men (1, 3) and women (2, 4).
4541:
4516:
3388:
Herrero A, Barja G (November 1997). "Sites and mechanisms responsible for the low rate of free radical production of heart mitochondria in the long-lived pigeon".
3700:
Ku HH, Brunk UT, Sohal RS (December 1993). "Relationship between mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production and longevity of mammalian species".
4581:
4546:
4406:
4586:
4416:
4411:
2856:
2351:
589:
because they do not seem to slow down, weaken, or lose fertility with age. However, due to the energy needed for moulting, they cannot live indefinitely.
242:
Evidence for maximum lifespan is also provided by the dynamics of physiological indices with age. For example, scientists have observed that a person's
4591:
4551:
2636:
2519:
Nielsen J, Hedeholm RB, Heinemeier J, Bushnell PG, Christiansen JS, Olsen J, Ramsey CB, Brill RW, Simon M, Steffensen KF, Steffensen JF (August 2016).
2137:
4634:
4624:
4511:
3784:
Agarwal S, Sohal RS (1996). "Relationship between susceptibility to protein oxidation, aging, and maximum life span potential of different species".
1130:"An Evolution-Based Model of Causation for Aging-Related Diseases and Intrinsic Mortality: Explanatory Properties and Implications for Healthy Aging"
4531:
932:
A study of several species of mammals and a bird (pigeon) indicated a linear relationship between oxidative damage to protein and maximum life span
493:
are currently the vertebrate species with the longest known lifespan. An examination of 28 specimens in one study published in 2016 determined by
318:
Maximum life span is usually longer for species that are larger, at least among endotherms, or have effective defenses against predation, such as
4526:
4367:
3476:"Low fatty acid unsaturation: a mechanism for lowered lipoperoxidative modification of tissue proteins in mammalian species with long life spans"
2919:
2400:
1064:
739:
2665:
De Vito D, Piraino S, Schmich J, Bouillon J, Boero F (2006). "Evidence of reverse development in
Leptomedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): the case of
4566:
4491:
4433:
4428:
4571:
4556:
4521:
4464:
4459:
4401:
4629:
4619:
4561:
4469:
479:
about 200 years)—Although this idea was unproven for a time, recent research has indicated that bowhead whales recently killed still had
181:(1875–1997), a Frenchwoman who is verified to have lived to 122. The oldest male lifespan has only been verified as 116, by Japanese man
4609:
4576:
4496:
4484:
4423:
4536:
4302:
4614:
4506:
4501:
4438:
2446:
910:
A comparison of 7 non-primate mammals (mouse, hamster, rat, guinea-pig, rabbit, pig and cow) showed that the rate of mitochondrial
193:
among those over 80 years have decreased by about 1.5% per year. "The progress being made in lengthening lifespans and postponing
2225:
2178:
The oldest cat ever was Creme Puff, who was born on August 3, 1967, and lived until August 6, 2005—38 years and 3 days in total.
96:
or experimental group has died. Calculation of the maximum life span in the latter sense depends upon the initial sample size.
3911:
Orr WC, Radyuk SN, Prabhudesai L, Toroser D, Benes JJ, Luchak JM, Mockett RJ, Rebrin I, Hubbard JG, Sohal RS (November 2005).
3827:
Cortopassi GA, Wang E (November 1996). "There is substantial agreement among interspecies estimates of DNA repair activity".
3337:
3253:
2255:
2171:
1236:
Ben-Haim MS, Kanfi Y, Mitchell SJ, Maoz N, Vaughan KL, Amariglio N, Lerrer B, de Cabo R, Rechavi G, Cohen HY (October 2018).
1093:
892:
antioxidant enzymes than males. This has been hypothesized as the reason they live longer However, mice entirely lacking in
4669:
4396:
3609:"Why females live longer than males? Importance of the upregulation of longevity-associated genes by oestrogenic compounds"
3353:
Bürkle A, Brabeck C, Diefenbach J, Beneke S (May 2005). "The emerging role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in longevity".
571:, or Platyhelminthes, are known to be "almost immortal" as they have a great regeneration capacity, continuous growth, and
2974:
Mair W, Goymer P, Pletcher SD, Partridge L (September 2003). "Demography of dietary restriction and death in Drosophila".
4171:
2428:
4001:
Blüher M, Kahn BB, Kahn CR (January 2003). "Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in adipose tissue".
2579:
315:
The maximum life span of most species is documented in the AnAge repository (The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database).
4742:
4664:
1550:
Wilmoth JR, Deegan LJ, Lundström H, Horiuchi S (September 2000). "Increase of maximum life-span in Sweden, 1861-1999".
153:
814:
in rats (7-year maximum life span) and pigeons (35-year maximum life span) showed that pigeon mitochondria leak fewer
754:(using caloric restriction initiated late in life); and one to Dr. Z. Dave Sharp for his work with the pharmaceutical
2485:
George JC, Bada J, Zeh J, Scott L, Brown SE, O'hara T, Suydam R (1999). "Age and growth estimates of bowhead whales (
2414:
2020:
1457:"Mortality Trajectories at Extreme Old Ages: A Comparative Study of Different Data Sources on U.S. Old-Age Mortality"
1872:
Healy K, Guillerme T, Finlay S, Kane A, Kelly SB, McClean D, Kelly DJ, Donohue I, Jackson AL, Cooper N (June 2014).
