1592:
2960:
1499:
study was restricted to data in
Western Europe alone, where the demographic transition occurred relatively early. United Nations statistics from mid-twentieth century onward, show that in all parts of the world, females have a higher life expectancy at age 60 than males. Of 72 selected causes of death, only 6 yielded greater female than male age-adjusted death rates in 1998 in the United States. Except for birds, for almost all of the animal species studied, males have higher mortality than females. Evidence suggests that the sex mortality differential in people is due to both biological/genetic and environmental/behavioral risk and protective factors.
1333:
425:
417:
363:
309:
225:
111:
1039:, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. Recorded deaths among children under the age of 5 years fell in London from 74.5% of the recorded births in 1730–49 to 31.8% in 1810–29, though this overstates mortality and its fall because of net immigration (hence more dying in the metropolis than were born there) and incomplete registration (particularly of births, and especially in the earlier period). English life expectancy at birth reached 41 years in the 1840s, 43 in the 1870s and 46 in the 1890s, though infant mortality remained at around 150 per thousand throughout this period.
1043:
2932:
511:, plagues, wars, and childbirth, before modern medicine was widely available, significantly lowers LEB. For example, a society with a LEB of 40 would have relatively few people dying at exactly 40: most will die before 30 or after 55. In populations with high infant mortality rates, LEB is highly sensitive to the rate of death in the first few years of life. Because of this sensitivity, LEB can be grossly misinterpreted, leading to the belief that a population with a low LEB would have a small proportion of older people. A different measure, such as life expectancy at age 5 (e
100:
1119:
1345:
401:
119:
1428:
409:
5097:
5390:
2989:
tenth of estimated ancient and medieval levels) that deaths in a later year of life (usually around age 80) become more numerous. While the most common age of death in adulthood among modern hunter-gatherers (often taken as a guide to the likely most favourable
Paleolithic demographic experience) is estimated to average 72 years, the number dying at that age is dwarfed by those (over a fifth of all infants) dying in the first year of life, and only around a quarter usually survive to the higher age.
1312:
1191:
1491:
have a higher survival rate. At the other extreme, about 90% of individuals aged 110 are female. The difference in life expectancy between men and women in the United States dropped from 7.8 years in 1979 to 5.3 years in 2005, with women expected to live to age 80.1 in 2005. Data from the United
Kingdom shows the gap in life expectancy between men and women decreasing in later life. This may be attributable to the effects of infant mortality and young adult death rates.
2725:
expected to live. Period life expectancy remains a commonly used statistic to summarize the current health status of a population. However, for some purposes, such as pensions calculations, it is usual to adjust the life table used by assuming that age-specific death rates will continue to decrease over the years, as they have usually done in the past. That is often done by simply extrapolating past trends, but some models exist to account for the evolution of mortality, like the
2769:
649:", which is the upper boundary of life, the maximum number of years any human is known to have lived. According to a study by biologists Bryan G. Hughes and Siegfried Hekimi, there is no evidence for limit on human lifespan. However, this view has been questioned on the basis of error patterns. A theoretical study shows that the maximum life expectancy at birth is limited by the human life characteristic value δ, which is around 104 years.
1661:
1483:). Men are also more likely to die from most of the leading causes of death (some already stated above) than women. Some of these in the United States include cancer of the respiratory system, motor vehicle accidents, suicide, cirrhosis of the liver, emphysema, prostate cancer, and coronary heart disease. These far outweigh the female mortality rate from breast cancer and cervical cancer. In the past,
1835:
42:
1747:
often translates to good cellular repair. One theory is that if predation or accidental deaths prevent most individuals from living to an old age, there will be less natural selection to increase the intrinsic life span. That finding was supported in a classic study of opossums by Austad; however, the opposite relationship was found in an equally prominent study of guppies by
Reznick.
1530:
age. Men may be more vulnerable to cardiovascular disease than women, but this susceptibility was evident only after deaths from other causes, such as infections, started to decline. Most of the difference in life expectancy between the sexes is accounted for by differences in the rate of death by cardiovascular diseases among persons aged 50–70.
2947:
Life expectancy may be confused with the average age an adult could expect to live, creating the misunderstanding that an adult's lifespan would be unlikely to exceed their life expectancy at birth, even though having already avoided succumbing to childhood mortality, an adult will always outlive the
2724:
The life expectancy statistic is usually based on past mortality experience and assumes that the same age-specific mortality rates will continue. Thus, such life expectancy figures need to be adjusted for temporal trends before calculating how long a currently living individual of a particular age is
1723:
According to a paper from 2015, the mortality rate for the
Caucasian population in the United States from 1993 to 2001 is four times higher for those who did not complete high school compared to those who have at least 16 years of education. In fact, within the U.S. adult population, people with less
1529:
In developed countries, starting around 1880, death rates decreased faster among women, leading to differences in mortality rates between males and females. Before 1880, death rates were the same. In people born after 1900, the death rate of 50- to 70-year-old men was double that of women of the same
977:
Over the course of the century: Europe rose from ~33 to 43, the
Americas from ~35 to 41, Oceania ~35 to 48, Asia ~28, Africa 26. In 1820s France, LEB was ~38, and for the 80% that survived, it rose to ~47. For Moscow serfs, LEB was ~34, and for the 66% that survived, it rose to ~36. Western Europe in
3027:
when popular science writers falsely imply that the average adult human does not live longer than their ancestors. He writes, "ge-specific mortality rates have declined across the adult lifespan. A smaller fraction of adults die at 20, at 30, at 40, at 50, and so on across the lifespan. As a result,
2712:
from which one can calculate the probability of surviving to each age. While the data required are easily identified in the case of humans, the computation of life expectancy of industrial products and wild animals involves more indirect techniques. The life expectancy and demography of wild animals
2680:
can be created that allow the age-specific death rates to be simply taken as the mortality rates actually experienced at each age (the number of deaths divided by the number of years "exposed to risk" in each data cell). However, it is customary to apply smoothing to remove (as much as possible) the
1641:
In developed countries, the number of centenarians is increasing at approximately 5.5% per year, which means doubling the centenarian population every 13 years, pushing it from some 455,000 in 2009 to 4.1 million in 2050. Japan is the country with the highest ratio of centenarians (347 for
1494:
Some argue that shorter male life expectancy is merely another manifestation of the general rule, seen in all mammal species, that larger-sized individuals within a species tend, on average, to have shorter lives. This biological difference occurs because women have more resistance to infections and
1356:
Economic circumstances also affect life expectancy. For example, in the United
Kingdom, life expectancy in the wealthiest and richest areas is several years higher than in the poorest areas. This may reflect factors such as diet and lifestyle, as well as access to medical care. It may also reflect a
515:), can be used to exclude the effect of infant mortality to provide a simple measure of overall mortality rates other than in early childhood. For instance, in a society with a life expectancy of 30, it may nevertheless be common to have a 40-year remaining timespan at age 5 (but not a 60-year one).
2999:
writes, "as the human race increased its life span? Not at all. This is one of the biggest misconceptions about old age: we are not living any longer." The maximum life span, or oldest age a human can live, may be constant. Further, there are many examples of people living significantly longer than
2988:
A further concept is that of modal age at death, the single age when deaths among a population are more numerous than at any other age. In all pre-modern societies the most common age at death is the first year of life: it is only as infant mortality falls below around 33-34 per thousand (roughly a
934:
At the beginning of the 19th century, no country in the world had a life expectancy at birth longer than 40 years, England, Belgium and the
Netherlands came closest, each reaching 40 years by the 1840s (by which time they had been surpassed by Norway, Sweden and Denmark). India's life expectancy is
1719:
Education on all levels has been shown to be strongly associated with increased life expectancy. This association may be due partly to higher income, which can lead to increased life expectancy. Despite the association, among identical twin pairs with different education levels, there is only weak
1498:
In her extensive review of the existing literature, Kalben concluded that the fact that women live longer than men was observed at least as far back as 1750 and that, with relatively equal treatment, today males in all parts of the world experience greater mortality than females. However, Kalben's
1490:
A paper from 2015 found that female foetuses have a higher mortality rate than male foetuses. This finding contradicts papers dating from 2002 and earlier that attribute the male sex to higher in-utero mortality rates. Among the smallest premature babies (those under 2 pounds (910 grams)), females
1303:
Cities also experience a wide range of life expectancy based on neighborhood breakdowns. This is largely due to economic clustering and poverty conditions that tend to associate based on geographic location. Multi-generational poverty found in struggling neighborhoods also contributes. In
American
775:
Life expectancy at age 1 reached 34-41 remaining years for the 67–75% surviving the first year. For the 55-65% surviving to age 5, remaining life expectancy reached around 40–45, while the ~50% reaching age 10 could expect another 40 years of life. Average remaining years fell to 33–39 at age 15;
518:
Aggregate population measures—such as the proportion of the population in various age groups—are also used alongside individual-based measures—such as formal life expectancy—when analyzing population structure and dynamics. Pre-modern societies had universally higher mortality rates and lower life
2732:
As discussed above, on an individual basis, some factors correlate with longer life. Factors that are associated with variations in life expectancy include family history, marital status, economic status, physique, exercise, diet, drug use (including smoking and alcohol consumption), disposition,
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As a measure of the years of life remaining, life expectancy decreases with age after initially rising in early childhood, but the average age to which a person is likely to live increases as they survive to successive higher ages. In the table above, the estimated modern hunter-gatherer average
1746:
Various species of plants and animals, including humans, have different lifespans. Evolutionary theory states that organisms which—by virtue of their defenses or lifestyle—live for long periods and avoid accidents, disease, predation, etc. are likely to have genes that code for slow aging, which
2955:
In
England in the 13th–19th centuries with life expectancy at birth rising from perhaps 25 years to over 40, expectation of life at age 30 has been estimated at 20–30 years, giving an average age at death of about 50-60 for those (a minority at the start of the period but two-thirds at its end)
830:
Around a third of infants died in their first year. Life expectancy at age 10 reached 32.2 remaining years, and for those who survived to 25, the remaining life expectancy was 23.3 years. Such estimates reflected the life expectancy of adult males from the higher ranks of English society in the
756:
Based on Athens Agora and Corinth data, life expectancy at age 15 would be 37–41 years. Most Greeks and Romans died young. About half of all children died before adolescence. Those who survived to the age of 30 had a reasonable chance of reaching 50 or 60. The truly elderly, however, were rare.
2869:
and computing the life expectancy from the results with life table methods. This is usually more complex than simply forecasting life expectancy because the analyst must deal with correlated age-specific mortality rates, but it seems to be more robust than simple one-dimensional
2669:(all people born in the year 1850, for example), it can of course simply be calculated by averaging the ages at death. For cohorts with some survivors, it is estimated by using mortality experience in recent years. The estimates are called period cohort life expectancies.
1415:. This is one way that occupation can have a major effect on life expectancy. Coal miners (and in prior generations, asbestos cutters) often have lower life expectancies than average. Other factors affecting an individual's life expectancy are genetic disorders, drug use,
2475:
1255:
counterparts. For example, white Americans in 2010 are expected to live until age 78.9, but black Americans only until age 75.1. This 3.8-year gap, however, is the lowest it has been since 1975 at the latest, the greatest difference being 7.1 years in 1993. In contrast,
949:
Remaining years of life averaged ~45–47 for the 84% who survived the first year. Life expectancy fell to ~40 years at age 20, then ~20 years at age 50 and ~10 years at age 70. For a 15-year-old girl it was ~40–45. For the upper-class, LEB rose from ~45 to 50.
1202:, a decline from 2014, but an increase from 2021. In what has been described as a "life expectancy crisis", there were a total of 13 million "missing Americans" from 1980 to 2021, deaths that would have been adverted if it had the standard mortality rate of "
2883:
on a set of transformed age-specific mortality rates to reduce their dimensionality to a single time series, forecasts that time series, and then recovers a full set of age-specific mortality rates from that forecasted value. The software includes Professor
1510:
weeds out mitochondria that reduce female survival; therefore, such mitochondria are less likely to be passed on to the next generation. This thus suggests that females tend to live longer than males. The authors claim that this is a partial explanation.
1030:
English life expectancy at birth averaged about 36 years in the 17th and 18th centuries, one of the highest levels in the world although infant and child mortality remained higher than in later periods. Life expectancy was under 25 years in the early
5747:
3028:
we live longer on average... In every way we can measure, human lifespans are longer today than in the immediate past, and longer today than they were 2000 years ago... age-specific mortality rates in adults really have reduced substantially."
6702:
667 centenarians per 1 million inhabitants in September 2010, had been for a long time the Japanese prefecture with the largest ratio of centenarians, partly because it also had the largest loss of young and middle-aged population during the
2821:
systems). With longer life expectancies, the systems see increased cash outflow; if the systems underestimate increases in life-expectancies, they will be unprepared for the large payments that will occur, as humans live longer and longer.
7059:
2780:
led in the 2010s to a more promising focus on increasing HALE, also known as a person's "healthspan". Besides the benefits of keeping people healthier longer, a goal is to reduce health-care expenses on the many diseases associated with
1668:
The mentally ill have been shown to have a 10- to 25-year reduction in life expectancy. Generally, the reduction of lifespan in the mentally ill population compared to the mentally stable population has been studied and documented.
530:
are not synonymous. Longevity refers to the relatively long lifespan of some members of a population. Maximum lifespan is the age at death for the longest-lived individual of a species. Mathematically, life expectancy is denoted
1754:. Caloric restriction observed in many animals (most notably mice and rats) shows a near doubling of life span from a very limited calorific intake. Support for the theory has been bolstered by several new studies linking lower
1611:
as a promising candidate for further research within the field. This study suggests that high levels of iron in the blood likely reduce, and genes involved in metabolising iron likely increase healthy years of life in humans.
2707:
The age-specific death rates are calculated separately for separate groups of data that are believed to have different mortality rates (such as males and females, or smokers and non-smokers) and are then used to calculate a
8870:
1129:
During the last 200 years, African countries have generally not had the same improvements in mortality rates that have been enjoyed by countries in Asia, Latin America, and Europe. This is most apparent by the impact of
1727:
Preschool education also plays a large role in life expectancy. It was found that high-quality early-stage childhood education had positive effects on health. Researchers discovered this by analyzing the results of the
2923:. For the top 21 industrialized countries, if each person is counted equally, life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries (r = −0.907). There is a similar relationship among states in the U.S. (r = −0.620).
