271:, or RCTs, are a superior methodology in the hierarchy of evidence, because they limit the potential for bias by randomly assigning one patient pool to an intervention and another patient pool to non-intervention (or placebo). This minimizes the chance that the incidence of confounding variables will differ between the two groups. Nevertheless, it is sometimes not practical or ethical to perform RCTs to answer a clinical question. To take our example, if we already had reasonable evidence that smoking causes lung cancer then persuading a pool of non-smokers to take up smoking in order to test this hypothesis would generally be considered quite unethical.
90:
constitute these segments. Exposures or protective factors are identified as preexisting characteristics of participants. The study is controlled by including other common characteristics of the cohort in the statistical analysis. Both exposure/treatment and control variables are measured at baseline. Participants are then followed over time to observe the incidence rate of the disease or outcome in question. Regression analysis can then be used to evaluate the extent to which the exposure or treatment variable contributes to the incidence of the disease, while accounting for other variables that may be at play.
3355:
347:
143:
investigation. The study groups follow a group of people who do not have the disease for a period of time and see who develops the disease (new incidence). The cohort cannot therefore be defined as a group of people who already have the disease. Prospective (longitudinal) cohort studies between exposure and disease strongly aid in studying causal associations, though distinguishing true causality usually requires further corroboration from further experimental trials.
3341:
3379:
81:). In medicine for instance, while clinical trials are used primarily for assessing the safety of newly developed pharmaceuticals before they are approved for sale, epidemiological analysis on how risk factors affect the incidence of diseases is often used to identify the causes of diseases in the first place, and to help provide pre-clinical justification for the plausibility of protective factors (treatments).
3367:
173:
126:(requiring the collection of new data). Retrospective cohort studies restrict the investigators' ability to reduce confounding and bias because collected information is restricted to data that already exists. There are advantages to this design, however, as retrospective studies are much cheaper and faster because the data has already been collected and stored.
134:
birth cohort. The comparison group may be the general population from which the cohort is drawn, or it may be another cohort of persons thought to have had little or no exposure to the substance under investigation, but otherwise similar. Alternatively, subgroups within the cohort may be compared with each other.
373:
aimed to provide a balanced view of the beneficial and harmful effects of different methods of contraception. This study has provided a large amount of information on the efficacy and safety of contraceptive methods, and in particular oral contraceptives (OCs), diaphragms and intrauterine device (IUDs).
354:
The diagram indicates the starting point and direction of cohort and case-control studies. In case-control studies the analysis proceeds from documented disease and investigations are made to arrive at the possible causes of the disease. In cohort studies the assessment starts with the putative cause
133:
is a group of people who share a common characteristic or experience within a defined period (e.g., are currently living, are exposed to a drug or vaccine or pollutant, or undergo a certain medical procedure). Thus a group of people who were born on a day or in a particular period, say 1948, form a
376:
In a historical cohort study the data concerning exposure and occurrence of a disease, births, a political attitude or any other categorical variable are collected after the events have taken place, and the subjects (those exposed and unexposed to the agent under study) are assembled from existing
151:
and take a long follow-up time to generate useful data. Nevertheless, the results that are obtained from long-term cohort studies are of substantially superior quality to those obtained from retrospective/cross-sectional studies. Prospective cohort studies are considered to yield the most reliable
109:
RCTs may not be suitable in all cases; such as when the outcome is a negative health effect and the exposure is hypothesized to be a risk factor for the outcome. Ethical standards, and morality, would prevent the use of risk factors in RCTs. The natural or incidental exposure to these risk factors
105:
variables, particularly ones that are unknown. However, educated hypotheses based on prior research and background knowledge are used to select variables to be included in the regression model for cohort studies, and statistical methods can be used to identify and account for potential confounders
337:
The ASPREE-XT study is designed to determine whether there are long-lasting effects of an average of fourâfive years of treatment with daily low-dose aspirin, with outcome measures including cancer mortality. As of
September 2018, there were 16,703 ASPREE-XT participants in Australia. It has
146:
The advantage of prospective cohort study data is that it can help determine risk factors for contracting a new disease because it is a longitudinal observation of the individual through time, and the collection of data at regular intervals, so recall error is reduced. However, cohort studies are
372:
A current cohort study represents a true prospective study where the data concerning exposure are assembled prior to the occurrence of the fact to be studied, for instance a disease. An example of a current cohort study is the Oxford Family
Planning Association Study in the United Kingdom, which
233:
was started. Using a cohort which included both smokers (the exposed group) and non-smokers (the unexposed group). The study continued through 2001. By 1956, the study provided convincing proof of the association between smoking and the incidence of lung cancer. In a cohort study, the groups are
142:
In medicine, a cohort study is often undertaken to obtain evidence to try to refute the existence of a suspected association between cause and effect; failure to refute a hypothesis often strengthens confidence in it. Crucially, the cohort is identified before the appearance of the disease under
448:. They differ from cohort studies by starting with representative cross-sectional samples, rather than cohorts defined by an event. Household panels draw representative samples of households and survey them, following all individuals through time on a usual annual basis. Examples include the US
419:
A nested case-control study is a case control nested inside of a cohort study. The procedure begins like a normal cohort study, however, as participants develop the outcome of interest they are selected as cases. Once the cases are identified, controls are selected and matched to each case. The
89:
Cohort studies differ from clinical trials in that no intervention, treatment, or exposure is administered to participants in a cohort design; and no control group is defined. Rather, cohort studies are largely about the life histories of segments of populations and the individual people who
435:
Nested case-controls have the advantage of reducing the number of participants that require details follow up or diagnostic testing to assess outcome or exposure status. However, this will also reduce the power of the study, when compared to larger cohort the study population is drawn from.
