382:
308:
290:
than in somatic cell types from the same individual. Female germ cells also show a mutation frequency that is lower than that in corresponding somatic cells and similar to that in male germ cells. These findings appear to reflect employment of more effective mechanisms to limit the initial occurrence
416:
In mammals a high level of repair and maintenance of cellular DNA appears to be beneficial early in life. However, some types of cell, such as those of the brain and muscle, undergo a transition from mitotic cell division to a post-mitotic (non-dividing) condition during early development, and this
372:
is a means of conserving animal genetic material in response to decreasing ecological biodiversity. As populations of living organisms fall so does their genetic diversity. This places species long-term survivability at risk. Biobanking aims to preserve biologically viable cells through long-term
247:
organized into 23 pairs. By contrast, gametes of diploid organisms contain only half as many chromosomes. In humans, this is 23 unpaired chromosomes. When two gametes (i.e. a spermatozoon and an ovum) meet during conception, they fuse together, creating a
347:
DNA that is retained in the ovum, which is different from the cell that donated the nucleus. In practice, this technique has so far been problematic, although there have been a few high-profile successes, such as
373:
storage for later use. Somatic cells have been stored with the hopes that they can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which can then differentiate into viable reproductive cells.
343:
of a same-species animal and allowed to develop. The resulting animal will be a nearly genetically identical clone to the animal from which the nucleus was taken. The only difference is caused by any
393:
has allowed for the genetic manipulation of somatic cells, whether for the modelling of chronic disease or for the prevention of malaise conditions. Two current means of gene editing are the use of
408:, although the International Summit on Human Gene Editing has released a statement in support of genetic modification of somatic cells, as the modifications thereof are not passed on to offspring.
899:
Bolton, Rhiannon L; Mooney, Andrew; Pettit, Matt T; Bolton, Anthony E; Morgan, Lucy; Drake, Gabby J; Appeltant, Ruth; Walker, Susan L; Gillis, James D; Hvilsom, Christina (2022-07-01).
327:
from a somatic cell, usually a skin cell. This nucleus contains all of the genetic information needed to produce the organism it was removed from. This nucleus is then injected into an
331:
of the same species which has had its own genetic material removed. The ovum now no longer needs to be fertilized, because it contains the correct amount of genetic material (a
834:
Kim, Min Jung; Oh, Hyun Ju; Kim, Geon A; Setyawan, Erif Maha
Nugraha; Choi, Yoo Bin; Lee, Seok Hee; Petersen-Jones, Simon M.; Ko, CheMyong J.; Lee, Byeong Chun (2017-11-10).
1170:"Developmental decline in DNA repair in neural retina cells of chick embryos. Persistent deficiency of repair competence in a cell line derived from late embryos"
421:
capability. This reduction may be an evolutionary adaptation permitting the diversion of cellular resources that were earlier used for DNA repair, as well as for
319:
whole organisms has been developed in mammals, allowing almost identical genetic clones of an animal to be produced. One method of doing this is called "
1072:
243:. Each pair of chromosomes comprises one chromosome inherited from the father and one inherited from the mother. In humans, somatic cells contain 46
394:
1141:
Gensler HL (1981). "Low level of U.V.-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in postmitotic brain cells of hamsters: possible relevance to aging".
1119:
369:
311:
Schematic model of somatic cell nuclear transfer. This technique has been used to create clones of an organism or in therapeutic medicine.
1095:
239:
and the organism is called a diploid organism. The gametes of diploid organisms contain only single unpaired chromosomes and are called
447:
487:
429:, to higher priority neuronal and muscular functions. An effect of these reductions is to allow increased accumulation of
1217:
Lampidis TJ, Schaiberger GE (December 1975). "Age-related loss of DNA repair synthesis in isolated rat myocardial cells".
633:
267:"). Thus, they can have diploid or even triploid germline cells. An example of this is the modern cultivated species of
430:
296:
405:
291:
of spontaneous mutations in germ cells than in somatic cells. Such mechanisms likely include elevated levels of
1268:
537:
320:
1096:"Ethical Controversies and Challenges in Human Genome Editing. | International Medical Journal | EBSCOhost"
900:
149:, to their cellular descendants (if they have any), but not to the organism's descendants. However, in
157:, differentiated somatic cells are the source of the germline. Mitotic cell division is only seen in
814:
479:
173:
was theorized to be evolved many times, so did sterile somatic cells. The evolution of an immortal
108:
958:"Poultry genetic heritage cryopreservation and reconstruction: advancement and future challenges"
252:. Due to the fusion of the two gametes, a human zygote contains 46 chromosomes (i.e. 23 pairs).