1018:
and co-workers nutritive antioxidants completely abolish this extension of life span by inhibiting a process called
435:(a Japanese species of fish, allegedly living up to 200 years, though generally not exceeding 50 – a specimen named
4834:
4803:
4314:
3737:"Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA is inversely related to maximum life span in the heart and brain of mammals"
778:
287:
206:
2644:
92:. By another definition, however, maximum life span corresponds to the age at which the oldest known member of a
218:
2113:
4747:
3245:
2371:
953:
900:
4674:
3954:"A mutation in the age-1 gene in Caenorhabditis elegans lengthens life and reduces hermaphrodite fertility"
747:
633:
3271:"Correlation between deoxyribonucleic acid excision-repair and life-span in a number of mammalian species"
3025:
Aging, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on a National Research Agenda on; Lonergan, Edmund T. (1991).
1299:"The potential for dietary restriction to increase longevity in humans: extrapolation from monkey studies"
205:
It has been proposed that no fixed theoretical limit to human longevity is apparent today. Studies in the
3093:
2895:
2520:
2085:
379:
364:
199:
254:
max value drops below the basal metabolic rate necessary to sustain life, which is approximately 3
4824:
4255:
790:
782:
774:
767:
743:
699:
is increased 65% and maximum life span is increased 50%, when caloric restriction is begun just before
174:
2521:"Eye lens radiocarbon reveals centuries of longevity in the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus)"
422:
4324:
4297:
4211:
3437:
750:(using GhR knockout mice); one for late-onset rejuvenation strategies to Dr. Stephen Spindler of the
446:
3433:"Mitochondrial membrane peroxidizability index is inversely related to maximum life span in mammals"
988:(FIRKO) mice have reduced fat mass, normal calorie intake and an increased maximum life span of 18%.
751:
665:
652:
136:
2192:"On longevity and relative viability in mammals and birds; with a note on the theory of longevity"
4164:
3205:
Freitas AA, de Magalhães JP (2011). "A review and appraisal of the DNA damage theory of ageing".
2326:
789:
Further support for the theory that DNA damage is the primary cause of aging comes from study of
704:
3474:
Pamplona R, Portero-Otín M, Riba D, Requena JR, Thorpe SR, López-Torres M, Barja G (June 2000).
1423:
729:
50:
could survive between birth and death, provided circumstances that are optimal to that member's
4798:
4716:
4699:
4694:
4238:
972:
889:
834:
637:
625:
586:
553:
360:
169:
2816:"The power of regeneration and the stem-cell kingdom: freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes)"
2163:
46:. The term can also denote an estimate of the maximum amount of time that a member of a given
4767:
4221:
3872:"Increased hsp22 RNA levels in Drosophila lines genetically selected for increased longevity"
1014:
by promoting stress defense, specifically by inducing an enzyme called catalase. As shown by
921:
A study of 8 non-primate mammals showed an inverse correlation between maximum life span and
4267:
4216:
4010:
3658:
3282:
2983:
2725:
2678:
2609:
2532:
1645:
1559:
1192:
725:
599:
3913:"Overexpression of glutamate-cysteine ligase extends life span in Drosophila melanogaster"
185:. Reduction of infant mortality has accounted for most of the increased average life span
8:
4829:
4788:
4706:
4332:
4309:
4279:
3431:
Pamplona R, Portero-Otín M, Riba D, Ruiz C, Prat J, Bellmunt MJ, Barja G (October 1998).
1793:
1007:
875:
854:
and a bird (pigeon) show an inverse relationship between maximum life span and number of
815:
647:
540:
226:
at birth is limited by the human life characteristic value δ, which is around 104 years.
4014:
3662:
3566:
Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology
3517:"Telomeres shorten more slowly in long-lived birds and mammals than in short-lived ones"
3286:
2987:
2729:
2682:
2613:
2536:
2450:
2280:
2036:
Collard, Maxime K.; Bardin, Jérémie; Laurin, Michel; Ogier‐Denis, Eric (November 2021).
1649:
1563:
1196:
1110:
4337:
4157:
4034:
3978:
3852:
3809:
3766:
3682:
3589:
3541:
3516:
3515:
Haussmann MF, Winkler DW, O'Reilly KM, Huntington CE, Nisbet IC, Vleck CM (July 2003).
3413:
3182:
3157:
3075:
3050:
Kaeberlein M (February 2010). "Resveratrol and rapamycin: are they anti-aging drugs?".
3007:
2788:
2748:
2713:
2694:
2566:
2207:
2070:
1955:
1898:
1873:
1797:
1723:
1700:
1688:
1669:
1636:
Dong X, Milholland B, Vijg J (October 2016). "Evidence for a limit to human lifespan".
1618:
1527:
1500:
1473:
1456:
1326:
1262:
1237:
1213:
1180:
1156:
1129:
1059:
494:
397:
327:
3840:
3451:
3432:
3401:
3305:
3270:
337:
in determining maximum life span ("rate of aging"). The records (in years) are these:
4362:
4114:
4069:
4065:
4026:
3983:
3934:
3893:
3844:
3801:
3797:
3758:
3717:
3713:
3674:
3630:
3581:
3546:
3497:
3456:
3405:
3370:
3333:
3310:
3249:
3222:
3187:
3135:
3067:
2999:
2956:
2913:
2871:"Pinus longaeva (Great Basin bristlecone pine) description - The Gymnosperm Database"
2837:
2796:
2753:
2570:
2558:
2365:
2261:
2251:
2167:
2156:
2057:
2016:
1993:
1942:
1903:
1854:
1728:
1661:
1610:
1575:
1532:
1478:
1318:
1297:
Ingram DK, Roth GS, Lane MA, Ottinger MA, Zou S, de Cabo R, Mattison JA (June 2006).