250:
increase in the incidence of lung cancer in the smoking group as compared to the non-smoking group is evidence in favor of the hypothesis. However, rare outcomes, such as lung cancer, are generally not studied with the use of a cohort study, but are rather studied with the use of a
155:
Some cohort studies track groups of children from their birth, and record a wide range of information (exposures) about them. The value of a cohort study depends on the researchers' capacity to stay in touch with all members of the cohort. Some studies have continued for decades.
100:
in treatment, because they allow for the most control over other variables that could affect the outcome, and the randomization and blinding processes reduce bias in the study design. This minimizes the chance that results will be influenced by
265:, or means to test a particular hypothesis of clinical importance. Such studies typically follow two groups of patients for a period of time and compare an endpoint or outcome measure between the two groups.
110:(e.g. time spent in the sun), or self-administered exposure (e.g. smoking), can be measured without subjecting participants to risk factors outside of their individual lifestyles, habits, and choices.
229:
An example of an epidemiological question that can be answered using a cohort study is whether exposure to X (say, smoking) associates with outcome Y (say, lung cancer). For example, in 1951, the
405:
Although historical studies are sometimes referred to as retrospective study, it a misnomer as the methodological principles of historical cohort studies and prospective studies are the same.
1054:
1049:
42:(a group of people who share a defining characteristic, typically those who experienced a common event in a selected period, such as birth or graduation), performing a
464:
468:
294:
916:
765:
3417:
545:
159:
In a cohort study, the population under investigation consists of individuals who are at risk of developing a specific disease or health outcome.
2476:
2981:
1059:
526:
3131:
2755:
1396:
3709:
3705:
2529:
739:
596:
Water
Quality: Guidelines, Standards, and Health : Assessment of Risk and Risk Management for Water-related Infectious Disease
3755:
3713:
3701:
2968:
3410:
350:
Comparison of timelines of case-control and cohort studies. "OR" stands for "odds ratio" and "RR" stands for "relative risk".
3876:
3792:
1391:
1091:
972:
238:
in terms of many other variables such as economic status and other health status so that the variable being assessed, the
3657:
1995:
1143:
308:. Starting in 1976, it is tracking over 120,000 nurses and has been analyzed for many different conditions and outcomes.
3627:
338:
been proposed that the existing ASPREE-XT study could provide a platform for a future multigenerational research study.
148:
3403:
2778:
2670:
854:
216:
561:
3914:
3383:
2956:
2830:
398:
279:
258:
Cohort
Succession can explain most change in literature, art, intellectualism, political opinions, and phonology.
3014:
2675:
2420:
1791:
1381:
564:. California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Investigations Branch. 2 June 2001. Archived from
3721:
955:
691:"Caerphilly and Speedwell collaborative heart disease studies. The Caerphilly and Speedwell Collaborative Group"
152:
results in observational epidemiology. They enable a wide range of exposure-disease associations to be studied.
3759:
3481:
3065:
2277:
2084:
1973:
1931:
460:
449:
331:
106:
from these variables. Bias can also be mitigated in a cohort study when selecting participants for the cohort.
2005:
334:, which since 1979 has studied a representative sample of 2,512 men, drawn from the Welsh town of Caerphilly.
3946:
3907:
3592:
3308:
2267:
1170:
384:" defines the groups before the study is done, while historical studies, which are sometimes referred to as "
198:
791:
Nunn, Jack S.; Sulovski, Merrin; Tiller, Jane; Holloway, Bruce; Ayton, Darshini; Lacaze, Paul (3 May 2021).
355:
of disease, and observations are made of the occurrence of disease relative to the hypothesized causal agent
3886:
2859:
2808:
2793:
2783:
2652:
2524:
2491:
2317:
2272:
2102:
301:, New Zealand, in 1972â1973. The subjects are interviewed regularly, with Phase (age) 52 starting in 2024.
