1603:
2971:
1510:
study was restricted to data in
Western Europe alone, where the demographic transition occurred relatively early. United Nations statistics from mid-twentieth century onward, show that in all parts of the world, females have a higher life expectancy at age 60 than males. Of 72 selected causes of death, only 6 yielded greater female than male age-adjusted death rates in 1998 in the United States. Except for birds, for almost all of the animal species studied, males have higher mortality than females. Evidence suggests that the sex mortality differential in people is due to both biological/genetic and environmental/behavioral risk and protective factors.
1344:
436:
428:
374:
320:
236:
122:
1050:, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. Recorded deaths among children under the age of 5 years fell in London from 74.5% of the recorded births in 1730–49 to 31.8% in 1810–29, though this overstates mortality and its fall because of net immigration (hence more dying in the metropolis than were born there) and incomplete registration (particularly of births, and especially in the earlier period). English life expectancy at birth reached 41 years in the 1840s, 43 in the 1870s and 46 in the 1890s, though infant mortality remained at around 150 per thousand throughout this period.
1054:
2943:
522:, plagues, wars, and childbirth, before modern medicine was widely available, significantly lowers LEB. For example, a society with a LEB of 40 would have relatively few people dying at exactly 40: most will die before 30 or after 55. In populations with high infant mortality rates, LEB is highly sensitive to the rate of death in the first few years of life. Because of this sensitivity, LEB can be grossly misinterpreted, leading to the belief that a population with a low LEB would have a small proportion of older people. A different measure, such as life expectancy at age 5 (e
111:
1130:
1356:
412:
130:
1439:
420:
5108:
5401:
3000:
tenth of estimated ancient and medieval levels) that deaths in a later year of life (usually around age 80) become more numerous. While the most common age of death in adulthood among modern hunter-gatherers (often taken as a guide to the likely most favourable
Paleolithic demographic experience) is estimated to average 72 years, the number dying at that age is dwarfed by those (over a fifth of all infants) dying in the first year of life, and only around a quarter usually survive to the higher age.
1323:
1202:
1502:
have a higher survival rate. At the other extreme, about 90% of individuals aged 110 are female. The difference in life expectancy between men and women in the United States dropped from 7.8 years in 1979 to 5.3 years in 2005, with women expected to live to age 80.1 in 2005. Data from the United
Kingdom shows the gap in life expectancy between men and women decreasing in later life. This may be attributable to the effects of infant mortality and young adult death rates.
2736:
expected to live. Period life expectancy remains a commonly used statistic to summarize the current health status of a population. However, for some purposes, such as pensions calculations, it is usual to adjust the life table used by assuming that age-specific death rates will continue to decrease over the years, as they have usually done in the past. That is often done by simply extrapolating past trends, but some models exist to account for the evolution of mortality, like the
2780:
660:", which is the upper boundary of life, the maximum number of years any human is known to have lived. According to a study by biologists Bryan G. Hughes and Siegfried Hekimi, there is no evidence for limit on human lifespan. However, this view has been questioned on the basis of error patterns. A theoretical study shows that the maximum life expectancy at birth is limited by the human life characteristic value δ, which is around 104 years.
1672:
1494:). Men are also more likely to die from most of the leading causes of death (some already stated above) than women. Some of these in the United States include cancer of the respiratory system, motor vehicle accidents, suicide, cirrhosis of the liver, emphysema, prostate cancer, and coronary heart disease. These far outweigh the female mortality rate from breast cancer and cervical cancer. In the past,
1846:
53:
1758:
often translates to good cellular repair. One theory is that if predation or accidental deaths prevent most individuals from living to an old age, there will be less natural selection to increase the intrinsic life span. That finding was supported in a classic study of opossums by Austad; however, the opposite relationship was found in an equally prominent study of guppies by
Reznick.
1541:
age. Men may be more vulnerable to cardiovascular disease than women, but this susceptibility was evident only after deaths from other causes, such as infections, started to decline. Most of the difference in life expectancy between the sexes is accounted for by differences in the rate of death by cardiovascular diseases among persons aged 50–70.
2958:
Life expectancy may be confused with the average age an adult could expect to live, creating the misunderstanding that an adult's lifespan would be unlikely to exceed their life expectancy at birth, even though having already avoided succumbing to childhood mortality, an adult will always outlive the
2735:
The life expectancy statistic is usually based on past mortality experience and assumes that the same age-specific mortality rates will continue. Thus, such life expectancy figures need to be adjusted for temporal trends before calculating how long a currently living individual of a particular age is
1734:
According to a paper from 2015, the mortality rate for the
Caucasian population in the United States from 1993 to 2001 is four times higher for those who did not complete high school compared to those who have at least 16 years of education. In fact, within the U.S. adult population, people with less
1540:
In developed countries, starting around 1880, death rates decreased faster among women, leading to differences in mortality rates between males and females. Before 1880, death rates were the same. In people born after 1900, the death rate of 50- to 70-year-old men was double that of women of the same
988:
Over the course of the century: Europe rose from ~33 to 43, the
Americas from ~35 to 41, Oceania ~35 to 48, Asia ~28, Africa 26. In 1820s France, LEB was ~38, and for the 80% that survived, it rose to ~47. For Moscow serfs, LEB was ~34, and for the 66% that survived, it rose to ~36. Western Europe in
3038:
when popular science writers falsely imply that the average adult human does not live longer than their ancestors. He writes, "ge-specific mortality rates have declined across the adult lifespan. A smaller fraction of adults die at 20, at 30, at 40, at 50, and so on across the lifespan. As a result,
2723:
from which one can calculate the probability of surviving to each age. While the data required are easily identified in the case of humans, the computation of life expectancy of industrial products and wild animals involves more indirect techniques. The life expectancy and demography of wild animals
2691:
can be created that allow the age-specific death rates to be simply taken as the mortality rates actually experienced at each age (the number of deaths divided by the number of years "exposed to risk" in each data cell). However, it is customary to apply smoothing to remove (as much as possible) the
1652:
In developed countries, the number of centenarians is increasing at approximately 5.5% per year, which means doubling the centenarian population every 13 years, pushing it from some 455,000 in 2009 to 4.1 million in 2050. Japan is the country with the highest ratio of centenarians (347 for
1505:
Some argue that shorter male life expectancy is merely another manifestation of the general rule, seen in all mammal species, that larger-sized individuals within a species tend, on average, to have shorter lives. This biological difference occurs because women have more resistance to infections and
1367:
Economic circumstances also affect life expectancy. For example, in the United
Kingdom, life expectancy in the wealthiest and richest areas is several years higher than in the poorest areas. This may reflect factors such as diet and lifestyle, as well as access to medical care. It may also reflect a
526:), can be used to exclude the effect of infant mortality to provide a simple measure of overall mortality rates other than in early childhood. For instance, in a society with a life expectancy of 30, it may nevertheless be common to have a 40-year remaining timespan at age 5 (but not a 60-year one).
3010:
writes, "as the human race increased its life span? Not at all. This is one of the biggest misconceptions about old age: we are not living any longer." The maximum life span, or oldest age a human can live, may be constant. Further, there are many examples of people living significantly longer than
2999:
A further concept is that of modal age at death, the single age when deaths among a population are more numerous than at any other age. In all pre-modern societies the most common age at death is the first year of life: it is only as infant mortality falls below around 33-34 per thousand (roughly a
945:
At the beginning of the 19th century, no country in the world had a life expectancy at birth longer than 40 years, England, Belgium and the
Netherlands came closest, each reaching 40 years by the 1840s (by which time they had been surpassed by Norway, Sweden and Denmark). India's life expectancy is
1730:
Education on all levels has been shown to be strongly associated with increased life expectancy. This association may be due partly to higher income, which can lead to increased life expectancy. Despite the association, among identical twin pairs with different education levels, there is only weak
1509:
In her extensive review of the existing literature, Kalben concluded that the fact that women live longer than men was observed at least as far back as 1750 and that, with relatively equal treatment, today males in all parts of the world experience greater mortality than females. However, Kalben's
1501:
A paper from 2015 found that female foetuses have a higher mortality rate than male foetuses. This finding contradicts papers dating from 2002 and earlier that attribute the male sex to higher in-utero mortality rates. Among the smallest premature babies (those under 2 pounds (910 grams)), females
1314:
Cities also experience a wide range of life expectancy based on neighborhood breakdowns. This is largely due to economic clustering and poverty conditions that tend to associate based on geographic location. Multi-generational poverty found in struggling neighborhoods also contributes. In
American
786:
Life expectancy at age 1 reached 34-41 remaining years for the 67–75% surviving the first year. For the 55-65% surviving to age 5, remaining life expectancy reached around 40–45, while the ~50% reaching age 10 could expect another 40 years of life. Average remaining years fell to 33–39 at age 15;
529:
Aggregate population measures—such as the proportion of the population in various age groups—are also used alongside individual-based measures—such as formal life expectancy—when analyzing population structure and dynamics. Pre-modern societies had universally higher mortality rates and lower life
2743:
As discussed above, on an individual basis, some factors correlate with longer life. Factors that are associated with variations in life expectancy include family history, marital status, economic status, physique, exercise, diet, drug use (including smoking and alcohol consumption), disposition,
2962:
As a measure of the years of life remaining, life expectancy decreases with age after initially rising in early childhood, but the average age to which a person is likely to live increases as they survive to successive higher ages. In the table above, the estimated modern hunter-gatherer average
1757:
Various species of plants and animals, including humans, have different lifespans. Evolutionary theory states that organisms which—by virtue of their defenses or lifestyle—live for long periods and avoid accidents, disease, predation, etc. are likely to have genes that code for slow aging, which
2966:
In
England in the 13th–19th centuries with life expectancy at birth rising from perhaps 25 years to over 40, expectation of life at age 30 has been estimated at 20–30 years, giving an average age at death of about 50-60 for those (a minority at the start of the period but two-thirds at its end)
841:
Around a third of infants died in their first year. Life expectancy at age 10 reached 32.2 remaining years, and for those who survived to 25, the remaining life expectancy was 23.3 years. Such estimates reflected the life expectancy of adult males from the higher ranks of English society in the
767:
Based on Athens Agora and Corinth data, life expectancy at age 15 would be 37–41 years. Most Greeks and Romans died young. About half of all children died before adolescence. Those who survived to the age of 30 had a reasonable chance of reaching 50 or 60. The truly elderly, however, were rare.
2880:
and computing the life expectancy from the results with life table methods. This is usually more complex than simply forecasting life expectancy because the analyst must deal with correlated age-specific mortality rates, but it seems to be more robust than simple one-dimensional
2680:(all people born in the year 1850, for example), it can of course simply be calculated by averaging the ages at death. For cohorts with some survivors, it is estimated by using mortality experience in recent years. The estimates are called period cohort life expectancies.
1426:. This is one way that occupation can have a major effect on life expectancy. Coal miners (and in prior generations, asbestos cutters) often have lower life expectancies than average. Other factors affecting an individual's life expectancy are genetic disorders, drug use,
2486:
1266:
counterparts. For example, white Americans in 2010 are expected to live until age 78.9, but black Americans only until age 75.1. This 3.8-year gap, however, is the lowest it has been since 1975 at the latest, the greatest difference being 7.1 years in 1993. In contrast,
960:
Remaining years of life averaged ~45–47 for the 84% who survived the first year. Life expectancy fell to ~40 years at age 20, then ~20 years at age 50 and ~10 years at age 70. For a 15-year-old girl it was ~40–45. For the upper-class, LEB rose from ~45 to 50.
1213:, a decline from 2014, but an increase from 2021. In what has been described as a "life expectancy crisis", there were a total of 13 million "missing Americans" from 1980 to 2021, deaths that would have been adverted if it had the standard mortality rate of "
2894:
on a set of transformed age-specific mortality rates to reduce their dimensionality to a single time series, forecasts that time series, and then recovers a full set of age-specific mortality rates from that forecasted value. The software includes Professor
1521:
weeds out mitochondria that reduce female survival; therefore, such mitochondria are less likely to be passed on to the next generation. This thus suggests that females tend to live longer than males. The authors claim that this is a partial explanation.
1041:
English life expectancy at birth averaged about 36 years in the 17th and 18th centuries, one of the highest levels in the world although infant and child mortality remained higher than in later periods. Life expectancy was under 25 years in the early
5758:
3039:
we live longer on average... In every way we can measure, human lifespans are longer today than in the immediate past, and longer today than they were 2000 years ago... age-specific mortality rates in adults really have reduced substantially."
6713:
667 centenarians per 1 million inhabitants in September 2010, had been for a long time the Japanese prefecture with the largest ratio of centenarians, partly because it also had the largest loss of young and middle-aged population during the
2832:
systems). With longer life expectancies, the systems see increased cash outflow; if the systems underestimate increases in life-expectancies, they will be unprepared for the large payments that will occur, as humans live longer and longer.
7070:
2791:
led in the 2010s to a more promising focus on increasing HALE, also known as a person's "healthspan". Besides the benefits of keeping people healthier longer, a goal is to reduce health-care expenses on the many diseases associated with
1679:
The mentally ill have been shown to have a 10- to 25-year reduction in life expectancy. Generally, the reduction of lifespan in the mentally ill population compared to the mentally stable population has been studied and documented.
541:
are not synonymous. Longevity refers to the relatively long lifespan of some members of a population. Maximum lifespan is the age at death for the longest-lived individual of a species. Mathematically, life expectancy is denoted
1765:. Caloric restriction observed in many animals (most notably mice and rats) shows a near doubling of life span from a very limited calorific intake. Support for the theory has been bolstered by several new studies linking lower
1622:
as a promising candidate for further research within the field. This study suggests that high levels of iron in the blood likely reduce, and genes involved in metabolising iron likely increase healthy years of life in humans.
2718:
The age-specific death rates are calculated separately for separate groups of data that are believed to have different mortality rates (such as males and females, or smokers and non-smokers) and are then used to calculate a
8881:
1140:
During the last 200 years, African countries have generally not had the same improvements in mortality rates that have been enjoyed by countries in Asia, Latin America, and Europe. This is most apparent by the impact of
1738:
Preschool education also plays a large role in life expectancy. It was found that high-quality early-stage childhood education had positive effects on health. Researchers discovered this by analyzing the results of the
2934:. For the top 21 industrialized countries, if each person is counted equally, life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries (r = −0.907). There is a similar relationship among states in the U.S. (r = −0.620).