185:
algae. Those species with a separation between sterile somatic cells and a germline are called
53:
34:
553:
204:
648:"Mutation frequency declines during spermatogenesis in young mice but increases in old mice"
471:
1028:
847:
659:
145:
Theoretically, these cells are not germ cells (the source of gametes); they transmit their
8:
472:
398:
96:
1032:
851:
663:
1194:
1169:
1049:
1016:
992:
957:
956:
Sun, Yanyan; Li, Yunlei; Zong, Yunhe; Mehaisen, Gamal M. K.; Chen, Jilan (2022-10-09).
933:
901:"Resurrecting biodiversity: advanced assisted reproductive technologies and biobanking"
876:
835:
791:
759:"Somatic cell nuclear transfer: origins, the present position and future opportunities"
758:
734:
709:
601:
576:
470:
Campbell NA, Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB (2009).
442:
1234:
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119:
20:
1017:"Somatic genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9 generates and corrects a metabolic disease"
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26:
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349:
1015:
Jarrett KE, Lee CM, Yeh YH, Hsu RH, Gupta R, Zhang M, et al. (March 2017).
1263:
974:
859:
652:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
505:"Petrographic analysis of URL-2 and URL-6 special thermal conductivity samples"
49:
592:
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Somatic cells have also been collected in the practice of biobanking. The
307:
161:
somatic cells. Only some cells like germ cells take part in reproduction.
1203:
1185:
708:
Murphey P, McLean DJ, McMahan CA, Walter CA, McCarrey JR (January 2013).
336:
244:
235:. If a somatic cell contains chromosomes arranged in pairs, it is called
123:
916:
646:
Walter CA, Intano GW, McCarrey JR, McMahan CA, Walter RB (August 1998).
623:
Ridley M (2004) Evolution, 3rd edition. Blackwell
Publishing, p. 29-297.
509:
Department Cf Energy, Mines, and
Resources. Earth Physics Branch, Report
178:
118:, somatic cells make up all the internal organs, skin, bones, blood and
418:
292:
260:
232:
208:
190:
182:
142:. There are approximately 220 types of somatic cell in the human body.
100:
65:
1040:
763:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
275:, a hexaploid species whose somatic cells contain six copies of every
287:
276:
264:
194:
146:
88:
69:
61:
521:
504:
283:
174:
154:
92:
72:. Somatic cells compose the body of an organism and divide through
1120:"Why Treat Gene Editing Differently In Two Types Of Human Cells?"
332:
316:
256:
240:
236:
158:
104:
84:
80:
73:
1073:"NIH Commits $ 190M to Somatic Gene-Editing Tools/Tech Research"
259:
have the chromosomes in their somatic cells arranged in fours ("
353:
340:
249:
199:
150:
139:
135:
115:
57:
577:"Evolution of reproductive development in the volvocine algae"
538:"The Evolution of Multicellularity: A Minor Major Transition?"
177:
producing specialized somatic cells involved the emergence of
153:, non-differentiated somatic cells form the germ line and, in
268:
212:
645:
536:
Grosberg, Richard K.; Strathmann, Richard R. (2007-12-01).
328:
127:
707:
634:
The evolutionary-developmental origins of multicellularity
404:
Genetic engineering of somatic cells has resulted in some
399:
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
357:
228:
898:
138:, which divides and differentiates into the cells of an
352:(July 5, 1996 - February 14, 2003) and, more recently,
469:
1167:
542:
Annual Review of
Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
189:. Weismannist development is relatively rare (e.g.,
1216:
478:(9th ed.). Pearson Benjamin Cummings. p.
295:enzymes that ameliorate most potentially mutagenic
16:
Any biological cell forming the body of an organism
535:
955:
836:"Birth of clones of the world's first cloned dog"
757:Wilmut, Ian; Bai, Yu; Taylor, Jane (2015-10-19).
339:). In theory, the ovum can be implanted into the
1250:
1014:
833:
710:"Enhanced genetic integrity in mouse germ cells"
385:Schematic of CRISPR based gene editing technique
756:
395:transcription activator-like effector nucleases
181:, and can be viewed in its simplest version in
703:
701:
356:(April 24, 2005 - May 2015), the first cloned
107:, but are different from somatic in that they
465:
463:
1168:Karran P, Moscona A, Strauss B (July 1977).
417:transition is accompanied by a reduction in
370:cryoconservation of animal genetic resources
962:Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology
698:
222:
639:
460:
122:, while mammalian germ cells give rise to
1193:
1048:
991:
973:
932:
875:
790:
733:
681:
671:
600:
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203:), as many species have the capacity for
574:
554:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735
448:List of biological development disorders
380:
376:
306:
286:is significantly lower in advanced male
1140:
502:
433:likely contributing to cellular aging.
1251:
227:Like all cells, somatic cells contain
1093:
815:"The Life of Dolly | Dolly the Sheep"
111:into diverse specialized cell types.