283:
3850:
3822:
3751:
3505:
3371:
3203:
3004:
2928:
2229:
1983:
1652:
1116:
268:
93:
3900:
3576:
3088:
3060:
3055:
2803:
2562:
2468:
2448:
2356:
2067:
1885:
1368:
1240:
367:
119:
793:"Involving elderly research participants in the co-design of a future multi-generational cohort study"
420:
process for selecting and matching cases is identical to a normal case control study. An example of a
3956:
3695:
2820:
2588:
2309:
2234:
2163:
2092:
2012:
2000:
1870:
1858:
1851:
1559:
1280:
421:
414:
188:
3633:
3581:
3461:
3303:
3070:
2933:
2618:
2583:
2547:
2332:
1774:
1683:
1642:
1554:
1245:
1084:
247:
123:
315:
Study, which began in 1990 and tracks a cohort of over 3,000 children born in the weeks following
3941:
3679:
3549:
3527:
3496:
3471:
3454:
3212:
2825:
2765:
2702:
2340:
2324:
2062:
1924:
1914:
1764:
1678:
872:
Vessey, M. P.; Lawless, M. (1984). "The Oxford-Family
Planning Association contraceptive study".
530:
305:
24:
3830:
3667:
3588:
3250:
3180:
2973:
2910:
2665:
2552:
1549:
1446:
1353:
1232:
1131:
588:
429:
275:
122:(looking back in time, thus using existing data such as medical records or claims database) or
70:
3936:
3671:
3558:
3466:
3430:
3275:
3217:
3160:
2986:
2879:
2788:
2514:
2398:
2257:
2249:
2139:
2131:
1946:
1842:
1820:
1779:
1744:
1711:
1657:
1632:
1587:
1526:
1486:
1288:
1111:
497:
230:
97:
3395:
3637:
3198:
2773:
2722:
2698:
2660:
2578:
2557:
2509:
2388:
2366:
2335:
2244:
2121:
2072:
1990:
1963:
1919:
1875:
1637:
1413:
1293:
456:
389:
385:
239:
194:
43:
8:
3544:
3476:
3345:
3270:
3193:
2874:
2638:
2631:
2593:
2501:
2481:
2453:
2186:
2052:
2047:
2037:
2029:
1847:
1808:
1698:
1688:
1597:
1376:
1332:
1250:
1175:
1077:
492:
130:
39:
743:
3797:
3747:
3562:
3491:
3449:
3359:
3170:
3024:
2920:
2869:
2745:
2642:
2626:
2603:
2380:
2114:
2097:
2057:
1968:
1863:
1825:
1796:
1756:
1716:
1662:
1579:
1265:
1260:
1029:
947:
827:
792:
715:
690:
445:
381:
243:
77:, and in any field reliant on 'difficult to reach' answers that are based on evidence (
35:
885:
274:
Two examples of cohort studies that have been going on for more than 50 years are the
3951:
3871:
3835:
3802:
3727:
3649:
3426:
3354:
3265:
3235:
3227:
3047:
3038:
2963:
2894:
2750:
2735:
2710:
2598:
2539:
2405:
2393:
2019:
1936:
1880:
1803:
1647:
1569:
1348:
1222:
1021:
939:
897:
889:
832:
814:
766:"Daily low-dose aspirin found to have no effect on healthy life span in older people"
720:
672:
610:
183:
1033:
3645:
3566:
3520:
3515:
3290:
3245:
3009:
2996:
2889:
2864:
2798:
2730:
2608:
2216:
2109:
2042:
1955:
1902:
1721:
1592:
1386:
1270:
1185:
1152:
1011:
951:
931:
881:
822:
804:
710:
702:
662:
622:
3840:
3663:
3618:
3207:
2951:
2813:
2740:
2415:
2289:
2262:
2239:
2208:
1835:
1830:
1784:
1514:
1165:
480:
327:
312:
20:
2697:
976:
3866:
3787:
3739:
3532:
3444:
3156:
3151:
1614:
1544:
1190:
809:
587:
Blumenthal, Ursula J.; Fleisher, Jay M.; Esrey, Steve A.; Peasey, Anne (2001).
502:
316:
262:
74:
1000:"Inflammatory markers and the risk of coronary heart disease in men and women"
346:
3930:
3845:
3812:
3807:
3313:
3280:
3143:
3104:
2915:
2884:
2348:
2302:
1907:
1609:
1436:
1200:
1195:
893:
818:
426:
Inflammatory markers and the risk of coronary heart disease in men and women
3687:
3255:
3188:
3165:
3080:
2410:
1604:
1539:
1481:
1466:
1403:
1358:
1025:
943:
836:
676:
252:
54:
901:
724:
706:
3881:
3735:
3608:
3598:
3298:
3260:
2943:
2844:
2706:
2519:
2486:
1978:
1895:
1890:
1534:
1491:
1471:
1451:
1441:
1210:
1016:
999:
935:
667:
650:
565:
323:
286:. Key findings of NCDS and a detailed profile of the study appear in the
102:
47:
261:
Shorter term studies are commonly used in medical research as a form of
19:
For analysis of cohorts in community health and business data sets, see
3683:
3675:
3641:
3603:
3510:
2144:
1624:
1324:
1255:
1205:
1180:
1100:
507:
78:
3743:
3731:
2297:
2149:
1769:
1564:
1476:
1461:
1456:
1421:
471:(since 2001) and the European Community Household Panel (1994â2001).
609:
Underwood, Ted; Kiley, Kevin; Shang, Wenyi; Vaisey, Stephen (2022).
