307:
299:
291:
283:
66:
168:
25:
438:
joined the team in 1971 and would, with Doll, prepare all subsequent reports for publication. Doll and Peto are both celebrated epidemiologists, and their fame is largely based on their pioneering work in the study mentioned. They would continue their work on other cardiovascular studies, for example
409:
In the follow-up reports, published every ten years, more information became available. A major conclusion of the study is, for example, that smoking decreases life span up to 10 years, and that more than 50% of all smokers die of a disease known to be smoking-related, although the excess mortality
389:
In
October 1951, the researchers wrote to all registered physicians in the United Kingdom, and obtained responses in two-thirds, 40,701 of them. No further cohorts were recruited. Because of the limited sample size females were excluded from most analyses and publications focused on the male
338:
Although there had been suspicions of a link between smoking and various diseases, the evidence for this link had been largely circumstantial. In fact, smoking had been advertised as "healthy" for many years, and there had been no clear explanation why rates of lung cancer had soared.
393:
The respondents were stratified into decade of birth, sex and their cause-specific mortality, as well as general physical health and current smoking habits, followed up in further questionnaires in 1957, 1966, 1971, 1978, 1991 and finally in 2001.
410:
depends on amount of smoking, specifically, on average, those who smoke until age 30 have no excess mortality, those who smoke until age 40 lose 1 year, those who smoke until 50 lose 4 years, and those who smoke until age 60 lose 7 years.
418:
The true impact of the study is difficult to gauge, as smoking was not considered a public health problem in the 1950s, and the appreciation of the problem would only grow in the ensuing decades. Nevertheless, the
402:
Response rates were quite high, making appropriate statistical analyses possible. The result was, that both lung cancer and "coronary thrombosis" (the then-prevalent term for
362:
study into the link. This approach to medical questions was fairly new: in the 1954 "Preliminary report", the researchers felt it necessary to offer a definition of the
423:
was to provide conclusive evidence of linkage between smoking and lung cancer, myocardial infarction, respiratory disease and other smoking-related illnesses.
766:
189:
182:
741:
232:
130:
204:
102:
751:
457:
771:
83:
38:
211:
109:
756:
218:
116:
736:
310:
Survival from age 60 of non-smokers, cigarette smokers and ex-smokers who stopped smoking between 55 and 64 years old
302:
Survival from age 50 of non-smokers, cigarette smokers and ex-smokers who stopped smoking between 45 and 54 years old
294:
Survival from age 40 of non-smokers, cigarette smokers and ex-smokers who stopped smoking between 35 and 44 years old
286:
Survival from age 35 of non-smokers, cigarette smokers and ex-smokers who stopped smoking between 25 and 34 years old
269:
251:
149:
52:
683:"Lung cancer and other causes of death in relation to smoking; a second report on the mortality of British doctors"
552:"Lung cancer and other causes of death in relation to smoking; a second report on the mortality of British doctors"
200:
98:
87:
369:
The study, when it was published in 1956, heralded a new type of scientific research, showed the relevance of
467:
343:
608:
44:
359:
319:
225:
123:
746:
462:
178:
76:
452:
440:
403:
761:
431:
8:
707:
682:
584:
406:, now commonly referred to as "heart attack") occurred markedly more often in smokers.
374:
322:
which ran from 1951 to 2001, and in 1956 provided convincing statistical evidence that
658:
633:
527:
502:
712:
663:
589:
571:
532:
472:
702:
694:
653:
645:
579:
563:
522:
514:
503:"Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observation on male British doctors"
323:
518:
649:
730:
575:
378:
698:
567:
716:
667:
593:
551:
536:
435:
427:
370:
306:
298:
290:
282:
327:
381:, and vitally linked tobacco smoking to a number of serious diseases.
167:
65:
351:
634:"The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits"
500:
609:"Tobacco's Pr Campaign : The Cigarette Papers"
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
16:Study (1951 to 2001) into smoking and lung cancer
728:
501:Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I (2004).
680:
413:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
767:Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)
706:
657:
583:
526:
270:Learn how and when to remove this message
252:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
631:
549:
305:
297:
289:
281:
674:
606:
485:
458:Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study
397:
729:
188:Please improve this article by adding
342:To further investigate the link, the
550:Doll, R.; Hill, A. B. (1956-11-10).
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
13:
681:Doll, R; Hill AB (November 1956).
607:Goodman, Michael J. (1994-09-18).
14:
783:
742:Clinical trials related to cancer
34:This article has multiple issues.
