Suicide - Knowledge

3148: 2639: 2630: 2944: 2223:, and media are discouraged from reporting the contents of that message. When detailed descriptions of how to kill oneself by a specific means are portrayed, this method of suicide can be imitated in vulnerable people. This phenomenon has been observed in several cases after press coverage. In a bid to reduce the adverse effect of media portrayals concerning suicide report, one of the effective methods is to educate journalists on how to report suicide news in a manner that might reduce that possibility of imitation and encourage those at risk to seek for help. When journalists follow certain reporting guidelines the risk of suicides can be decreased. Getting buy-in from the media industry, however, can be difficult, especially in the long term. 3660:– Mill's focus on the importance of liberty and autonomy meant that he rejected choices which would prevent a person from making future autonomous decisions. Others view suicide as a legitimate matter of personal choice. Supporters of this position maintain that no one should be forced to suffer against their will, particularly from conditions such as incurable disease, mental illness, and old age, with no possibility of improvement. They reject the belief that suicide is always irrational, arguing instead that it can be a valid last resort for those enduring major pain or trauma. A stronger stance would argue that people should be allowed to autonomously choose to die regardless of whether they are suffering. Notable supporters of this 2529: 2836: 3556: 3687: 2474: 47: 2890:) still occurs; however, hanging and jumping are the most common. Jumping to one's death is common in both Hong Kong and Singapore at 50% and 80% respectively. In Switzerland, firearms are the most frequent suicide method in young males, although this method has decreased since guns have become less common. In the United States, 50% of suicides involve the use of firearms, with this method being somewhat more common in men (56%) than women (31%). The next most common cause was hanging in males (28%) and self-poisoning in females (31%). Together, hanging and poisoning constituted about 42% of U.S. suicides (as of 2017). 3074:, males die three to four times more often by means of suicide than do females. This difference is even more pronounced in those over the age of 65, with tenfold more males than females dying by suicide. Suicide attempts and self-harm are between two and four times more frequent among females. Researchers have attributed the difference between suicide and attempted suicide among the sexes to males using more lethal means to end their lives. However, separating intentional suicide attempts from non-suicidal self-harm is not currently done in places like the United States when gathering statistics at the national level. 2956: 2915: 2483: 2995: 2986: 3496:"Thou shalt not kill," and historically neither church would even hold a burial service for a member that died by suicide, deeming it an act that condemned the person to hell, since they died in a state of mortal sin. The basic idea being that life is a gift given by God which should not be spurned, and that suicide is against the "natural order" and thus interferes with God's master plan for the world. However, it is believed that mental illness or grave fear of suffering diminishes the responsibility of the one completing suicide. 1916: 3117: 1435: 3355: 2372: 2197: 18093: 1785: 17949: 17991: 18059: 17959: 18076: 18042: 3170:, a person who died by suicide without the approval of the state was denied the honors of a normal burial. The person would be buried alone, on the outskirts of the city, without a headstone or marker. It was also common for the hand to be cut off the body and buried separately - the hand (and the instrument used) being considered the perpetrator. However, it was deemed to be an acceptable method to deal with military defeat. In 18025: 18008: 3195: 2800: 1953:, or withdrawal symptoms. Countries that have higher rates of alcohol use and a greater density of bars generally also have higher rates of suicide. About 2.2–3.4% of those who have been treated for alcoholism at some point in their life die by suicide. Alcoholics who attempt suicide are usually male, older, and have tried to take their own lives in the past. Between 3 and 35% of deaths among those who use 3379: 1466: 3622:(tukap) who would haunt the living, to come to fulfillment from which they were excluded during life. Also, someone who insults another so they kill themselves is regarded as co-responsible for their death. According to Norbert Richard Adami, this ethic exists due to the case that solidarity within the community is much more important to Ainu culture than it is to the 2937:

1999–2010. Greenland, Lithuania, Japan, and Hungary have the highest rates of suicide. Around 75% of suicides occur in the developing world. The countries with the greatest absolute numbers of suicides are China and India, partly due to their large population size, accounting for over half the total. In China, suicide is the 5th leading cause of death.