5306:
Japan has the highest life expectancy in the world but the reasons says an analysis, are as much to do with equality and public health measures as diet.... According to a paper in a Lancet series on healthcare in
1192:
are predicted to live just past their 73rd birthday. This is in large part due to poor health habits, such as heavy smoking and high alcoholism in the region, and environmental actors, such as high air pollution.
2963:
expectation of life at birth of 33 years (often considered an upper-bound for Paleolithic populations) equates to a life expectancy at 15 of 39 years, so that those surviving to age 15 will on average die at 54.
2885:
approaches. It also yields a set of age-specific rates that may be used to derive other measures, such as survival curves or life expectancies at different ages. The most important approach in this group is the
813:
A Gaulish boy surviving to age 20 might expect to live 25 more years, while a woman at age 20 could normally expect about 17 more years. Anyone who survived until 40 had a good chance of another 15 to 20 years.
5990:
2844:
or other time-series extrapolation procedures. This has the advantage of simplicity, but it cannot account for changes in mortality at specific ages, and the forecast number cannot be used to derive other
2147:
783:
Data is lacking, but computer models provide the estimate. If a person survived to age 20, they could expect to live around 30 years more. Life expectancy was probably slightly longer for women than men.
2586:
827:
Expectation of life at birth 13–36 years for various Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures, most of the results lying in the range 24–32 years. Aztec life expectancy 41.2 years for men and 42.1 for women.
5829:
5762:
2752:
To assess the quality of these additional years of life, 'healthy life expectancy' has been calculated for the last 30 years. Since 2001, the World Health Organization has published statistics called
963:
Only half of the people born in the early 19th century made it past their 50th birthday. In contrast, 97% of the people born in 21st century England and Wales can expect to live longer than 50 years.
2315:
2978:
The table above gives the life expectancy at birth among 13th-century English nobles as 30–33, but having surviving to the age of 21, a male member of the English aristocracy could expect to live:
870:
For most of the century it ranged from 35 to 40; but in the 1720s it dipped as low as 25. During the second half of the century it averaged 37, while for the elite it passed 40 and approached 50.
7074:
1630:
and self-rated health in addition to healthspan, lifespan, and longevity also highlighted haem metabolism as an important pathway, and found genetic variants which lower blood protein levels of
2033:. For example, if 10% of a group of people alive at their 90th birthday die before their 91st birthday, the age-specific death probability at 90 would be 10%. This probability describes the
842:
Middle Ages, and were similar to that computed for monks of the Christ Church in Canterbury during the 15th century. At age 21, life expectancy of an aristocrat was an additional 43 years.
2676:. It can also be calculated by integrating the survival curve from 0 to positive infinity (or equivalently to the maximum lifespan, sometimes called 'omega'). For an extinct or completed
2760:), defined as the average number of years that a person can expect to live in "full health" excluding the years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury. Since 2004,
856:
18th-century male life expectancy at birth was 34 years. Female expectation of remaining years at age 15 rose from ~33 years around the 15th-16th centuries to ~42 in the 18th century.
7174:
1533:
which cannot protect an individual from harmful genes expressed on the X chromosome, while a duplicate X chromosome, as present in female organisms, can ensure harmful genes are not
3347:
8190:
1824:
to test this correlation. In all, but two of these studies, lifespan correlated with DNA repair levels, suggesting that DNA repair capability contributes to life expectancy. See
1529:. According to this hypothesis, one reason for why the average lifespan of males is not as long as that of females––by 18% on average, according to the study––is that they have a
1743:, finding that the disadvantaged children who were randomly assigned to treatment had lower instances of risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in their mid-30s.
1407:, and during recessions and depressions in general. The authors suggest that when people are working at a more extreme degree during prosperous economic times, they undergo more
4728:
Note: Author is clearly using the term "life expectancy" to mean total years, as is evident from the fact that a life expectancy of 79.2 is given for a 15 year old girl in 1989.
2707:
derived from a larger population and making a simple adjustment to it (such as multiplying by a constant factor) to fit the data. (In cases of relatively small amounts of data.)
1011:
Around 60 years in Europe, North America, Oceania, Japan, and parts of South America; but only 41 in Asia and 36 in Africa. Norway led with 72, while in Mali it was merely 26.
9249:
8525:
9269:
1849:
A survival tree to explain the calculations of life-expectancy. Red numbers indicate a chance of survival at a specific age, and blue ones indicate age-specific death rates.
1937:
1220:
The annual number of "missing Americans" has been increasing, with 622,534 in 2019 alone. Most excess deaths in the United States can largely be attributed to increasing
724:
With modern hunter-gatherer populations' estimated average life expectancy at birth of 33 years, life expectancy for the 60% reaching age 15 averages 39 remaining years.
9274:
5495:
2930:
Disparities in life expectancy are often cited as demonstrating the need for better medical care or increased social support. A strongly associated indirect measure is
2663:
2250:
9336:
9311:
1722:
have about a 50% life expectancy of 3–10 years. Other demographics that tend to have a lower life expectancy than average include transplant recipients and the obese.
2031:
6013:
2828:) since the cash flow in these systems depends on the number of recipients who are still living (along with the rate of return on the investments or the tax rate in
1517:
mutations which shorten lifespan continue to be expressed in males (but less so in females) because mitochondria are inherited only through the mother. By contrast,
567:
3307:
2285:
2196:
1360:
2003:
1901:
1454:). There are many potential reasons for this. Traditional arguments tend to favor sociology-environmental factors: historically, men have generally consumed more
8911:
8717:
6729:"Resident Population. National Population Estimates for the 2000s. Monthly Postcensal Resident Population, by single year of age, sex, race, and Hispanic Origin"
5454:. Vol. I: Comprehensive Tables. United Nations Secretariat, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2003. p. 24. Archived from
5449:
5353:
Reduction in health inequalities with improved average population health was partly attributable to equal educational opportunities and financial access to care.
8886:
5518:
2622:
2305:
2216:
1977:
1957:
1875:
1773:
can live so long. Studies of humans with life spans of at least 100 have shown a link to decreased thyroid activity, resulting in their lowered metabolic rate.
587:
9376:
5003:
9341:
8858:
8498:
5674:
1442:
Pink: Countries where female life expectancy at birth is higher than males. Blue: A few countries in southern Africa where females have shorter lives due to
9201:
8062:
1121:
pandemic reversed the trend of steady gain in life expectancy at birth. The pandemic wiped out nearly a decade of progress in improving life expectancy.
5545:
3450:
2959:
lifespan calculated from their birth. One may compare the life expectancy of the period after childhood to estimate also the life expectancy of an adult.
2728:, is also computed using similar methods. In the case of long-lived components, such as those used in critical applications (e.g. aircraft), methods like
9381:
9211:
9206:
9386:
9346:
5365:
9429:
9419:
9306:
7916:
Reznick DN, Bryant MJ, Roff D, Ghalambor CK, Ghalambor DE (October 2004). "Effect of extrinsic mortality on the evolution of senescence in guppies".
8465:
5607:
1718:
The life expectancy of people with diabetes, which is 9.3% of the U.S. population, is reduced by roughly 10–20 years. People over 60 years old with
503:
observed at a given year. National LEB figures reported by national agencies and international organizations for human populations are estimates of
9326:
8119:
7468:"Increased risk of COVID-19 infection and mortality in people with mental disorders: analysis from electronic health records in the United States"
2927:
of an area. It is also used for an individual when the value of a life settlement is determined a life insurance policy is sold for a cash asset.
9321:
9162:
3510:"Monowave and polywave light-curing of bulk-fill resin composites: degree of conversion and marginal adaptation following thermomechanical aging"
3158:
1660:
In the United States, the number of centenarians grew from 32,194 in 1980 to 71,944 in November 2010 (232 centenarians per million inhabitants).
934:
Massachusetts colonists who reached the age of 50 could expect to live until 71, and those who were still alive at 60 could expect to reach 75.
9361:
8285:
Ricklefs RE, Cadena CD (October 2007). "Lifespan is unrelated to investment in reproduction in populations of mammals and birds in captivity".
5744:
Click the sources tab under the chart for info on the countries, healthcare expenditures, and data sources. See the later version of the chart
3963:
1071:, the average lifespan in the United States increased by more than 30 years, of which 25 years can be attributed to advances in public health.
2779:
9286:
9228:
9223:
1287:
average, and one of the highest in the world. Japan's high life expectancy can largely be explained by their healthy diets, which are low on
491:(in this case, all individuals born in a given year) and can be computed only for cohorts born so long ago that all their members have died.
8899:
7517:"Association of a Prior Psychiatric Diagnosis With Mortality Among Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection"
9366:
9351:
9316:
9259:
9254:
9196:
6728:
1271:
women live the longest of all ethnic and gender groups in the United States, with a life expectancy of 85.8 years. The life expectancy of
9424:
9414:
9356:
9264:
8934:
8809:
8194:
6841:
6691:; ST/ESA/SER.A/295, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, New York, October 2010, liv + 73 pp.
5025:
1000:
Around 48 years in Oceania, 43 in Europe, and 41 in the Americas. Around 47 in the U.S. and around 48 for 15-year-old girls in England.
9404:
9371:
9291:
9279:
9218:
8862:
6743:
8927:
5319:
Ikeda N, Saito E, Kondo N, Inoue M, Ikeda S, Satoh T, et al. (September 2011). "What has made the population of Japan healthy?".
1368:
selective effect: people with chronic life-threatening illnesses are less likely to become wealthy or to reside in affluent areas. In
656:, who is verified as having lived to age 122 years, 164 days, between 21 February 1875 and 4 August 1997. This is referred to as the "
9331:
9097:
7967:
Mitteldorf J, Pepper JW (August 2007). "How can evolutionary theory accommodate recent empirical results on organismal senescence?".
3104:
684:
and other sources, some with questionable accuracy. Unless otherwise stated, it represents estimates of the life expectancies of the
673:
450:
and hover over a bubble to show its data. The square of the bubbles is proportional to country population based on estimation of the
7263:
6967:
Laursen TM, Munk-Olsen T, Vestergaard M (March 2012). "Life expectancy and cardiovascular mortality in persons with schizophrenia".
6631:"Mendelian randomization of genetically independent aging phenotypes identifies LPA and VCAM1 as biological targets for human aging"
2604:
If the assumption is made that, on average, people live a half year on the year of their death, the complete life expectancy at age
2049:
1067:
measures are credited with much of the recent increase in life expectancy. During the 20th century, despite a brief drop due to the
989:
1830 was ~33 years, while for the people of Hau-Lou in China, it was ~40. The LEB for a 10-year-old in Sweden rose from ~44 to ~54.
9409:
9301:
9296:
9233:
8532:
3322:
8585:"Has the relation between income inequality and life expectancy disappeared? Evidence from Italy and top industrialised countries"
8479:
3256:
Note the different units: a probability is unit-less, whereas a mortality rate has units (such as deaths per population per year).
2518:
1602:
895:
attributes the incredible lifespan in the region to low stress and a healthy diet of lean meats, diverse vegetables, and legumes.
461:
is a statistical measure of the estimate of the average remaining years of life at a given age. The most commonly used measure is
2692:
random statistical fluctuations from one year of age to the next. In the past, a very simple model used for this purpose was the
2481:{\displaystyle e_{x}=\operatorname {E} =\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }k\,\cdot \Pr(K(x)=k)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }k\,\,_{k}p_{x}\,\,q_{x+k}}
2849:
results. Analyses and forecasts using this approach can be done with any common statistical/mathematical software package, like
1831:
In a broad survey of zoo animals, no relationship was found between investment of the animal in reproduction and its life span.
447:
6209:
1740:
1610:
In July 2020, scientists identified 10 genomic loci with consistent effects across multiple lifespan-related traits, including
1450:
In the present, female human life expectancy is greater than that of males, despite females having higher morbidity rates (see
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Angel JL (1984), "Health as a crucial factor in the changes from hunting to developed farming in the eastern Mediterranean",
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9191:
8893:). Includes life expectancy for different age groups. Charts for all countries, world maps, and links to more data sources.
7378:"Fatalities associated with clozapine-related constipation and bowel obstruction: a literature review and two case reports"
5733:
3099:
1080:
8692:
5047:
8966:
6492:"Genomics of 1 million parent lifespans implicates novel pathways and common diseases and distinguishes survival chances"
6112:
3933:
2900:
608:
tables). The concept of life expectancy may also be used in the context of manufactured objects, though the related term
8557:
5011:
9537:
9459:
2970:
593:. Because life expectancy is an average, a particular person may die many years before or after the expected survival.
8908:
6772:
5455:
5149:"From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ten great public health achievements—United States, 1900-1999".
4775:
1761:
One prominent and very popular theory states that lifespan can be lengthened by a tight budget for food energy called
1133:
Graphs of life expectancy at birth for some sub-Saharan countries showing the fall in the 1990s primarily due to the
95:
1085:
There are great variations in life expectancy between different parts of the world, mostly caused by differences in
9598:
9109:
7071:"Inquest told there was a "lost opportunity" to treat mental health patient who died following severe constipation"
3480:
3247:
Japan's recorded life expectancy may have been very slightly increased by counting many infant deaths as stillborn.
3109:
77:
8762:
5678:
1687:
conditions, or medication side effects. For instance, psychiatric medications can increase the risk of developing
8101:
4177:
Naked Statues, Fat Gladiators, and War Elephants: Frequently Asked Questions about the Ancient Greeks and Romans
9629:
6038:
Naeye RL, Burt LS, Wright DL, Blanc WA, Tatter D (December 1971). "Neonatal mortality, the male disadvantage".
3458:
2924:
1479:
17:
5287:
3914:
9542:
6657:
2776:". More and more countries are using health expectancy indicators to monitor the health of their population.
1572:
1189:
7772:
9469:
8897:
Global Agewatch has the latest internationally comparable statistics on life expectancy from 195 countries.