1267:
1218:
1161:
1089:
1054:
926:
915:
641:
582:
576:
516:
4038:
3856:
3813:
3770:
3686:
3593:
3417:
3079:
3011:
2698:
1593:
Weon BM, Je JH (February 2009). "Theoretical estimation of maximum human lifespan".
4757:
4737:
4654:
4250:
4104:
4061:
4018:
3973:
3965:
3924:
3883:
3836:
3793:
3748:
3709:
3666:
3620:
3573:
3536:
3528:
3487:
3446:
3397:
3362:
3300:
3290:
3214:
3177:
3169:
3127:
3059:
2991:
2946:
2827:
2780:
2743:
2733:
2686:
2617:
2548:
2540:
2498:
2203:
2065:
2049:
1983:
1950:
1934:
1893:
1885:
1846:
1801:
1789:
1718:
1710:
1673:
1653:
1622:
1602:
1567:
1522:
1512:
1468:
1330:
1310:
1257:
1249:
1208:
1200:
1151:
1141:
1003:
922:
375:
3736:
3625:
3608:
1571:
1401:
4381:
4262:
4201:
3366:
3173:
2870:
2738:
2621:
2356:
2191:
1780:
Gerasimov IG, Ignatov DY (2004). "Age Dynamics of Body Mass and Human Lifespan".
1517:
616:
490:
322:
or bird flight, arboreality, chemical defenses or living in social groups. Among
223:
182:
111:
4093:
Life Span by Inducing Mitochondrial Respiration and Increasing Oxidative Stress"
3969:
3888:
3871:
3218:
3026:
2580:"Greenland Sharks are Longest-Lived Vertebrates on Earth, Marine Biologists Say"
2429:"125-Year-old New Bedford Bomb Fragment Found Embedded in Alaskan Bowhead Whale"
1714:
273:
4793:
4352:
4319:
4289:
4233:
4109:
4088:
3953:
3876:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
3492:
3480:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
3475:
3275:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2896:"The Prometheus Story - Great Basin National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
2471:
2415:"The world's oldest Eek dead - Lived 155 years in a well (Article in Swedish )"
2304:
1242:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
1040:
1015:
996:
985:
977:
918:
production in heart and kidney were inversely correlated with maximum life span
819:
798:
735:
696:
678:
612:
572:
411:
230:
190:
178:
104:
85:
73:
61:
2690:
2432:
2384:
1606:
1314:
1146:
167:
whose dates of birth and death were verified according to the modern norms of
4818:
4752:
4711:
4659:
2061:
1946:
1923:"Arboreality has allowed for the evolution of increased longevity in mammals"
1858:
1349:
645:
oldest known plant (possibly oldest living thing) is a clonal Quaking Aspen (
621:
560:
472:
462:
436:
164:
149:
76:, although this number of cell divisions does not strictly control lifespan.
4144:
4087:
Schulz TJ, Zarse K, Voigt A, Urban N, Birringer M, Ristow M (October 2007).
4022:
3753:
3670:
2995:
2544:
2265:
2038:"The cecal appendix is correlated with greater maximal longevity in mammals"
1938:
1501:"Errors as a primary cause of late-life mortality deceleration and plateaus"
1253:
565:'s life span, but it is not yet clear how to estimate the age of a specimen.
4357:
4347:
4342:
4134:
4118:
4030:
3938:
3929:
3912:
3897:
3762:
3678:
3634:
3550:
3532:
3501:
3374:
3295:
3226:
3191:
3139:
3071:
3063:
3003:
2960:
2841:
2800:
2757:
2562:
1997:
1907:
1889:
1850:
1815:
1732:
1665:
1614:
1579:
1536:
1482:
1322:
1271:
1222:
1165:
1019:
992:
935:
There is a direct correlation between DNA repair and maximum life span for
860:
Selected species of birds and mammals show an inverse relationship between
811:
656:
608:
506:
certain clams, some coral species) can on occasion live hundreds of years:
386:
89:
58:
3987:
3848:
3805:
3721:
3585:
3577:
3460:
3409:
3314:
3131:
1922:
1874:"Ecology and mode-of-life explain lifespan variation in birds and mammals"
1364:
738:, a theoretical gerontologist, has proposed that aging can be reversed by
4686:
4245:
4228:
4073:
2502:
1834:
1048:
949:
868:
855:
721:
711:
521:
484:
342:
2951:
2934:
1972:"Species with a chemical defence, but not chemical offence, live longer"
1657:
1204:
234:
should that happen. However, the prediction interval is extremely wide.