13:
1094:Singh, Amarendra N. (2021-04-01).
315:In recent years, the technique of
14:
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1:
726:10.1095/biolreprod.112.103481
453:
363:
321:somatic cell nuclear transfer
282:The frequency of spontaneous
1231:10.1016/0014-4827(75)90276-1
1155:10.1016/0531-5565(81)90046-2
323:" and involves removing the
164:
7:
436:
134:to produce a cell called a
10:
1285:
975:10.1186/s40104-022-00768-2
905:Reproduction and Fertility
860:10.1038/s41598-017-15328-2
302:
18:
593:10.1007/s00497-010-0158-4
581:Sexual Plant Reproduction
673:10.1073/pnas.95.17.10015
575:Hallmann A (June 2011).
223:Genetics and chromosomes
103:also can divide through
714:Biology of Reproduction
775:10.1098/rstb.2014.0366
386:
312:
54:multicellular organism
52:forming the body of a
1269:Developmental biology
632:Niklas, K. J. (2014)
384:
377:Genetic modifications
310:
205:somatic embryogenesis
95:and they fuse during
1186:10.1083/jcb.74.1.274
273:Triticum aestivum L.
68:or undifferentiated
1033:2017NatSR...744624J
917:10.1530/RAF-22-0005
852:2017NatSR...715235K
664:1998PNAS...9510015W
658:(17): 10015–10019.
503:Chernis PJ (1985).
263:") or even sixes ("
97:sexual reproduction
1021:Scientific Reports
840:Scientific Reports
769:(1680): 20140366.
443:Somatic cell count
387:
313:
255:A large number of
130:which fuse during
44: 'body'), or
1122:. 8 December 2015
1100:openurl.ebsco.com
1075:. 24 January 2018
1041:10.1038/srep44624
489:978-0-8053-6844-4
120:connective tissue
21:Somatic (biology)
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27:cellular biology
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389:Development of
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350:Dolly the Sheep
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1143:Exp. Geronont
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79:In contrast,
77:
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35:Ancient Greek
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1222:
1219:Exp Cell Res
1218:
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1124:. Retrieved
1114:
1103:. Retrieved
1099:
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1077:. Retrieved
1067:
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818:. Retrieved
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397:(TALENs) or
388:
367:
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281:
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254:
231:arranged in
226:
198:
187:Weismannists
168:
144:
113:
83:derive from
78:
46:vegetal cell
45:
41:
38:
31:somatic cell
30:
24:
1174:J Cell Biol
337:chromosomes
297:DNA damages
245:chromosomes
233:chromosomes
209:land plants
191:vertebrates
124:spermatozoa
87:within the
1253:Categories
1105:2024-06-20
968:(1): 115.
820:2023-12-09
454:References
431:DNA damage
419:DNA repair
401:(CRISPR).
364:Biobanking
335:number of
293:DNA repair
288:germ cells
261:tetraploid
195:arthropods
101:Stem cells
89:germ cells
66:gametocyte
33:(from
19:See also:
1027:: 44624.
984:2049-1891
925:2633-8386
868:2045-2322
783:0962-8436
562:1543-592X
284:mutations
277:chromatid
265:hexaploid
183:volvocine
179:mortality
165:Evolution
147:mutations
70:stem cell
62:germ cell
48:, is any
1059:28300165
1002:36210477
943:35928671
886:29127382
801:26416677
744:23153565
720:(1): 6.
611:21174128
437:See also
175:germline
155:Cnidaria
93:germline
1259:Cloning
1239:1193184
1195:2109876
1050:5353616
1029:Bibcode
993:9549680
934:9346332
877:5681657
848:Bibcode
792:4633995
735:4434944
692:9707592
660:Bibcode
602:3098969
474:Biology
333:diploid
325:nucleus
317:cloning
303:Cloning
257:species
241:haploid
237:diploid
211:, most
207:(e.g.,
159:diploid
151:sponges
116:mammals
105:mitosis
91:of the
85:meiosis
81:gametes
74:mitosis
1237:
1204:559680
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1126:5 July
1079:5 July
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515:: 20.
486:
354:Snuppy
341:uterus
250:zygote
200:Volvox
140:embryo
136:zygote
58:gamete
42:(sôma)
1264:Cells
683:21453
269:wheat
213:algae
37:
1235:PMID
1200:PMID
1128:2018
1081:2018
1055:PMID
998:PMID
980:ISSN
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921:ISSN
882:PMID
864:ISSN
797:PMID
779:ISSN
740:PMID
688:PMID
607:PMID
558:ISSN
484:ISBN
425:and
329:ovum
126:and
40:σῶμα
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872:PMC
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771:doi
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668:doi
597:PMC
589:doi
550:doi
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229:DNA
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