5423:
4563:
2891:
2710:
looking at the mortality rates actually experienced at each age and applying a piecewise model (such as by
1595:
live approximately one year less than average (per copy of the ε4 allele), mainly due to increased risk of
1419:
8329:
8210:"Correlation between deoxyribonucleic acid excision-repair and life-span in a number of mammalian species"
5627:"Why has Japan become the world's most long-lived country: insights from a food and nutrition perspective"
5611:
4944:
4913:
3006:
is an individual-specific concept, and therefore is an upper bound rather than an average. Science author
2724:
are often estimated by capturing, marking, and recapturing them. The life of a product, more often termed
1343:
8854:
How Did Cause of Death Contribute to Racial Differences in Life Expectancy in the United States in 2010?
9624:
9050:
8636:"Inequality in income and mortality in the United States: analysis of mortality and potential pathways"
6440:"Estimates of the Heritability of Human Longevity Are Substantially Inflated due to Assortative Mating"
6141:
4857:
We Were Not the Savages: A Micmac Perspective on the Collision of European and Aboriginal Civilizations
4660:
3069:
2772:
uses similar indicators in the framework of the national health promotion and disease prevention plan "
1825:
833:
613:
435:
6920:"Mortality in schizophrenia and other psychoses: a 10-year follow-up of the ӔSOP first-episode cohort"
6741:
Different figures, based on earlier assumptions (104,754 centenarians on Nov.1, 2009) are provided in
5090:
680:
9119:
9092:
9006:
1114:
443:
427:
115:
68:
5899:
1571:
which can influence the length of life and the number of years lived in good health. For example, a
114:
Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in various countries of the world in 2019, according to
9619:
6794:"The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980-2013"
6190:
Samaras TT, Heigh GH. "How human size affects longevity and mortality from degenerative diseases".
5802:
2854:
1906:
1560:
41:
6275:
5776:
5610:. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health. Archived from
5387:
2700:
fitting a mathematical formula (such as the Gompertz function, or an extension of it) to the data.
768:
Because so many died in childhood, life expectancy at birth was probably between 20 and 30 years.
688:
as a whole. In many instances, life expectancy varied considerably according to class and gender.
8959:
8896:
8526:"The Lee-Carter Method for Forecasting Mortality, with Various Extensions and Applications – SOA"
5855:
3698:
3634:
2917:
2684:
1451:
373:
319:
235:
31:
6736:
6604:
2287:—that is to say, the expected number of whole years of life remaining, assuming survival to age
121:
9593:
9511:
9494:
9489:
9033:
8924:
from the US Centers for Disease Controls and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.
6260:
4882:
2688:
2627:
2226:
1719:
1700:
1596:
1580:
1526:
1466:
than women in most societies, and are more likely to die from many associated diseases such as
1396:
1046:, and in seventeenth-century New England, about 40% died before reaching adulthood. During the
8779:
Gurven M, Kaplan H (2007), "Longevity Among Hunter- Gatherers: A Cross-Cultural Examination",
5900:"Annex Table 2: Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, estimates for 2002"
4985:
4799:
4478:
4448:
4262:
4146:
9562:
9016:
7147:
6879:"Outcomes of Nordic mental health systems: life expectancy of patients with mental disorders"
6754:
5927:
Orzack SH, Stubblefield JW, Akmaev VR, Colls P, Munné S, Scholl T, et al. (April 2015).
5192:
5033:
4505:
4336:
4302:
4238:
4209:
4175:
3887:
2820:. Future trends in life expectancy have huge implications for old-age support programs (like
2008:
1668:
Mental illness is reported to occur in approximately 18% of the average American population.
1619:
1047:
6629:
Timmers PR, Tiys ES, Sakaue S, Akiyama M, Kiiskinen TT, Zhou W, et al. (January 2022).
6302:"The sex with the reduced sex chromosome dies earlier: a comparison across the tree of life"
4855:
4617:
4286:
3300:
1683:
The greater mortality of people with mental disorders may be due to death from injury, from
1319:, the life expectancy gap between low income and high-income neighborhoods touches 20 years.
9062:
9011:
8294:
8221:
8019:
7925:
7810:
7333:
Rege S, Lafferty T (June 2008). "Life-threatening constipation associated with clozapine".
7035:
Rosenbaum L (October 2016). "Closing the Mortality Gap - Mental Illness and Medical Care".
6701:
6557:
6392:
5940:
4532:
4304:
Inbreeding, Incest, and the Incest Taboo: The State of Knowledge at the Turn of the Century
3733:
3521:
3114:
2821:
2737:
1766:
847:
754:
Based on Early and Middle Bronze Age data, life expectancy at age 15 would be 28–36 years.
545:
110:
8381:
7564:
6352:
5574:
2942:
2261:
2172:
1675:
Life expectancy in the seriously mentally ill is much shorter than the general population.
1053:
8:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9583:
9501:
9127:
9104:
9074:
7797:
Campbell F, Conti G, Heckman JJ, Moon SH, Pinto R, Pungello E, et al. (March 2014).
7773:"Measuring the value of education : Career Outlook: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
5882:"How long will I live? Estimate remaining life expectancy for all countries in the world"
3124:
3054:
2793:
2773:
2677:
1982:
1880:
1762:
1752:
1688:
1388:
1355:
1348:
1103:
884:
488:
442:: global female life expectancy gap at birth for countries and territories as defined by
8483:
8298:
8225:
8023:
7929:
7814:
7589:
Zanetti O, Solerte SB, Cantoni F (2009). "Life expectancy in Alzheimer's disease (AD)".
6918:
Reininghaus U, Dutta R, Dazzan P, Doody GA, Fearon P, Lappin J, et al. (May 2015).
6561:
6396:
5944:
5144:
4055:
3737:
3525:
2946:"Remaining" life expectancy—expected number of remaining years of life as a function of
1129:
411:
9132:
8952:
8829:
8713:
8662:
8635:
8611:
8584:
8093:
8043:
7992:
7949:
7902:
7889:
Austad SN (1993). "Retarded senescence in an insular population of Virginia opossums".
7871:
7831:
7798:
7748:
7731:
7702:
7677:
7655:
7541:
7532:
7516:
7492:
7467:
7443:
7418:
7358:
7310:
7285:
7124:
7097:
6992:
6944:
6919:
6818:
6793:
6792:
Steel Z, Marnane C, Iranpour C, Chey T, Jackson JW, Patel V, et al. (April 2014).
6710:
6670:
6580:
6545:
6518:
6491:
6464:
6439:
6438:
Ruby JG, Wright KM, Rand KA, Kermany A, Noto K, Curtis D, et al. (November 2018).
6415:
6380:
6328:
6301:
5963:
5928:
5856:"Did The Great Depression Have A Silver Lining? Life Expectancy Increased By 6.2 Years"
5702:
5651:
5626:
5344:
5268:
5252:
5218:
5174:
4714:
4689:
4103:
3937:
3852:
3827:
3803:
3776:
3757:
3550:
3537:
3509:
3139:
3007:
2765:
2696:, but more sophisticated methods are now used. The most common modern methods include:
2607:
2290:
2201:
1962:
1942:
1860:
1854:
1840:
1820:. Since this original study in 1974, at least 14 additional studies were performed on
1654:
1272:
1043:
876:
629:
572:
133:
Map of the life expectancy at birth in the world in 2023 (UN estimate, smooth palette)
129:
8244:
8209:
7678:"Weight, mortality, years of healthy life, and active life expectancy in older adults"
6490:
Timmers PR, Mounier N, Lall K, Fischer K, Ning Z, Feng X, et al. (January 2019).
5881:
5332:
1438:
923:
For males: 24.8 years in 1740–1749, 27.9 years in 1750–1759, 33.9 years in 1800–1809.
9649:
9157:
9069:
8889:—Visualizations of how life expectancy around the world has changed historically (by
8837:
8792:
8723:
8719:
Bad Medicine: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Distance Healing to Vitamin O
8667:
8616:
8418:
8392:
8359:
8310:
8306:
8249:
8172:
8131:
8085:
8035:
7984:
7953:
7941:
7854:
Williams G (1957). "Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence".
7836:
7753:
7707:
7693:
7647:
7642:
7626:"Screening for prostate, breast and colorectal cancer in renal transplant recipients"
7625:
7606:
7546:
7497:
7448:
7434:
7417:
Nemani K, Li C, Olfson M, Blessing EM, Razavian N, Chen J, et al. (April 2021).
7399:
7350:
7315:
7245:
7180:
7129:
7052:
6984:
6949:
6900:
6823:
6674:
6662:
6585:
6546:"Multivariate genomic scan implicates novel loci and haem metabolism in human ageing"
6523:
6469:
6420:
6333:
6093:
6089:
6076:(1 January 1983). "Sex differences in human mortality: the role of genetic factors".
6055:
5968:
5738:
5709:
5656:
5589:
5519:"The Missing Americans: Unprecedented US Mortality Far Exceeds Other Wealthy Nations"
5487:
5336:
5260:
5166:
5135:
5123:
5070:
4962:
4887:
4862:
4830:
4805:
4719:
4664:
4623:
4511:
4484:
4454:
4416:
4390:
4342:
4308:
4268:
4244:
4215:
4181:
4126:
4031:
3893:
3857:
3808:
3749:
3678:
3646:
3614:
3581:
3555:
3488:
3405:
3119:
3035:
3016:
3003:
2931:
2829:
2729:
2693:
1817:
1777:
1564:
1550:
1518:
1430:, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, access to health care, diet, and exercise.
1214:
1068:
1058:
804:
657:
633:
538:
419:
63:
8921:
8097:
7659:
7362:
7224:"Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Incidence and risk factors in the United States"
6996:
5745:
5348:
5312:
5272:
612:
is commonly used for consumer products, and the terms "mean time to breakdown" and "
9552:
9532:
9449:
9045:
8788:
8657:
8647:
8606:
8596:
8451:
8447:
8302:
8239:
8229:
8162:
8077:
8027:
7996:
7976:
7933:
7898:
7863:
7826:
7818:
7743:
7697:
7689:
7637:
7598:
7536:
7528:
7487:
7479:
7438:
7430:
7389:
7342:
7305:
7297:
7235:
7119:
7109:
7044:
6976:
6939:
6931:
6890:
6813:
6805:
6688:
6652:
6642:
6575:
6565:
6513:
6503:
6459:
6451:
6410:
6400:
6323:
6313:
6085:
6047:
6009:
6005:
5958:
5948:
5646:
5638:
5328:
5242:
5178:
5158:
4709:
4701:
4652:
4380:
4095:
4063:
4023:
3971:
3941:
3929:
3847:
3839:
3798:
3788:
3761:
3741:
3606:
3545:
3529:
3397:
3189:
2920:(HDI) of each nation along with adult literacy, education, and standard of living.
2887:
1627:
1588:
1576:
1408:
1404:
759:
692:
685:
515:
8047:
7602:
7577:
7419:"Association of Psychiatric Disorders With Mortality Among Patients With COVID-19"
3377:(rev. ed.). Washington, DC: Bureau of the Census, Government Printing Office.
8996:
8915:
8903:
7301:
6980:
5206:
4547:
4282:
3793:
3642:
2836:
Life expectancy forecasting is usually based on one of two different approaches:
2704:
2673:
1816:. It was found that DNA repair capability increased systematically with species
1710:
pandemic, researchers have found an increased risk of death in the mentally ill.
1696:
1606:"Healthspan, parental lifespan, and longevity are highly genetically correlated."
1534:
1459:
1427:
1391:
and life expectancy. However, in contrast, a study by José A. Tapia Granados and
1377:
1268:
1263:
1259:
696:
8063:"Life and death: metabolic rate, membrane composition, and life span of animals"
7240:
7223:
6455:
3843:
3724:
Hughes BG, Hekimi S (June 2017). "Many possible maximum lifespan trajectories".
3610:
1584:
1478:. Men are also more likely to die from injuries, whether unintentional (such as
799:
Life expectancy at age 1 reached 47 years for the 72% surviving the first year.
9588:
9147:
9114:
9084:
9028:
8688:
8410:
8214:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8081:
6647:
6630:
6570:
6385:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6073:
5933:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4850:
4771:
4657:
The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy
4585:
3401:
3169:
3134:
3084:
3074:
2986:
2896:
2858:
2788:
2255:
1731:
evidence of a relationship between educational attainment and adult mortality.
1631:
1495:
1373:
1327:
1249:
1173:
1146:
892:
737:
Based on Early Neolithic data, life expectancy at age 15 would be 28–33 years.
653:
500:
451:
8743:
7980:
7732:"The Effect of Educational Attainment on Adult Mortality in the United States"
7394:
7377:
7346:
6895:
6878:
5642:
3279:
1322:
590:
9613:
9547:
9506:
9454:
8805:
8763:"Old Age, Height and Nutrition: Common Misconceptions About Medieval England"
8652:
8601:
8561:
8503:
8438:
Lee RD, Carter LR (September 1992). "Modeling and forecasting US mortality".
7200:
7010:
6238:
6168:
5491:
5366:"COVID-19 eliminated a decade of progress in global level of life expectancy"
5162:
4914:"Health, history and hard choices: Funding dilemmas in a fast-changing world"
4705:
4099:
3702:
3184:
3164:
3079:
3049:
3031:
2769:
2711:
1423:
1392:
1331:
1300:
1233:
1229:
1210:
1201:
1107:
1086:
1064:
649:
40:"Human lifespan" redirects here. For the lifespan of a person in stages, see
8938:
7822:
7114:
6935:
6877:
Wahlbeck K, Westman J, Nordentoft M, Gissler M, Laursen TM (December 2011).
6405:
6276:"Why men (and other male animals) die younger: It's all in the Y chromosome"
5953:
5067:
Health, Wealth and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution
4027:
3915:"A Theory of Human Life History Evolution: Diet, Intelligence and Longevity"
3777:"Errors as a primary cause of late-life mortality deceleration and plateaus"
3423:
2218:, rounded down to whole years. Life expectancy, more technically called the
1418:
Life expectancy is also likely to be affected by exposure to high levels of
9152:
9142:
9137:
8620:
8396:
8389:
Vital and Health Statistics. Series 2, Data Evaluation and Methods Research
8314:
8234:
8176:
8135:
8089:
7988:
7945:
7840:
7757:
7711:
7651:
7610:
7550:
7501:
7452:
7403:
7354:
7319:
7222:
Alvir JM, Lieberman JA, Safferman AZ, Schwimmer JL, Schaaf JA (July 1993).