5295:
Japan has the highest life expectancy in the world but the reasons says an analysis, are as much to do with equality and public health measures as diet.... According to a paper in a Lancet series on healthcare in
1181:
are predicted to live just past their 73rd birthday. This is in large part due to poor health habits, such as heavy smoking and high alcoholism in the region, and environmental actors, such as high air pollution.
2952:
expectation of life at birth of 33 years (often considered an upper-bound for Paleolithic populations) equates to a life expectancy at 15 of 39 years, so that those surviving to age 15 will on average die at 54.
2874:
approaches. It also yields a set of age-specific rates that may be used to derive other measures, such as survival curves or life expectancies at different ages. The most important approach in this group is the
802:
A Gaulish boy surviving to age 20 might expect to live 25 more years, while a woman at age 20 could normally expect about 17 more years. Anyone who survived until 40 had a good chance of another 15 to 20 years.
5979:
2833:
or other time-series extrapolation procedures. This has the advantage of simplicity, but it cannot account for changes in mortality at specific ages, and the forecast number cannot be used to derive other
2136:
772:
Data is lacking, but computer models provide the estimate. If a person survived to age 20, they could expect to live around 30 years more. Life expectancy was probably slightly longer for women than men.
2575:
816:
Expectation of life at birth 13–36 years for various Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures, most of the results lying in the range 24–32 years. Aztec life expectancy 41.2 years for men and 42.1 for women.
5818:
5751:
2741:
To assess the quality of these additional years of life, 'healthy life expectancy' has been calculated for the last 30 years. Since 2001, the World Health Organization has published statistics called
952:
Only half of the people born in the early 19th century made it past their 50th birthday. In contrast, 97% of the people born in 21st century England and Wales can expect to live longer than 50 years.
2304:
2967:
The table above gives the life expectancy at birth among 13th-century English nobles as 30–33, but having surviving to the age of 21, a male member of the English aristocracy could expect to live:
859:
For most of the century it ranged from 35 to 40; but in the 1720s it dipped as low as 25. During the second half of the century it averaged 37, while for the elite it passed 40 and approached 50.
7063:
1619:
and self-rated health in addition to healthspan, lifespan, and longevity also highlighted haem metabolism as an important pathway, and found genetic variants which lower blood protein levels of
2022:. For example, if 10% of a group of people alive at their 90th birthday die before their 91st birthday, the age-specific death probability at 90 would be 10%. This probability describes the
831:
Middle Ages, and were similar to that computed for monks of the Christ Church in Canterbury during the 15th century. At age 21, life expectancy of an aristocrat was an additional 43 years.
2665:. It can also be calculated by integrating the survival curve from 0 to positive infinity (or equivalently to the maximum lifespan, sometimes called 'omega'). For an extinct or completed
2749:), defined as the average number of years that a person can expect to live in "full health" excluding the years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury. Since 2004,
845:
18th-century male life expectancy at birth was 34 years. Female expectation of remaining years at age 15 rose from ~33 years around the 15th-16th centuries to ~42 in the 18th century.
7163:
1522:
which cannot protect an individual from harmful genes expressed on the X chromosome, while a duplicate X chromosome, as present in female organisms, can ensure harmful genes are not
3336:
8179:
1813:
to test this correlation. In all, but two of these studies, lifespan correlated with DNA repair levels, suggesting that DNA repair capability contributes to life expectancy. See
1518:. According to this hypothesis, one reason for why the average lifespan of males is not as long as that of females––by 18% on average, according to the study––is that they have a
1732:, finding that the disadvantaged children who were randomly assigned to treatment had lower instances of risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in their mid-30s.
1396:, and during recessions and depressions in general. The authors suggest that when people are working at a more extreme degree during prosperous economic times, they undergo more
4717:
Note: Author is clearly using the term "life expectancy" to mean total years, as is evident from the fact that a life expectancy of 79.2 is given for a 15 year old girl in 1989.
2696:
derived from a larger population and making a simple adjustment to it (such as multiplying by a constant factor) to fit the data. (In cases of relatively small amounts of data.)
1000:
Around 60 years in Europe, North America, Oceania, Japan, and parts of South America; but only 41 in Asia and 36 in Africa. Norway led with 72, while in Mali it was merely 26.
9238:
8514:
9258:
1838:
A survival tree to explain the calculations of life-expectancy. Red numbers indicate a chance of survival at a specific age, and blue ones indicate age-specific death rates.
1926:
1209:
The annual number of "missing Americans" has been increasing, with 622,534 in 2019 alone. Most excess deaths in the United States can largely be attributed to increasing
713:
With modern hunter-gatherer populations' estimated average life expectancy at birth of 33 years, life expectancy for the 60% reaching age 15 averages 39 remaining years.
9263:
5484:
2919:
Disparities in life expectancy are often cited as demonstrating the need for better medical care or increased social support. A strongly associated indirect measure is
2652:
2239:
9325:
9300:
1711:
have about a 50% life expectancy of 3–10 years. Other demographics that tend to have a lower life expectancy than average include transplant recipients and the obese.
2020:
6002:
2817:) since the cash flow in these systems depends on the number of recipients who are still living (along with the rate of return on the investments or the tax rate in
1506:
mutations which shorten lifespan continue to be expressed in males (but less so in females) because mitochondria are inherited only through the mother. By contrast,
556:
3296:
2274:
2185:
1349:
1992:
1890:
1443:). There are many potential reasons for this. Traditional arguments tend to favor sociology-environmental factors: historically, men have generally consumed more
8900:
8706:
6718:"Resident Population. National Population Estimates for the 2000s. Monthly Postcensal Resident Population, by single year of age, sex, race, and Hispanic Origin"
5443:. Vol. I: Comprehensive Tables. United Nations Secretariat, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2003. p. 24. Archived from
5438:
5342:
Reduction in health inequalities with improved average population health was partly attributable to equal educational opportunities and financial access to care.
8875:
5507:
2611:
2294:
2205:
1966:
1946:
1864:
1762:
can live so long. Studies of humans with life spans of at least 100 have shown a link to decreased thyroid activity, resulting in their lowered metabolic rate.
576:
9365:
4992:
9330:
8847:
8487:
5663:
1431:
Pink: Countries where female life expectancy at birth is higher than males. Blue: A few countries in southern Africa where females have shorter lives due to
9190:
8051:
1110:
pandemic reversed the trend of steady gain in life expectancy at birth. The pandemic wiped out nearly a decade of progress in improving life expectancy.
5534:
3439:
2948:
lifespan calculated from their birth. One may compare the life expectancy of the period after childhood to estimate also the life expectancy of an adult.
2717:, is also computed using similar methods. In the case of long-lived components, such as those used in critical applications (e.g. aircraft), methods like
9370:
9200:
9195:
9375:
9335:
5354:
9418:
9408:
9295:
7905:
Reznick DN, Bryant MJ, Roff D, Ghalambor CK, Ghalambor DE (October 2004). "Effect of extrinsic mortality on the evolution of senescence in guppies".
8454:
5596:
1707:
The life expectancy of people with diabetes, which is 9.3% of the U.S. population, is reduced by roughly 10–20 years. People over 60 years old with
492:
observed at a given year. National LEB figures reported by national agencies and international organizations for human populations are estimates of
9315:
8108:
7457:"Increased risk of COVID-19 infection and mortality in people with mental disorders: analysis from electronic health records in the United States"
2916:
of an area. It is also used for an individual when the value of a life settlement is determined a life insurance policy is sold for a cash asset.
9310:
9151:
3499:"Monowave and polywave light-curing of bulk-fill resin composites: degree of conversion and marginal adaptation following thermomechanical aging"
3147:
1649:
In the United States, the number of centenarians grew from 32,194 in 1980 to 71,944 in November 2010 (232 centenarians per million inhabitants).
923:
Massachusetts colonists who reached the age of 50 could expect to live until 71, and those who were still alive at 60 could expect to reach 75.
9350:
8274:
Ricklefs RE, Cadena CD (October 2007). "Lifespan is unrelated to investment in reproduction in populations of mammals and birds in captivity".
5733:
Click the sources tab under the chart for info on the countries, healthcare expenditures, and data sources. See the later version of the chart
3952:
1060:, the average lifespan in the United States increased by more than 30 years, of which 25 years can be attributed to advances in public health.
2768:
9275:
9217:
9212:
1276:
average, and one of the highest in the world. Japan's high life expectancy can largely be explained by their healthy diets, which are low on
480:(in this case, all individuals born in a given year) and can be computed only for cohorts born so long ago that all their members have died.
8888:
7506:"Association of a Prior Psychiatric Diagnosis With Mortality Among Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection"
9355:
9340:
9305:
9248:
9243:
9185:
6717:
1260:
women live the longest of all ethnic and gender groups in the United States, with a life expectancy of 85.8 years. The life expectancy of
9413:
9403:
9345:
9253:
8923:
8798:
8183:
6830:
6680:; ST/ESA/SER.A/295, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, New York, October 2010, liv + 73 pp.
5014:
989:
Around 48 years in Oceania, 43 in Europe, and 41 in the Americas. Around 47 in the U.S. and around 48 for 15-year-old girls in England.
9393:
9360:
9280:
9268:
9207:
8851:
6732:
8916:
5308:
Ikeda N, Saito E, Kondo N, Inoue M, Ikeda S, Satoh T, et al. (September 2011). "What has made the population of Japan healthy?".
1357:
selective effect: people with chronic life-threatening illnesses are less likely to become wealthy or to reside in affluent areas. In
645:, who is verified as having lived to age 122 years, 164 days, between 21 February 1875 and 4 August 1997. This is referred to as the "
9320:
9086:
7956:
Mitteldorf J, Pepper JW (August 2007). "How can evolutionary theory accommodate recent empirical results on organismal senescence?".
3093:
673:
and other sources, some with questionable accuracy. Unless otherwise stated, it represents estimates of the life expectancies of the
662:
439:
and hover over a bubble to show its data. The square of the bubbles is proportional to country population based on estimation of the
7252:
6956:
Laursen TM, Munk-Olsen T, Vestergaard M (March 2012). "Life expectancy and cardiovascular mortality in persons with schizophrenia".
6620:"Mendelian randomization of genetically independent aging phenotypes identifies LPA and VCAM1 as biological targets for human aging"
2593:
If the assumption is made that, on average, people live a half year on the year of their death, the complete life expectancy at age
2038:
1056:
measures are credited with much of the recent increase in life expectancy. During the 20th century, despite a brief drop due to the
978:
1830 was ~33 years, while for the people of Hau-Lou in China, it was ~40. The LEB for a 10-year-old in Sweden rose from ~44 to ~54.
9398:
9290:
9285:
9222:
8521:
3311:
8574:"Has the relation between income inequality and life expectancy disappeared? Evidence from Italy and top industrialised countries"
8468:
3245:
Note the different units: a probability is unit-less, whereas a mortality rate has units (such as deaths per population per year).
2507:
1591:
884:
attributes the incredible lifespan in the region to low stress and a healthy diet of lean meats, diverse vegetables, and legumes.
450:
is a statistical measure of the estimate of the average remaining years of life at a given age. The most commonly used measure is
2681:
random statistical fluctuations from one year of age to the next. In the past, a very simple model used for this purpose was the
2470:{\displaystyle e_{x}=\operatorname {E} =\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }k\,\cdot \Pr(K(x)=k)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }k\,\,_{k}p_{x}\,\,q_{x+k}}
2838:
results. Analyses and forecasts using this approach can be done with any common statistical/mathematical software package, like
1820:
In a broad survey of zoo animals, no relationship was found between investment of the animal in reproduction and its life span.
436:
6198:
1729:
1599:
In July 2020, scientists identified 10 genomic loci with consistent effects across multiple lifespan-related traits, including
1439:
In the present, female human life expectancy is greater than that of males, despite females having higher morbidity rates (see
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Angel JL (1984), "Health as a crucial factor in the changes from hunting to developed farming in the eastern Mediterranean",
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9180:
8882:). Includes life expectancy for different age groups. Charts for all countries, world maps, and links to more data sources.
7367:"Fatalities associated with clozapine-related constipation and bowel obstruction: a literature review and two case reports"
5722:
3088:
1069:
8681:
5036:
8955:
6481:"Genomics of 1 million parent lifespans implicates novel pathways and common diseases and distinguishes survival chances"
6101:
3922:
2889:
597:
tables). The concept of life expectancy may also be used in the context of manufactured objects, though the related term
8546:
5000:
9526:
9448:
2959:
582:. Because life expectancy is an average, a particular person may die many years before or after the expected survival.
8897:
6761:
5444:
5138:"From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ten great public health achievements—United States, 1900-1999".
4764:
1750:
One prominent and very popular theory states that lifespan can be lengthened by a tight budget for food energy called
1122:
Graphs of life expectancy at birth for some sub-Saharan countries showing the fall in the 1990s primarily due to the
84:
1074:
There are great variations in life expectancy between different parts of the world, mostly caused by differences in
9587:
9098:
7060:"Inquest told there was a "lost opportunity" to treat mental health patient who died following severe constipation"
3469:
3236:
Japan's recorded life expectancy may have been very slightly increased by counting many infant deaths as stillborn.
3098:
66:
8751:
5667:
1676:
conditions, or medication side effects. For instance, psychiatric medications can increase the risk of developing
8090:
4166:
Naked Statues, Fat Gladiators, and War Elephants: Frequently Asked Questions about the Ancient Greeks and Romans
9618:
6027:
Naeye RL, Burt LS, Wright DL, Blanc WA, Tatter D (December 1971). "Neonatal mortality, the male disadvantage".
3447:
2913:
1468:
5276:
3903:
9531:
6646:
2765:". More and more countries are using health expectancy indicators to monitor the health of their population.
1561:
1178:
7761:
9458:
8886:
Global Agewatch has the latest internationally comparable statistics on life expectancy from 195 countries.
5412:
4552:
2880:
2699:
looking at the mortality rates actually experienced at each age and applying a piecewise model (such as by
1584:
live approximately one year less than average (per copy of the ε4 allele), mainly due to increased risk of
1408:
8318:
8199:"Correlation between deoxyribonucleic acid excision-repair and life-span in a number of mammalian species"
5616:"Why has Japan become the world's most long-lived country: insights from a food and nutrition perspective"
5600:
4933:
4902:
2995:
is an individual-specific concept, and therefore is an upper bound rather than an average. Science author
2713:
are often estimated by capturing, marking, and recapturing them. The life of a product, more often termed
1332:
8843:
How Did Cause of Death Contribute to Racial Differences in Life Expectancy in the United States in 2010?