2823:. The typewritten form letters were brief – sometimes as short as two sentences – personally signed by the researcher, and expressed interest in the recipient without making any demands. They were initially sent monthly, eventually decreasing in frequency to quarterly letters; if the recipient wrote back, then an additional personal letter was mailed. 2251:—fearing the loss of a loved one, he had planned to kill himself until his friends helped him out. As a consequence, fictional portrayals of suicide, showing alternative consequences or negative consequences, might have a preventive effect, for instance fiction might normalize mental health problems and encourage help-seeking. 8799:

levels of atheism. Of the top remaining nine nations leading the world in male suicide rates, all are former Soviet/Communist nations, such as Belarus, Ukraine, and Latvia. Of the bottom ten nations with the lowest male suicide rates, all are highly religious nations with statistically insignificant levels of organic atheism.

1342:(or homicide–suicide), the individual aims at taking the lives of others at the same time. A special case of this is extended suicide, where the murder is motivated by seeing the murdered persons as an extension of their self. Suicide in which the reason is that the person feels that they are not part of society is known as 3394:. If such protocol is not followed, it is an offence punishable by law. In Germany, active euthanasia is illegal and anyone present during suicide may be prosecuted for failure to render aid in an emergency. Switzerland has taken steps to legalize assisted suicide for the chronically mentally ill. The high court in 3443:

say that progress has been slow. Proponents of decriminalisation argue that suicide legislation may deter people from seeking help, and may even strengthen the resolve of would-be suicides to end their lives to avoid prosecution. The first reading of a bill to repeal Section 309 of the Penal Code was

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are also risk factors. Sexual abuse is believed to contribute to approximately 20% of the overall risk. Significant adversity early in life has a negative effect on problem-solving skills and memory, both of which are implicated in suicidality. According to a 2022 study, adverse childhood experiences

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Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centers and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centers and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behavior

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return webpages that, in a 2008 study, about 50% of the time provide information on suicide methods. A similar study found that 11% of sites encouraged suicide attempts. There is some concern that such sites may push those predisposed over the edge. Some people form suicide pacts online, either with

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In the United States, the suicide death rate is greatest in Caucasian men older than 80 years, even though younger people more frequently attempt suicide. It is the second most common cause of death in adolescents and in young males is second only to accidental death. In young males in the developed

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Suicide rates differ significantly between countries and over time. As a percentage of deaths in 2008 it was: Africa 0.5%, South-East Asia 1.9%, Americas 1.2% and Europe 1.4%. Rates per 100,000 were: Australia 8.6, Canada 11.1, China 12.7, India 23.2, United Kingdom 7.6, United States 11.4 and South

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for older people are being used. As there is a high rate of people who test positive via these tools that are not at risk of suicide, there are concerns that screening may significantly increase mental health care resource utilization. Assessing those at high risk, though, is recommended for. Asking

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Concerning suicide rates, religious nations fare better than secular nations. According to the 2003 World Health Organization's report on international male suicides rates, of the top ten nations with the highest male suicide rates, all but one (Sri Lanka) are strongly irreligious nations with high

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Judaism focuses on the importance of valuing this life, and as such, suicide is tantamount to denying God's goodness in the world. Despite this, under extreme circumstances when there has seemed no choice but to either be killed or forced to betray their religion, there are several accounts of Jews

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is not a crime; however, attempted suicide is. Under Section 309 of the Penal Code, a person convicted of attempting suicide can be punished with imprisonment of up to one year, fined, or both. There are ongoing efforts to decriminalise attempted suicide, although rights groups and non-governmental

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In many countries, the rate of suicide is highest in the middle-aged or elderly. The absolute number of suicides, however, is greatest in those between 15 and 29 years old, due to the number of people in this age group. Worldwide, the average age of suicide is between age 30 and 49 for both men and

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where they agree to not harm themselves if released. However, evidence does not support a significant effect from this practice. If a person is at low risk, outpatient mental health treatment may be arranged. Short-term hospitalization has not been found to be more effective than community care for