7133:
7056:
6988:
6953:
6904:
6827:
6666:
6589:
6527:
6473:
6424:
6357:
6337:
6318:
5972:
5660:
5593:
5340:
5292:
5170:
5139:
4723:
4394:
3861:
3812:
3753:
3559:
3409:
3179:
3129:
3094:
3064:
3020:
2816:
Forecasting life expectancy and mortality form an important subdivision of
2198:, is a discrete random variable representing the remaining lifetime at age
1556:
1530:
1514:
1471:
1134:
773:
8671:
8253:
7676:, O'Meara ES, Fitzpatrick A, Newman AB, Kuller L, Burke G (January 2008).
7249:
7048:
6097:
6059:
6051:
5424:"Life Expectancy in the U.S. Dropped for the Second Year in a Row in 2021"
5264:
5209:, Banister J (December 1996). "Five decades of missing females in China".
4123:
The shotgun method: the demography of the ancient Greek city-state culture
4035:
1563:
in lifespan is attributable due to differences in environment rather than
514:
indicate an LEB of 24. In 2019, world LEB was 73.3. A combination of high
9481:
9040:
9023:
8191:"The Longevity Secret for Tortoises Is Held In Their Low Metabolism Rate"
8039:
7673:
6809:
6715:
5759:"Tackling health inequalities: Status report on the Programme for Action"
4385:
4368:
3964:"The Neolithic Revolution and Contemporary Variations in Life Expectancy"
2882:
2877:
1785:
1647:
1467:
1205:
Life expectancy from 1990 to 2021 in the US, UK, Netherlands, and Austria
1176:
tend to live shorter lives than their western counterparts. For example,
970:
819:
716:
625:
624:
The earliest documented work on life expectancy was done in the 1660s by
415:
Life expectancy development in some big countries of the world since 1960
8167:
8150:
7937:
6508:
4107:
3745:
3677:. New York, New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 128–132.
3508:
Contreras SC, Jurema AL, Claudino ES, Bresciani E, Caneppele TM (1983).
1769:
to increased life expectancy. That is the key to why animals like giant
9001:
8499:"Anti-ageing drugs are coming that could keep you healthier for longer"
7875:
5288:"Japan's life expectancy 'down to equality and public health measures'"
5256:
3541:
3144:
3089:
3059:
3024:
2846:
2817:
2783:
Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) vs GDP per Capita in different countries
2725:
2720:
1781:
1703:; the mentally ill have a four times risk of gastrointestinal disease.
1692:
1611:
1487:
1415:, and the likelihood of injury among other longevity-limiting factors.
1380:
area stands at 54, which is 28 years less than in the affluent area of
1316:
1253:
1225:
1185:
1098:
888:
742:
609:
601:
511:
496:
7483:
6847:. National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors. 2006.
5222:
4369:"Longevity of popes and artists between the 13th and the 19th century"
3996:
Proceedings of Meeting on Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture
1559:
of lifespan is estimated to be less than 10%, meaning the majority of
787:~20 at age 40; 14–18 at age 50; ~10–12 at age 60; and ~6–7 at age 70.
9578:
9557:
8975:
8890:
8852:
8691:. U.S. Social Security Administration Office of Chief Actuary. 2020.
8031:
6169:"Telemores, sexual size dimorphism and gender gap in life expectancy"
5729:
5588:(4). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics=: 1–117.
4767:
3174:
3034:
criticizes the popular conflation of life span (life expectancy) and
2805:
2687:
of the population members. If a large amount of data is available, a
1684:
1615:
1475:
1412:
1177:
729:
669:
534:
7867:
6605:"Blood iron levels could be key to slowing ageing, gene study shows"
5734:"Link between health spending and life expectancy: US is an outlier"
5546:"What doctors wish patients knew about falling U.S. life expectancy"
5247:
5230:
3533:
3388:
MacLennan WJ, Sellers WI (January 1999). "Ageing through the ages".
1671:
1283:
In 2023, the life expectancy was 84.5 in Japan, 4.2 years above the
807:(Europe, from the late 5th or early 6th century to the 10th century)
8683:
8681:
8061:
Hulbert AJ, Pamplona R, Buffenstein R, Buttemer WA (October 2007).
6777:
6256:
4590:
3012:
2904:
2801:
2761:
1809:
1770:
1707:
1699:, among other comorbidities. Psychiatric medicines also affect the
1245:
1150:
1118:
1093:
746:
519:
423:
Life expectancy at birth, measured by region, between 1950 and 2050
8634:
Kaplan GA, Pamuk ER, Lynch JW, Cohen RD, Balfour JL (April 1996).
8060:
7148:"Lilly Adds Strong Warning Label to Zyprexa, a Schizophrenia Drug"
3312:— see file "Compact (most used: estimates and medium projections)"
2937:
2714:) to fit the data. (In cases of relatively large amounts of data.)
1735:
than a high school education have the shortest life expectancies.
8991:
7672:
2951:
2825:
2797:
1801:
1491:
1455:
1369:
1296:
1237:
1221:
952:
901:
862:
605:
597:
569:
and is the mean number of years of life remaining at a given age
8678:
7221:
6876:
4287:"Growing up fatherless in antiquity: the demographic background"
3934:
10.1002/1520-6505(2000)9:4<156::AID-EVAN5>3.0.CO;2-7
3507:
1145:
on many African countries. According to projections made by the
8983:
8922:
Annual Life Tables since 1966; Decennial Life Tables since 1890
6842:"Morbidity and Mortality in People With Serious Mental Illness"
6773:"Nearly 1 in 5 Americans Suffers From Mental Illness Each Year"
5704:
The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger
5124:"Ten great public health achievements—United States, 1900-1999"
2866:
2850:
1845:
1821:
1805:
1592:
1568:
1381:
1359:
Life expectancy vs healthcare spending of rich OECD countries.
1304:
1241:
1181:
915:
499:
cohort assumed to be exposed, from birth through death, to the
8811:
Human lifespans have not been constant for the last 2000 years
7799:"Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health"
7565:"Diabetes Life Expectancy – Type 1 and Type 2 Life Expectancy"
5279:
4766:
4480:
Perilous Passage: Mankind and the Global Ascendancy of Capital
4413:
The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192
3280:"Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy, data by country"
2142:{\displaystyle {}_{k}p_{x}\,q_{x+k}={}_{k}p_{x}-{}_{k+1}p_{x}}
9527:
8583:
De Vogli R, Mistry R, Gnesotto R, Cornia GA (February 2005).
7284:
Philpott HL, Nandurkar S, Lubel J, Gibson PR (January 2014).
6120:
5991:"Why men die younger: causes of mortality differences by sex"
5926:
5830:"Research ties economic inequality to gap in life expectancy"
3675:
Life Expectancy. A Topical Approach to: Life-Span Development
2862:
2841:
1813:
1793:
1789:
1635:
8944:
8582:
8382:"A method for constructing complete annual U.S. life tables"
7283:
6966:
6378:
3451:"Falsehood: "If this was the Stone Age, I'd be dead by now""
3348:"Period and cohort life expectancy explained: December 2019"
2581:{\displaystyle e_{x}=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{}\,\,\,_{k}p_{x}}
1618:. The genes affected by variation in these loci highlighted
1092:
Human beings are expected to live on average 30–40 years in
6917:
6753:. Bureau of the Census. May 2010. p. 5. Archived from
3390:
Proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
2870:
1657:
had an estimated 743 centenarians per million inhabitants.
1463:
1443:
1288:
1284:
1142:
1057:
Life expectancy in 1800, 1950, and 2015 – visualization by
378:
324:
240:
134:
7915:
5573:
Murphy SL, Xu JQ, Kochanek KD, Curtin SC, Arias E (2013).
3912:
3011:
the average life expectancy of their time period, such as
2840:
Forecasting the life expectancy directly, generally using
2683:
The starting point for calculating life expectancy is the
1096:
and 82.6 years in Japan. An analysis published in 2011 in
30:
This article is about normal lifespan. For the novel, see
8120:"What determines longevity: Metabolic rate or stability?"
7201:"Antipsychotic-Related Metabolic Testing Falls Far Short"
7176:
Type 2 Diabetes, Pre-Diabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome
6489:
6299:
5897:
3889:
Seasons of Life: The Dramatic Journey from Birth to Death
2744:
education, environment, sleep, climate, and health care.
1797:
1579:
which influenced lifespan by modifying susceptibility to
1483:
1292:
946:
estimated at ~25 years, while Europe averaged ~33 years.
891:
and Huron communities, he met people over 100 years old.
8760:
7969:
Theory in Biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften
7796:
6791:
6628:
6543:
6381:"Twentieth century surge of excess adult male mortality"
4056:"Natural Selection and the Evolution of Life Expectancy"
3308:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
1149:
in 2002, the life expectancy at birth for 2010–2015 (if
1032:
Range: ~54 (Central African Republic) – 85.3 (Hong Kong)
6602:
6544:
Timmers PR, Wilson JF, Joshi PK, Deelen J (July 2020).
4611:
4609:
2916:
Life expectancy is one of the factors in measuring the
2510:) into the sum and simplifying gives the final result
1496:
mortality rates for females in child-bearing age groups
8353:
8148:
7623:
7515:
Li L, Li F, Fortunati F, Krystal JH (September 2020).
7416:
7375:
6431:
6379:
Beltrán-Sánchez H, Finch CE, Crimmins EM (July 2015).
5853:
5572:
4907:
4905:
4086:
Morris I (2004). "Economic Growth in Ancient Greece".
3479:
3424:"Life expectancy at birth (years) [Indicator]"
2732:
are used to model the life expectancy of a component.
2669:, and is the intuitive definition of life expectancy.
1567:. However, researchers have identified regions of the
530:
expectancies at every age for both males and females.
8850:
8633:
7588:
6437:
6300:
Xirocostas ZA, Everingham SE, Moles AT (March 2020).
6239:"Fruit flies offer DNA clue to why women live longer"
4014:
Angel JL (May 1969). "The bases of paleodemography".
2630:
2610:
2521:
2318:
2293:
2264:
2229:
2204:
2175:
2052:
2041:
at which people of that age die. It can be shown that
2011:
1985:
1965:
1945:
1909:
1883:
1863:
1653:
every 1 million inhabitants in September 2010).
1626:
A follow-up study which investigated the genetics of
1387:
A 2013 study found a pronounced relationship between
1347:
Life expectancy is higher in rich countries with low
575:
548:
8772:
8010:
Kirkwood TB (November 1977). "Evolution of ageing".
7514:
7098:"Hyperglycemia associated with olanzapine treatment"
6037:
5677:. Cincinnati, Ohio: Waterfields, LLC. Archived from
5318:
4622:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 8.
4606:
4483:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 138.
4049:
4047:
4045:
2974:
Life expectancy increases with age already achieved.
1691:. It has been shown that the psychiatric medication
1376:: life expectancy for males in the heavily deprived
1262:
have generally shorter life expectancies than their
8417:. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 310.
7011:"Antipsychotics Linked to Mortality in Parkinson's"
5069:. London: George Routledge & Sons. p. 30.
4902:
4533:"The Peopling of Mexico from Origins to Revolution"
3473:
3323:""Life Expectancy" – What does this actually mean?"
3234:) denotes the complete expected future lifetime of
1295:, and red meat. For these reasons, Japan has a low
678:The following information is derived from the 1961
8274:. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. 109–113.
8269:
7862:(4). Society for the Study of Evolution: 398–411.
6860:"The Largest Health Disparity We Don't Talk About"
5701:
5568:
5566:
5477:
5193:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
4921:World Health Organization: Global Health Histories
4854:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4338:Patriarchy, Property and Death in the Roman Family
4088:Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics
3955:
3913:Kaplan H, Hill K, Lancaster J, Hurtado AM (2000).
2768:(HLY) based on reported activity limitations. The
2657:
2616:
2580:
2480:
2299:
2279:
2244:
2210:
2190:
2141:
2025:
1997:
1971:
1951:
1931:
1895:
1869:
581:
561:
431:Life expectancy by world region, from 1770 to 2018
125:Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy by sex
8834:The Biology of Life Span: A Quantitative Approach
8828:
8558:"International Human Development Indicators—UNDP"
8265:
8263:
8151:"Metabolism, ubiquinone synthesis, and longevity"
8149:Aguilaniu H, Durieux J, Dillin A (October 2005).
6658:20.500.11820/1bac547c-2eb9-47e1-b4b8-e80d741941c7
6622:
6485:
6483:
6210:"World Population Ageing 2015 (ST/ESA/SER.A/390)"
5211:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
4954:. U.N. Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4042:
3699:"No detectable limit to how long people can live"
2241:
2022:
1928:
1638:were associated with increased healthy lifespan.
27:Measure of average lifespan in a given population
9611:
7966:
6539:
6537:
5699:
5479:"Why life expectancy is lower in eastern Europe"
4963:"Life expectancy at birth, total (years) – Data"
4804:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 246–247.
4415:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 788–789.
4366:
3892:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 47–49.
3578:Fatigue Design: Life Expectancy of Machine Parts
3387:
2387:
596:Life expectancy is also used in plant or animal
8708:
8706:
8704:
8702:
8440:Journal of the American Statistical Association
8117:
7729:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7624:Kiberd BA, Keough-Ryan T, Clase CM (May 2003).
7376:Hibbard KR, Propst A, Frank DE, Wyse J (2009).
5907:The world health report 2004 – changing history
5563:
4829:. Canada: Oxford University Press. p. 21.
4362:
4360:
4358:
3159:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
2938:Life expectancy vs. other measures of longevity
8466:"Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at 60 (years)"
8284:
8260:
6480:
5984:
5982:
5929:"The human sex ratio from conception to birth"
5893:
5891:
5451:World Population Prospects — The 2002 Revision
5388:"Life expectancy at birth, total (years)—Data"
4980:
4978:
4731:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4341:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–25.
4211:Imperial Women of Rome: Power, Gender, Context
4194:
3906:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
1384:, which is only 8 km (5.0 mi) away.
1160:69.9 years instead of 41.5 years, South Africa
518:and deaths in young adulthood from accidents,
8960:
8415:Statistical ecology: a population perspective
8373:
7790:
7508:
7410:
6534:
6372:
5228:
5205:
4986:"Life Expectancy by Country and in the World"
4690:"Changing life expectancy throughout history"
4472:
4470:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4294:Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics
4264:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic
4009:
4007:
4005:
3601:Sutherland I (15 July 2005). "Graunt, John".