9613:
9039:
8625:"Inequality in income and mortality in the United States: analysis of mortality and potential pathways"
6429:"Estimates of the Heritability of Human Longevity Are Substantially Inflated due to Assortative Mating"
6130:
4846:
We Were Not the Savages: A Micmac Perspective on the Collision of European and Aboriginal Civilizations
4649:
3058:
2761:
uses similar indicators in the framework of the national health promotion and disease prevention plan "
1814:
822:
602:
424:
6909:"Mortality in schizophrenia and other psychoses: a 10-year follow-up of the ӔSOP first-episode cohort"
6730:
Different figures, based on earlier assumptions (104,754 centenarians on Nov.1, 2009) are provided in
5079:
669:
9108:
9081:
8995:
1103:
432:
416:
104:
57:
5888:
1560:
which can influence the length of life and the number of years lived in good health. For example, a
103:
Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in various countries of the world in 2019, according to
9608:
6783:"The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980-2013"
6179:
Samaras TT, Heigh GH. "How human size affects longevity and mortality from degenerative diseases".
5791:
2843:
1895:
1549:
30:
6264:
5765:
5599:. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health. Archived from
5376:
2689:
fitting a mathematical formula (such as the Gompertz function, or an extension of it) to the data.
757:
Because so many died in childhood, life expectancy at birth was probably between 20 and 30 years.
677:
as a whole. In many instances, life expectancy varied considerably according to class and gender.
8948:
8885:
8515:"The Lee-Carter Method for Forecasting Mortality, with Various Extensions and Applications – SOA"
5844:
3687:
3623:
2906:
2673:
1440:
362:
308:
224:
20:
6725:
6593:
2276:—that is to say, the expected number of whole years of life remaining, assuming survival to age
110:
9582:
9500:
9483:
9478:
9022:
8913:
from the US Centers for Disease Controls and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.
6249:
4871:
2677:
2616:
2215:
1708:
1689:
1585:
1569:
1515:
1455:
than women in most societies, and are more likely to die from many associated diseases such as
1385:
1035:, and in seventeenth-century New England, about 40% died before reaching adulthood. During the
8768:
Gurven M, Kaplan H (2007), "Longevity Among Hunter- Gatherers: A Cross-Cultural Examination",
5889:"Annex Table 2: Deaths by cause, sex and mortality stratum in WHO regions, estimates for 2002"
4974:
4788:
4467:
4437:
4251:
4135:
9551:
9005:
7136:
6868:"Outcomes of Nordic mental health systems: life expectancy of patients with mental disorders"
6743:
5916:
Orzack SH, Stubblefield JW, Akmaev VR, Colls P, Munné S, Scholl T, et al. (April 2015).
5181:
5022:
4494:
4325:
4291:
4227:
4198:
4164:
3876:
2809:. Future trends in life expectancy have huge implications for old-age support programs (like
1997:
1657:
Mental illness is reported to occur in approximately 18% of the average American population.
1608:
1036:
6618:
Timmers PR, Tiys ES, Sakaue S, Akiyama M, Kiiskinen TT, Zhou W, et al. (January 2022).
6291:"The sex with the reduced sex chromosome dies earlier: a comparison across the tree of life"
4844:
4606:
4275:
3289:
1672:
The greater mortality of people with mental disorders may be due to death from injury, from
1308:, the life expectancy gap between low income and high-income neighborhoods touches 20 years.
9051:
9000:
8283:
8210:
8008:
7914:
7799:
7322:
Rege S, Lafferty T (June 2008). "Life-threatening constipation associated with clozapine".
7024:
Rosenbaum L (October 2016). "Closing the Mortality Gap - Mental Illness and Medical Care".
6690:
6546:
6381:
5929:
4521:
4293:
Inbreeding, Incest, and the Incest Taboo: The State of Knowledge at the Turn of the Century
3722:
3510:
3103:
2810:
2726:
1755:
836:
743:
Based on Early and Middle Bronze Age data, life expectancy at age 15 would be 28–36 years.
534:
99:
8370:
7553:
6341:
5563:
2931:
2250:
2161:
1664:
Life expectancy in the seriously mentally ill is much shorter than the general population.
1042:
8:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9572:
9490:
9116:
9093:
9063:
7786:
Campbell F, Conti G, Heckman JJ, Moon SH, Pinto R, Pungello E, et al. (March 2014).
7762:"Measuring the value of education : Career Outlook: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
5871:"How long will I live? Estimate remaining life expectancy for all countries in the world"
3113:
3043:
2782:
2762:
2666:
1971:
1869:
1751:
1741:
1677:
1377:
1344:
1337:
1092:
873:
477:
431:: global female life expectancy gap at birth for countries and territories as defined by
8472:
8287:
8214:
8012:
7918:
7803:
7578:
Zanetti O, Solerte SB, Cantoni F (2009). "Life expectancy in Alzheimer's disease (AD)".
6907:
Reininghaus U, Dutta R, Dazzan P, Doody GA, Fearon P, Lappin J, et al. (May 2015).
6550:
6385:
5933:
5133:
4044:
3726:
3514:
2935:"Remaining" life expectancy—expected number of remaining years of life as a function of
1118:
400:
9121:
8941:
8818:
8702:
8651:
8624:
8600:
8573:
8082:
8032:
7981:
7938:
7891:
7878:
Austad SN (1993). "Retarded senescence in an insular population of Virginia opossums".
7860:
7820:
7787:
7737:
7720:
7691:
7666:
7644:
7530:
7521:
7505:
7481:
7456:
7432:
7407:
7347:
7299:
7274:
7113:
7086:
6981:
6933:
6908:
6807:
6782:
6781:
Steel Z, Marnane C, Iranpour C, Chey T, Jackson JW, Patel V, et al. (April 2014).
6699:
6659:
6569:
6534:
6507:
6480:
6453:
6428:
6427:
Ruby JG, Wright KM, Rand KA, Kermany A, Noto K, Curtis D, et al. (November 2018).
6404:
6369:
6317:
6290:
5952:
5917:
5845:"Did The Great Depression Have A Silver Lining? Life Expectancy Increased By 6.2 Years"
5691:
5640:
5615:
5333:
5257:
5241:
5207:
5163:
4703:
4678:
4092:
3926:
3841:
3816:
3792:
3765:
3746:
3539:
3526:
3498:
3128:
2996:
2754:
2685:, but more sophisticated methods are now used. The most common modern methods include:
2596:
2279:
2190:
1951:
1931:
1849:
1843:
1829:
1809:. Since this original study in 1974, at least 14 additional studies were performed on
1643:
1261:
1032:
865:
618:
561:
122:
Map of the life expectancy at birth in the world in 2023 (UN estimate, smooth palette)
118:
8233:
8198:
7667:"Weight, mortality, years of healthy life, and active life expectancy in older adults"
6479:
Timmers PR, Mounier N, Lall K, Fischer K, Ning Z, Feng X, et al. (January 2019).
5870:
5321:
1427:
912:
For males: 24.8 years in 1740–1749, 27.9 years in 1750–1759, 33.9 years in 1800–1809.
9638:
9146:
9058:
8878:—Visualizations of how life expectancy around the world has changed historically (by
8826:
8781:
8712:
8708:
Bad Medicine: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Distance Healing to Vitamin O
8656:
8605:
8407:
8381:
8348:
8299:
8295:
8238:
8161:
8120:
8074:
8024:
7973:
7942:
7930:
7843:
Williams G (1957). "Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence".
7825:
7742:
7696:
7682:
7636:
7631:
7615:"Screening for prostate, breast and colorectal cancer in renal transplant recipients"
7614:
7595:
7535:
7486:
7437:
7423:
7406:
Nemani K, Li C, Olfson M, Blessing EM, Razavian N, Chen J, et al. (April 2021).
7388:
7339:
7304:
7234:
7169:
7118:
7041:
6973:
6938:
6889:
6812:
6663:
6651:
6574:
6535:"Multivariate genomic scan implicates novel loci and haem metabolism in human ageing"
6512:
6458:
6409:
6322:
6082:
6078:
6065:(1 January 1983). "Sex differences in human mortality: the role of genetic factors".
6044:
5957:
5727:
5698:
5645:
5578:
5508:"The Missing Americans: Unprecedented US Mortality Far Exceeds Other Wealthy Nations"
5476:
5325:
5249:
5155:
5124:
5112:
5059:
4951:
4876:
4851:
4819:
4794:
4708:
4653:
4612:
4500:
4473:
4443:
4405:
4379:
4331:
4297:
4257:
4233:
4204:
4170:
4115:
4020:
3882:
3846:
3797:
3738:
3667:
3635:
3603:
3570:
3544:
3477:
3394:
3108:
3024:
3005:
2992:
2920:
2818:
2718:
2682:
1806:
1766:
1553:
1539:
1507:
1419:, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, access to health care, diet, and exercise.
1203:
1057:
1047:
793:
646:
622:
527:
408:
52:
8910:
8086:
7648:
7351:
7213:"Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Incidence and risk factors in the United States"
6985:
5734:
5337:
5301:
5261:
601:
is commonly used for consumer products, and the terms "mean time to breakdown" and "
9541:
9521:
9438:
9034:
8777:
8646:
8636:
8595:
8585:
8440:
8436:
8291:
8228:
8218:
8151:
8066:
8016:
7985:
7965:
7922:
7887:
7852:
7815:
7807:
7732:
7686:
7678:
7626:
7587:
7525:
7517:
7476:
7468:
7427:
7419:
7378:
7331:
7294:
7286:
7224:
7108:
7098:
7033:
6965:
6928:
6920:
6879:
6802:
6794:
6677:
6641:
6631:
6564:
6554:
6502:
6492:
6448:
6440:
6399:
6389:
6312:
6302:
6074:
6036:
5998:
5994:
5947:
5937:
5635:
5627:
5317:
5231:
5167:
5147:
4698:
4690:
4641:
4369:
4084:
4052:
4012:
3960:
3930:
3918:
3836:
3828:
3787:
3777:
3750:
3730:
3595:
3534:
3518:
3386:
3178:
2909:(HDI) of each nation along with adult literacy, education, and standard of living.
2876:
1616:
1577:
1565:
1397:
1393:
748:
681:
674:
504:
8036:
7591:
7566:
7408:"Association of Psychiatric Disorders With Mortality Among Patients With COVID-19"
3366:(rev. ed.). Washington, DC: Bureau of the Census, Government Printing Office.
8985:
8904:
8892:
7290:
6969:
5195:
4536:
4271:
3782:
3631:
2825:
Life expectancy forecasting is usually based on one of two different approaches:
2693:
2662:
1805:. It was found that DNA repair capability increased systematically with species
1699:
pandemic, researchers have found an increased risk of death in the mentally ill.
1685:
1595:"Healthspan, parental lifespan, and longevity are highly genetically correlated."
1523:
1448:
1416:
1380:
and life expectancy. However, in contrast, a study by José A. Tapia Granados and
1366:
1257:
1252:
1248:
685:
8052:"Life and death: metabolic rate, membrane composition, and life span of animals"
7229:
7212:
6444:
3832:
3713:
Hughes BG, Hekimi S (June 2017). "Many possible maximum lifespan trajectories".
3599:
1573:
1467:. Men are also more likely to die from injuries, whether unintentional (such as
788:
Life expectancy at age 1 reached 47 years for the 72% surviving the first year.
9577:
9136:
9103:
9073:
9017:
8677:
8399:
8203:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8070:
6636:
6619:
6559:
6374:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6062:
5922:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4839:
4760:
4646:
The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy
4574:
3390:
3158:
3123:
3073:
3063:
2975:
2885:
2847:
2777:
2244:
1720:
evidence of a relationship between educational attainment and adult mortality.
1620:
1484:
1362:
1316:
1238:
1162:
1135:
881:
726:
Based on Early Neolithic data, life expectancy at age 15 would be 28–33 years.
642:
489:
440:
8732:
7969:
7721:"The Effect of Educational Attainment on Adult Mortality in the United States"
7383:
7366:
7335:
6884:
6867:
5631:
3268:
1311:
579:
9602:
9536:
9495:
9443:
8794:
8752:"Old Age, Height and Nutrition: Common Misconceptions About Medieval England"
8641:
8590:
8550:
8492:
8427:
Lee RD, Carter LR (September 1992). "Modeling and forecasting US mortality".
7189:
6999:
6227:
6157:
5480:
5355:"COVID-19 eliminated a decade of progress in global level of life expectancy"
5151:
4903:"Health, history and hard choices: Funding dilemmas in a fast-changing world"
4694:
4088:
3691:
3173:
3153:
3068:
3038:
3020:
2758:
2700:
1412:
1381:
1320:
1289:
1222:
1218:
1199:
1190:
1096:
1075:
1053:
638:
29:"Human lifespan" redirects here. For the lifespan of a person in stages, see
8927:
7811:
7103:
6924:
6866:
Wahlbeck K, Westman J, Nordentoft M, Gissler M, Laursen TM (December 2011).
6394:
6265:"Why men (and other male animals) die younger: It's all in the Y chromosome"
5942:
5056:
Health, Wealth and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution
4016:
3904:"A Theory of Human Life History Evolution: Diet, Intelligence and Longevity"
3766:"Errors as a primary cause of late-life mortality deceleration and plateaus"
3412:
2207:, rounded down to whole years. Life expectancy, more technically called the
1407:
Life expectancy is also likely to be affected by exposure to high levels of
9141:
9131:
9126:
8609:
8385:
8378:
Vital and Health Statistics. Series 2, Data Evaluation and Methods Research
8303:
8223:
8165:
8124:
8078:
7977:
7934:
7829:
7746:
7700:
7640:
7599:
7539:
7490:
7441:
7392:
7343:
7308:
7211:
Alvir JM, Lieberman JA, Safferman AZ, Schwimmer JL, Schaaf JA (July 1993).