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Non-suicidal self-harm is common with 18% of people engaging in self-harm over the course of their life. Acts of self-harm are not usually suicide attempts and most who self-harm are not at high risk of suicide. Some who self-harm, however, do still end their life by suicide, and risk for self-harm

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Mental illness is present at the time of suicide 27% to more than 90% of the time. Of those who have been hospitalized for suicidal behavior, the lifetime risk of suicide is 8.6%. Comparatively, non-suicidal people hospitalized for affective disorders have a 4% lifetime risk of suicide. Half of all

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are more common among young people and women. Suicide is generally most common among those over the age of 70; however, in certain countries, those aged between 15 and 30 are at the highest risk. Europe had the highest rates of suicide by region in 2015. There are an estimated 10 to 20 million

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A number of questions are raised within the philosophy of suicide, including what constitutes suicide, whether or not suicide can be a rational choice, and the moral permissibility of suicide. Arguments as to acceptability of suicide in moral or social terms range from the position that the act is

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in the last few years, with about 49,500 people dying by suicide in 2022, the highest number ever recorded. In the United States, about 650,000 people are seen in emergency departments yearly due to attempting suicide. The United States rate among men in their 50s rose by nearly half in the decade

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Approximately 1.4% of people die by suicide, a mortality rate of 11.6 per 100,000 persons per year. Suicide resulted in 842,000 deaths in 2013 up from 712,000 deaths in 1990. Rates of suicide have increased by 60% from the 1960s to 2012, with these increases seen primarily in the developing world.

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Genetics might influence rates of suicide. A family history of suicide, especially in the mother, affects children more than adolescents or adults. Adoption studies have shown that this is the case for biological relatives, but not adopted relatives. This makes familial risk factors unlikely to be

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who killed himself and then was emulated by many admirers of the book. This risk is greater in adolescents who may romanticize death. It appears that while news media has a significant effect, that of the entertainment media is equivocal. It is unclear if searching for information about suicide on

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In those with mental health problems, a number of treatments may reduce the risk of suicide. Those who are actively suicidal may be admitted to psychiatric care either voluntarily or involuntarily. Possessions that may be used to harm oneself are typically removed. Some clinicians get patients to

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approximately doubles the subsequent frequency of suicide. The prevalence of increased suicidality persisted after adjusting for depressive illness and alcohol abuse. Among people with more than one medical condition the frequency was particularly high. In Japan, health problems are listed as the

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is associated with increased suicidal ideation and attempts compared to the general population. Between 12 and 24% of pathological gamblers attempt suicide. The rate of suicide among their spouses is three times greater than that of the general population. Other factors that increase the risk in

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By 1879, English law began to distinguish between suicide and homicide, although suicide still resulted in forfeiture of estate. In 1882, the deceased were permitted daylight burial in England and by the middle of the 20th century, suicide had become legal in much of the Western world. The term

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attempts less likely to succeed. Other measures include reducing access to charcoal (for burning) and adding barriers on bridges and subway platforms. Treatment of drug and alcohol addiction, depression, and those who have attempted suicide in the past, may also be effective. Some have proposed

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are also at significant risk with around 20% attempting suicide at some point and more than 65% considering it. Smoking cigarettes is associated with risk of suicide. There is little evidence as to why this association exists; however, it has been hypothesized that those who are predisposed to

3413:, people with terminal diseases may request medications to help end their life. Canadians who have attempted suicide may be barred from entering the United States. U.S. laws allow border guards to deny access to people who have a mental illness, including those with previous suicide attempts. 2505:

Suicide prevention is a term used for the collective efforts to reduce the incidence of suicide through preventive measures. Protective factors for suicide include support, and access to therapy. About 60% of people with suicidal thoughts do not seek help. Reasons for not doing so include low

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Suicide is a crime in some parts of the world. No country in Europe currently considers suicide or attempted suicide to be a crime. It was, however, in most Western European countries from the Middle Ages until at least the 19th century. The Netherlands was the first country to legalize both