3777:
1813:
1431:
1308:
1303:
1298:
627:
62:
58:
388:", define the grouping after the data is collected. Examples of a
50:
where the individuals in the panel share a common characteristic.
3782:
3318:
3019:
914:
298:
66:
3240:
2221:
2195:
2175:
1426:
1217:
3425:
1069:
586:
326:
tracking a number of
Harvard graduates from ca. 1950.77, the
611:"Cohort Succession Explains Most Change in Literary Culture"
589:"Chapter 7: Epidemiology: a tool for the assessment of risk"
242:(in this case, smoking) can be isolated as the cause of the
96:(RCTs) are generally considered superior methodology in the
1160:
1064:
53:
Cohort studies represent one of the fundamental designs of
790:
465:
Understanding
Society: the UK Household Longitudinal Study
608:
469:
Household, Income and Labour
Dynamics in Australia Survey
529:. Web Center for Social Research Methods. Archived from
861:. Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research.
740:"ASPREE Australia | ABOUT ASPREE-XT - ASPREE Australia"
428:, which was a case control analyses extracted from the
295:
2982:
Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
84:
2444:
997:
917:"Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery"
915:Adams TD, Gress RE, Smith SC, et al. (2007).
550:(5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
361:
3928:
1060:Birth cohort study timelines (ESDS Longitudinal)
998:Pai, JK; Pischon, T; Ma, J; et al. (2004).
444:Panel surveys are another important sub-type of
394:Long-Term Mortality after Gastric Bypass Surgery
330:tracking 10,308 British civil servants, and the
246:(in this case, lung cancer). In this example, a
2530:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
474:
297:has been studying the thousand people born in
3411:
1085:
871:
594:. In Fewtrell, Lorna; Bartram, Jamie (eds.).
991:
908:
695:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
648:
463:(since 1991) and (since 2009) its successor
408:
57:which are used in research in the fields of
848:
846:
770:National Institutes of Health News Releases
651:"Cohort profile: 1958 British Cohort Study"
46:at intervals through time. It is a type of
3418:
3404:
1130:
1092:
1078:
311:The largest cohort study in Africa is the
282:(NCDS), the most widely researched of the
1743:
1015:
975:. University of Edinburgh. Archived from
826:
808:
714:
666:
626:
479:For an example in business analysis, see
439:
304:The largest cohort study in women is the
217:Learn how and when to remove this message
94:Double-blind randomized controlled trials
3710:Preventable fraction among the unexposed
3706:Attributable fraction for the population
843:
345:
3714:Preventable fraction for the population
3702:Attributable fraction among the exposed
147:expensive to conduct, are sensitive to
3929:
3056:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
3399:
3129:
2696:
2443:
1742:
1512:
1129:
1073:
874:Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
655:International Journal of Epidemiology
543:
288:International Journal of Epidemiology
3877:Correlation does not imply causation
3793:Animal testing on non-human primates
3366:
3066:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
166:
3378:
2661:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
1513:
797:Research Involvement and Engagement
598:. IWA Publishing. pp. 143â144.
13:
2756:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
1382:Pearson product-moment correlation
973:"The Lothian Birth Cohort Studies"
852:
377:records or health care registers.
14:
3968:
1043:
855:"Cohort and Case-Control Studies"
85:Comparison with controlled trials
3377:
3365:
3353:
3340:
3339:
3130:
399:The Lothian Birth Cohort Studies
280:National Child Development Study
197:has been specified. Please help
171:
3015:Least-squares spectral analysis
1065:Centre for Longitudinal Studies
965:
865:
784:
3760:Pre- and post-test probability
3482:Patient and public involvement
1996:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
1099:
758:
742:. 21 July 2019. Archived from
732:
683:
642:
602:
580:
562:"FAQ: What is a cohort study?"
554:
537:
519:
461:British Household Panel Survey
450:Panel Study of Income Dynamics
362:Current and historical cohorts
332:Caerphilly Heart Disease Study
322:Other famous examples are the
137:
1:
3309:Geographic information system
2525:Simultaneous equations models
886:10.1016/S0306-3356(21)00625-7
513:
341:
3887:Sex as a biological variable
2492:Coefficient of determination
2103:Uniformly most powerful test
547:A Dictionary of Epidemiology
284:British birth cohort studies
269:Randomized controlled trials
7:
3851:Intention-to-treat analysis
3823:Analysis of clinical trials
3752:Specificity and sensitivity
3506:Randomized controlled trial
3061:Proportional hazards models
3005:Spectral density estimation
2987:Vector autoregression (VAR)
2421:Maximum posterior estimator
1653:Randomized controlled trial
649:Power C, Elliott J (2006).
544:Porta, Miquel, ed. (2008).
486:
475:Cohort analysis in business
162:
10:
3973:
2821:Multivariate distributions
1241:Average absolute deviation
857:. In Campana, Aldo (ed.).