7122:
7045:
6977:
6942:
6893:
6816:
6655:
6578:
6516:
6462:
6413:
6346:
6326:
6307:
5961:
5649:
5582:
5329:
5281:
5159:
5128:
4712:
4383:
3850:
3801:
3742:
3548:
3398:
3168:
3118:
3083:
3053:
3009:
2805:
Forecasting life expectancy and mortality form an important subdivision of
2187:, is a discrete random variable representing the remaining lifetime at age
1545:
1519:
1503:
1460:
1123:
762:
8660:
8242:
7665:, O'Meara ES, Fitzpatrick A, Newman AB, Kuller L, Burke G (January 2008).
7238:
7037:
6086:
6048:
6040:
5413:"Life Expectancy in the U.S. Dropped for the Second Year in a Row in 2021"
5253:
5198:, Banister J (December 1996). "Five decades of missing females in China".
4112:
The shotgun method: the demography of the ancient Greek city-state culture
4024:
1552:
in lifespan is attributable due to differences in environment rather than
503:
indicate an LEB of 24. In 2019, world LEB was 73.3. A combination of high
9470:
9029:
9012:
8180:"The Longevity Secret for Tortoises Is Held In Their Low Metabolism Rate"
8028:
7662:
6798:
6704:
5748:"Tackling health inequalities: Status report on the Programme for Action"
4374:
4357:
3953:"The Neolithic Revolution and Contemporary Variations in Life Expectancy"
2871:
2866:
1774:
1636:
1456:
1194:
Life expectancy from 1990 to 2021 in the US, UK, Netherlands, and Austria
1165:
tend to live shorter lives than their western counterparts. For example,
959:
808:
705:
614:
613:
The earliest documented work on life expectancy was done in the 1660s by
404:
Life expectancy development in some big countries of the world since 1960
8156:
8139:
7926:
6497:
4096:
3734:
3666:. New York, New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 128–132.
3497:
Contreras SC, Jurema AL, Claudino ES, Bresciani E, Caneppele TM (1983).
1758:
to increased life expectancy. That is the key to why animals like giant
8990:
8488:"Anti-ageing drugs are coming that could keep you healthier for longer"
7864:
5277:"Japan's life expectancy 'down to equality and public health measures'"
5245:
3530:
3133:
3078:
3048:
3013:
2835:
2806:
2772:
Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) vs GDP per Capita in different countries
2714:
2709:
1770:
1692:; the mentally ill have a four times risk of gastrointestinal disease.
1681:
1600:
1476:
1404:, and the likelihood of injury among other longevity-limiting factors.
1369:
area stands at 54, which is 28 years less than in the affluent area of
1305:
1242:
1214:
1174:
1087:
877:
731:
598:
590:
500:
485:
7472:
6836:. National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors. 2006.
5211:
4358:"Longevity of popes and artists between the 13th and the 19th century"
3985:
Proceedings of Meeting on Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture
1548:
of lifespan is estimated to be less than 10%, meaning the majority of
776:~20 at age 40; 14–18 at age 50; ~10–12 at age 60; and ~6–7 at age 70.
9567:
9546:
8964:
8879:
8841:
8680:. U.S. Social Security Administration Office of Chief Actuary. 2020.
8020:
6158:"Telemores, sexual size dimorphism and gender gap in life expectancy"
5718:
5577:(4). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics=: 1–117.
4756:
3163:
3023:
criticizes the popular conflation of life span (life expectancy) and
2794:
2676:
of the population members. If a large amount of data is available, a
1673:
1604:
1464:
1401:
1166:
718:
658:
523:
7856:
6594:"Blood iron levels could be key to slowing ageing, gene study shows"
5723:"Link between health spending and life expectancy: US is an outlier"
5535:"What doctors wish patients knew about falling U.S. life expectancy"
5236:
5219:
3522:
3377:
MacLennan WJ, Sellers WI (January 1999). "Ageing through the ages".
1660:
1272:
In 2023, the life expectancy was 84.5 in Japan, 4.2 years above the
796:(Europe, from the late 5th or early 6th century to the 10th century)
8672:
8670:
8050:
Hulbert AJ, Pamplona R, Buffenstein R, Buttemer WA (October 2007).
6766:
6245:
4579:
3001:
2893:
2790:
2750:
1798:
1759:
1696:
1688:, among other comorbidities. Psychiatric medicines also affect the
1234:
1139:
1107:
1082:
735:
508:
412:
Life expectancy at birth, measured by region, between 1950 and 2050
8623:
Kaplan GA, Pamuk ER, Lynch JW, Cohen RD, Balfour JL (April 1996).
8049:
7137:"Lilly Adds Strong Warning Label to Zyprexa, a Schizophrenia Drug"
3301:— see file "Compact (most used: estimates and medium projections)"
2926:
2703:) to fit the data. (In cases of relatively large amounts of data.)
1724:
than a high school education have the shortest life expectancies.
8980:
7661:
2940:
2814:
2786:
1790:
1480:
1444:
1358:
1285:
1226:
1210:
941:
890:
851:
594:
586:
558:
and is the mean number of years of life remaining at a given age
8667:
7210:
6865:
4276:"Growing up fatherless in antiquity: the demographic background"
3923:
10.1002/1520-6505(2000)9:4<156::AID-EVAN5>3.0.CO;2-7
3496:
1134:
on many African countries. According to projections made by the
8972:
8911:
Annual Life Tables since 1966; Decennial Life Tables since 1890
6831:"Morbidity and Mortality in People With Serious Mental Illness"
6762:"Nearly 1 in 5 Americans Suffers From Mental Illness Each Year"
5693:
The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger
5113:"Ten great public health achievements—United States, 1900-1999"
2855:
2839:
1834:
1810:
1794:
1581:
1557:
1370:
1348:
Life expectancy vs healthcare spending of rich OECD countries.
1293:
1230:
1170:
904:
488:
cohort assumed to be exposed, from birth through death, to the
8800:
Human lifespans have not been constant for the last 2000 years
7788:"Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health"
7554:"Diabetes Life Expectancy – Type 1 and Type 2 Life Expectancy"
5268:
4755:
4469:
Perilous Passage: Mankind and the Global Ascendancy of Capital
4402:
The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192
3269:"Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy, data by country"
2131:{\displaystyle {}_{k}p_{x}\,q_{x+k}={}_{k}p_{x}-{}_{k+1}p_{x}}
9516:
8572:
De Vogli R, Mistry R, Gnesotto R, Cornia GA (February 2005).
7273:
Philpott HL, Nandurkar S, Lubel J, Gibson PR (January 2014).
6109:
5980:"Why men die younger: causes of mortality differences by sex"
5915:
5819:"Research ties economic inequality to gap in life expectancy"
3664:
Life Expectancy. A Topical Approach to: Life-Span Development
2851:
2830:
1802:
1782:
1778:
1624:
8933:
8571:
8371:"A method for constructing complete annual U.S. life tables"
7272:
6955:
6367:
3440:"Falsehood: "If this was the Stone Age, I'd be dead by now""
3337:"Period and cohort life expectancy explained: December 2019"
2570:{\displaystyle e_{x}=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{}\,\,\,_{k}p_{x}}
1607:. The genes affected by variation in these loci highlighted
1081:
Human beings are expected to live on average 30–40 years in
6906:
6742:. Bureau of the Census. May 2010. p. 5. Archived from
3379:
Proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
2859:
1646:
had an estimated 743 centenarians per million inhabitants.
1452:
1432:
1277:
1273:
1131:
1046:
Life expectancy in 1800, 1950, and 2015 – visualization by
367:
313:
229:
123:
7904:
5562:
Murphy SL, Xu JQ, Kochanek KD, Curtin SC, Arias E (2013).
3901:
3000:
the average life expectancy of their time period, such as
2829:
Forecasting the life expectancy directly, generally using
2672:
The starting point for calculating life expectancy is the
1085:
and 82.6 years in Japan. An analysis published in 2011 in
19:
This article is about normal lifespan. For the novel, see
8109:"What determines longevity: Metabolic rate or stability?"
7190:"Antipsychotic-Related Metabolic Testing Falls Far Short"
7165:
Type 2 Diabetes, Pre-Diabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome
6478:
6288:
5886:
3878:
Seasons of Life: The Dramatic Journey from Birth to Death
2733:
education, environment, sleep, climate, and health care.
1786:
1568:
which influenced lifespan by modifying susceptibility to
1472:
1281:
935:
estimated at ~25 years, while Europe averaged ~33 years.
880:
and Huron communities, he met people over 100 years old.
8749:
7958:
Theory in Biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften
7785:
6780:
6617:
6532:
6370:"Twentieth century surge of excess adult male mortality"
4045:"Natural Selection and the Evolution of Life Expectancy"
3297:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
1138:
in 2002, the life expectancy at birth for 2010–2015 (if
1021:
Range: ~54 (Central African Republic) – 85.3 (Hong Kong)
6591:
6533:
Timmers PR, Wilson JF, Joshi PK, Deelen J (July 2020).
4600:
4598:
2905:
Life expectancy is one of the factors in measuring the
2499:) into the sum and simplifying gives the final result
1485:
mortality rates for females in child-bearing age groups
8342:
8137:
7612:
7504:
Li L, Li F, Fortunati F, Krystal JH (September 2020).
7405:
7364:
6420:
6368:
Beltrán-Sánchez H, Finch CE, Crimmins EM (July 2015).
5842:
5561:
4896:
4894:
4075:
Morris I (2004). "Economic Growth in Ancient Greece".
3468:
3413:"Life expectancy at birth (years) [Indicator]"
2721:
are used to model the life expectancy of a component.
2658:, and is the intuitive definition of life expectancy.
1556:. However, researchers have identified regions of the
519:
expectancies at every age for both males and females.
8839:
8622:
7577:
6426:
6289:
Xirocostas ZA, Everingham SE, Moles AT (March 2020).
6228:"Fruit flies offer DNA clue to why women live longer"
4003:
Angel JL (May 1969). "The bases of paleodemography".
2619:
2599:
2510:
2307:
2282:
2253:
2218:
2193:
2164:
2041:
2030:
at which people of that age die. It can be shown that
2000:
1974:
1954:
1934:
1898:
1872:
1852:
1642:
every 1 million inhabitants in September 2010).
1615:
A follow-up study which investigated the genetics of
1376:
A 2013 study found a pronounced relationship between
1336:
Life expectancy is higher in rich countries with low
564:
537:
8761:
7999:
Kirkwood TB (November 1977). "Evolution of ageing".
7503:
7087:"Hyperglycemia associated with olanzapine treatment"
6026:
5666:. Cincinnati, Ohio: Waterfields, LLC. Archived from
5307:
4611:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 8.
4595:
4472:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 138.
4038:
4036:
4034:
2963:
Life expectancy increases with age already achieved.
1680:. It has been shown that the psychiatric medication
1365:: life expectancy for males in the heavily deprived
1251:
have generally shorter life expectancies than their
8406:. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 310.
7000:"Antipsychotics Linked to Mortality in Parkinson's"
5058:. London: George Routledge & Sons. p. 30.
4891:
4522:"The Peopling of Mexico from Origins to Revolution"
3462:
3312:""Life Expectancy" – What does this actually mean?"
3223:) denotes the complete expected future lifetime of
1284:, and red meat. For these reasons, Japan has a low
667:The following information is derived from the 1961
8263:. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. 109–113.
8258:
7851:(4). Society for the Study of Evolution: 398–411.
6849:"The Largest Health Disparity We Don't Talk About"
5690:
5557:
5555:
5466:
5182:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
4910:World Health Organization: Global Health Histories
4843:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4327:Patriarchy, Property and Death in the Roman Family
4077:Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics
3944:
3902:Kaplan H, Hill K, Lancaster J, Hurtado AM (2000).
2757:(HLY) based on reported activity limitations. The
2646:
2605:
2569:
2469:
2288:
2268:
2233:
2199:
2179:
2130:
2014:
1986:
1960:
1940:
1920:
1884:
1858:
570:
550:
420:Life expectancy by world region, from 1770 to 2018
114:Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy by sex
8823:The Biology of Life Span: A Quantitative Approach
8817:
8547:"International Human Development Indicators—UNDP"
8254:
8252:
8140:"Metabolism, ubiquinone synthesis, and longevity"
8138:Aguilaniu H, Durieux J, Dillin A (October 2005).
6647:20.500.11820/1bac547c-2eb9-47e1-b4b8-e80d741941c7
6611:
6474:
6472:
6199:"World Population Ageing 2015 (ST/ESA/SER.A/390)"
5200:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
4943:. U.N. Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4031:
3688:"No detectable limit to how long people can live"
2230:
2011:
1917:
1627:were associated with increased healthy lifespan.
16:Measure of average lifespan in a given population
9600:
7955:
6528:
6526:
5688:
5468:"Why life expectancy is lower in eastern Europe"
4952:"Life expectancy at birth, total (years) – Data"
4793:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 246–247.
4404:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 788–789.
4355:
3881:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 47–49.
3567:Fatigue Design: Life Expectancy of Machine Parts
3376:
2376:
585:Life expectancy is also used in plant or animal
8697:
8695:
8693:
8691:
8429:Journal of the American Statistical Association
8106:
7718:
7714:
7712:
7710:
7613:Kiberd BA, Keough-Ryan T, Clase CM (May 2003).
7365:Hibbard KR, Propst A, Frank DE, Wyse J (2009).
5896:The world health report 2004 – changing history
5552:
4818:. Canada: Oxford University Press. p. 21.
4351:
4349:
4347:
3148:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
2927:Life expectancy vs. other measures of longevity
8455:"Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at 60 (years)"
8273:
8249:
6469:
5973:
5971:
5918:"The human sex ratio from conception to birth"
5882:
5880:
5440:World Population Prospects — The 2002 Revision
5377:"Life expectancy at birth, total (years)—Data"
4969:
4967:
4720:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4330:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–25.
4200:Imperial Women of Rome: Power, Gender, Context
4183:
3895:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
1373:, which is only 8 km (5.0 mi) away.
1149:69.9 years instead of 41.5 years, South Africa
507:and deaths in young adulthood from accidents,
8949:
8404:Statistical ecology: a population perspective
8362:
7779:
7497:
7399:
6523:
6361:
5217:
5194:
4975:"Life Expectancy by Country and in the World"
4679:"Changing life expectancy throughout history"
4461:
4459:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4283:Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics
4253:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic
3998:
3996:
3994:
3590:Sutherland I (15 July 2005). "Graunt, John".
3564:
3370:
3361:
3271:. World Health Organization. 4 December 2020.