4206:
2832:
2815:
2792:
942:
911:
885:
879:
837:
818:
than rat mitochondria, despite the fact that both animals have similar
715:
629:
393:
255:
194:
65:
31:
3514:
2553:
2053:
1988:
1971:
30:) is a measure of the maximum amount of time one or more members of a
4783:
4762:
4180:
755:
718:
568:
535:
349:
333:
The differences in life span between species demonstrate the role of
309:
186:
118:
51:
3158:"Premature aging and cancer in nucleotide excision repair-disorders"
2784:
2114:"Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) longevity, ageing, and life history"
2037:
1298:
999:
to a water-soluble form also correlates well with maximum life span.
3563:
1705:
1034:
967:
904:
861:
511:
442:
334:
301:
297:
259:
123:
502:
Invertebrate species which continue to grow as long as they live (
4196:
2518:
823:
700:
692:
480:
452:
404:
305:
243:
127:
93:
69:
47:
3118:
Hoeijmakers JH (October 2009). "DNA damage, aging, and cancer".
2598:
4188:
3607:
Viña J, Borrás C, Gambini J, Sastre J, Pallardó FV (May 2005).
3473:
936:
871:
851:
830:
794:
660:
483:
in their bodies from about 1890, which, along with analysis of
418:
The longest-lived vertebrates have been variously described as
323:
262:
per minute. On the basis of this hypothesis, athletes with a VO
131:
57:
Most living species have an upper limit on the number of times
23:
4139:
3239:
3097:
2035:
1549:
487:, has indicated a maximum life span of "177 to 245 years old".
4732:
3870:
Kurapati R, Passananti HB, Rose MR, Tower J (November 2000).
3647:
3352:
2857:"Don't Listen to the Buzz: Lobsters Aren't Actually Immortal"
2664:
1914:
847:
844:
724:
will eventually extend maximum lifespan and even bring about
688:
604:
468:
426:
43:
39:
4149:
3430:
3355:
The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
2360:. 31 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-31.
2250:(Sixth ed.). Danville, Indiana: Interstate Publishers.
903:
mice has been extended about 20% by overexpression of human
3910:
3869:
2973:
2770:
2714:"Life Cycle Reversal in Aurelia sp.1 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa)"
1826:
893:
293:
35:
3155:
1969:
1235:
684:
458:
432:
371:
356:
319:
300:
rarely live to their maximum life span, usually dying of
84:
In animal studies, maximum span is often taken to be the
2893:
1921:
Shattuck, Milena R.; Williams, Scott A. (9 March 2010).
1871:
122:. Mean life span varies with susceptibility to disease,
3606:
1970:
Hossie TJ, Hassall C, Knee W, Sherratt TN (July 2013).
761:
429:
and cockatoos can live up to 80–100 years in captivity)
1296:
4086:
2305:"International Nishikigoi Promotion Center-Genealogy"
959:(fruit-flies) extended maximum lifespan by nearly 50%
2637:"New record: World's oldest animal is 507 years old"
1030:
663:, a symbiotic algae and fungal proto-plant, such as
640:
is 4,856 years old. Another Bristlecone Pine called
3204:
3156:Diderich K, Alanazi M, Hoeijmakers JH (July 2011).
2248:
Horses and Horsemanship: Animal Agricultural Series
2029:
1782:
Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology
330:is also correlated with greater maximal longevity.
140:, and not the specific life span of an individual.
3327:
2712:He J, Zheng L, Zhang W, Lin Y (21 December 2015).
2484:
2472:"Bowhead Whales May Be the World's Oldest Mammals"
2447:"Bowhead Whales May Be the World's Oldest Mammals"
2155:
1635:
991:The capacity of mammalian species to detoxify the
2602:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1454:
1362:
1346:The Biology of Life Span: A Quantitative Approach
1343:
1238:"Breaking the Ceiling of Human Maximal Life span"
1086:The Biology of Life Span: A Quantitative Approach
1083:
864:rate of change (shortening) and maximum life span
4816:
2577:
1920:
1779:
3951:
2932:
2711:
2196:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1927:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1833:Shiner, J.S.; Uehlinger, D.E. (December 2001).
1832:
1065:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
948:Overexpression of the enzyme which synthesizes
740:strategies for engineered negligible senescence
672:
455:(a New Zealand reptile species, 100–200+ years)
4000:
3826:
2514:
2512:
1421:
4165:
4140:Informational website on the biology of aging
4051:
3024:
2628:
2094:AnAge Database of Animal Ageing and Longevity
867:Maximum life span correlates negatively with
3783:
3734:
3699:
3387:
3346:
3198:
2854:
2183:
2010:
1773:
439:was reportedly 226 years old upon her death)
3151:
3149:
3117:
2918:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2592:
2509:
1689:"Life equations for the senescence process"
237:
4172:
4158:
3268:
3049:
3043:
2764:
2397:"Brantevik Eels may be the world's oldest"
1835:"Body mass index: a measure for longevity"
1816:"The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database"
1749:
1111:"Living Longer, in Good Health to the End"
4108:
3977:
3928:
3887:
3752:
3624:
3540:
3491:
3450:
3304:
3294:
3181:
2950:
2831:
2747:
2737:
2552:
2130:
2069:
2015:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
1987:
1954:
1897:
1722:
1704:
1526:
1516:
1472:
1261:
1212:
1155:
1145:
1127:
732:are a potential tool for extending life.
3952:Friedman DB, Johnson TE (January 1988).
3146:
2189:
1399:
272:
3096:. Methuselah Foundation. Archived from
2933:Koubova J, Guarente L (February 2003).