810:10.1186/s40900-021-00271-4
412:
368:Retrospective cohort study
365:
18:
16:Form of longitudinal study
3895:
3860:Interpretation of results
3859:
3821:
3770:
3720:
3694:
3656:
3626:
3617:
3593:Nested caseâcontrol study
3543:
3490:
3437:
3335:
3289:
3226:
3179:
3142:
3138:
3125:
3097:
3079:
3046:
3037:
2995:
2942:
2903:
2852:
2843:
2809:Structural equation model
2764:
2721:
2717:
2692:
2651:
2617:
2571:
2538:
2500:
2467:
2463:
2439:
2379:
2288:
2207:
2171:
2162:
2145:Score/Lagrange multiplier
2130:
2083:
2028:
1954:
1945:
1755:
1751:
1738:
1697:
1671:
1623:
1578:
1560:Sample size determination
1525:
1521:
1508:
1412:
1367:
1341:
1323:
1279:
1231:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1125:
1107:
422:nested case-control study
415:Nested case-control study
409:Nested case-control study
248:statistically significant
3462:Academic clinical trials
3304:Environmental statistics
2826:Elliptical distributions
2619:Generalized linear model
2548:Simple linear regression
2318:HodgesâLehmann estimator
1775:Probability distribution
1684:Stochastic approximation
1246:Coefficient of variation
319:'s release from prison.
113:
34:is a particular form of
3680:Relative risk reduction
3528:Adaptive clinical trial
3472:Evidence-based medicine
3455:Adaptive clinical trial
2964:Cross-correlation (XCF)
2572:Non-standard predictors
2006:LehmannâScheffĂ© theorem
1679:Adaptive clinical trial
25:Cohort (disambiguation)
3668:Number needed to treat
3360:Mathematics portal
3181:Engineering statistics
3089:NelsonâAalen estimator
2666:Analysis of covariance
2553:Ordinary least squares
2477:Pearson product-moment
1881:Statistical functional
1792:Empirical distribution
1625:Controlled experiments
1354:Frequency distribution
1132:Descriptive statistics
440:Household panel survey
430:Framingham Heart Study
351:
276:Framingham Heart Study
118:Cohort studies can be
23:. For other uses, see
3672:Number needed to harm
3559:Cross-sectional study
3511:Scientific experiment
3467:Clinical study design
3276:Population statistics
3218:System identification
2952:Autocorrelation (ACF)
2880:Exponential smoothing
2794:Discriminant analysis
2789:Canonical correlation
2653:Partition of variance
2515:Regression validation
2359:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
2258:Likelihood-ratio test
1947:Frequentist inference
1859:Locationâscale family
1780:Sampling distribution
1745:Statistical inference
1712:Cross-sectional study
1699:Observational studies
1658:Randomized experiment
1487:Stem-and-leaf display
1289:Central limit theorem
1055:Retrospective cohorts
707:10.1136/jech.38.3.259
498:Community of position
349:
231:British Doctors Study
98:hierarchy of evidence
3947:Cohort study methods
3638:Cumulative incidence
3199:Probabilistic design
2784:Principal components
2627:Exponential families
2579:Nonlinear regression
2558:General linear model
2520:Mixed effects models
2510:Errors and residuals
2487:Confounding variable
2389:Bayesian probability
2367:Van der Waerden test
2357:Ordered alternative
2122:Multiple comparisons
2001:RaoâBlackwellization
1964:Estimating equations
1920:Statistical distance
1638:Factorial experiment
1171:Arithmetic-Geometric
1017:10.1056/NEJMoa040967
961:on 20 February 2019.
936:10.1056/NEJMoa066603
701:(3): 259â262. 1984.
615:Sociological Science
533:on 9 September 2011.
457:Socio-Economic Panel
390:retrospective cohort
386:retrospective cohort
306:Nurses' Health Study
240:independent variable
199:improve this section
187:to meet Knowledge's
3545:Observational study
3477:Real world evidence
3431:experimental design
3271:Official statistics
3194:Methods engineering
2875:Seasonal adjustment
2643:Poisson regressions
2563:Bayesian regression
2502:Regression analysis
2482:Partial correlation
2454:Regression analysis
2053:Prediction interval
2048:Likelihood interval
2038:Confidence interval
2030:Interval estimation
1991:Unbiased estimators
1809:Model specification
1689:Up-and-down designs
1377:Partial correlation
1333:Index of dispersion
1251:Interquartile range
1050:Prospective cohorts
859:Reproductive Health
772:. 16 September 2018
493:Cohort (statistics)
3831:Riskâbenefit ratio
3798:First-in-man study
3748:Case fatality rate
3589:Caseâcontrol study
3563:Longitudinal study
3291:Spatial statistics
3171:Medical statistics
3071:First hitting time
3025:Whittle likelihood
2676:Degrees of freedom
2671:Multivariate ANOVA
2604:Heteroscedasticity
2416:Bayesian estimator
2381:Bayesian inference
2230:KolmogorovâSmirnov
2115:Randomization test
2085:Testing hypotheses
2058:Tolerance interval
1969:Maximum likelihood
1864:Exponential family
1797:Density estimation
1757:Statistical theory
1717:Natural experiment
1663:Scientific control
1580:Survey methodology
1266:Standard deviation
979:on 22 October 2009
668:10.1093/ije/dyi183
459:(since 1984), the
452:(since 1968), the
446:longitudinal study
382:prospective cohort
352:
244:dependent variable
36:longitudinal study
3924:
3923:
3872:Survivorship bias
3836:Systematic review
3803:Multicenter trial
3766:
3765:
3756:Likelihood-ratios
3728:Clinical endpoint
3696:Population impact
3650:Period prevalence
3427:Clinical research
3393:
3392:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3266:National accounts
3236:Actuarial science
3228:Social statistics
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3048:Survival function
3033:
3032:
2895:Granger causality
2736:Contingency table
2711:Survival analysis
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2540:Linear regression
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2406:Credible interval
2375:
2374:
2158:
2157:
1974:Method of moments
1843:Parametric family
1804:Statistical model
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1648:Random assignment
1570:Statistical power
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1349:Contingency table
1319:
1318:
1186:Generalized/power
1010:(25): 2599â2610.