3140:
1198:In 2022, the life expectancy was 77.5 in the
8848:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
8767:
8688:
8578:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
8190:
7707:
7454:
7321:
5909:
5843:University of Michigan (29 September 2009).
5810:
4771:. How did life expectancy change over time?.
4553:"Time traveller's guide to Medieval Britain"
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4400:Frier B (2009). "Chapter 27: Demographics".
4395:
4393:
4344:
4114:. University of Missouri Press. p. 55.
3976:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3712:
3616:
1487:were higher than for males at the same age.
8787:
8471:. World Health Organization. Archived from
7084:
5968:
5877:
5656:
5117:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
4964:
4665:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4442:. Kilnamanagh. pp. 123, 137, 123–151.
4256:. Cambridge University Press. p. 105.
4158:
4156:
3817:"Life equations for the senescence process"
3757:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3509:(1). Ecological Society of America: 72–78.
3275:
1735:
8956:
8942:
8852:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8840:Kochanek KD, Arias E, Anderson RN (2013).
8398:
8196:
7671:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
7567:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
6181:Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients
6102:"U.S. Life Expectancy Best Ever, Says CDC"
5750:. UK: Department of Health. Archived from
5417:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5220:"Five decades of missing females in China"
4456:
4312:
4196:
4128:
3991:
3589:
3560:
3558:
3263:
3261:
3208:refers to the expected future lifetime of
3197:
3195:
2912:Life expectancy is used in describing the
2736:
1152:70.5 years instead of 31.8 years, Zimbabwe
1146:70.7 years instead of 31.6 years, Botswana
680:Life expectancy at birth takes account of
476:LEB is the mean length of life of a birth
468:denotes the average life remaining at age
8650:
8640:
8599:
8589:
8426:
8343:Cunningham R, Herzog T, London R (2008).
8232:
8222:
8155:
7819:
7736:
7690:
7630:
7529:
7480:
7455:Wang Q, Xu R, Volkow ND (February 2021).
7431:
7382:
7298:
7275:"Drug-induced gastrointestinal disorders"
7228:
7168:. Springer Science & Business Media.
7112:
7102:
7023:
6932:
6883:
6806:
6759:
6645:
6635:
6585:
6568:
6558:
6506:
6496:
6452:
6403:
6393:
6316:
6306:
6206:Department of Economic and Social Affairs
6131:"Life expectancy—care quality indicators"
5951:
5941:
5639:
5597:"Asian American/Pacific Islander Profile"
5235:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4702:
4604:
4418:
4390:
4373:
4356:Carrieri MP, Serraino D (December 2005).
4296:. Stanford University Press. p. 97.
4042:
4005:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3950:
3874:
3857:
3840:
3791:
3781:
3538:
3094:List of countries by past life expectancy
2550:
2548:
2547:
2450:
2449:
2432:
2430:
2372:
2219:
2061:
1900:
1327:
1319:in 2009. This phenomenon is known as the
782:Wang clan of China, 1st century AD – 1749
663:List of countries by past life expectancy
85:Learn how and when to remove this message
8926:from Tesarta Online (Internet Archive);
8825:. New York: Harwood Academic Publisher.
8368:
7998:
7842:
6592:University of Edinburgh (20 July 2020).
6178:
6137:. Nuffield Trust & Health Foundation
5816:
5357:. World Health Organization. 24 May 2024
4683:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
4640:
4625:
4496:Women in Early Medieval Europe, 400-1100
4270:
4225:
4169:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 44.
4153:
3661:
3648:
3431:
2958:
2930:
1928:and the probability of dying during age
1846:, the probability of surviving from age
1833:
1659:
1590:
1426:
1343:
1331:
1310:
1288:rate, and ultimately low mortality from
1189:
1117:
1041:
423:
415:
407:
399:
361:
307:
223:
117:
109:
98:
8107:Olshansky SJ, Rattan SI (August 2005).
7161:
6846:
6339:
6262:
6061:
5613:
5274:
4813:
4676:
4203:. Oxford University Press. p. 87.
3622:
3555:
3503:Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry
3364:The Methods and Materials of Demography
3258:
3192:
1576:. The locus with the largest effect is
1091:attributes Japanese life expectancy to
9601:
8701:
8485:
8316:
7877:
7580:Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics
6342:"When Did Women Start to Outlive Men?"
6234:. 2 August 2012 – via bbc.co.uk.
5977:
5620:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
4775:
4465:
4323:
4249:
4109:
4074:
3763:
3476:. Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 473.
1063:
652:
8937:
8856:National Center for Health Statistics
8793:
8750:Khan-ad-Din FM, Caidan Pentathlon M.
8469:"Health Status Statistics: Mortality"
7719:Hummer RA, Hernandez EM (June 2013).
6787:International Journal of Epidemiology
6244:
6099:
5717:
5505:
4816:Voices and Visions: A Story of Canada
4534:
4492:
4435:
4399:
4362:International Journal of Epidemiology
4002:
3982:
3437:
2974:1300–1400: to age 45 (because of the
2661:By definition, life expectancy is an
2026:of dying at that age, and is not the
641:for any human is that of Frenchwoman
5711:
5532:
5218:Coale AJ, Banister J (August 1994).
5053:
4900:
4838:
4575:"A millennium of health improvement"
4289:
4162:
3089:List of countries by life expectancy
2785:. Approaches being explored include
2501:
2298:
2032:
1388:found that life expectancy actually
1070:List of countries by life expectancy
484:LEB is the mean length of life of a
472:). This can be defined in two ways.
35:
8898:Rank Order—Life expectancy at birth
8876:Our World In Data – Life Expectancy
8733:"Life Expectancy by Age, 1850–2011"
8549:. Hdrstats.undp.org. Archived from
7619:American Journal of Transplantation
7217:The New England Journal of Medicine
7026:The New England Journal of Medicine
6691:"Centenarians to Hit Record 44,000"
5784:
5110:
3821:Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports
3814:
2753:publishes annual statistics called
13:
8930:from Dr. Bob's All Creatures Site.
8810:
7892:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02665.x
7759:
7522:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.23282
6155:
5887:World Health Organization (2004).
5766:"Social factors key to ill health"
4786:
2767:
2540:
2422:
2364:
2321:
1702:
1422:
14:
9650:
8864:
8770:Population and Development Review
8684:from the original on 8 July 2023.
8259:Bernstein C, Bernstein H (1991).
7798:(6178). New York, N.Y.: 1478–85.
7260:U.S. Food Drug and Administration
7253:"Zyprexa Prescribing Information"
7085:Kumar PN, Thomas B (April 2011).
6872:The British Journal of Psychiatry
5792:"GP explains life expectancy gap"
5571:National Vital Statistics Reports
5487:from the original on 31 July 2023
5037:"Population Change Modernization"
4934:"World Population Prospects 2019"
4519:
3290:"World Population Prospects 2024"
1830:Life table § The mathematics
1652:
1156:
697:Life expectancy at birth in years
628:
454:(LEB, or in demographic notation
9099:Biodemography of human longevity
8782:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00171.x
8743:
8725:
8616:
8565:
8539:
8507:
8479:
8461:
8447:
8420:
8392:
8336:
8310:
8296:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01085.x
8267:
8197:Hart RW, Setlow RB (June 1974).
8172:
8131:
8100:
8043:
7992:
7949:
7898:
7871:
7836:
7753:
7683:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01500.x
7655:
7632:10.1034/j.1600-6143.2003.00118.x
7606:
7571:
7560:
7546:
7448:
7424:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4442
7358:
7315:
7266:
7245:
7204:
7182:
7155:
7129:
7078:
7052:
7017:
6992:
6949:
6900:
6859:
6840:
6823:
6774:
6760:Bekiempis V (28 February 2014).
6753:
6710:
6683:
6670:
5987:North American Actuarial Journal
5868:
5391:"Wealth & Health of Nations"
5080:"History—The Foundling Hospital"
4790:An Early Modern Economy in China
3239:
3201:In standard actuarial notation,
3099:List of longest-living organisms
2956:surviving beyond their twenties.
1684:can increase risk of developing
1564:of 1 million lifespans found 12
1363:amongst the highest in the world
1185:
1142:did not exist) would have been:
366:Life expectancy at age 80 years
312:Life expectancy at age 65 years
228:Life expectancy at age 15 years
40:
6333:
6282:
6256:
6238:
6220:
6191:
6172:
6149:
6123:
6093:
6055:
6020:
5862:
5836:
5758:
5740:
5689:Wilkinson R, Pickett K (2009).
5682:
5607:
5589:
5526:
5499:
5459:
5431:
5405:
5383:
5369:
5347:
5188:
5174:
5104:
5090:
5072:
5047:
5029:
5007:
4985:
4923:
4864:
4832:
4807:
4567:
4545:
4528:
4513:
4486:
4217:
4103:
4068:
3808:
3706:
3680:
3583:
3490:
3474:Economics: Principles in Action
3230:
1630:
8917:Life expectancy in Roman times
8907:from the CIA's World Factbook.
8441:10.1080/01621459.1992.10475265
7162:Codario RA (28 October 2007).
6678:"World Population Ageing 2009"
5999:10.1080/10920277.2000.10595939
4499:. Cambridge University Press.
3405:
3362:Shryock HS, Siegel JS (1973).
3355:
3341:Office for National Statistics
3329:
3304:
2900:
2800:
2400:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2263:
2257:
2174:
2168:
1823:
1502:One recent suggestion is that
1350:US average of $ 10,447 in 2018
1245:being linked to most of them.
1173:can expect to live to 85, but
917:18th-century American colonies
62:Clarification needed at times.
1:
8963:
8919:from the University of Texas.
8319:"Curtate Expectation of Life"
7592:10.1016/j.archger.2009.09.035
6958:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
6067:Social Science & Medicine
5817:Fletcher MA (10 March 2013).
5564:"Deaths: Final Data for 2010"
5322:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61055-6
3592:Encyclopedia of Biostatistics
3252:
2890:R package called 'demography'
1921:{\displaystyle \,_{n}p_{x}\!}
1562:genome-wide association study
928:Beginning of the 19th century
823:Late medieval English peerage
639:The longest verified lifespan
499:Human remains from the early
8457:. World Health Organization.
7291:10.1136/flgastro-2013-100316
7091:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
6970:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32835035ca
6208:. United Nations. p. 53
6100:Hitti M (28 February 2005).
6079:10.1016/0277-9536(83)90234-4
5664:"The Root Causes of Poverty"
5539:American Medical Association
5275:Boseley S (30 August 2011).
4677:Griffin JP (December 2008).
4541:. Brainy Bookstore Mckrause.
4493:Bitel LM (24 October 2002).
3783:10.1371/journal.pbio.2006776
3565:Zahavi E, Torbilo V (1996).
2881:singular value decomposition
1777:irradiation was measured in
1730:Carolina Abecedarian Project
1714:
1315:Plot of life expectancy vs.
1298:
876:wrote that in his visits to
688:but not prenatal mortality.
435:for 2019. Open the original
7:
8345:Models for Quantifying Risk
7230:10.1056/NEJM199307153290303
6445:10.1534/genetics.118.301613
4163:Ryan G (1 September 2021).
3833:10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.09.020
3764:Newman SJ (December 2018).
3600:10.1002/0470011815.b2a17055
3031:
2583:
2495:
2483:
2144:
1533:
1514:Another explanation is the
605:" are used in engineering.
60:. The specific problem is:
10:
9655:
9040:research into centenarians
8903:December 29, 2018, at the
8486:Lawton G (24 April 2019).
8261:Aging, Sex, and DNA Repair
8071:10.1152/physrev.00047.2006
7279:Frontline Gastroenterology
6637:10.1038/s43587-021-00159-8
6560:10.1038/s41467-020-17312-3
6263:Gilbert L (4 March 2020).
5978:Kalben BB (October 2000).
4650:Princeton University Press
4439:The Imperial Roman Economy
3391:10.1177/147827159902900114
3141:Increasing life expectancy
3059:DNA damage theory of aging
2894:UC Berkeley's LCFIT system
2692:looking at an established
1827:
1815:DNA damage theory of aging
1739:
1634:
1580:. Carriers of the APOE ε4
1537:
1078:, medical care, and diet.
1067:
971:19th-century world average
656:
633:
608:
603:mean time between failures
386:
378:
370:
348:
340:
332:
324:
316:
288:
274:
260:
246:
232:
204:
178:
152:
126:
28:
18:
9560:
9509:
9469:
9431:
9386:
9231:
9173:
9162:
9109:Longevity escape velocity
9072:
8996:aging-associated diseases
8971:
8711:, Wiley, pp. 70–71,
8347:(Third ed.). Actex.
7970:10.1007/s12064-007-0001-0
7384:10.1176/appi.psy.50.4.416
7336:10.1080/10398560701882203
7178:– via Google Books.
6885:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.085100
6847:Khullar D (30 May 2018).
6340:Rettner R (6 July 2015).
5632:10.1038/s41430-020-0677-5
4229:Debating Roman Demography
3911:Evolutionary Anthropology
3875:Kotre JN, Hall E (1997).
3569:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
3417:World Health Organization
3227:, including the fraction.
2865:Forecasting age-specific
2647:{\displaystyle e_{x}+1/2}
2234:{\displaystyle \,e_{x}\!}
2209:curtate expected lifetime
1113:
1104:World Health Organization
809:Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica
9588:Longest-living organisms
8928:The Life Span of Animals
8891:October 3, 2014, at the
8871:Charts for all countries
8642:10.1136/bmj.312.7037.999
8591:10.1136/jech.2004.020651
5533:Berg S (10 March 2023).
5506:McKoy J (14 July 2023).
5152:10.1001/jama.281.16.1481
5146:(16): 1481. April 1999.
5015:"Death in Early America"
4850:(1st ed.). Nimbus.
4695:10.1258/jrsm.2008.08k037
4538:Life in the Aztec Empire
4089:10.1628/0932456042776050
4043:Galor O, Moav O (2005).
3951:Galor O, Moav O (2007).
3185:
3019:However, anthropologist
2914:physical quality of life
2674:age-specific death rates
2654:, which is denoted by e̊
1736:Evolution and aging rate
1267:
452:life expectancy at birth
8821:, Gavrilova NS (1991).
8317:Kinney B (1 May 2019).
8144:Genes & Development
7812:10.1126/science.1248429
7324:Australasian Psychiatry
7104:10.4103/0019-5545.82562
6733:"Older Americans Month"
6395:10.1073/pnas.1421942112
6160:. Jerrymondo.tripod.com
5943:10.1073/pnas.1416546112
5614:Tsugane S (June 2021).