2138:"Max misses 'World's Oldest Dog' title"
2011:Krause J, Ruxton G (19 December 2002).
1404:. International Conference on Longevity
1363:Gavrilov LA, Gavrilova NS (June 2000).
878:production and positively with rate of
833:there is a direct relationship between
158:
4817:
2324:
1755:
1592:
1498:
1178:
88:of the most long-lived 10% of a given
4153:
1494:
1492:
1108:
559:There may be no natural limit to the
3829:Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
3735:Barja G, Herrero A (February 2000).
3390:Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
2935:"How does calorie restriction work?"
2813:
2634:
896:do not show a reduction in lifespan.
762:Correlation with DNA repair capacity
211:late-life mortality deceleration law
3917:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3702:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
3120:The New England Journal of Medicine
2578:Enrico de Lazaro (12 August 2016).
2489:) via aspartic acid racemization".
2327:"Will you still feed me ... ?"
1693:Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports
1686:
1367:Validation of Exceptional Longevity
13:
2208:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1911.tb01942.x
1794:10.1023/B:JOEY.0000042639.72529.e1
1629:
1489:
1455:Gavrilova NS, Gavrilov LA (2014).
1402:"Biodemography of Human Longevity"
1344:Gavrilov LA, Gavrilova NS (1991).
1084:Gavrilov LA, Gavrilova NS (1991).
669:can live upwards of 10,000 years.
154:List of the verified oldest people
14:
4846:
4128:
3328:Bernstein C, Bernstein H (1991).
628:, is alive and well in its third
4315:Biodemography of human longevity
3521:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
3269:Hart RW, Setlow RB (June 1974).
1878:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
1033:
840:saturation and maximum life span
804:
779:DNA damage (naturally occurring)
288:List of longest-living organisms
207:biodemography of human longevity
4080:
4045:
3994:
3945:
3904:
3863:
3820:
3777:
3728:
3693:
3641:
3600:
3557:
3508:
3467:
3424:
3381:
3321:
3262:
3233:
3111:
3086:
3031:. National Academies Press (US)
3018:
2967:
2926:
2887:
2863:
2848:
2807:
2705:
2658:
2478:
2464:
2439:
2421:
2407:
2399:. 11 April 2008. Archived from
2389:
2378:
2344:
2318:
2297:
2273:
2239:
2214:
2148:
2106:
2078:
2004:
1976:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1963:
1865:
1808:
1764:
1739:
1680:
1586:
1543:
1448:
1415:
1393:
1352:: Starwood Academic Publishers.
1181:"Biodemography of human ageing"
2669:(Forbes and Goodsir 1851) o".
2352:"Week In Science: 6/23 - 6/29"
2281:"Lin Wang, an Asian elephant (
2245:
1422:Greenwood M, Irwin JO (1939).
1356:
1337:
1290:
1278:
1229:
1172:
1121:
1102:
1088:. New York: Harwood Academic.
1077:
984:Fat-specific Insulin Receptor
219:stretched exponential function
1:
4179:
4089:"Glucose Restriction Extends
3841:10.1016/S0047-6374(96)01788-5
3626:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.03.090
3452:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)32497-4
3402:10.1016/S0047-6374(97)00076-6
3332:. San Diego: Academic Press.
3246:Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
1572:10.1126/science.289.5488.2366
1071:
894:glutathione peroxidase 1
556:and have no maximum lifespan.
528:
281:
79:
28:maximum reported age at death
4066:10.1016/0014-4827(78)90459-7
3798:10.1016/0531-5565(95)02039-X
3714:10.1016/0891-5849(93)90165-Q
3367:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.10.006
3174:10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.04.025
2855:Marina Koren (3 June 2013).
2739:10.1371/journal.pone.0145314
2622:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.016
1518:10.1371/journal.pbio.2006776
1424:"The Biostatics of Senility"
1400:Gavrilov LA (5 March 2004).
1051:(Extreme longevity tracking)
884:Female mammals express more
748:Southern Illinois University
673:Increasing maximum life span
634:Great Basin Bristlecone Pine
593:
143:
7:
3242:New Research on DNA Damages
3219:10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.05.001
2491:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2222:"World's oldest polar bear"
2158:Guinness World Records 2010
1715:10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.09.020
1499:Newman SJ (December 2018).
1109:Brody JE (25 August 2008).
1026:
791:Poly ADP ribose polymerases
380:List of longest-living cats
365:List of longest-living dogs
200:calorie restriction mimetic
10:
4851:
4256:research into centenarians
4110:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.08.011
4054:Experimental Cell Research
3330:Aging, Sex, and DNA Repair
2635:Brix L (6 November 2013).
2325:Barton L (12 April 2007).
1760:. Oxford University Press.
1134:Frontiers in Public Health
1128:Levy, G; Levin, B (2022).
810:A comparison of the heart
783:nucleotide excision repair
775:DNA damage theory of aging
768:DNA damage theory of aging
765:
744:The Methuselah Mouse Prize
742:. De Grey has established
676:
615:which live two years, and
611:which live only one year,
597:
285:
175:Gerontology Research Group
147:
16:Longest recorded life span
4776:
4725:
4685:
4647:
4602:
4447:
4389:
4378:
4325:Longevity escape velocity
4288:
4212:aging-associated diseases
4187:
3970:10.1093/genetics/118.1.75
3889:10.1093/gerona/55.11.b552
3438:Journal of Lipid Research
3028:Basic Biomedical Research
2691:10.1007/s00227-005-0182-3
2370:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2246:Ensminger, M. E. (1990).