3575:
3381:
3372:
3282:. World Health Organization. 4 December 2020.
3151:
1209:In 2022, the life expectancy was 77.5 in the
8859:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
8778:
8699:
8589:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
8201:
7718:
7465:
7332:
5920:
5854:University of Michigan (29 September 2009).
5821:
4782:. How did life expectancy change over time?.
4564:"Time traveller's guide to Medieval Britain"
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4411:Frier B (2009). "Chapter 27: Demographics".
4406:
4404:
4355:
4125:. University of Missouri Press. p. 55.
3987:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3723:
3627:
1498:were higher than for males at the same age.
8798:
8482:. World Health Organization. Archived from
7095:
5979:
5888:
5667:
5128:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
4975:
4676:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4453:. Kilnamanagh. pp. 123, 137, 123–151.
4267:. Cambridge University Press. p. 105.
4169:
4167:
3828:"Life equations for the senescence process"
3768:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3520:(1). Ecological Society of America: 72–78.
3286:
1746:
8967:
8953:
8863:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8851:Kochanek KD, Arias E, Anderson RN (2013).
8409:
8207:
7682:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
7578:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
6192:Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients
6113:"U.S. Life Expectancy Best Ever, Says CDC"
5761:. UK: Department of Health. Archived from
5428:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5231:"Five decades of missing females in China"
4467:
4323:
4207:
4139:
4002:
3600:
3571:
3569:
3274:
3272:
3219:refers to the expected future lifetime of
3208:
3206:
2923:Life expectancy is used in describing the
2747:
1163:70.5 years instead of 31.8 years, Zimbabwe
1157:70.7 years instead of 31.6 years, Botswana
691:Life expectancy at birth takes account of
487:LEB is the mean length of life of a birth
479:denotes the average life remaining at age
8661:
8651:
8610:
8600:
8437:
8354:Cunningham R, Herzog T, London R (2008).
8243:
8233:
8166:
7830:
7747:
7701:
7641:
7540:
7491:
7466:Wang Q, Xu R, Volkow ND (February 2021).
7442:
7393:
7309:
7286:"Drug-induced gastrointestinal disorders"
7239:
7179:. Springer Science & Business Media.
7123:
7113:
7034:
6943:
6894:
6817:
6770:
6656:
6646:
6596:
6579:
6569:
6517:
6507:
6463:
6414:
6404:
6327:
6317:
6217:Department of Economic and Social Affairs
6142:"Life expectancy—care quality indicators"
5962:
5952:
5650:
5608:"Asian American/Pacific Islander Profile"
5246:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4713:
4615:
4429:
4401:
4384:
4367:Carrieri MP, Serraino D (December 2005).
4307:. Stanford University Press. p. 97.
4053:
4016:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3961:
3885:
3868:
3851:
3802:
3792:
3549:
3105:List of countries by past life expectancy
2561:
2559:
2558:
2461:
2460:
2443:
2441:
2383:
2230:
2072:
1911:
1338:
1330:in 2009. This phenomenon is known as the
793:Wang clan of China, 1st century AD – 1749
674:List of countries by past life expectancy
96:Learn how and when to remove this message
8937:from Tesarta Online (Internet Archive);
8836:. New York: Harwood Academic Publisher.
8379:
8009:
7853:
6603:University of Edinburgh (20 July 2020).
6189:
6148:. Nuffield Trust & Health Foundation
5827:
5368:. World Health Organization. 24 May 2024
4694:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
4651:
4636:
4507:Women in Early Medieval Europe, 400-1100
4281:
4236:
4180:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 44.
4164:
3672:
3659:
3442:
2969:
2941:
1939:and the probability of dying during age
1857:, the probability of surviving from age
1844:
1670:
1601:
1437:
1354:
1342:
1321:
1299:rate, and ultimately low mortality from
1200:
1128:
1052:
434:
426:
418:
410:
372:
318:
234:
128:
120:
109:
8118:Olshansky SJ, Rattan SI (August 2005).
7172:
6857:
6350:
6273:
6072:
5624:
5285:
4824:
4687:
4214:. Oxford University Press. p. 87.
3633:
3566:
3514:Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry
3375:The Methods and Materials of Demography
3269:
3203:
1587:. The locus with the largest effect is
1102:attributes Japanese life expectancy to
14:
9612:
8712:
8496:
8327:
7888:
7591:Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics
6353:"When Did Women Start to Outlive Men?"
6245:. 2 August 2012 – via bbc.co.uk.
5988:
5631:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
4786:
4476:
4334:
4260:
4120:
4085:
3774:
3487:. Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 473.
1074:
663:
8948:
8867:National Center for Health Statistics
8804:
8761:Khan-ad-Din FM, Caidan Pentathlon M.
8480:"Health Status Statistics: Mortality"
7730:Hummer RA, Hernandez EM (June 2013).
6798:International Journal of Epidemiology
6255:
6110:
5728:
5516:
4827:Voices and Visions: A Story of Canada
4545:
4503:
4446:
4410:
4373:International Journal of Epidemiology
4013:
3993:
3448:
2985:1300–1400: to age 45 (because of the
2672:By definition, life expectancy is an
2037:of dying at that age, and is not the
652:for any human is that of Frenchwoman
5722:
5543:
5229:Coale AJ, Banister J (August 1994).
5064:
4911:
4849:
4586:"A millennium of health improvement"
4300:
4173:
3100:List of countries by life expectancy
2796:. Approaches being explored include
2512:
2309:
2043:
1399:found that life expectancy actually
1081:List of countries by life expectancy
495:LEB is the mean length of life of a
483:). This can be defined in two ways.
46:
8909:Rank Order—Life expectancy at birth
8887:Our World In Data – Life Expectancy
8744:"Life Expectancy by Age, 1850–2011"
8560:. Hdrstats.undp.org. Archived from
7630:American Journal of Transplantation
7228:The New England Journal of Medicine
7037:The New England Journal of Medicine
6702:"Centenarians to Hit Record 44,000"
5795:
5121:
3832:Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports
3825:
2764:publishes annual statistics called
24:
8941:from Dr. Bob's All Creatures Site.
8821:
7903:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02665.x
7770:
7533:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.23282
6166:
5898:World Health Organization (2004).
5777:"Social factors key to ill health"
4797:
2778:
2551:
2433:
2375:
2332:
1713:
1433:
25:
9661:
8875:
8781:Population and Development Review
8695:from the original on 8 July 2023.
8270:Bernstein C, Bernstein H (1991).
7809:(6178). New York, N.Y.: 1478–85.
7271:U.S. Food Drug and Administration
7264:"Zyprexa Prescribing Information"
7096:Kumar PN, Thomas B (April 2011).
6883:The British Journal of Psychiatry
5803:"GP explains life expectancy gap"
5582:National Vital Statistics Reports
5498:from the original on 31 July 2023
5048:"Population Change Modernization"
4945:"World Population Prospects 2019"
4530:
3301:"World Population Prospects 2024"
1841:Life table § The mathematics
1663:
1167:
708:Life expectancy at birth in years
639:
465:(LEB, or in demographic notation
9110:Biodemography of human longevity
8793:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00171.x
8754:
8736:
8627:
8576:
8550:
8518:
8490:
8472:
8458:
8431:
8403:
8347:
8321:
8307:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01085.x
8278:
8208:Hart RW, Setlow RB (June 1974).
8183:
8142:
8111:
8054:
8003:
7960:
7909:
7882:
7847:
7764:
7694:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01500.x
7666:
7643:10.1034/j.1600-6143.2003.00118.x
7617:
7582:
7571:
7557:
7459:
7435:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4442
7369:
7326:
7277:
7256:
7215:
7193:
7166:
7140:
7089:
7063:
7028:
7003:
6960:
6911:
6870:
6851:
6834:
6785:
6771:Bekiempis V (28 February 2014).
6764:
6721:
6694:
6681:
5998:North American Actuarial Journal
5879:
5402:"Wealth & Health of Nations"
5091:"History—The Foundling Hospital"
4801:An Early Modern Economy in China
3250:
3212:In standard actuarial notation,
3110:List of longest-living organisms
2967:surviving beyond their twenties.
1695:can increase risk of developing
1575:of 1 million lifespans found 12
1374:amongst the highest in the world
1196:
1153:did not exist) would have been:
377:Life expectancy at age 80 years
323:Life expectancy at age 65 years
239:Life expectancy at age 15 years
51:
6344:
6293:
6267:
6249:
6231:
6202:
6183:
6160:
6134:
6104:
6066:
6031:
5873:
5847:
5769:
5751:
5700:Wilkinson R, Pickett K (2009).
5693:
5618:
5600:
5537:
5510:
5470:
5442:
5416:
5394:
5380:
5358:
5199:
5185:
5115:
5101:
5083:
5058:
5040:
5018:
4996:
4934:
4875:
4843:
4818:
4578:
4556:
4539:
4524:
4497:
4228:
4114:
4079:
3819:
3717:
3691:
3594:
3501:
3485:Economics: Principles in Action
3241:
1641:
8928:Life expectancy in Roman times
8918:from the CIA's World Factbook.
8452:10.1080/01621459.1992.10475265
7173:Codario RA (28 October 2007).
6689:"World Population Ageing 2009"
6010:10.1080/10920277.2000.10595939
4510:. Cambridge University Press.
3416:
3373:Shryock HS, Siegel JS (1973).
3366:
3352:Office for National Statistics
3340:
3315:
2911:
2811:
2411:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2274:
2268:
2185:
2179:
1834:
1513:One recent suggestion is that
1361:US average of $ 10,447 in 2018
1256:being linked to most of them.
1184:can expect to live to 85, but
928:18th-century American colonies
73:Clarification needed at times.
13:
1:
8974:
8930:from the University of Texas.
8330:"Curtate Expectation of Life"
7603:10.1016/j.archger.2009.09.035
6969:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
6078:Social Science & Medicine
5828:Fletcher MA (10 March 2013).
5575:"Deaths: Final Data for 2010"
5333:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61055-6
3603:Encyclopedia of Biostatistics
3263:
2901:R package called 'demography'
1932:{\displaystyle \,_{n}p_{x}\!}
1573:genome-wide association study
939:Beginning of the 19th century
834:Late medieval English peerage
650:The longest verified lifespan
510:Human remains from the early
8468:. World Health Organization.
7302:10.1136/flgastro-2013-100316
7102:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
6981:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32835035ca
6219:. United Nations. p. 53
6111:Hitti M (28 February 2005).
6090:10.1016/0277-9536(83)90234-4
5675:"The Root Causes of Poverty"
5550:American Medical Association
5286:Boseley S (30 August 2011).
4688:Griffin JP (December 2008).
4552:. Brainy Bookstore Mckrause.
4504:Bitel LM (24 October 2002).
3794:10.1371/journal.pbio.2006776
3576:Zahavi E, Torbilo V (1996).
2892:singular value decomposition
1788:irradiation was measured in
1741:Carolina Abecedarian Project
1725:
1326:Plot of life expectancy vs.
1309:
887:wrote that in his visits to
699:but not prenatal mortality.
446:for 2019. Open the original
7:
8356:Models for Quantifying Risk
7241:10.1056/NEJM199307153290303
6456:10.1534/genetics.118.301613
4174:Ryan G (1 September 2021).
3844:10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.09.020
3775:Newman SJ (December 2018).
3611:10.1002/0470011815.b2a17055
3042:
2594:
2506:
2494:
2155:
1544:
1525:Another explanation is the
616:" are used in engineering.
71:. The specific problem is:
10:
9666:
9051:research into centenarians
8914:December 29, 2018, at the
8497:Lawton G (24 April 2019).
8272:Aging, Sex, and DNA Repair
8082:10.1152/physrev.00047.2006
7290:Frontline Gastroenterology
6648:10.1038/s43587-021-00159-8
6571:10.1038/s41467-020-17312-3
6274:Gilbert L (4 March 2020).
5989:Kalben BB (October 2000).
4661:Princeton University Press
4450:The Imperial Roman Economy
3402:10.1177/147827159902900114
3152:Increasing life expectancy
3070:DNA damage theory of aging
2905:UC Berkeley's LCFIT system
2703:looking at an established
1838:
1826:DNA damage theory of aging
1750:
1645:
1591:. Carriers of the APOE ε4
1548:
1089:, medical care, and diet.
1078:
982:19th-century world average
667:
644:
619:
614:mean time between failures
397:
389:
381:
359:
351:
343:
335:
327:
299:
285:
271:
257:
243:
215:
189:
163:
137:
39:
29:
9571:
9520:
9480:
9442:
9397:
9242:
9184:
9173:
9120:Longevity escape velocity
9083:
9007:aging-associated diseases
8982:
8722:, Wiley, pp. 70–71,
8358:(Third ed.). Actex.
7981:10.1007/s12064-007-0001-0
7395:10.1176/appi.psy.50.4.416
7347:10.1080/10398560701882203
7189:– via Google Books.
6896:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.085100
6858:Khullar D (30 May 2018).
6351:Rettner R (6 July 2015).
5643:10.1038/s41430-020-0677-5
4240:Debating Roman Demography
3922:Evolutionary Anthropology
3886:Kotre JN, Hall E (1997).
3580:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
3428:World Health Organization
3238:, including the fraction.
2876:Forecasting age-specific
2658:{\displaystyle e_{x}+1/2}
2245:{\displaystyle \,e_{x}\!}
2220:curtate expected lifetime
1124:
1115:World Health Organization
820:Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica
9599:Longest-living organisms
8939:The Life Span of Animals
8902:October 3, 2014, at the
8882:Charts for all countries
8653:10.1136/bmj.312.7037.999
8602:10.1136/jech.2004.020651
5544:Berg S (10 March 2023).
5517:McKoy J (14 July 2023).
5163:10.1001/jama.281.16.1481
5157:(16): 1481. April 1999.
5026:"Death in Early America"
4861:(1st ed.). Nimbus.
4706:10.1258/jrsm.2008.08k037
4549:Life in the Aztec Empire
4100:10.1628/0932456042776050
4054:Galor O, Moav O (2005).
3962:Galor O, Moav O (2007).
3196:
3030:However, anthropologist
2925:physical quality of life
2685:age-specific death rates
2665:, which is denoted by e̊
1747:Evolution and aging rate
1278:
463:life expectancy at birth
8832:, Gavrilova NS (1991).