5512:School of Public Health
5100:. Gapminder Foundation.
5041:Encyclopædia Britannica
4993:"Medicine & Health"
4017:10.1002/ajpa.1330300314
3815:Liu X (December 2015).
3219:(with a ring above the
3006:Saint Anthony the Great
2907:Human Development Index
2743:Healthy life expectancy
2737:Healthy life expectancy
2156:curtate future lifetime
2015:{\displaystyle q_{x}\!}
1574:smoking-related disease
1495:degenerative diseases.
1441:health survival paradox
1005:2019–2020 world average
670:Encyclopædia Britannica
9583:Transhumanist politics
9501:Immortality in fiction
9479:Biological immortality
9023:cognitive epidemiology
8678:"Actuarial Life Table"
8323:Infinity is Really Big
8224:10.1073/pnas.71.6.2169
6913:Schizophrenia Bulletin
6308:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0867
5393:. Gapminder Foundation
4197:Boatwright MT (2021).
3472:, Sheffrin SM (2003).
3438:Laden G (1 May 2011).
3212:in whole years, while
2964:
2944:
2773:
2678:statistical population
2648:
2607:
2571:
2544:
2471:
2426:
2368:
2290:
2270:
2235:
2201:
2181:
2132:
2016:
1988:
1962:
1942:
1922:
1886:
1860:
1839:
1690:gastrointestinal tract
1665:
1596:
1516:unguarded X hypothesis
1465:cirrhosis of the liver
1436:
1386:University of Michigan
1353:
1341:
1328:Economic circumstances
1324:
1195:
1126:
1099:, and a healthy diet.
1050:
572:
552:
444:
421:
413:
405:
397:
359:
305:
221:
115:
107:
9619:Demographic economics
9387:regions by continents
9006:negligible senescence
9001:degenerative diseases
8520:. SOA. Archived from
8059:Physiological Reviews
7038:10.1056/NEJMms1610125
6925:10.1093/schbul/sbu138
6539:Nature Communications
6041:10.1542/peds.48.6.902
5475:. 20 September 2018.
4605:Lancaster HO (1990).
4232:. BRILL. p. 29.
2984:1500–1550: to age 71
2962:
2934:
2778:quest for longer life
2771:
2649:
2608:
2572:
2524:
2472:
2406:
2348:
2291:
2271:
2236:
2202:
2182:
2133:
2017:
1989:
1963:
1943:
1923:
1887:
1861:
1837:
1828:Further information:
1663:
1594:
1538:Further information:
1430:
1409:highway air pollution
1347:
1335:
1314:
1193:
1121:
1068:Further information:
1045:
1037:Industrial Revolution
839:(16th – 18th century)
657:Further information:
573:
553:
551:{\displaystyle e_{x}}
448:Human life expectancy
427:
419:
411:
403:
365:
311:
227:
121:
113:
102:
9232:regions of countries
9052:LGBT life expectancy
8846:. Hyattsville, Md.:
8369:Anderson RN (2000).
8186:on 12 November 2013.
8096:on 18 February 2019.
7586:(Suppl 1): 237–243.
6749:on 16 February 2016.
6722:Bureau of the Census
6697:. 15 September 2010.
6008:on 13 September 2017
5697:. Bloomsbury Press.
5025:on 30 December 2010.
5003:on 15 February 2020.
4608:Expectations of Life
3104:LGBT life expectancy
2981:1400–1500: to age 69
2971:1200–1300: to age 64
2811:U.S. Social Security
2617:
2597:
2508:
2305:
2280:
2269:{\displaystyle K(x)}
2251:
2216:
2191:
2180:{\displaystyle K(x)}
2162:
2039:
1998:
1972:
1952:
1932:
1896:
1870:
1850:
1756:basal metabolic rate
837:Early modern Britain
578:, with a particular
562:
535:
67:improve this article
56:to meet Knowledge's
9573:Longevity insurance
9491:Digital immortality
9117:calorie restriction
9104:Indefinite lifespan
9094:Anti-aging movement
9064:Biomarkers of aging
8402:, Young JH (1998).
8288:2007EcolL..10..867R
8215:1974PNAS...71.2169H
8157:10.1101/gad.1366505
8013:1977Natur.270..301K
7927:10.1038/nature02936
7919:2004Natur.431.1095R
7913:(7012): 1095–1099.
7804:2014Sci...343.1478C
7725:Population Bulletin
6728:on 10 October 2013.
6551:2020NatCo..11.3570T
6498:10.7554/eLife.39856
6386:2015PNAS..112.8993B
6248:(6 February 2013).
5934:2015PNAS..112E2102O
5754:on 5 February 2007.
5670:on 6 September 2015
5603:on 4 February 2012.
5514:. Boston University
5379:. World Bank Group.
5316:(9796): 1094–1105.
4941:Population Division
4226:Scheidel W (2017).
3735:10.1038/nature22786
3727:2017Natur.546E...8H
3662:Santrock J (2007).
3515:1983Ecol...64..631M
3450:on 11 November 2012
3114:Medieval demography
3044:Calorie restriction
2783:cellular senescence
2763:Healthy People 2010
1987:{\displaystyle x+1}
1948:(i.e. between ages
1885:{\displaystyle x+n}
1752:caloric restriction
1742:Life history theory
1709:Alzheimer's disease
1695:As of 2020 and the
1586:Alzheimer's disease
1378:economic inequality
1361:, the disparity is
1338:economic inequality
1177:from the region of
1106:announced that the
1093:equal opportunities
1064:Regional variations
1015:Females: 75.6 years
940:Early 19th-century
874:Samuel de Champlain
653:Variation over time
9223:World macroregions
9122:Diet and longevity
8922:Animal lifespans:
8635:(7037): 999–1003.
8113:Discovery Medicine
7556:. 15 January 2019.
7141:The New York Times
6853:The New York Times
6799:10.1093/ije/dyu038
6740:Facts for Features
5184:. 4 November 2021.
5111:CDC (April 1999).
4956:data.worldbank.org
4814:Francis D (2006).
4759:, Ortiz-Ospina E,
4583:. 27 December 1998
4466:Bagchi AK (2008).
4375:10.1093/ije/dyi211
4324:Saller RP (1997).
4250:Flower HI (2014).
4110:Hansen MH (2006).
3129:Population pyramid
2997:Christopher Wanjek
2965:
2945:
2776:The long-standing
2774:
2755:Healthy Life Years
2644:
2603:
2567:
2467:
2286:
2266:
2231:
2197:
2177:
2128:
2012:
1984:
1958:
1938:
1918:
1882:
1856:
1844:actuarial notation
1840:
1666:
1644:Shimane Prefecture
1597:
1479:) or intentional (
1437:
1354:
1342:
1325:
1262:Hispanic Americans
1196:
1127:
1051:
1033:Colony of Virginia
994:1950 world average
983:1900 world average
866:Canadian Maritimes
619:Christiaan Huygens
568:
548:
445:
422:
414:
406:
398:
360:
306:
222:
116:
108:
9614:Actuarial science
9596:
9595:
9427:
9426:
9147:stem-cell therapy
9059:Maximum life span
8832:978-3-7186-4983-9
8718:978-0-471-43499-3
8553:on April 20, 2009
8413:978-0-412-04711-4
8354:978-1-56698-676-2
8150:(20): 2399–2406.
8007:(5635): 301–304.
7510:JAMA Network Open
7473:10.1002/wps.20806
7175:978-1-59259-932-5
7032:(16): 1585–1589.
6187:(78–85): 133–139.
5728:Our World in Data
5704:978-1-60819-036-2
5098:"Gapminder World"
5065:978-0-415-38218-2
4997:Stratfordhall.org
4877:Our World in Data
4872:"Life expectancy"
4857:978-1-55109-056-6
4825:978-0-19-542169-9
4800:978-1-108-47920-2
4769:Our World in Data
4765:"Life Expectancy"
4659:978-0-691-09010-8
4618:978-0-387-97105-6
4506:978-0-521-59773-9
4479:978-1-4617-0515-4
4449:978-1-9996262-2-8
4411:978-1-139-05439-3
4337:978-0-521-59978-8
4303:978-0-8047-5141-4
4263:978-1-139-99238-1
4239:978-90-04-35109-7
4210:978-0-19-045589-7
4176:978-1-63388-703-9
4121:978-0-8262-6548-7
3888:978-0-472-08512-5
3690:(Press release).
3673:978-0-07-313376-8
3641:978-0-525-53885-1
3609:978-0-470-84907-1
3576:978-0-8493-8970-2
3483:978-0-13-063085-8
3316:Our World in Data
3109:Maximum life span
3025:maximum life span
2993:Maximum life span
2941:retirement income
2921:income inequality
2879:, which uses the
2719:accelerated aging
2683:Gompertz function
2606:{\displaystyle x}
2591:
2590:
2491:
2490:
2289:{\displaystyle x}
2200:{\displaystyle x}
2152:
2151:
1961:{\displaystyle x}
1941:{\displaystyle x}
1859:{\displaystyle x}
1554:genetic variation
1540:Genetics of aging
1508:natural selection
1163:eastern Europeans
1058:1918 flu pandemic
1048:Our World in Data
1028:
1027:
1018:Males: 70.8 years
794:Early Middle Ages
647:maximum life span
623:Lodewijck Huygens
571:{\displaystyle x}
522:Life expectancy,
396:
395:
358:
357:
304:
303:
220:
219:
95:
94:
87:
58:quality standards
49:This article may
9646:
9439:Longevity claims
9171:
9170:
9035:supercentenarian
8958:
8951:
8944:
8935:
8934:
8924:Animal Lifespans
8859:
8836:
8805:
8804:
8791:
8785:
8784:
8765:
8759:
8758:
8756:
8747:
8741:
8740:
8729:
8723:
8722:
8699:
8686:
8685:
8674:
8665:
8664:
8654:
8644:
8620:
8614:
8613:
8603:
8593:
8569:
8563:
8562:
8560:
8558:
8543:
8537:
8536:
8534:
8532:
8526:
8519:
8511:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8500:
8483:
8477:
8476:
8465:
8459:
8458:
8451:
8445:
8444:
8435:(419): 659–671.
8424:
8418:
8417:
8396:
8390:
8389:
8375:
8366:
8360:
8358:
8340:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8329:
8314:
8308:
8307:
8271:
8265:
8264:
8256:
8247:
8246:
8236:
8226:
8194:
8188:
8187:
8182:. Archived from
8176:
8170:
8169:
8159:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8104:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8089:. Archived from
8065:(4): 1175–1213.
8056:
8047:
8041:
8040:
8021:10.1038/270301a0
7996:
7990:
7989:
7953:
7947:
7946:
7902:
7896:
7895:
7875:
7869:
7868:
7840:
7834:
7833:
7823:
7783:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7772:
7757:
7751:
7750:
7740:
7716:
7705:
7704:
7694:
7659:
7653:
7652:
7634:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7575:
7569:
7564:
7558:
7557:
7550:
7544:
7543:
7533:
7501:
7495:
7494:
7484:
7461:World Psychiatry
7452:
7446:
7445:
7435:
7403:
7397:
7396:
7386:
7362:
7356:
7355:
7319:
7313:
7312:
7302:
7270:
7264:
7263:
7257:
7249:
7243:
7242:
7232:
7208:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7143:. 6 October 2007
7133:
7127:
7126:
7116:
7106:
7082:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7071:
7062:. Archived from
7056:
7050:
7049:
7021:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7010:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6953:
6947:
6946:
6936:
6904:
6898:
6897:
6887:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6844:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6827:
6821:
6820:
6810:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6737:
6729:
6724:. Archived from
6714:
6708:
6698:
6687:
6681:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6649:
6639:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6572:
6562:
6530:
6521:
6520:
6510:
6500:
6476:
6467:
6466:
6456:
6439:(3): 1109–1124.
6424:
6418:
6417:
6407:
6397:
6365:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6320:
6310:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6260:
6254:
6253:
6250:"Mother's Curse"
6242:
6236:
6235:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6203:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6024:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6007:
6001:. Archived from
5984:
5975:
5966:
5965:
5955:
5945:
5928:(16): E2102–11.
5913:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5893:
5884:
5875:
5874:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5798:. 28 August 2008
5788:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5772:. 28 August 2008
5762:
5756:
5755:
5744:
5738:
5732:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5696:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5643:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5568:
5559:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5470:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5419:. 31 August 2022
5409:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5292:
5290:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5239:
5216:Also printed as
5215:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5132:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5054:Buer MC (1926).
5051:
5045:
5044:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5021:. Archived from
5011:
5005:
5004:
4999:. Archived from
4989:
4983:
4982:
4971:
4962:
4959:
4944:
4938:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4907:
4898:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4849:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4784:
4773:
4772:
4753:
4718:
4716:
4706:
4674:
4663:
4662:
4638:
4623:
4622:
4602:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4463:
4454:
4453:
4436:Maher G (2021).
4433:
4416:
4415:
4397:
4388:
4387:
4377:
4368:(6): 1435–1436.
4353:
4342:
4341:
4321:
4310:
4307:
4290:Wolf AP (2005).
4286:
4280:
4267:
4246:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4194:
4181:
4180:
4160:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4053:Brown University
4049:
4040:
4029:
4028:
4000:
3989:
3988:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3961:Brown University
3957:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3908:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3872:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3795:
3785:
3776:(12): e2006776.
3761:
3755:
3754:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3659:
3646:
3645:
3630:(1st ed.).
3620:
3614:
3613:
3594:. pp. 1–2.