227:
226:
219:
189:quality standards
180:This section may
3964:
3957:Nursing research
3771:Trial/test types
3646:Point prevalence
3624:
3623:
3567:Ecological study
3550:EBM II-2 to II-3
3521:Open-label trial
3516:Blind experiment
3492:Controlled study
3420:
3413:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3381:
3380:
3369:
3368:
3358:
3357:
3343:
3342:
3246:Crime statistics
3140:
3139:
3127:
3126:
3044:
3043:
3010:Fourier analysis
2997:Frequency domain
2977:
2924:
2890:Structural break
2850:
2849:
2799:Cluster analysis
2746:Log-linear model
2719:
2718:
2694:
2693:
2635:
2609:Homoscedasticity
2465:
2464:
2441:
2440:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2343:(KruskalâWallis)
2328:
2313:
2268:Cross validation
2253:
2235:AndersonâDarling
2182:
2169:
2168:
2140:Likelihood-ratio
2132:Parametric tests
2110:Permutation test
2093:1- & 2-tails
1984:Minimum distance
1956:Point estimation
1952:
1951:
1903:Optimal decision
1854:
1753:
1752:
1740:
1739:
1722:Quasi-experiment
1672:Adaptive designs
1523:
1522:
1510:
1509:
1387:Rank correlation
1149:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1127:
1126:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1038:
1037:
1019:
995:
989:
988:
986:
984:
969:
963:
962:
960:
954:. Archived from
921:
912:
906:
905:
869:
863:
862:
850:
841:
840:
830:
812:
788:
782:
781:
779:
777:
762:
756:
755:
753:
751:
736:
730:
728:
718:
687:
681:
680:
670:
646:
640:
639:
637:
635:
630:
606:
600:
599:
593:
584:
578:
577:
575:
573:
558:
552:
551:
541:
535:
534:
527:"Cohort Studies"
523:
222:
215:
211:
208:
202:
175:
174:
167:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3891:
3855:
3817:
3762:
3716:
3690:
3664:Risk difference
3652:
3613:
3547:
3539:
3494:
3486:
3450:Trial protocols
3433:
3424:
3394:
3389:
3352:
3323:
3285:
3222:
3208:quality control
3175:
3157:Clinical trials
3134:
3109:
3093:
3081:Hazard function
3075:
3029:
2991:
2975:
2938:
2934:BreuschâGodfrey
2922:
2899:
2839:
2814:Factor analysis
2760:
2741:Graphical model
2713:
2680:
2647:
2633:
2613:
2567:
2534:
2496:
2459:
2458:
2427:
2371:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2326:
2311:
2290:Rank statistics
2284:
2263:Model selection
2251:
2209:Goodness of fit
2203:
2180:
2154:
2126:
2079:
2024:
2013:Median unbiased
1941:
1852:
1785:Order statistic
1747:
1726:
1693:
1667:
1619:
1574:
1517:
1515:Data collection
1496:
1408:
1363:
1337:
1315:
1275:
1227:
1144:Continuous data
1134:
1121:
1103:
1098:
1046:
1041:
1004:N. Engl. J. Med
996:
992:
982:
980:
971:
970:
966:
958:
924:N. Engl. J. Med
919:
913:
909:
870:
866:
851:
844:
789:
785:
775:
773:
764:
763:
759:
749:
747:
746:on 21 July 2019
738:
737:
733:
689:
688:
684:
647:
643:
633:
631:
607:
603:
591:
585:
581:
571:
569:
568:on 26 July 2011
560:
559:
555:
542:
538:
525:
524:
520:
516:
489:
481:cohort analysis
477:
442:
417:
411:
370:
364:
344:
328:Whitehall Study
313:Birth to Twenty
223:
212:
206:
203:
192:
176:
172:
165:
140:
116:
87:
38:that samples a
28:
21:Cohort analysis
17:
12:
11:
5:
3970:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3942:Cohort studies
3939:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3915:List of topics
3911:
3904:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3867:Selection bias
3863:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3788:Animal testing
3785:
3780:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3740:Mortality rate
3726:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3700:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3632:
3630:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3569:
3555:
3553:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3533:Platform trial
3525:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3502:
3500:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3445:Clinical trial
3441:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3400:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3375:
3363:
3349:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3154:
3152:Bioinformatics
3148:
3146:
3136:
3135:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2957:partial (PACF)
2948:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2904:Specific tests
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2804:Classification
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2751:McNemar's test
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2715:
2714:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2589:Semiparametric
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2330:
2327:(MannâWhitney)
2322:
2321:
2320:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2260:
2255:
2252:(ShapiroâWilk)
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2193:
2184:
2172:
2166:
2164:Specific tests
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1749:
1748:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1615:Standard error
1612:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1545:Optimal design
1542:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1519:
1518:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1342:Summary tables
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1176:Contraharmonic
1173:
1168:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1136:
1135:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1044:External links
1042:
1040:
1039:
990:
964:
907:
880:(3): 743â757.