1607:10.1007/s10522-008-9156-4
1315:10.1007/s10522-006-9013-2
1147:10.3389/fpubh.2022.774668
899:The maximum life span of
585:are sometimes said to be
4804:Longest-living organisms
3786:Experimental Gerontology
3493:10.1093/gerona/55.6.b286
2162:. Bantam. 2010. p.
2118:genomics.senescence.info
1179:Vaupel JW (March 2010).
1002:Short-term induction of
907:targeted to mitochondria
752:University of California
666:Rhizocarpon geographicum
653:Fishlake National Forest
270:max remained constant".
238:Non-demographic evidence
137:compression of morbidity
4835:Longest-duration things
4023:10.1126/science.1078223
3754:10.1096/fasebj.14.2.312
3671:10.1126/science.1106653
2996:10.1126/science.1086016
2939:Genes & Development
2773:The Biological Bulletin
2545:10.1126/science.aaf1703
2190:Mitchell, P.C. (1911).
1939:10.1073/pnas.0911439107
1687:Liu X (December 2015).
1461:Living to 100 Monograph
1010:increases life span in
659:at about 16,000 years.
4799:Transhumanist politics
4717:Immortality in fiction
4695:Biological immortality
4239:cognitive epidemiology
4091:Caenorhabditis elegans
3930:10.1074/jbc.M508272200
3533:10.1098/rspb.2003.2385
3296:10.1073/pnas.71.6.2169
3064:10.1002/bies.200900171
2449:. 2001. Archived from
2307:. Japan-nishikigoi.org
1890:10.1098/rspb.2014.0298
1851:10.1054/mehy.2001.1493
1012:Caenorhabditis elegans
973:Caenorhabditis elegans
929:) in heart & brain
890:glutathione peroxidase
835:mitochondrial membrane
524:", lived 507±2 years.)
292:Small animals such as
278:
189:, but since the 1960s
170:Guinness World Records
34:have been observed to
4603:regions by continents
4222:negligible senescence
4217:degenerative diseases
3578:10.1007/s003600050131
3132:10.1056/NEJMra0804615
1254:10.1093/gerona/glx219
651:) tree colony in the
587:biologically immortal
554:biologically immortal
276:
165:longest living person
72:. This is called the
4448:regions of countries
4268:LGBT life expectancy
2503:10.1139/cjz-77-4-571
2385:Tuatara#cite note-43
600:List of oldest trees
326:, the presence of a
159:Demographic evidence
4789:Longevity insurance
4707:Digital immortality
4333:calorie restriction
4320:Indefinite lifespan
4310:Anti-aging movement
4280:Biomarkers of aging
4145:Mechanisms of Aging
4015:2003Sci...299..572B
3663:2005Sci...308.1909S
3287:1974PNAS...71.2169H
2988:2003Sci...301.1731M
2952:10.1101/gad.1052903
2814:Saló E (May 2006).
2730:2015PLoSO..1045314H
2683:2006MarBi.149..339D
2647:on 15 November 2013
2614:2013PPP...373..141B
2537:2016Sci...353..702N
1770:Nokes (1985) p. 84.
1758:The Lore of Running
1658:10.1038/nature19793
1650:2016Natur.538..257D
1564:2000Sci...289.2366W
1205:10.1038/nature08984
1197:2010Natur.464..536V
1008:calorie restriction
648:Populus tremuloides
607:are referred to as
541:Turritopsis dohrnii
538:species, including
447:Seychelles tortoise
4439:World macroregions
4338:Diet and longevity
2859:. Smithsonian.com.
2833:10.1002/bies.20416
2487:Balaena mysticetus
2403:on 13 August 2010.
2042:Journal of Anatomy
1884:(1784): 20140298.
1839:Medical Hypotheses
1376:Population Dev Rev
1115:The New York Times
1060:Longevity quotient
962:A mutation in the
495:radiocarbon dating
477:Balaena mysticetus
343:common house mouse
279:
107:(average life span
4825:Actuarial science
4812:
4811:
4643:
4642:
4363:stem-cell therapy
4275:Maximum life span
3657:(5730): 1909–11.
3527:(1522): 1387–92.
3339:978-0-12-092860-6
3255:978-1-60456-581-2
3207:Mutation Research
2667:Laodicea undulata
2257:978-0-8134-2883-3
2173:978-0-553-59337-2
2086:"AnAge entry for
2054:10.1111/joa.13501
1989:10.1111/jeb.12143
1933:(10): 4635–4639.
1756:Noakes T (1985).
1644:(7624): 257–259.
1248:(11): 1465–1471.
1095:978-3-7186-4983-9
1055:Genetics of aging
927:mitochondrial DNA
916:hydrogen peroxide
577:cellular division
546:Laodicea undulata
517:Arctica islandica
100:Maximum life span
20:Maximum life span
4842:
4655:Longevity claims
4387:
4386:
4251:supercentenarian
4174:
4167:
4160:
4151:
4150:
4123:
4122:
4112:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4049:
4043:
4042:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3981:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3932:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3891:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3756:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3544:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3495:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3308:
3298:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2982:(5640): 1731–3.