166:
64:
23:
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
752:Epidemiological study projects
625:
600:
543:
426:The original study was run by
1:
772:Smoking in the United Kingdom
478:
468:Smoking in the United Kingdom
190:secondary or tertiary sources
384:
7:
519:10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE
446:
356:Clinical Trial Service Unit
10:
788:
333:
757:Health effects of tobacco
650:10.1136/bmj.328.7455.1529
348:Statistical Research Unit
737:British medical research
632:Doll R, Hill AB (1954).
414:Impact and personalities
344:Medical Research Council
320:prospective cohort study
699:10.1136/bmj.2.5001.1071
687:British Medical Journal
568:10.1136/bmj.2.5001.1071
556:British Medical Journal
201:"British Doctors Study"
99:"British Doctors Study"
453:Framingham Heart Study
441:Heart Protection Study
421:British Doctors' Study
316:British Doctors' Study
311:
303:
295:
287:
177:relies excessively on
404:myocardial infarction
346:(MRC) instructed its
309:
301:
293:
285:
463:Nurses' Health Study
432:Austin Bradford Hill
398:Statistical analysis
84:improve this article
693:(5001): 1071–1081.
644:(7455): 1529–1533.
562:(5001): 1071–1081.
375:medical statistics
326:increases risk of
312:
304:
296:
288:
613:Los Angeles Times
473:History of cancer
280:
279:
272:
262:
261:
254:
236:
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
779:
721:
720:
710:
678:
672:
671:
661:
629:
623:
622:
620:
619:
604:
598:
597:
587:
547:
541:
540:
530:
498:
439:the more recent
377:in questions of
275:
268:
257:
250:
246:
243:
237:
235:
194:
170:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
787:
786:
782:
781:
780:
778:
777:
776:
727:
726:
725:
724:
679:
675:
630:
626:
617:
615:
605:
601:
548:
544:
499:
486:
481:
449:
416:
400:
387:
358:) to conduct a
336:
324:tobacco smoking
276:
265:
264:
263:
258:
247:
241:
238:
195:
193:
187:
183:primary sources
171:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
785:
775:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
747:Cohort studies
744:
739:
723:
722:
673:
624:
599:
542:
513:(7455): 1519.
483:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
448:
445:
415:
412:
399:
396:
386:
383:
335:
332:
278:
277:
260:
259:
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
784:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
732:
718:
714:
709:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
677:
669:
665:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
628:
614:
610:
603:
595:
591:
586:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
546:
538:
534:
529:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
484:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
444:
442:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
411:
407:
405:
395:
391:
382:
380:
379:public health
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
308:
300:
292:
284:
274:
271:
256:
253:
245:
234:
231:
227:
224:
220:
217:
213:
210:
206:
203: –
202:
198:
197:Find sources:
191:
185:
184:
180:
175:This article
173:
169:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
690:
686:
676:
641:
637:
627:
616:. Retrieved
612:
602:
559:
555:
545:
510:
506:
436:Richard Peto
428:Richard Doll
425:
420:
417:
408:
401:
392:
390:physicians.
388:
371:epidemiology
368:
363:
355:
347:
341:
337:
315:
313:
266:
248:
239:
229:
222:
215:
208:
196:
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
762:Lung cancer
366:principle.
364:prospective
360:prospective
350:(later the
328:lung cancer
242:August 2019
140:August 2019
731:Categories
618:2024-02-09
479:References
212:newspapers
179:references
110:newspapers
39:improve it
576:0007-1447
385:The study
45:talk page
717:13364389
668:15217868
594:13364389
537:15213107
447:See also
708:2035864
585:2035864
354:-based
334:Context
226:scholar
124:scholar
715:
705:
666:
659:437141
656:
592:
582:
574:
535:
528:437139
525:
352:Oxford
318:was a
228:
221:
214:
207:
199:
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
233:JSTOR
219:books
131:JSTOR
117:books
713:PMID
664:PMID
590:PMID
572:ISSN
533:PMID
430:and
373:and
314:The
205:news
103:news
703:PMC
695:doi
654:PMC
646:doi
642:328
638:BMJ
580:PMC
564:doi
523:PMC
515:doi
511:328
507:BMJ
181:to
86:by
733::
711:.
701:.
689:.
685:.
662:.
652:.
640:.
636:.
611:.
588:.
578:.
570:.
558:.
554:.
531:.
521:.
509:.
505:.
487:^
443:.
434:.
330:.
192:.
48:.
719:.
697::
691:2
670:.
648::
621:.
596:.
566::
560:2
539:.
517::
273:)
267:(
255:)
249:(
244:)
240:(
230:·
223:·
216:·
209:·
186:.
153:)
147:(
142:)
138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