864:
842:
783:
757:
731:
682:
641:
628:10.15195/v9.a8
601:
579:
553:
536:
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:
505:
503:Panel analysis
500:
495:
488:
485:
476:
473:
441:
438:
413:Main article:
410:
407:
366:Main article:
363:
360:
343:
340:
317:Nelson Mandela
263:clinical trial
225:
224:
195:cleanup reason
179:
177:
170:
164:
161:
139:
136:
115:
112:
86:
83:
75:social science
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3969:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Meta-analysis
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3813:Vaccine trial
3811:
3809:
3808:Seeding trial
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:Retrospective
3575:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:EBM I to II-1
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3386:
3385:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3314:Geostatistics
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3281:Psychometrics
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3144:Biostatistics
3141:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3106:
3105:Log-rank test
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2976:(BoxâJenkins)
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2929:DurbinâWatson
2927:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:DickeyâFuller
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:Cointegration
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:Decomposition
2858:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:Cohen's kappa
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Nonparametric
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:Nonparametric
2331:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2303:Sample median
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1908:loss function
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1610:Questionnaire
1608:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:Control chart
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
978:
974:
968:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
930:(8): 753â61.
929:
925:
918:
911:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
860:
856:
849:
847:
838:
834:
829:
824:
820:
816:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
787:
771:
767:
761:
745:
741:
735:
726:
722:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
686:
678:
674:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
645:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
605:
597:
590:
583:
567:
563:
557:
549:
548:
540:
532:
528:
522:
518:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
484:
482:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:
451:
447:
437:
433:
431:
427:
423:
416:
406:
403:
401:
400:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
374:
369:
359:
358:
348:
339:
335:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
309:
307:
302:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
264:
259:
256:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
221:
218:
210:
200:
196:
190:
186:
185:
178:
169:
168:
160:
157:
153:
150:
144:
135:
132:
127:
125:
121:
120:retrospective
111:
107:
104:
99:
95:
91:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
44:cross-section
41:
37:
33:
26:
22:
3937:Epidemiology
3913:
3906:
3899:
3688:Hazard ratio
3572:Cohort study
3571:
3382:
3370:
3351:
3344:
3256:Econometrics
3206: /
3189:Chemometrics
3166:Epidemiology
3159: /
3132:Applications
2974:ARIMA model
2921:Q-statistic
2870:Stationarity
2766:Multivariate
2709: /
2705: /
2703:Multivariate
2701: /
2641: /
2637: /
2411:Bayes factor
2310:Signed rank
2222:
2196:
2188:
2176:
1871:Completeness
1707:Cohort study
1706:
1605:Opinion poll
1540:Missing data
1527:Study design
1482:Scatter plot
1404:Scatter plot
1397:Spearman's Ï
1359:Grouped data
1007:
1003:
993:
981:. Retrieved
977:the original
967:
956:the original
927:
923:
910:
877:
873:
867:
858:
800:
796:
786:
774:. Retrieved
769:
760:
748:. Retrieved
744:the original
734:
698:
694:
685:
661:(1): 34â41.
658:
654:
644:
632:. Retrieved
618:
614:
604:
595:
582:
572:10 September
570:. Retrieved
566:the original
556:
546:
539:
531:the original
521:
478:
453:
443:
434:
425:
418:
404:
397:
393:
379:
375:
371:
356:
353:
336:
321:
310:
303:
292:
287:
273:
267:
260:
257:
253:case-control
235:
228:
213:
204:
181:
158:
154:
145:
141:
128:
117:
108:
92:
88:
55:epidemiology
52:
32:cohort study
31:
29:
3882:Null result
3841:Replication
3736:Infectivity
3658:Association
3609:Case report
3599:Case series
3582:Prospective
3384:WikiProject
3299:Cartography
3261:Jurimetrics
3213:Reliability
2944:Time domain
2923:(LjungâBox)
2845:Time-series
2723:Categorical
2707:Time-series
2699:Categorical
2634:(Bernoulli)
2469:Correlation
2449:Correlation
2245:JarqueâBera
2217:Chi-squared
1979:M-estimator
1932:Asymptotics
1876:Sufficiency
1643:Interaction
1555:Replication
1535:Effect size
1492:Violin plot
1472:Radar chart
1452:Forest plot
1442:Correlogram
1392:Kendall's Ï
853:Meirik, O.