2971:
2965:
2964:
2954:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2917:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2875:www.conifers.org
2867:
2861:
2860:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2835:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2741:
2724:(12): e0145314.
2709:
2703:
2702:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2643:. Archived from
2632:
2626:
2625:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2574:
2556:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2435:on 28 July 2011.
2431:. Archived from
2425:
2419:
2418:
2417:. 8 August 2014.
2411:
2405:
2404:
2393:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2361:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2285:) at Taipei Zoo"
2277:
2271:
2269:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:on 3 August 2009
2224:. Archived from
2218:
2212:
2211:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2161:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2048:(5): 1157–1169.
2033:
2027:
2026:
2013:Living in Groups
2008:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1708:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1558:(5488): 2366–8.
1547:
1541:
1540:
1530:
1520:
1511:(12): e2006776.
1496:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1428:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1373:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1216:
1191:(7288): 536–42.
1176:
1170:
1169:
1159:
1149:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1081:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1004:oxidative stress
923:oxidative damage
730:Anti-aging drugs
710:Most biomedical
491:Greenland sharks
461:, the so-called
4850:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4772:
4726:Longevity genes
4721:
4681:
4639:
4598:
4443:
4382:life expectancy
4380:
4374:
4284:
4263:Life expectancy
4202:Longevity myths
4183:
4178:
4131:
4126:
4097:Cell Metabolism
4085:
4081:
4050:
4046:
4009:(5606): 572–4.
3999:
3995:
3950:
3946:
3923:(45): 37331–8.
3909:
3905:
3868:
3864:
3825:
3821:
3782:
3778:
3733:
3729:
3698:
3694:
3646:
3642:
3605:
3601:
3562:
3558:
3513:
3509:
3472:
3468:
3445:(10): 1989–94.
3429:
3425:
3386:
3382:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3326:
3322:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3248:pp. 1–47.
3238:
3234:
3203:
3199:
3154:
3147:
3126:(15): 1475–85.
3116:
3112:
3103:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3023:
3019:
2972:
2968:
2931:
2927:
2911:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2892:
2888:
2879:
2877:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2853:
2849:
2812:
2808:
2785:10.2307/1543022
2769:
2765:
2710:
2706:
2663:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2633:
2629:
2597:
2593:
2531:(6300): 702–4.
2517:
2510:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2456:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2379:
2363:
2362:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2289:
2287:
2283:Elephas maximus
2279:
2278:
2274:
2258:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2009:
2005:
1982:(7): 1598–602.
1968:
1964:
1919:
1915:
1870:
1866:
1831:
1827:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1685:
1681:
1634:
1630:
1591:
1587:
1548:
1544:
1497:
1490:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1407:
1405:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1383:
1371:
1365:"Book Reviews:
1361:
1357:
1342:
1338:
1295:
1291:
1287:, 1 April 2014.
1283:
1279:
1234:
1230:
1177:
1173:
1126:
1122:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1039:
1032:
1029:
843:Studies of the
807:
770:
764:
681:
675:
655:in Utah called
626:General Sherman
602:
596:
531:
512:bivalve mollusk
412:Asian elephants
328:caecal appendix
290:
284:
269:
265:
253:
247:
240:
224:life expectancy
191:mortality rates
183:Jiroemon Kimura
161:
156:
148:Main articles:
146:
112:life expectancy
102:contrasts with
82:
64:not expressing
17:
12:
11:
5:
4848:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4794:Longevity risk
4791:
4786:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4691:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4404:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4384:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:organ printing
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4294:
4292:
4290:Life extension
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4234:biogerontology
4226:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4177:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4135:Anage Database
4130:
4129:External links
4127:
4125:
4124:
4103:(4): 280–293.
4079:
4044:
3993:
3944:
3903:
3882:(11): B552–9.
3862:
3819:
3776:
3727:
3692:
3640:
3619:(12): 2541–5.
3599:
3556:
3507:
3486:(6): B286–91.
3466:
3423:
3380:
3361:(5): 1043–53.
3345:
3338:
3320:
3281:(6): 2169–73.
3261:
3254:
3232:
3213:(1–2): 12–22.
3197:
3145:
3110:
3085:
3042:
3017:
2966:
2925:
2886:
2862:
2847:
2806:
2779:(3): 302–312.
2763:
2704:
2677:(2): 339–346.
2671:Marine Biology
2657:
2627:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2508:
2497:(4): 571–580.
2477:
2463:
2438:
2420:
2406:
2388:
2377:
2343:
2317:
2296:
2272:
2256:
2238:
2213:
2202:(2): 425–548.
2182:
2172:
2147:
2144:. 21 May 2013.
2129:
2105:
2077:
2028:
2021:
2003:
1962:
1913:
1864:
1845:(6): 780–783.
1825:
1807:
1788:(3): 343–349.