3587:
3581:
3580:
3562:
3553:
3552:
3542:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3446:. Archived from
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3286:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3228:
3199:
3179:Infant mortality
2877:Lee-Carter model
2727:Lee–Carter model
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2629:
2628:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2585:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2520:
2519:
2502:
2485:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2448:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2425:
2420:
2367:
2362:
2317:
2316:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2060:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2033:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2009:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1767:skin fibroblasts
1603:, lifespan, and
1394:Great Depression
749:Classical Greece
691:
690:
682:infant mortality
675:world population
577:
575:
574:
569:
557:
555:
554:
549:
547:
546:
528:maximum lifespan
505:infant mortality
429:“Gender Die Gap”
390:
382:
374:
368:
352:
344:
336:
328:
320:
314:
298:
292:
284:
278:
270:
264:
256:
250:
242:
236:
230:
214:
208:
200:
194:
188:
182:
174:
168:
162:
156:
148:
142:
136:
130:
124:
90:
83:
79:
76:
70:
44:
43:
36:
9654:
9653:
9649:
9648:
9647:
9645:
9644:
9643:
9609:Life expectancy
9599:
9598:
9597:
9592:
9556:
9510:Longevity genes
9505:
9465:
9423:
9382:
9227:
9166:life expectancy
9164:
9158:
9068:
9047:Life expectancy
8986:Longevity myths
8967:
8962:
8905:Wayback Machine
8893:Wayback Machine
8867:
8862:
8833:
8813:
8811:Further reading
8808:
8792:
8788:
8766:
8762:
8754:
8748:
8744:
8731:
8730:
8726:
8719:
8700:
8689:
8676:
8675:
8668:
8621:
8617:
8570:
8566:
8556:
8554:
8545:
8544:
8540:
8530:
8528:
8527:on 7 March 2019
8524:
8517:
8513:
8512:
8508:
8498:
8496:
8484:
8480:
8475:on 4 July 2012.
8467:
8466:
8462:
8453:
8452:
8448:
8425:
8421:
8414:
8397:
8393:
8373:
8367:
8363:
8355:
8341:
8337:
8327:
8325:
8315:
8311:
8282:(10): 867–872.
8276:Ecology Letters
8272:
8268:
8257:
8250:
8195:
8191:
8178:
8177:
8173:
8136:
8132:
8119:(28): 359–362.
8105:
8101:
8093:
8054:
8048:
8044:
7997:
7993:
7954:
7950:
7903:
7899:
7876:
7872:
7857:10.2307/2406060
7841:
7837:
7784:
7780:
7770:
7768:
7758:
7754:
7717:
7708:
7660:
7656:
7611:
7607:
7576:
7572:
7565:
7561:
7552:
7551:
7547:
7516:(9): e2023282.
7502:
7498:
7453:
7449:
7412:JAMA Psychiatry
7404:
7400:
7363:
7359:
7320:
7316:
7271:
7267:
7255:
7251:
7250:
7246:
7209:
7205:
7195:
7193:
7188:
7187:
7183:
7176:
7160:
7156:
7146:
7144:
7135:
7134:
7130:
7083:
7079:
7069:
7067:
7066:on 9 April 2019
7058:
7057:
7053:
7022:
7018:
7008:
7006:
6998:
6997:
6993:
6954:
6950:
6905:
6901:
6864:
6860:
6845:
6841:
6833:
6829:
6828:
6824:
6779:
6775:
6758:
6754:
6746:
6735:
6731:
6716:
6715:
6711:
6689:
6688:
6684:
6676:United Nations
6675:
6671:
6616:
6612:
6602:
6600:
6590:
6586:
6531:
6524:
6477:
6470:
6425:
6421:
6366:
6362:
6352:
6350:
6338:
6334:
6301:(3): 20190867.
6295:Biology Letters
6287:
6283:
6273:
6271:
6261:
6257:
6243:
6239:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6211:
6209:
6201:
6197:
6196:
6192:
6177:
6173:
6163:
6161:
6154:
6150:
6140:
6138:
6129:
6128:
6124:
6114:
6112:
6098:
6094:
6060:
6056:
6025:
6021:
6011:
6009:
6005:
5982:
5976:
5969:
5914:
5910:
5900:
5898:
5891:
5885:
5878:
5867:
5863:
5853:
5851:
5841:
5837:
5827:
5825:
5823:Washington Post
5815:
5811:
5801:
5799:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5775:
5773:
5764:
5763:
5759:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5721:(26 May 2017).
5716:
5712:
5705:
5687:
5683:
5673:
5671:
5662:
5661:
5657:
5612:
5608:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5566:
5560:
5553:
5543:
5541:
5531:
5527:
5517:
5515:
5504:
5500:
5490:
5488:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5450:
5448:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5422:
5420:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5396:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5360:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5306:
5302:
5288:
5286:
5273:
5269:
5237:10.2307/2061752
5193:
5189:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5137:
5123:(12): 241–243.
5109:
5105:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5052:
5048:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5019:Digital History
5013:
5012:
5008:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4973:
4972:
4965:
4950:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4914:
4912:
4905:
4899:
4892:
4882:
4880:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4858:
4837:
4833:
4826:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4785:
4776:
4754:
4721:
4675:
4666:
4660:
4639:
4626:
4619:
4603:
4596:
4586:
4584:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4533:
4529:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4434:
4419:
4412:
4398:
4391:
4354:
4345:
4338:
4322:
4313:
4304:
4278:
4264:
4240:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4195:
4184:
4177:
4161:
4154:
4144:
4142:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4108:
4104:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4047:
4041:
4032:
4001:
3992:
3981:
3977:
3967:
3965:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3935:
3933:
3906:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3873:
3858:
3813:
3809:
3762:
3758:
3721:(7660): E8–E9.
3711:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3660:
3649:
3642:
3632:Riverhead Books
3621:
3617:
3610:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3563:
3556:
3523:10.2307/1937181
3495:
3491:
3484:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3451:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3375:
3371:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3343:. UK Government
3335:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3217:
3206:
3200:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3143:
3138:
3034:
2929:
2903:
2803:
2739:
2694:mortality table
2663:arithmetic mean
2657:
2636:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2528:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2421:
2410:
2363:
2352:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2122:
2118:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1832:
1826:
1765:The ability of
1744:
1738:
1717:
1705:
1703:Other illnesses
1686:agranulocytosis
1655:
1639:
1633:
1609:haem metabolism
1542:
1536:
1425:
1423:Sex differences
1417:tobacco smoking
1330:
1304:cities such as
1301:
1270:
1264:is 81.2 years.
1249:Black Americans
1239:unhealthy diets
1204:wealthy nations
1188:
1159:
1116:
1072:
1066:
1024:
1009:
686:child mortality
665:
655:
636:
631:
611:
593:(also known as
563:
560:
559:
542:
538:
536:
533:
532:
514:
490:mortality rates
467:
460:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
300:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
238:
234:
216:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
196:
192:
190:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
170:
166:
164:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
144:
140:
138:
134:
132:
128:
91:
80:
74:
71:
64:
45:
41:
34:
27:
22:Life Expectancy
17:
12:
11:
5:
9652:
9642:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9594:
9593:
9591:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9578:Longevity risk
9575:
9570:
9564:
9562:
9558:
9557:
9555:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9513:
9511:
9507:
9506:
9504:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9487:
9486:
9475:
9473:
9467:
9466:
9464:
9463:
9462:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9441:
9435:
9433:
9429:
9428:
9425:
9424:
9422:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9390:
9388:
9384:
9383:
9381:
9380:
9379:
9378:
9373:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9272:
9271:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9235:
9233:
9229:
9228:
9226:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9204:
9203:
9198:
9188:
9183:
9177:
9175:
9168:
9160:
9159:
9157:
9156:
9155:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9137:organ printing
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9090:
9089:
9078:
9076:
9074:Life extension
9070:
9069:
9067:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9055:
9054:
9044:
9043:
9042:
9037:
9027:
9026:
9025:
9020:
9018:biogerontology
9010:
9009:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8988:
8983:
8977:
8975:
8969:
8968:
8961:
8960:
8953:
8946:
8938:
8932:
8931:
8920:
8914:
8908:
8895:
8883:
8873:
8866:
8865:External links
8863:
8861:
8860:
8837:
8831:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8806:
8786:
8776:(2): 321–365,
8760:
8742:
8724:
8717:
8687:
8666:
8615:
8584:(2): 158–162.
8564:
8538:
8506:
8478:
8460:
8446:
8419:
8412:
8391:
8361:
8353:
8335:
8309:
8266:
8248:
8209:(6): 2169–73.
8189:
8171:
8130:
8099:
8042:
7991:
7948:
7897:
7886:(4): 695–708.
7870:
7835:
7778:
7752:
7706:
7654:
7625:(5): 619–625.
7605:
7570:
7559:
7545:
7496:
7467:(1): 124–130.
7447:
7418:(4): 380–386.
7398:
7377:(4): 416–419.
7371:Psychosomatics
7357:
7330:(3): 216–219.
7314:
7265:
7244:
7223:(3): 162–167.
7203:
7181:
7174:
7154:
7128:
7097:(2): 176–177.
7077:
7051:
7016:
6991:
6948:
6919:(3): 664–673.
6899:
6878:(6): 453–458.
6858:
6839:
6822:
6793:(2): 476–493.
6773:
6752:
6709:
6682:
6669:
6610:
6584:
6522:
6468:
6419:
6380:(29): 8993–8.
6360:
6332:
6281:
6255:
6237:
6219:
6190:
6171:
6148:
6122:
6092:
6073:(6): 321–333.
6054:
6035:(6): 902–906.
6019:
5967:
5908:
5876:
5861:
5835:
5809:
5783:
5757:
5739:
5710:
5703:
5681:
5655:
5626:(6): 921–928.
5606:
5588:
5551:
5525:
5498:
5458:
5430:
5404:
5382:
5368:
5346:
5300:
5267:
5230:(3): 459–479.
5206:(4): 421–450.
5187:
5173:
5103:
5089:
5071:
5064:
5046:
5043:. 25 May 2024.
5028:
5006:
4984:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4946:
4945:
4922:
4890:
4863:
4856:
4831:
4824:
4806:
4799:
4774:
4719:
4664:
4658:
4652:, p. 37,
4624:
4617:
4594:
4566:
4555:. Channel4.com
4544:
4527:
4512:
4505:
4485:
4478:
4455:
4448:
4417:
4410:
4389:
4343:
4336:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4302:
4287:
4268:
4262:
4247:
4238:
4216:
4209:
4182:
4175:
4152:
4140:Britannica.com
4127:
4120:
4102:
4083:(4): 709–742.
4067:
4030:
4011:(3): 427–437.
3990:
3975:
3943:
3917:(4): 156–185.
3894:
3887:
3856:
3807:
3756:
3705:
3694:. 28 June 2017
3679:
3672:
3647:
3640:
3634:. p. 15.
3615:
3608:
3582:
3575:
3554:
3489:
3482:
3461:
3430:
3404:
3369:
3354:
3328:
3303:
3274:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3238:
3229:
3215:
3204:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3159:Life extension
3156:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3124:Mortality rate
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3074:Life extension
3071:
3066:
3064:Glasgow effect
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3030:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:bubonic plague
2972:
2928:
2925:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2886:Rob J. Hyndman
2863:
2802:
2799:
2738:
2735:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2655:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2602:
2589:
2588:
2579:
2577:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2493:Substituting (
2489:
2488:
2479:
2477:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2285:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2227:
2223:
2196:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2150:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2008:
2004:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1957:
1937:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1855:
1825:
1822:
1740:Main article:
1737:
1734:
1716:
1713:
1704:
1701:
1654:
1653:Mental illness
1651:
1635:Main article:
1632:
1629:
1570:cardiovascular
1535:
1532:
1424:
1421:
1411:or industrial
1400:, exposure to
1329:
1326:
1317:GDP per capita
1300:
1297:
1269:
1266:
1258:Asian American
1253:White American
1219:drug overdoses
1187:
1184:
1158:
1157:Eastern Europe
1155:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1136:United Nations
1115:
1112:
1065:
1062:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
991:
990:
987:
984:
980:
979:
975:
972:
968:
967:
965:
962:
955:
954:
947:
944:
937:
936:
932:
929:
925:
924:
921:
918:
914:
913:
910:
907:
900:
899:
896:
893:
886:
885:
871:
868:
864:Pre-Champlain
861:
860:
857:
854:
847:
846:
843:
840:
833:
832:
828:
825:
819:
818:
814:
811:
805:
804:
800:
797:
790:
789:
786:
783:
779:
778:
770:
765:
759:
758:
754:
751:
745:
744:
741:
738:
728:
727:
724:
721:
715:
714:
711:
708:
702:
701:
698:
695:
654:
651:
643:Jeanne Calment
635:
632:
630:
629:Human patterns
627:
610:
607:
567:
545:
541:
512:
465:
458:
394:
393:
387:
385:
379:
377:
371:
356:
355:
349:
347:
341:
339:
333:
331:
325:
323:
317:
302:
301:
295:
289:
287:
281:
275:
273:
267:
261:
259:
253:
247:
245:
239:
233:
218:
217:
211:
205:
203:
197:
191:
185:
179:
177:
171:
165:
159:
153:
151:
145:
139:
133:
127:
93:
92:
48:
46:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9651:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9606:
9604:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9565:
9563:
9559:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9514:
9512:
9508:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9496:Eternal youth
9494:
9492:
9489:
9485:
9482:
9481:
9480:
9477:
9476:
9474:
9472:
9468:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9446:
9445:
9444:Oldest people
9442:
9440:
9437:
9436:
9434:
9430:
9420:
9419:South America
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9409:North America
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9385:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9368:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9236:
9234:
9230:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9202:
9201:South America
9199:
9197:
9196:North America
9194:
9193:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9178:
9176:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9161:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9088:
9085:
9084:
9083:
9082:Topic outline
9080:
9079:
9077:
9075:
9071:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9053:
9050:
9049:
9048:
9045:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9032:
9031:
9028:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9014:
9011:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8993:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8978:
8976:
8974:
8970:
8966:
8959:
8954:
8952:
8947:
8945:
8940:
8939:
8936:
8929:
8925:
8921:
8918:
8915:
8912:
8909:
8906:
8902:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8890:
8887:
8884:
8881:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8868:
8857:
8853:
8849:
8845:
8844:
8838:
8834:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8815:
8802:
8801:
8796:
8790:
8783:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8764:
8753:
8746:
8738:
8734:
8728:
8720:
8714:
8710:
8709:
8704:
8698:
8696:
8694:
8692:
8683:
8679:
8673:
8671:
8662:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8626:
8619:
8611:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8568:
8552:
8548:
8542:
8523:
8516:
8510:
8495:
8494:
8493:New Scientist
8489:
8482:
8474:
8470:
8464:
8456:
8450:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8423:
8415:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8395:
8387:
8383:
8380:(129): 1–28.