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he rhetorically asked, "Why should I prolong a miserable existence, because of some frivolous advantage which the public may perhaps receive from me?" Hume's analysis was criticized by philosopher Philip Reed as being "uncharacteristically (for him) bad", since Hume took an unusually narrow

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Certain occupations carry an elevated risk of self-harm and suicide, such as military careers. Research in several countries has found that the rate of suicide among former armed forces personnel in particular, and young veterans especially, is markedly higher than that found in the general

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There have been anecdotal reports of dogs, horses, and dolphins killing themselves, but little scientific study of animal suicide. Animal suicide is usually put down to romantic human interpretation and is not generally thought to be intentional. Some of the reasons animals are thought to

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state that one who dies by suicide will become part of the spirit world, wandering earth until the time one would have otherwise died, had one not taken one's own life. However, Hinduism accepts a man's right to end one's life through the non-violent practice of fasting to death, termed

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conception of duty and his conclusion depended upon the suicide producing no harm to others – including causing no grief, feelings of guilt, or emotional pain to any surviving friends and family – which is almost never the case. A shift in public opinion at large can also be discerned;

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Risk of depression may be reduced with a healthy diet "high in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes; moderate amounts of poultry, eggs, and dairy products; and only occasional red meat". A balanced diet and the consumption of lots of water is essential for mental health. Consuming

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has been shown to have a protective effect. Other psychological risk factors include having few reasons for living and feeling trapped in a stressful situation. Changes to the stress response system in the brain might be altered during suicidal states. Specifically, changes in the

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The time of year may also affect suicide rates. There appears to be a decrease around Christmas, but an increase in rates during spring and summer, which might be related to exposure to sunshine. Another study found that the risk may be greater for males on their birthday.

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The media, including the Internet, plays an important role. Certain depictions of suicide may increase its occurrence, with high-volume, prominent, repetitive coverage glorifying or romanticizing suicide having the most impact. For example, about 15–40% of people leave a

2857:, and firearms. These differences are believed to be in part due to availability of the different methods. A review of 56 countries found that hanging was the most common method in most of the countries, accounting for 53% of male suicides and 39% of female suicides. 12612: 11851:

Luxton DD, Thomas EK, Chipps J, Relova RM, Brown D, McLay R, Lee TT, Nakama H, Smolenski DJ (March 2014). "Caring letters for suicide prevention: implementation of a multi-site randomized clinical trial in the U.S. military and Veteran Affairs healthcare systems".

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Ribeiro JD, Pease JL, Gutierrez PM, Silva C, Bernert RA, Rudd MD, Joiner TE (February 2012). "Sleep problems outperform depression and hopelessness as cross-sectional and longitudinal predictors of suicidal ideation and behavior in young adults in the military".

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There is little data on the effects of screening the general population on the ultimate rate of suicide. Screening those who come to the emergency departments with injuries from self-harm have been shown to help identify suicide ideation and suicide intention.

11054: 3852:, resulted in 10 deaths. The cause of death was recorded by the coroner as "starvation, self-imposed" rather than suicide; this was modified to simply "starvation" on the death certificates after protest from the dead strikers' families. During World War II, 3926:

unintentionally kill themselves include: psychological stress, infection by certain parasites or fungi, or disruption of a long-held social tie, such as the ending of a long association with an owner and thus not accepting food from another individual.

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inherently immoral and unacceptable under any circumstances, to a regard for suicide as a sacrosanct right of anyone who believes they have rationally and conscientiously come to the decision to end their own lives, even if they are young and healthy.

2310:. This may occur if the person dying by suicide cannot have more children and takes resources away from relatives by staying alive. An objection to this explanation is that deaths by healthy adolescents likely do not increase inclusive fitness. 2860:

Worldwide, 30% of suicides are estimated to occur from pesticide poisoning, most of which occur in the developing world. The use of this method varies markedly from 4% in Europe to more than 50% in the Pacific region. It is also common in

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Being religious may reduce one's risk of suicide while beliefs that suicide is noble may increase it. This has been attributed to the negative stance many religions take against suicide and to the greater connectedness religion may give.