8328:Kinney B (1 May 2019).
8155:Genes & Development
7823:10.1126/science.1248429
7335:Australasian Psychiatry
7115:10.4103/0019-5545.82562
6744:"Older Americans Month"
6406:10.1073/pnas.1421942112
6171:. Jerrymondo.tripod.com
5954:10.1073/pnas.1416546112
5625:Tsugane S (June 2021).
5523:School of Public Health
5111:. Gapminder Foundation.
5052:Encyclopædia Britannica
5004:"Medicine & Health"
4028:10.1002/ajpa.1330300314
3826:Liu X (December 2015).
3230:(with a ring above the
3017:Saint Anthony the Great
2918:Human Development Index
2754:Healthy life expectancy
2748:Healthy life expectancy
2167:curtate future lifetime
2026:{\displaystyle q_{x}\!}
1585:smoking-related disease
1506:degenerative diseases.
1452:health survival paradox
1016:2019–2020 world average
681:Encyclopædia Britannica
9594:Transhumanist politics
9512:Immortality in fiction
9490:Biological immortality
9034:cognitive epidemiology
8689:"Actuarial Life Table"
8334:Infinity is Really Big
8235:10.1073/pnas.71.6.2169
6924:Schizophrenia Bulletin
6319:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0867
5404:. Gapminder Foundation
4208:Boatwright MT (2021).
3483:, Sheffrin SM (2003).
3449:Laden G (1 May 2011).
3223:in whole years, while
2975:
2955:
2784:
2689:statistical population
2659:
2618:
2582:
2555:
2482:
2437:
2379:
2301:
2281:
2246:
2212:
2192:
2143:
2027:
1999:
1973:
1953:
1933:
1897:
1871:
1850:
1701:gastrointestinal tract
1676:
1607:
1527:unguarded X hypothesis
1476:cirrhosis of the liver
1447:
1397:University of Michigan
1364:
1352:
1339:Economic circumstances
1335:
1206:
1137:
1110:, and a healthy diet.
1061:
583:
563:
455:
432:
424:
416:
408:
370:
316:
232:
126:
118:
9630:Demographic economics
9398:regions by continents
9017:negligible senescence
9012:degenerative diseases
8531:. SOA. Archived from
8070:Physiological Reviews
7049:10.1056/NEJMms1610125
6936:10.1093/schbul/sbu138
6550:Nature Communications
6052:10.1542/peds.48.6.902
5486:. 20 September 2018.
4616:Lancaster HO (1990).
4243:. BRILL. p. 29.
2995:1500–1550: to age 71
2973:
2945:
2789:quest for longer life
2782:
2660:
2619:
2583:
2535:
2483:
2417:
2359:
2302:
2282:
2247:
2213:
2193:
2144:
2028:
2000:
1974:
1954:
1934:
1898:
1872:
1848:
1839:Further information:
1674:
1605:
1549:Further information:
1441:
1420:highway air pollution
1358:
1346:
1325:
1204:
1132:
1079:Further information:
1056:
1048:Industrial Revolution
850:(16th – 18th century)
668:Further information:
584:
564:
562:{\displaystyle e_{x}}
459:Human life expectancy
438:
430:
422:
414:
376:
322:
238:
132:
124:
113:
9243:regions of countries
9063:LGBT life expectancy
8857:. Hyattsville, Md.:
8380:Anderson RN (2000).
8197:on 12 November 2013.
8107:on 18 February 2019.
7597:(Suppl 1): 237–243.
6760:on 16 February 2016.
6733:Bureau of the Census
6708:. 15 September 2010.
6019:on 13 September 2017
5708:. Bloomsbury Press.
5036:on 30 December 2010.
5014:on 15 February 2020.
4619:Expectations of Life
3115:LGBT life expectancy
2992:1400–1500: to age 69
2982:1200–1300: to age 64
2822:U.S. Social Security
2628:
2608:
2519:
2316:
2291:
2280:{\displaystyle K(x)}
2262:
2227:
2202:
2191:{\displaystyle K(x)}
2173:
2050:
2009:
1983:
1963:
1943:
1907:
1881:
1861:
1767:basal metabolic rate
848:Early modern Britain
589:, with a particular
573:
546:
78:improve this article
67:to meet Knowledge's
9584:Longevity insurance
9502:Digital immortality
9128:calorie restriction
9115:Indefinite lifespan
9105:Anti-aging movement
9075:Biomarkers of aging
8413:, Young JH (1998).
8299:2007EcolL..10..867R
8226:1974PNAS...71.2169H
8168:10.1101/gad.1366505
8024:1977Natur.270..301K
7938:10.1038/nature02936
7930:2004Natur.431.1095R
7924:(7012): 1095–1099.
7815:2014Sci...343.1478C
7736:Population Bulletin
6739:on 10 October 2013.
6562:2020NatCo..11.3570T
6509:10.7554/eLife.39856
6397:2015PNAS..112.8993B
6259:(6 February 2013).
5945:2015PNAS..112E2102O
5765:on 5 February 2007.
5681:on 6 September 2015
5614:on 4 February 2012.
5525:. Boston University
5390:. World Bank Group.
5327:(9796): 1094–1105.
4952:Population Division
4237:Scheidel W (2017).
3746:10.1038/nature22786
3738:2017Natur.546E...8H
3673:Santrock J (2007).
3526:1983Ecol...64..631M
3461:on 11 November 2012
3125:Medieval demography
3055:Calorie restriction
2794:cellular senescence
2774:Healthy People 2010
1998:{\displaystyle x+1}
1959:(i.e. between ages
1896:{\displaystyle x+n}
1763:caloric restriction
1753:Life history theory
1720:Alzheimer's disease
1706:As of 2020 and the
1597:Alzheimer's disease
1389:economic inequality
1372:, the disparity is
1349:economic inequality
1188:from the region of
1117:announced that the
1104:equal opportunities
1075:Regional variations
1026:Females: 75.6 years
951:Early 19th-century
885:Samuel de Champlain
664:Variation over time
9234:World macroregions
9133:Diet and longevity
8933:Animal lifespans:
8646:(7037): 999–1003.
8124:Discovery Medicine
7567:. 15 January 2019.
7152:The New York Times
6864:The New York Times
6810:10.1093/ije/dyu038
6751:Facts for Features
5195:. 4 November 2021.
5122:CDC (April 1999).
4967:data.worldbank.org
4825:Francis D (2006).
4770:, Ortiz-Ospina E,
4594:. 27 December 1998
4477:Bagchi AK (2008).
4386:10.1093/ije/dyi211
4335:Saller RP (1997).
4261:Flower HI (2014).
4121:Hansen MH (2006).
3140:Population pyramid
3008:Christopher Wanjek
2976:
2956:
2787:The long-standing
2785:
2766:Healthy Life Years
2655:
2614:
2578:
2478:
2297:
2277:
2242:
2208:
2188:
2139:
2023:
1995:
1969:
1949:
1929:
1893:
1867:
1855:actuarial notation
1851:
1677:
1655:Shimane Prefecture
1608:
1490:) or intentional (
1448:
1365:
1353:
1336:
1273:Hispanic Americans
1207:
1138:
1062:
1044:Colony of Virginia
1005:1950 world average
994:1900 world average
877:Canadian Maritimes
630:Christiaan Huygens
579:
559:
456:
433:
425:
417:
409:
371:
317:
233:
127:
119:
9625:Actuarial science
9607:
9606:
9438:
9437:
9158:stem-cell therapy
9070:Maximum life span
8843:978-3-7186-4983-9
8729:978-0-471-43499-3
8564:on April 20, 2009
8424:978-0-412-04711-4
8365:978-1-56698-676-2
8161:(20): 2399–2406.
8018:(5635): 301–304.
7521:JAMA Network Open
7484:10.1002/wps.20806
7186:978-1-59259-932-5
7043:(16): 1585–1589.
6198:(78–85): 133–139.
5739:Our World in Data
5715:978-1-60819-036-2
5109:"Gapminder World"
5076:978-0-415-38218-2
5008:Stratfordhall.org
4888:Our World in Data
4883:"Life expectancy"
4868:978-1-55109-056-6
4836:978-0-19-542169-9
4811:978-1-108-47920-2
4780:Our World in Data
4776:"Life Expectancy"
4670:978-0-691-09010-8
4629:978-0-387-97105-6
4517:978-0-521-59773-9
4490:978-1-4617-0515-4
4460:978-1-9996262-2-8
4422:978-1-139-05439-3
4348:978-0-521-59978-8
4314:978-0-8047-5141-4
4274:978-1-139-99238-1
4250:978-90-04-35109-7
4221:978-0-19-045589-7
4187:978-1-63388-703-9
4132:978-0-8262-6548-7
3899:978-0-472-08512-5
3701:(Press release).
3684:978-0-07-313376-8
3652:978-0-525-53885-1
3620:978-0-470-84907-1
3587:978-0-8493-8970-2
3494:978-0-13-063085-8
3327:Our World in Data
3120:Maximum life span
3036:maximum life span
3004:Maximum life span
2952:retirement income
2932:income inequality
2890:, which uses the
2730:accelerated aging
2694:Gompertz function
2617:{\displaystyle x}
2602:
2601:
2502:
2501:
2300:{\displaystyle x}
2211:{\displaystyle x}
2163:
2162:
1972:{\displaystyle x}
1952:{\displaystyle x}
1870:{\displaystyle x}
1565:genetic variation
1551:Genetics of aging
1519:natural selection
1174:eastern Europeans
1069:1918 flu pandemic
1059:Our World in Data
1039:
1038:
1029:Males: 70.8 years
805:Early Middle Ages
658:maximum life span
634:Lodewijck Huygens
582:{\displaystyle x}
533:Life expectancy,
407:
406:
369:
368:
315:
314:
231:
230:
106:
105:
98:
69:quality standards
60:This article may
16:(Redirected from
9657:
9450:Longevity claims
9182:
9181:
9046:supercentenarian
8969:
8962:
8955:
8946:
8945:
8935:Animal Lifespans
8870:
8847:
8816:
8815:
8802:
8796:
8795:
8776:
8770:
8769:
8767:
8758:
8752:
8751:
8740:
8734:
8733:
8710:
8697:
8696:
8685:
8676:
8675:
8665:
8655:
8631:
8625:
8624:
8614:
8604:
8580:
8574:
8573:
8571:
8569:
8554:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8543:
8537:
8530:
8522:
8516:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8494:
8488:
8487:
8476:
8470:
8469:
8462:
8456:
8455:
8446:(419): 659–671.
8435:
8429:
8428:
8407:
8401:
8400:
8386:
8377:
8371:
8369:
8351:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8340:
8325:
8319:
8318:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8267:
8258:
8257:
8247:
8237:
8205:
8199:
8198:
8193:. Archived from
8187:
8181:
8180:
8170:
8146:
8140:
8139:
8115:
8109:
8108:
8106:
8100:. Archived from
8076:(4): 1175–1213.
8067:
8058:
8052:
8051:
8032:10.1038/270301a0
8007:
8001:
8000:
7964:
7958:
7957:
7913:
7907:
7906:
7886:
7880:
7879:
7851:
7845:
7844:
7834:
7794:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7783:
7768:
7762:
7761:
7751:
7727:
7716:
7715:
7705:
7670:
7664:
7663:
7645:
7621:
7615:
7614:
7586:
7580:
7575:
7569:
7568:
7561:
7555:
7554:
7544:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7495:
7472:World Psychiatry
7463:
7457:
7456:
7446:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7397:
7373:
7367:
7366:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7313:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7268:
7260:
7254:
7253:
7243:
7219:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7208:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7170:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7159:
7154:. 6 October 2007
7144:
7138:
7137:
7127:
7117:
7093:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7073:. Archived from
7067:
7061:
7060:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7021:
7007:
7001:
7000:
6964:
6958:
6957:
6947:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6898:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6838:
6832:
6831:
6821:
6789:
6783:
6782:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6748:
6740:
6735:. Archived from
6725:
6719:
6709:
6698:
6692:
6685:
6679:
6678:
6660:
6650:
6626:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6600:
6594:
6593:
6583:
6573:
6541:
6532:
6531:
6521:
6511:
6487:
6478:
6477:
6467:
6450:(3): 1109–1124.
6435:
6429:
6428:
6418:
6408:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6331:
6321:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6261:"Mother's Curse"
6253:
6247:
6246:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6214:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6018:
6012:. Archived from
5995:
5986:
5977:
5976:
5966:
5956:
5939:(16): E2102–11.
5924:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5904:
5895:
5886:
5885:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5809:. 28 August 2008
5799:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5783:. 28 August 2008
5773:
5767:
5766:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5707:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5654:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5579:
5570:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5481:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5430:. 31 August 2022
5420:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5303:
5301:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5250:
5227:Also printed as
5226:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5143:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5065:Buer MC (1926).
5062:
5056:
5055:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5032:. Archived from
5022:
5016:
5015:
5010:. Archived from
5000:
4994:
4993:
4982:
4973:
4970:
4955:
4949:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4918:
4909:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4860:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4795:
4784:
4783:
4764:
4729:
4727:
4717:
4685:
4674:
4673:
4649:
4634:
4633:
4613:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4474:
4465:
4464:
4447:Maher G (2021).
4444:
4427:
4426:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4388:
4379:(6): 1435–1436.
4364:
4353:
4352:
4332:
4321:
4318:
4301:Wolf AP (2005).
4297:
4291:
4278:
4257:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4205:
4192:
4191:
4171:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4064:Brown University
4060:
4051:
4040:
4039:
4011:
4000:
3999:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3972:Brown University
3968:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3919:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3883:
3866:
3865:
3855:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3796:
3787:(12): e2006776.
3772:
3766:
3765:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3670:
3657:
3656:
3641:(1st ed.).
3631:
3625:
3624:
3605:. pp. 1–2.