1772:
1763:
1748:
1738:
1679:
1628:
1595:Biogerontology
1585:
1542:
1488:
1447:
1414:
1392:
1355:
1336:
1303:Biogerontology
1289:
1277:
1228:
1171:
1120:
1101:
1094:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1041:Biology portal
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1016:Michael Ristow
1000:
989:
982:
978:mean life span
960:
952:in long-lived
946:
940:
933:
930:
919:
908:
897:
882:
865:
858:
841:
827:
820:metabolic rate
806:
803:
799:lymphoblastoid
766:Main article:
763:
760:
736:Aubrey de Grey
712:gerontologists
697:Mean life span
679:Life extension
677:Main article:
674:
671:
598:Main article:
595:
592:
591:
590:
580:
573:binary fission
566:
557:
530:
527:
526:
525:
500:
499:
488:
466:
456:
450:
440:
430:
416:
415:
408:
401:
390:
383:
368:
353:
346:
286:Main article:
283:
280:
267:
263:
251:
245:
239:
236:
231:United Nations
179:Jeanne Calment
160:
157:
145:
142:
105:mean life span
86:mean life span
81:
78:
74:Hayflick limit
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4847:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4712:Eternal youth
4710:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4660:Oldest people
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4636:
4635:South America
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4625:North America
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4417:South America
4415:
4413:
4412:North America
4410:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4377:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4298:Topic outline
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4170:
4168:
4163:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4092:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4060:(2): 359–64.
4059:
4055:
4048:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3792:(3): 365–72.
3791:
3787:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3741:FASEB Journal
3738:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3572:(3): 149–58.
3571:
3567:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3396:(2): 95–111.
3395:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3341:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3257:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3168:(7): 772–80.
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3150:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3100:on 2015-02-14
3099:
3095:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3030:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2945:(3): 313–21.
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2915:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2826:(5): 546–59.
2825:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2646:
2642:
2641:Sciencenordic
2638:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2513:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2473:
2467:
2453:on 2009-12-09
2452:
2448:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2416:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2381:
2373:
2367:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2306:
2300:
2286:
2284:
2276:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2142:iberianet.com
2139:
2133:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2081:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2022:9780198508182
2018:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1767:
1759:
1752:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1436:
1432:
1431:Human Biology
1425:
1418:
1403:
1396:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1359:
1351:
1350:New York City
1347:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1117:. p. D7.
1116:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1031:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:
969:
965:
961:
958:
955:
951:
947:
944:
941:
938:
934:
931:
928:
924:
920:
917:
913:
909:
906:
902:
898:
895:
891:
887:
883:
881:
877:
876:free-radicals
873:
870:
866:
863:
859:
857:
853:
849:
846:
842:
839:
836:
832:
828:
825:
821:
817:
816:free-radicals
813:
809:
808:
805:Research data
802:
800:
796:
792:
787:
784:
780:
776:
769:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
731:
727:
723:
720:
717:
714:believe that
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
680:
670:
668:
667:
662:
658:
654:
650:
649:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:giant sequoia
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
588:
584:
581:
578:
574:
570:
567:
564:
563:
558:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:
537:
533:
532:
523:
519:
518:
513:
509:
508:
507:
505:
496:
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2270:, pp. 46–50
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485:amino acids
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4830:Senescence
4819:Categories
4670:by country
4567:Tajikistan
4532:Kazakhstan
4390:by country
4207:Senescence
3162:DNA Repair
3104:2018-12-10
3035:20 January
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2880:2021-03-01
2651:2013-11-14
2608:: 141–51.
2554:2022/26597
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2311:2009-04-11
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2123:2017-03-15
2099:2009-08-13
1706:1502.00759
1441:2009-05-18
1408:2018-01-13
1386:2009-05-18
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1072:References
976:increased
957:Drosophila
954:transgenic
943:Drosophila
925:to mtDNA (
912:superoxide
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716:biomedical
642:Prometheus
638:Methuselah
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617:perennials
529:Exceptions
282:In animals
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32:population
4784:Blue zone
4542:Palestine
4460:Australia
4455:Argentina
4181:Longevity
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2820:BioEssays
2571:206647043
2062:0021-8782
1947:0027-8424
1859:0306-9877
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937:mammalian
756:rapamycin
719:molecular
613:biennials
594:In plants
569:Flatworms
536:jellyfish
443:Tortoises
350:Brown rat
310:predation
302:accidents
298:squirrels
187:longevity
144:In humans
119:longevity
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4587:shortest
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4329:Methods
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2366:cite web
2333:. London
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1733:29124208
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1615:18560989
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1223:20336136
1166:35252084
1027:See also
986:KnockOut
968:nematode
905:catalase
862:telomere
693:hamsters
583:Lobsters
520:) (aka "
481:harpoons
335:genetics
173:and the
132:homicide
124:accident
38:between
4777:Related
4648:Records
4630:Oceania
4592:longest
4502:Germany
4497:Finland
4465:Belgium
4434:Oceania
4197:Old age
4011:Bibcode
4003:Science
3988:8608934
3979:1203268
3849:9055244
3806:9415119
3722:8138188
3659:Bibcode
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2726:Bibcode
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1331:2859875
1263:6454488
1214:4010874
1193:Bibcode
1157:8894190
1006:due to
939:species
852:mammals
831:mammals
824:cardiac
701:puberty
636:called
609:annuals
550:Aurelia
453:Tuatara
324:mammals
306:disease
128:suicide
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36:survive
4758:Klotho
4675:living
4620:Europe
4610:Africa
4572:Turkey
4562:Sweden
4547:Russia
4537:Mexico
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4507:Greece
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4397:World
4303:index
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1798:S2CID
1701:arXiv
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