2045:, are risk factors for depression and suicide. In some instances, the sleep disturbances may be a risk factor independent of depression. A number of other medical conditions may present with symptoms similar to mood disorders, including 1819:

is the most accurate predictor of death by suicide. Approximately 20% of suicides have had a previous attempt. Of those who have attempted suicide, 1% die by suicide within a year and more than 5% die by suicide within 10 years.

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the Internet relates to the risk of suicide. The opposite of the Werther effect is the proposed "Papageno effect", in which coverage of effective coping mechanisms may have a protective effect. The term is based upon a character in

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Caring letters are inexpensive and either the only, or one of very few, approaches to suicide prevention that has been scientifically proven to work during the first years after a suicide attempt that resulted in hospitalization.

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combat, guilt over murdering someone, to save the life of another, as a result of mourning, from shame from being raped, and as an escape from intolerable situations like physical suffering, military defeat, or criminal pursuit.

1738:. Mental disorders and substance misuse frequently co-exist. Other risk factors include having previously attempted suicide, the ready availability of a means to take one's life, a family history of suicide, or the presence of 2878:

40–50%, pesticides 60–75%, and medication overdose 1.5–4.0%. The most common attempted methods of suicide differ from the most common methods of completion; up to 85% of attempts are via drug overdose in the developed world.

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due to the ease of access within the farming populations. In many countries, drug overdoses account for approximately 60% of suicides among women and 30% among men. Many are unplanned and occur during an acute period of

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Most research does not distinguish between risk factors that lead to thinking about suicide and risk factors that lead to suicide attempts. Risks for suicide attempt, rather than just thoughts of suicide, include a high

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in 1670 was extremely severe, even for the times: the dead person's body was drawn through the streets, face down, and then hung or thrown on a garbage heap. Additionally, all of the person's property was confiscated.

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The US has had the largest number of gun-related suicides in the world every year from 1990 through at least 2019. With 4% of the world's population, the US had 44% of global gun suicides in 2019, and the highest rate

3531:). These acts have received mixed responses by Jewish authorities, regarded by some as examples of heroic martyrdom, while others state that it was wrong for them to take their own lives in anticipation of martyrdom. 11015: 2389:

Euthanasia and assisted suicide are accepted practices in a number of countries among those who have a poor quality of life without the possibility of getting better. They are supported by the legal arguments for a

15586: 15571: 3771:. As of 2010, the Golden Gate Bridge has had more than 1,300 suicides by jumping since its construction in 1937. Many locations where suicide is common have constructed barriers to prevent it; this includes the 1957:

are due to suicide (approximately fourteenfold greater than those who do not use). In adolescents who misuse alcohol, neurological and psychological dysfunctions may contribute to the increased risk of suicide.

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smoking are also predisposed to suicide, that smoking causes health problems which subsequently make people want to end their life, and that smoking affects brain chemistry causing a propensity for suicide.

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Williams SB, O'Connor EA, Eder M, Whitlock EP (April 2009). "Screening for child and adolescent depression in primary care settings: a systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force".

8916: 2155:, among religious people, appear to have a lower rate of suicide; however, the data supporting this is not strong. There does not appear to be a difference in rates of attempted suicide. Young women in the 2608:

fats. Consuming too much refined carbohydrates (e.g., snack foods) may increase the risk of depression symptoms. The mechanism on how diet improves or worsens mental health is still not fully understood.

8647: 4679:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 2412:

is a political or religious action where an attacker carries out violence against others which they understand will result in their own death. Some suicide bombers are motivated by a desire to obtain

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since 1997, partly due to issues of debt. In China, suicide is three times as likely in rural regions as urban ones, partly, it is believed, due to financial difficulties in this area of the country.