621:: 184â205.
324:Grant Study
201:if you can.
138:Application
124:prospective
103:confounding
48:panel study
3931:Categories
3684:Odds ratio
3676:Risk ratio
3642:Prevalence
3628:Occurrence
3604:Case study
3251:Demography
2969:ARMA model
2774:Regression
2351:(Friedman)
2312:(Wilcoxon)
2250:Normality
2240:Lilliefors
2187:Student's
2063:Resampling
1937:Robustness
1925:divergence
1915:Efficiency
1853:(monotone)
1848:Likelihood
1765:Population
1598:Stratified
1550:Population
1369:Dependence
1325:Count data
1256:Percentile
1233:Dispersion
1166:Arithmetic
1101:Statistics
514:References
508:Panel data
342:Variations
79:statistics
71:psychology
3744:Morbidity
3732:Virulence
3634:Incidence
2632:Logistic
2399:posterior
2325:Rank sum
2073:Jackknife
2068:Bootstrap
1886:Bootstrap
1821:Parameter
1770:Statistic
1565:Statistic
1477:Run chart
1462:Pie chart
1457:Histogram
1447:Fan chart
1422:Bar chart
1304:L-moments
1191:Geometric
894:0306-3356
819:2056-7529
803:(1): 23.
207:July 2011
149:attrition
3952:Research
3908:Glossary
3901:Category
3778:In vitro
3619:Measures
3438:Overview
3346:Category
3039:Survival
2916:Johansen
2639:Binomial
2594:Isotonic
2181:(normal)
1826:location
1633:Blocking
1588:Sampling
1467:QâQ plot
1432:Box plot
1414:Graphics
1309:Skewness
1299:Kurtosis
1271:Variance
1201:Heronian
1196:Harmonic
1034:16142059
1026:15602020
944:17715409
837:33941290
776:22 March
677:16155052
487:See also
432:cohort.
278:and the
182:require
163:Examples
63:pharmacy
59:medicine
3783:In vivo
3372:Commons
3319:Kriging
3204:Process
3161:studies
3020:Wavelet
2853:General
2020:Plug-in
1814:L space
1593:Cluster
1294:Moments
1112:Outline
952:8710295
902:6509857
828:8094476
750:21 July
725:6332166
716:1052363
299:Dunedin
255:study.
236:matched
184:cleanup
67:nursing
3241:Census
2831:Normal
2779:Manova
2599:Robust
2349:2-way
2341:1-way
2179:-test
1850:
1427:Biplot
1218:Median
1211:Lehmer
1153:Center
1032:
1024:
950:
942:
900:
892:
835:
825:
817:
723:
713:
675:
634:11 May
467:, the
454:German
131:cohort
40:cohort
3722:Other
2865:Trend
2394:prior
2336:anova
2225:-test
2199:-test
2191:-test
2098:Power
2043:Pivot
1836:shape
1831:scale
1281:Shape
1261:Range
1206:Heinz
1181:Cubic
1117:Index
1030:S2CID
983:8 May
959:(PDF)
948:S2CID
920:(PDF)
592:(PDF)
114:Types
3561:vs.
3429:and
3098:Test
2298:Sign
2150:Wald
1223:Mode
1161:Mean
1022:PMID
985:2011
940:PMID
898:PMID
890:ISSN
833:PMID
815:ISSN
778:2021
752:2019
721:PMID
673:PMID
636:2022
574:2010
396:and
392:are
293:The
2278:BIC
2273:AIC
1012:doi
1008:351
932:doi
928:357
882:doi
823:PMC
805:doi
711:PMC
703:doi
663:doi
623:doi
424:is
380:A "
193:No
3933::
3758:,
3754:,
3750:,
3746:,
3742:,
3738:,
3734:,
3730:,
3712:,
3708:,
3704:,
3686:,
3682:,
3678:,
3674:,
3670:,
3666:,
3648:,
3644:,
3640:,
3636:,
3565:,
1028:.
1020:.
1006:.
1002:.
946:.
938:.
926:.
922:.
896:.
888:.
878:11
876:.
845:^
831:.
821:.
813:.
799:.
795:.
768:.
719:.
709:.
699:38
697:.
693:.
671:.
659:35
657:.
653:.
617:.
613:.
483:.
402:.
290:.
129:A
73:,
69:,
65:,
61:,
30:A
3595:)
3591:(
3552:)
3548:(
3499:)
3495:(
3419:e
3412:t
3405:v
2223:G
2197:F
2189:t
2177:Z
1896:V
1891:U
1093:e
1086:t
1079:v
1036:.
1014::
987:.
934::
904:.
884::
839:.
807::
801:7
780:.
754:.
729:.
727:.
705::
679:.
665::
638:.
625::
619:9
576:.
357:.
220:)
214:(
209:)
205:(
191:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.