3598:
3592:
3591:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3553:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3457:. Archived from
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3297:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3257:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3210:
3190:Infant mortality
2888:Lee-Carter model
2738:Lee–Carter model
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2640:
2639:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2596:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2531:
2530:
2513:
2496:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2459:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2436:
2431:
2378:
2373:
2328:
2327:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2071:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2044:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1778:skin fibroblasts
1614:, lifespan, and
1405:Great Depression
760:Classical Greece
702:
701:
693:infant mortality
686:world population
588:
586:
585:
580:
568:
566:
565:
560:
558:
557:
539:maximum lifespan
516:infant mortality
440:“Gender Die Gap”
401:
393:
385:
379:
363:
355:
347:
339:
331:
325:
309:
303:
295:
289:
281:
275:
267:
261:
253:
247:
241:
225:
219:
211:
205:
199:
193:
185:
179:
173:
167:
159:
153:
147:
141:
135:
101:
94:
90:
87:
81:
55:
54:
47:
21:
9665:
9664:
9660:
9659:
9658:
9656:
9655:
9654:
9620:Life expectancy
9610:
9609:
9608:
9603:
9567:
9521:Longevity genes
9516:
9476:
9434:
9393:
9238:
9177:life expectancy
9175:
9169:
9079:
9058:Life expectancy
8997:Longevity myths
8978:
8973:
8916:Wayback Machine
8904:Wayback Machine
8878:
8873:
8844:
8824:
8822:Further reading
8819:
8803:
8799:
8777:
8773:
8765:
8759:
8755:
8742:
8741:
8737:
8730:
8711:
8700:
8687:
8686:
8679:
8632:
8628:
8581:
8577:
8567:
8565:
8556:
8555:
8551:
8541:
8539:
8538:on 7 March 2019
8535:
8528:
8524:
8523:
8519:
8509:
8507:
8495:
8491:
8486:on 4 July 2012.
8478:
8477:
8473:
8464:
8463:
8459:
8436:
8432:
8425:
8408:
8404:
8384:
8378:
8374:
8366:
8352:
8348:
8338:
8336:
8326:
8322:
8293:(10): 867–872.
8287:Ecology Letters
8283:
8279:
8268:
8261:
8206:
8202:
8189:
8188:
8184:
8147:
8143:
8130:(28): 359–362.
8116:
8112:
8104:
8065:
8059:
8055:
8008:
8004:
7965:
7961:
7914:
7910:
7887:
7883:
7868:10.2307/2406060
7852:
7848:
7795:
7791:
7781:
7779:
7769:
7765:
7728:
7719:
7671:
7667:
7622:
7618:
7587:
7583:
7576:
7572:
7563:
7562:
7558:
7527:(9): e2023282.
7513:
7509:
7464:
7460:
7423:JAMA Psychiatry
7415:
7411:
7374:
7370:
7331:
7327:
7282:
7278:
7266:
7262:
7261:
7257:
7220:
7216:
7206:
7204:
7199:
7198:
7194:
7187:
7171:
7167:
7157:
7155:
7146:
7145:
7141:
7094:
7090:
7080:
7078:
7077:on 9 April 2019
7069:
7068:
7064:
7033:
7029:
7019:
7017:
7009:
7008:
7004:
6965:
6961:
6916:
6912:
6875:
6871:
6856:
6852:
6844:
6840:
6839:
6835:
6790:
6786:
6769:
6765:
6757:
6746:
6742:
6727:
6726:
6722:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6687:United Nations
6686:
6682:
6627:
6623:
6613:
6611:
6601:
6597:
6542:
6535:
6488:
6481:
6436:
6432:
6377:
6373:
6363:
6361:
6349:
6345:
6312:(3): 20190867.
6306:Biology Letters
6298:
6294:
6284:
6282:
6272:
6268:
6254:
6250:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6222:
6220:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6203:
6188:
6184:
6174:
6172:
6165:
6161:
6151:
6149:
6140:
6139:
6135:
6125:
6123:
6109:
6105:
6071:
6067:
6036:
6032:
6022:
6020:
6016:
5993:
5987:
5980:
5925:
5921:
5911:
5909:
5902:
5896:
5889:
5878:
5874:
5864:
5862:
5852:
5848:
5838:
5836:
5834:Washington Post
5826:
5822:
5812:
5810:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5786:
5784:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5732:(26 May 2017).
5727:
5723:
5716:
5698:
5694:
5684:
5682:
5673:
5672:
5668:
5623:
5619:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5577:
5571:
5564:
5554:
5552:
5542:
5538:
5528:
5526:
5515:
5511:
5501:
5499:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5461:
5459:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5433:
5431:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5407:
5405:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5371:
5369:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5317:
5313:
5299:
5297:
5284:
5280:
5248:10.2307/2061752
5204:
5200:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5148:
5134:(12): 241–243.
5120:
5116:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5063:
5059:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5030:Digital History
5024:
5023:
5019:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4984:
4983:
4976:
4961:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4925:
4923:
4916:
4910:
4903:
4893:
4891:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4848:
4844:
4837:
4823:
4819:
4812:
4796:
4787:
4765:
4732:
4686:
4677:
4671:
4650:
4637:
4630:
4614:
4607:
4597:
4595:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4567:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4544:
4540:
4529:
4525:
4518:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4445:
4430:
4423:
4409:
4402:
4365:
4356:
4349:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4289:
4275:
4251:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4206:
4195:
4188:
4172:
4165:
4155:
4153:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4119:
4115:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4058:
4052:
4043:
4012:
4003:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3966:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3917:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3884:
3869:
3824:
3820:
3773:
3769:
3732:(7660): E8–E9.
3722:
3718:
3708:
3706:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3671:
3660:
3653:
3643:Riverhead Books
3632:
3628:
3621:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3574:
3567:
3534:10.2307/1937181
3506:
3502:
3495:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3462:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3386:
3382:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3354:. UK Government
3346:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3228:
3217:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3154:
3149:
3045:
2940:
2914:
2814:
2750:
2705:mortality table
2674:arithmetic mean
2668:
2647:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2539:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2432:
2421:
2374:
2363:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2133:
2129:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1843:
1837:
1776:The ability of
1755:
1749:
1728:
1716:
1714:Other illnesses
1697:agranulocytosis
1666:
1650:
1644:
1620:haem metabolism
1553:
1547:
1436:
1434:Sex differences
1428:tobacco smoking
1341:
1315:cities such as
1312:
1281:
1275:is 81.2 years.
1260:Black Americans
1250:unhealthy diets
1215:wealthy nations
1199:
1170:
1127:
1083:
1077:
1035:
1020:
697:child mortality
676:
666:
647:
642:
622:
604:(also known as
574:
571:
570:
553:
549:
547:
544:
543:
525:
501:mortality rates
478:
471:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
311:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
249:
245:
227:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
207:
203:
201:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
181:
177:
175:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
155:
151:
149:
145:
143:
139:
102:
91:
85:
82:
75:
56:
52:
45:
38:
33:Life Expectancy
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9663:
9653:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9605:
9604:
9602:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9589:Longevity risk
9586:
9581:
9575:
9573:
9569:
9568:
9566:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9524:
9522:
9518:
9517:
9515:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9498:
9497:
9486:
9484:
9478:
9477:
9475:
9474:
9473:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9452:
9446:
9444:
9440:
9439:
9436:
9435:
9433:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9401:
9399:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9391:
9390:
9389:
9384:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9283:
9282:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9246:
9244:
9240:
9239:
9237:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9215:
9214:
9209:
9199:
9194:
9188:
9186:
9179:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9167:
9166:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9148:organ printing
9145:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9101:
9100:
9089:
9087:
9085:Life extension
9081:
9080:
9078:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9066:
9065:
9055:
9054:
9053:
9048:
9038:
9037:
9036:
9031:
9029:biogerontology
9021:
9020:
9019:
9014:
9009:
8999:
8994:
8988:
8986:
8980:
8979:
8972:
8971:
8964:
8957:
8949:
8943:
8942:
8931:
8925:
8919:
8906:
8894:
8884:
8877:
8876:External links
8874:
8872:
8871:
8848:
8842:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8817:
8797:
8787:(2): 321–365,
8771:
8753:
8735:
8728:
8698:
8677:
8626:
8595:(2): 158–162.
8575:
8549:
8517:
8489:
8471:
8457:
8430:
8423:
8402:
8372:
8364:
8346:
8320:
8277:
8259:
8220:(6): 2169–73.
8200:
8182:
8141:
8110:
8053:
8002:
7959:
7908:
7897:(4): 695–708.
7881:
7846:
7789:
7763:
7717:
7665:
7636:(5): 619–625.
7616:
7581:
7570:
7556:
7507:
7478:(1): 124–130.
7458:
7429:(4): 380–386.
7409:
7388:(4): 416–419.
7382:Psychosomatics
7368:
7341:(3): 216–219.
7325:
7276:
7255:
7234:(3): 162–167.
7214:
7192:
7185:
7165:
7139:
7108:(2): 176–177.
7088:
7062:
7027:
7002:
6959:
6930:(3): 664–673.
6910:
6889:(6): 453–458.
6869:
6850:
6833:
6804:(2): 476–493.
6784:
6763:
6720:
6693:
6680:
6621:
6595:
6533:
6479:
6430:
6391:(29): 8993–8.
6371:
6343:
6292:
6266:
6248:
6230:
6201:
6182:
6159:
6133:
6103:
6084:(6): 321–333.
6065:
6046:(6): 902–906.
6030:
5978:
5919:
5887:
5872:
5846:
5820:
5794:
5768:
5750:
5721:
5714:
5692:
5666:
5637:(6): 921–928.
5617:
5599:
5562:
5536:
5509:
5469:
5441:
5415:
5393:
5379:
5357:
5311:
5278:
5241:(3): 459–479.
5217:(4): 421–450.
5198:
5184:
5114:
5100:
5082:
5075:
5057:
5054:. 25 May 2024.
5039:
5017:
4995:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4957:
4956:
4933:
4901:
4874:
4867:
4842:
4835:
4817:
4810:
4785:
4730:
4675:
4669:
4663:, p. 37,
4635:
4628:
4605:
4577:
4566:. Channel4.com
4555:
4538:
4523:
4516:
4496:
4489:
4466:
4459:
4428:
4421:
4400:
4354:
4347:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4313:
4298:
4279:
4273:
4258:
4249:
4227:
4220:
4193:
4186:
4163:
4151:Britannica.com
4138:
4131:
4113:
4094:(4): 709–742.
4078:
4041:
4022:(3): 427–437.
4001:
3986:
3954:
3928:(4): 156–185.
3905:
3898:
3867:
3818:
3767:
3716:
3705:. 28 June 2017
3690:
3683:
3658:
3651:
3645:. p. 15.
3626:
3619:
3593:
3586:
3565:
3500:
3493:
3472:
3441:
3415:
3380:
3365:
3339:
3314:
3285:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3249:
3240:
3226:
3215:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3170:Life extension
3167:
3162:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3135:Mortality rate
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3085:Life extension
3082:
3077:
3075:Glasgow effect
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3041:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:bubonic plague
2983:
2939:
2936:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2897:Rob J. Hyndman
2874:
2813:
2810:
2749:
2746:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2666:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2613:
2600:
2599:
2590:
2588:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2504:Substituting (
2500:
2499:
2490:
2488:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2296:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2238:
2234:
2207:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2161:
2160:
2151:
2149:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2019:
2015:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1968:
1948:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1866:
1836:
1833:
1751:Main article:
1748:
1745:
1727:
1724:
1715:
1712:
1665:
1664:Mental illness
1662:
1646:Main article:
1643:
1640:
1581:cardiovascular
1546:
1543:
1435:
1432:
1422:or industrial
1411:, exposure to
1340:
1337:
1328:GDP per capita
1311:
1308:
1280:
1277:
1269:Asian American
1264:White American
1230:drug overdoses
1198:
1195:
1169:
1168:Eastern Europe
1166:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1147:United Nations
1126:
1123:
1076:
1073:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
991:
990:
986:
983:
979:
978:
976:
973:
966:
965:
958:
955:
948:
947:
943:
940:
936:
935:
932:
929:
925:
924:
921:
918:
911:
910:
907:
904:
897:
896:
882:
879:
875:Pre-Champlain
872:
871:
868:
865:
858:
857:
854:
851:
844:
843:
839:
836:
830:
829:
825:
822:
816:
815:
811:
808:
801:
800:
797:
794:
790:
789:
781:
776:
770:
769:
765:
762:
756:
755:
752:
749:
739:
738:
735:
732:
726:
725:
722:
719:
713:
712:
709:
706:
665:
662:
654:Jeanne Calment
646:
643:
641:
640:Human patterns
638:
621:
618:
578:
556:
552:
523:
476:
469:
405:
404:
398:
396:
390:
388:
382:
367:
366:
360:
358:
352:
350:
344:
342:
336:
334:
328:
313:
312:
306:
300:
298:
292:
286:
284:
278:
272:
270:
264:
258:
256:
250:
244:
229:
228:
222:
216:
214:
208:
202:
196:
190:
188:
182:
176:
170:
164:
162:
156:
150:
144:
138:
104:
103:
59:
57:
50:
26:
18:Mean life span
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9662:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9617:
9615:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9576:
9574:
9570:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9525:
9523:
9519:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9507:Eternal youth
9505:
9503:
9500:
9496:
9493:
9492:
9491:
9488:
9487:
9485:
9483:
9479:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9457:
9456:
9455:Oldest people
9453:
9451:
9448:
9447:
9445:
9441:
9431:
9430:South America
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9420:North America
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9402:
9400:
9396:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9379:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9281:
9278:
9277:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9241:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9213:
9212:South America
9210:
9208:
9207:North America
9205:
9204:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9189:
9187:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9172:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9125:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9099:
9096:
9095:
9094:
9093:Topic outline
9091:
9090:
9088:
9086:
9082:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9064:
9061:
9060:
9059:
9056:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9043:
9042:
9039:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9026:
9025:
9022:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9004:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8989:
8987:
8985:
8981:
8977:
8970:
8965:
8963:
8958:
8956:
8951:
8950:
8947:
8940:
8936:
8932:
8929:
8926:
8923:
8920:
8917:
8913:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8901:
8898:
8895:
8892:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8879:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8855:
8849:
8845:
8839:
8835:
8831:
8827:
8826:
8813:
8812:
8807:
8801:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8775:
8764:
8757:
8749:
8745:
8739:
8731:
8725:
8721:
8720:
8715:
8709:
8707:
8705:
8703:
8694:
8690:
8684:
8682:
8673:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8630:
8622:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8586:
8579:
8563:
8559:
8553:
8534:
8527:
8521:
8506:
8505:
8504:New Scientist
8500:
8493:
8485:
8481:
8475:
8467:
8461:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8434:
8426:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8406:
8398:
8394:
8391:(129): 1–28.