8379:
8372:
8365:
8356:
8350:
8346:
8339:
8324:
8320:
8313:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8270:
8262:
8255:
8253:
8244:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8193:
8185:
8181:
8175:
8167:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8134:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8103:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8072:
8068:
8064:
8060:
8053:
8046:
8038:
8034:
8030:
8026:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7995:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7952:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7901:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7880:J. Zool. Lond
7874:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7839:
7831:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7782:
7767:
7763:
7756:
7748:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7715:
7713:
7711:
7702:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7658:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7609:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7574:
7568:
7563:
7555:
7549:
7541:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7500:
7492:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7451:
7443:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7402:
7394:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7361:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7318:
7310:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7269:
7261:
7254:
7248:
7240:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7207:
7191:
7185:
7177:
7171:
7167:
7166:
7158:
7142:
7138:
7132:
7124:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7081:
7065:
7061:
7055:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7020:
7005:
7001:
6995:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6952:
6944:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6903:
6895:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6862:
6854:
6850:
6843:
6832:
6826:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6777:
6769:
6768:
6763:
6756:
6745:
6741:
6734:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6713:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6692:
6686:
6679:
6673:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6614:
6599:
6595:
6588:
6580:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6529:
6527:
6518:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6475:
6473:
6464:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6423:
6415:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6364:
6349:
6348:
6343:
6336:
6328:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6285:
6270:
6266:
6259:
6251:
6247:
6241:
6233:
6229:
6223:
6207:
6200:
6194:
6186:
6182:
6175:
6159:
6152:
6136:
6132:
6126:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6096:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6023:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5993:(4): 83–111.
5992:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5972:
5963:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5912:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5881:
5872:
5865:
5850:
5846:
5839:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5797:
5793:
5787:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5753:
5749:
5743:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5706:
5700:
5695:
5694:
5685:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5651:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5610:
5602:
5598:
5592:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5565:
5558:
5556:
5540:
5536:
5529:
5513:
5509:
5502:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5473:The Economist
5469:
5462:
5447:on 7 May 2022
5446:
5442:
5441:
5434:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5392:
5386:
5378:
5372:
5356:
5350:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5271:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5183:
5177:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5107:
5099:
5093:
5086:. 1 May 2001.
5085:
5081:
5075:
5067:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4988:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4942:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4895:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4859:
4853:
4848:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4827:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4802:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4787:Li B (2021).
4783:
4781:
4779:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4714:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4661:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4620:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4601:
4599:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4554:
4548:
4540:
4539:
4535:Mc Krause S.
4531:
4523:
4516:
4508:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4462:
4460:
4451:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4413:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4394:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4339:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4305:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4212:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4178:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4159:
4157:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4123:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4056:
4055:Working Paper
4054:
4046:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3986:
3979:
3964:
3963:Working Paper
3962:
3954:
3947:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3693:
3692:Science Daily
3689:
3683:
3675:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3643:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3611:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3578:
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3373:
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3307:
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3291:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
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3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3207:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Public health
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:John Sperling
3152:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
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3112:
3110:
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3095:
3092:
3090:
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3082:
3080:
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3070:
3069:Health equity
3067:
3065:
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3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:Biodemography
3037:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3021:John D. Hawks
3017:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:
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2953:
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2924:
2922:
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2873:
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2864:
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2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2826:
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2820:
2819:pay-as-you-go
2816:
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2796:
2792:
2788:
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2779:
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2759:United States
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
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2730:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2702:
2701:cubic splines
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2641:
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2621:
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2503:
2500:
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2497:
2487:
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2462:
2459:
2456:
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2427:
2417:
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2359:
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2309:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2283:
2260:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2225:
2221:
2210:
2194:
2171:
2165:
2157:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2006:
2002:
1994:) is denoted
1981:
1978:
1975:
1955:
1935:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1853:
1845:
1836:
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1796:
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1541:
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1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1504:mitochondrial
1500:
1496:
1492:
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1478:
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1418:
1414:
1413:air pollution
1410:
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1391:
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1383:
1382:Ana Diez Roux
1379:
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1351:
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1339:
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1322:
1321:Preston curve
1318:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1296:
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1291:
1290:heart disease
1287:
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1275:
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1244:
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1224:
1223:car accidents
1220:
1216:
1212:
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1200:United States
1192:
1186:United States
1183:
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1179:Severozapaden
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1111:
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1105:
1100:
1098:
1097:public health
1094:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1076:public health
1071:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:Public health
1049:
1044:
1040:
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1034:
1020:
1017:
1014:
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960:British India
958:19th-century
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903:18th-century
902:
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889:18th-century
888:
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875:
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75:November 2022
68:
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9484:Regeneration
9336:South Africa
9165:
9142:rejuvenation
9132:nanomedicine
9127:gene therapy
9046:
8842:
8822:
8799:
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8769:
8763:
8745:
8736:
8727:
8707:
8632:
8628:
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8581:
8577:
8567:
8555:. Retrieved
8551:the original
8541:
8529:. Retrieved
8522:the original
8509:
8497:. Retrieved
8491:
8481:
8473:the original
8463:
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8432:
8428:
8422:
8403:
8394:
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8364:
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8338:
8326:. Retrieved
8322:
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8260:
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8192:
8184:the original
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8147:
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8091:the original
8062:
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8000:
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7769:. Retrieved
7765:
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7677:(1): 76–83.
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7278:
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7220:
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7206:
7194:. Retrieved
7184:
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7145:. Retrieved
7140:
7131:
7094:
7090:
7080:
7068:. Retrieved
7064:the original
7054:
7029:
7025:
7019:
7007:. Retrieved
7003:
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6964:(2): 83–88.
6961:
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6739:
6726:the original
6721:
6712:
6694:
6685:
6672:
6630:(1): 19–30.
6627:
6624:Nature Aging
6623:
6613:
6601:. Retrieved
6597:
6587:
6542:
6538:
6488:
6484:
6436:
6432:
6422:
6377:
6373:
6363:
6351:. Retrieved
6347:Live Science
6345:
6335:
6298:
6294:
6284:
6272:. Retrieved
6268:
6258:
6240:
6231:
6222:
6210:. Retrieved
6205:
6193:
6184:
6180:
6174:
6162:. Retrieved
6151:
6139:. Retrieved
6135:QualityWatch
6134:
6125:
6113:. Retrieved
6105:
6095:
6070:
6066:
6057:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6010:. Retrieved
6003:the original
5990:
5986:
5925:
5921:
5911:
5899:. Retrieved
5895:
5864:
5852:. Retrieved
5849:ScienceDaily
5848:
5838:
5826:. Retrieved
5822:
5812:
5800:. Retrieved
5795:
5786:
5774:. Retrieved
5769:
5760:
5752:the original
5742:
5726:
5713:
5692:
5684:
5672:. Retrieved
5668:the original
5658:
5623:
5619:
5609:
5601:the original
5591:
5574:
5570:
5542:. Retrieved
5538:
5528:
5516:. Retrieved
5511:
5501:
5489:. Retrieved
5472:
5461:
5449:. Retrieved
5445:the original
5439:
5433:
5421:. Retrieved
5416:
5407:
5395:. Retrieved
5385:
5371:
5359:. Retrieved
5349:
5341:
5313:
5309:
5303:
5294:
5287:. Retrieved
5282:The Guardian
5280:
5270:
5227:
5223:
5203:
5199:
5190:
5176:
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5139:
5120:
5116:
5106:
5092:
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5055:
5049:
5040:
5031:
5023:the original
5018:
5009:
5001:the original
4996:
4987:
4978:
4955:
4940:
4925:
4913:. Retrieved
4909:
4901:Prentice T.
4881:. Retrieved
4875:
4866:
4845:
4834:
4815:
4809:
4789:
4768:
4686:
4682:
4645:
4607:
4585:. Retrieved
4578:
4569:
4557:. Retrieved
4547:
4537:
4530:
4515:
4495:
4488:
4468:
4438:
4401:
4365:
4361:
4326:
4292:
4282:
4252:
4243:
4228:
4219:
4199:
4165:
4143:. Retrieved
4139:
4130:
4111:
4105:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4058:. Retrieved
4051:
4008:
4004:
3984:
3978:
3968:12 September
3966:. Retrieved
3959:
3946:
3936:12 September
3934:. Retrieved
3914:
3910:
3897:
3877:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3773:
3770:PLOS Biology
3769:
3759:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3696:. Retrieved
3682:
3663:
3627:
3618:
3591:
3585:
3566:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3473:
3470:O'Sullivan A
3464:
3452:. Retrieved
3448:the original
3444:ScienceBlogs
3443:
3433:
3421:. Retrieved
3416:
3407:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3363:
3357:
3345:. Retrieved
3340:
3331:
3319:. Retrieved
3315:
3306:
3241:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3169:Rejuvenation
3119:Mitohormesis
3084:Lindy effect
3054:Depreciation
3018:
3010:Michelangelo
2991:
2987:
2966:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:—is used in
2936:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2824:
2804:
2775:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2731:
2723:
2706:
2671:
2660:
2592:
2581:
2494:
2492:
2481:
2212:
2211:and denoted
2208:
2155:
2153:
2142:
2027:
2023:
1841:
1819:
1764:
1749:
1745:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1671:
1667:
1656:
1648:
1640:
1631:Centenarians
1614:
1598:
1566:genetic loci
1546:heritability
1543:
1528:
1520:Y chromosome
1513:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1469:occupational
1461:tuberculosis
1438:
1406:
1389:
1375:
1355:
1302:
1271:
1247:
1208:
1197:
1161:On average,
1160:
1128:
1124:HIV pandemic
1101:
1095:, excellent
1086:
1080:
1073:
1052:
1029:
951:
774:
768:
763:Ancient Rome
679:
668:
666:
637:
612:
584:
521:
517:
498:
493:
486:hypothetical
481:
473:
469:
462:
455:
451:
447:
446:
428:
96:
81:
72:
65:Please help
61:
50:
21:
9471:Immortality
9030:Centenarian
9013:Gerontology
8819:Gavrilov LA
8557:November 4,
8328:18 November
7731:(1): 1–16.
6705:Pacific War
6695:Japan Times
6545:(1): 3570.
5451:15 December
4979:Worldometer
4689:(12): 577.
4136:"Mortality"
3827:: 228–233.
3423:18 December
3385:(1): 71–5.
2937:current age
2901:Policy uses
2872:time series
2867:death rates
2801:Forecasting
1892:is denoted
1824:Calculation
1769:to perform
1637:Centenarian
1457:lung cancer
1392:during the
898:For males.
882:Daniel Paul
706:Paleolithic
615:John Graunt
591:life tables
69:if you can.
9634:Population
9629:Demography
9624:Senescence
9603:Categories
9454:by country
9351:Tajikistan
9316:Kazakhstan
9174:by country
8991:Senescence
8737:InfoPlease
7964:(1): 3–8.
7760:Torpey E.
7192:. MedScape
6491:(e39856).
6164:4 November
6156:Stindl R.
6115:18 January
6029:Pediatrics
6012:31 October
5901:1 November
5224:Demography
4915:4 November
4642:Pomeranz K
4587:4 November
4559:4 November
4272:Scheidel W
4145:4 November
4060:4 November
3628:Extra Life
3253:References
3134:Senescence
3079:Life table
3049:Demography
3014:John Adams
3012:(88), and
2836:life table
2807:demography
2715:shelf life
2710:life table
2158:, denoted
2024:likelihood
1771:DNA repair
1682:olanzapine
1601:healthspan
1477:car wrecks
1306:Cincinnati
1243:loneliness
1235:poor sleep
1215:alcoholism
1175:Bulgarians
1088:The Lancet
1008:72.6–73.2
732:Bronze Age
599:shelf life
501:Bronze Age
353: 12.5
337: 17.5
321: 22.5
299: 47.5
285: 52.5
271: 57.5
257: 62.5
243: 67.5
215: ⩽ 53
201: 57.5
189: 62.5
175: 67.5
163: 72.5
149: 77.5
137: 82.5
131: 85 ⩾
31:Maturation
9568:Blue zone
9326:Palestine
9244:Australia
9239:Argentina
8965:Longevity
8880:Max Roser
7943:205210169
7845:Evolution
6664:246093885
6603:18 August
6106:eMedicine
6063:Waldron I
5802:28 August
5776:28 August
5481:0013-0613
5423:31 August
5296:Japan....
5289:31 August
5134:Reprinted
4883:28 August
4763:(2019) .
4761:Ritchie H
4520:McCaa R.
3624:Johnson S
3454:31 August
3347:31 August
3321:31 August
3164:Longevity
2943:planning.
2795:senolytic
2613:would be
2541:∞
2526:∑
2423:∞
2408:∑
2374:⋅
2365:∞
2350:∑
2325:
2101:−
1807:life span
1760:tortoises
1715:Education
1674:co-morbid
1605:longevity
1550:variation
1524:expressed
1402:pollution
1390:increased
1299:In cities
1167:Spaniards
719:Neolithic
659:Longevity
595:actuarial
589:, and in
580:mortality
524:longevity
509:epidemics
383: 7.5
9639:Duration
9449:verified
9371:shortest
9191:Americas
9163:Lists of
9113:Methods
8901:Archived
8889:Archived
8797:(2009),
8705:(2002),
8703:Wanjek C
8682:Archived
8610:15650149
8400:Young LJ
8386:11824050
8359:page 92.
8304:17845285
8166:16230529
8125:20704872
8087:11903260
8079:17928583
7978:18087751
7935:15510147
7830:24675955
7771:10 March
7747:25995521
7701:18031486
7649:20247054
7641:12752319
7600:19836639
7540:32997123
7491:33026219
7442:33502436
7393:19687183
7352:32093594
7344:18568631
7309:28839751
7123:21772658
7046:27797313
7004:Medscape
6986:13646442
6978:22249081
6943:25262443
6894:21593516
6817:24648481
6767:Newsweek
6656:37118362
6598:phys.org
6579:32678081
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2226:x
2222:e
2195:x
2175:)
2172:x
2169:(
2166:K
2147:)
2145:1
2143:(
2124:x
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2096:x
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2079:=
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2068:x
2064:q
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2047:k
2007:x
2003:q
1982:1
1979:+
1976:x
1956:x
1936:x
1913:x
1909:p
1903:n
1880:n
1877:+
1874:x
1854:x
1435:.
1352:.
1340:.
1323:.
566:x
544:x
540:e
513:5
470:x
466:x
463:e
459:0
456:e
443:.
88:)
82:(
77:)
73:(
33:.
26:.
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