8390:
8383:
8376:
8367:
8361:
8357:
8350:
8335:
8331:
8324:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8288:
8281:
8273:
8266:
8264:
8255:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8204:
8196:
8192:
8186:
8178:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8145:
8137:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8114:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8064:
8057:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8006:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7963:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7912:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7892:
7891:J. Zool. Lond
7885:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7850:
7842:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7793:
7778:
7774:
7767:
7759:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7713:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7669:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7620:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7585:
7579:
7574:
7566:
7560:
7552:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7511:
7503:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7462:
7454:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7413:
7405:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7372:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7329:
7321:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7280:
7272:
7265:
7259:
7251:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7218:
7202:
7196:
7188:
7182:
7178:
7177:
7169:
7153:
7149:
7143:
7135:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7092:
7076:
7072:
7066:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7031:
7016:
7012:
7006:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6963:
6955:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6914:
6906:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6873:
6865:
6861:
6854:
6843:
6837:
6829:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6788:
6780:
6779:
6774:
6767:
6756:
6752:
6745:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6724:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6690:
6684:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6625:
6610:
6606:
6599:
6591:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6540:
6538:
6529:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6486:
6484:
6475:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6434:
6426:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6375:
6360:
6359:
6354:
6347:
6339:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6296:
6281:
6277:
6270:
6262:
6258:
6252:
6244:
6240:
6234:
6218:
6211:
6205:
6197:
6193:
6186:
6170:
6163:
6147:
6143:
6137:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6107:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6069:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6034:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6004:(4): 83–111.
6003:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5983:
5974:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5923:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5892:
5883:
5876:
5861:
5857:
5850:
5835:
5831:
5824:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5782:
5778:
5772:
5764:
5760:
5754:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5725:
5717:
5711:
5706:
5705:
5696:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5621:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5567:
5551:
5547:
5540:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5484:The Economist
5480:
5473:
5458:on 7 May 2022
5457:
5453:
5452:
5445:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5403:
5397:
5389:
5383:
5367:
5361:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5282:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5194:
5188:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5118:
5110:
5104:
5097:. 1 May 2001.
5096:
5092:
5086:
5078:
5072:
5068:
5061:
5053:
5049:
5043:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5013:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4953:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4906:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4870:
4864:
4859:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4838:
4832:
4828:
4821:
4813:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4798:Li B (2021).
4794:
4792:
4790:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4672:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4631:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4612:
4610:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4565:
4559:
4551:
4550:
4546:Mc Krause S.
4542:
4534:
4527:
4519:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4500:
4492:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4473:
4471:
4462:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4424:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4405:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4350:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4316:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4223:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4189:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4170:
4168:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4134:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4067:
4066:Working Paper
4065:
4057:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4010:
4008:
4006:
3997:
3990:
3975:
3974:Working Paper
3973:
3965:
3958:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3901:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3704:
3703:Science Daily
3700:
3694:
3686:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3654:
3648:
3644:
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3318:
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3229:
3222:
3218:
3209:
3207:
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3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Public health
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:John Sperling
3163:
3160:
3157:
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3146:
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3141:
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3133:
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3101:
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3091:
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3081:
3080:Health equity
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:Biodemography
3048:
3047:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3032:John D. Hawks
3028:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
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2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
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2831:
2830:pay-as-you-go
2827:
2823:
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2803:
2799:
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2790:
2781:
2777:
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2770:United States
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
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2739:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2713:
2712:cubic splines
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2670:
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2636:
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2498:
2491:
2489:
2473:
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2463:
2455:
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2418:
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2271:
2265:
2257:
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2236:
2232:
2221:
2205:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2017:
2013:
2005:) is denoted
1992:
1989:
1986:
1966:
1946:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1864:
1856:
1847:
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1532:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1515:mitochondrial
1511:
1507:
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1485:
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1425:
1424:air pollution
1421:
1416:
1414:
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1398:
1394:
1393:Ana Diez Roux
1390:
1385:
1383:
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1375:
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1362:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1333:
1332:Preston curve
1329:
1324:
1320:
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1301:heart disease
1298:
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1234:car accidents
1231:
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1211:United States
1203:
1197:United States
1194:
1191:
1190:Severozapaden
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1109:
1108:public health
1105:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1087:public health
1082:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:Public health
1060:
1055:
1051:
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1031:
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1025:
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969:19th-century
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900:18th-century
899:
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86:November 2022
79:
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9495:Regeneration
9347:South Africa
9176:
9153:rejuvenation
9143:nanomedicine
9138:gene therapy
9057:
8853:
8833:
8810:
8800:
8784:
8780:
8774:
8756:
8747:
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8718:
8643:
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8592:
8588:
8578:
8566:. Retrieved
8562:the original
8552:
8540:. Retrieved
8533:the original
8520:
8508:. Retrieved
8502:
8492:
8484:the original
8474:
8460:
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8439:
8433:
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8333:
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7780:. Retrieved
7776:
7766:
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7258:
7231:
7227:
7217:
7205:. Retrieved
7195:
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7151:
7142:
7105:
7101:
7091:
7079:. Retrieved
7075:the original
7065:
7040:
7036:
7030:
7018:. Retrieved
7014:
7005:
6975:(2): 83–88.
6972:
6968:
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6750:
6737:the original
6732:
6723:
6705:
6696:
6683:
6641:(1): 19–30.
6638:
6635:Nature Aging
6634:
6624:
6612:. Retrieved
6608:
6598:
6553:
6549:
6499:
6495:
6447:
6443:
6433:
6388:
6384:
6374:
6362:. Retrieved
6358:Live Science
6356:
6346:
6309:
6305:
6295:
6283:. Retrieved
6279:
6269:
6251:
6242:
6233:
6221:. Retrieved
6216:
6204:
6195:
6191:
6185:
6173:. Retrieved
6162:
6150:. Retrieved
6146:QualityWatch
6145:
6136:
6124:. Retrieved
6116:
6106:
6081:
6077:
6068:
6043:
6039:
6033:
6021:. Retrieved
6014:the original
6001:
5997:
5936:
5932:
5922:
5910:. Retrieved
5906:
5875:
5863:. Retrieved
5860:ScienceDaily
5859:
5849:
5837:. Retrieved
5833:
5823:
5811:. Retrieved
5806:
5797:
5785:. Retrieved
5780:
5771:
5763:the original
5753:
5737:
5724:
5703:
5695:
5683:. Retrieved
5679:the original
5669:
5634:
5630:
5620:
5612:the original
5602:
5585:
5581:
5553:. Retrieved
5549:
5539:
5527:. Retrieved
5522:
5512:
5500:. Retrieved
5483:
5472:
5460:. Retrieved
5456:the original
5450:
5444:
5432:. Retrieved
5427:
5418:
5406:. Retrieved
5396:
5382:
5370:. Retrieved
5360:
5352:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5305:
5298:. Retrieved
5293:The Guardian
5291:
5281:
5238:
5234:
5214:
5210:
5201:
5187:
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5150:
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5127:
5117:
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5060:
5051:
5042:
5034:the original
5029:
5020:
5012:the original
5007:
4998:
4989:
4966:
4951:
4936:
4924:. Retrieved
4920:
4912:Prentice T.
4892:. Retrieved
4886:
4877:
4856:
4845:
4826:
4820:
4800:
4779:
4697:
4693:
4656:
4618:
4596:. Retrieved
4589:
4580:
4568:. Retrieved
4558:
4548:
4541:
4526:
4506:
4499:
4479:
4449:
4412:
4376:
4372:
4337:
4303:
4293:
4263:
4254:
4239:
4230:
4210:
4176:
4154:. Retrieved
4150:
4141:
4122:
4116:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4069:. Retrieved
4062:
4019:
4015:
3995:
3989:
3979:12 September
3977:. Retrieved
3970:
3957:
3947:12 September
3945:. Retrieved
3925:
3921:
3908:
3888:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3784:
3781:PLOS Biology
3780:
3770:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3707:. Retrieved
3693:
3674:
3638:
3629:
3602:
3596:
3577:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3484:
3481:O'Sullivan A
3475:
3463:. Retrieved
3459:the original
3455:ScienceBlogs
3454:
3444:
3432:. Retrieved
3427:
3418:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3374:
3368:
3356:. Retrieved
3351:
3342:
3330:. Retrieved
3326:
3317:
3252:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3180:Rejuvenation
3130:Mitohormesis
3095:Lindy effect
3065:Depreciation
3029:
3021:Michelangelo
3002:
2998:
2977:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:—is used in
2947:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2835:
2815:
2786:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2734:
2717:
2682:
2671:
2603:
2592:
2505:
2503:
2492:
2223:
2222:and denoted
2219:
2166:
2164:
2153:
2038:
2034:
1852:
1830:
1775:
1760:
1756:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1682:
1678:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1642:Centenarians
1625:
1609:
1577:genetic loci
1557:heritability
1554:
1539:
1531:Y chromosome
1524:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1480:occupational
1472:tuberculosis
1449:
1417:
1400:
1386:
1366:
1313:
1282:
1258:
1219:
1208:
1172:On average,
1171:
1139:
1135:HIV pandemic
1112:
1106:, excellent
1097:
1091:
1084:
1063:
1040:
962:
785:
779:
774:Ancient Rome
690:
679:
677:
648:
623:
595:
532:
528:
509:
504:
497:hypothetical
492:
484:
480:
473:
466:
462:
458:
457:
439:
107:
92:
83:
76:Please help
72:
61:
32:
9482:Immortality
9041:Centenarian
9024:Gerontology
8830:Gavrilov LA
8568:November 4,
8339:18 November
7742:(1): 1–16.
6716:Pacific War
6706:Japan Times
6556:(1): 3570.
5462:15 December
4990:Worldometer
4700:(12): 577.
4147:"Mortality"
3838:: 228–233.
3434:18 December
3396:(1): 71–5.
2948:current age
2912:Policy uses
2883:time series
2878:death rates
2812:Forecasting
1903:is denoted
1835:Calculation
1780:to perform
1648:Centenarian
1468:lung cancer
1403:during the
909:For males.
893:Daniel Paul
717:Paleolithic
626:John Graunt
602:life tables
80:if you can.
9645:Population
9640:Demography
9635:Senescence
9614:Categories
9465:by country
9362:Tajikistan
9327:Kazakhstan
9185:by country
9002:Senescence
8748:InfoPlease
7975:(1): 3–8.
7771:Torpey E.
7203:. MedScape
6502:(e39856).
6175:4 November
6167:Stindl R.
6126:18 January
6040:Pediatrics
6023:31 October
5912:1 November
5235:Demography
4926:4 November
4653:Pomeranz K
4598:4 November
4570:4 November
4283:Scheidel W
4156:4 November
4071:4 November
3639:Extra Life
3264:References
3145:Senescence
3090:Life table
3060:Demography
3025:John Adams
3023:(88), and
2847:life table
2818:demography
2726:shelf life
2721:life table
2169:, denoted
2035:likelihood
1782:DNA repair
1693:olanzapine
1612:healthspan
1488:car wrecks
1317:Cincinnati
1254:loneliness
1246:poor sleep
1226:alcoholism
1186:Bulgarians
1099:The Lancet
1019:72.6–73.2
743:Bronze Age
610:shelf life
512:Bronze Age
364: 12.5
348: 17.5
332: 22.5
310: 47.5
296: 52.5
282: 57.5
268: 62.5
254: 67.5
226: ⩽ 53
212: 57.5
200: 62.5
186: 67.5
174: 72.5
160: 77.5
148: 82.5
142: 85 ⩾
42:Maturation
9579:Blue zone
9337:Palestine
9255:Australia
9250:Argentina
8976:Longevity
8891:Max Roser
7954:205210169
7856:Evolution
6675:246093885
6614:18 August
6117:eMedicine
6074:Waldron I
5813:28 August
5787:28 August
5492:0013-0613
5434:31 August
5307:Japan....
5300:31 August
5145:Reprinted
4894:28 August
4774:(2019) .
4772:Ritchie H
4531:McCaa R.
3635:Johnson S
3465:31 August
3358:31 August
3332:31 August
3175:Longevity
2954:planning.
2806:senolytic
2624:would be
2552:∞
2537:∑
2434:∞
2419:∑
2385:⋅
2376:∞
2361:∑
2336:
2112:−
1818:life span
1771:tortoises
1726:Education
1685:co-morbid
1616:longevity
1561:variation
1535:expressed
1413:pollution
1401:increased
1310:In cities
1178:Spaniards
730:Neolithic
670:Longevity
606:actuarial
600:, and in
591:mortality
535:longevity
520:epidemics
394: 7.5
9650:Duration
9460:verified
9382:shortest
9202:Americas
9174:Lists of
9124:Methods
8912:Archived
8900:Archived
8808:(2009),
8716:(2002),
8714:Wanjek C
8693:Archived
8621:15650149
8411:Young LJ
8397:11824050
8370:page 92.
8315:17845285
8177:16230529
8136:20704872
8098:11903260
8090:17928583
7989:18087751
7946:15510147
7841:24675955
7782:10 March
7758:25995521
7712:18031486
7660:20247054
7652:12752319
7611:19836639
7551:32997123
7502:33026219
7453:33502436
7404:19687183
7363:32093594
7355:18568631
7320:28839751
7134:21772658
7057:27797313
7015:Medscape
6997:13646442
6989:22249081
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2333:E
2330:=
2325:x
2321:e
2295:x
2275:)
2272:x
2269:(
2266:K
2252:,
2237:x
2233:e
2206:x
2186:)
2183:x
2180:(
2177:K
2158:)
2156:1
2154:(
2135:x
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2122:+
2119:k
2107:x
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2097:k
2090:=
2085:k
2082:+
2079:x
2075:q
2068:x
2064:p
2058:k
2018:x
2014:q
1993:1
1990:+
1987:x
1967:x
1947:x
1924:x
1920:p
1914:n
1891:n
1888:+
1885:x
1865:x
1446:.
1363:.
1351:.
1334:.
577:x
555:x
551:e
524:5
481:x
477:x
474:e
470:0
467:e
454:.
99:)
93:(
88:)
84:(
44:.
37:.
20:)
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