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is associated with an increased rate of suicide and attempted suicide. The pro-suicidal effects of benzodiazepines are suspected to be due to a psychiatric disturbance caused by side effects, such as

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world, it is the cause of nearly 30% of mortality. In the developing world rates are similar, but it makes up a smaller proportion of overall deaths due to higher rates of death from other types of

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terminology related to suicide; in 2011, they published an article calling for changing the language used around suicide entitled "Suicide and language: Why we shouldn't use the 'C' word". The

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Wu Y, Zhang L, Li S, Zhang D (29 April 2021). "Associations of dietary vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 with the risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

4732:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 13831: 3398:, Switzerland, in a 2006 ruling, granted an anonymous individual with longstanding psychiatric difficulties the right to end his own life. England and Wales decriminalized suicide via the 3244:. Despite these disputes and occasional official rulings, Catholic doctrine was not entirely settled on the subject of suicide until the later 17th century. A criminal ordinance issued by 8881: 2811:

The "Caring Letters" model of suicide prevention involved mailing short letters that expressed the researchers' interest in the recipients without pressuring them to take any action. The

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Glenn CR, Kleiman EM, Kellerman J, Pollak O, Cha CB, Esposito EC, et al. (March 2020). "Annual Research Review: A meta-analytic review of worldwide suicide rates in adolescents".

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also state individual suicide to be unlawful and a sin. Stigma is often associated with suicide in Islamic countries. One who suicides and succeeds, he\she shall never enter Paradise.

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another in attempting to die by suicide, and the law explicitly allows any person to use "such force as may reasonably be necessary" to prevent another from taking their own life. The

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within the year before their death, including 45% within the prior month. Approximately 25–40% of those who died by suicide had contact with mental health services in the prior year.

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Bordereau C, Robert A, Van Tuyen V, Peppuy A (1 August 1997). "Suicidal defensive behaviour by frontal gland dehiscence in Globitermes sulphureus Haviland soldiers (Isoptera)".

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Confer JC, Easton JA, Fleischman DS, Goetz CD, Lewis DM, Perilloux C, Buss DM (1 January 2010). "Evolutionary psychology. Controversies, questions, prospects, and limitations".

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Williams A, While D, Windfuhr K, Bickley H, Hunt IM, Shaw J, et al. (2011). "Birthday blues: examining the association between birthday and suicide in a national sample".

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and the Republic of Ireland in 1993. The word "commit" was used in reference to its being illegal, but many organisations have stopped it because of the negative connotation.

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Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, et al. (July 2016). "Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review".

2758:, reduces suicidality in adolescents as well as in those with borderline personality disorder. It may also be useful in decreasing suicide attempts in adults at high risk. 4823:

Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R (September 2011). "The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies".

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Between 40% and 65% of individuals who commit suicide meet criteria for a personality disorder, with borderline personality disorder being the most commonly associated.

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for examples), and as a grim reminder there is even a prayer in the Jewish liturgy for "when the knife is at the throat", for those dying "to sanctify God's Name" (see

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In India, suicide was illegal until 2014, and surviving family members used to face legal difficulties. It remains a criminal offense in most Muslim-majority nations.

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Nemeroff CB, Owens MJ, Bissette G, Andorn AC, Stanley M (June 1988). "Reduced corticotropin releasing factor binding sites in the frontal cortex of suicide victims".

5087:"Book excerptise: The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil, the Purananuru by George L. (tr.) Hart and Hank Heifetz (tr.)" 15927: 15040: 1901:

class appear to increase the frequency of suicide among children and young persons. An unwillingness to get help for mental health problems also increases the risk.

14014: 2785:, seems to lower the rate of suicidal ideation. In the United States, health professionals are legally required to take reasonable steps to try to prevent suicide. 9714:"Air Pollution (Particulate Matter) Exposure and Associations with Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar, Psychosis and Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 8912: 3390:

physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia, which took effect in 2002, although only doctors are allowed to assist in either of them, and have to follow a protocol

1484:(BDNF) are both directly associated with suicide and indirectly associated through its role in major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and 6360:"Suicide risk in relation to socioeconomic, demographic, psychiatric, and familial factors: a national register-based study of all suicides in Denmark, 1981–1997" 6274:

Simpson G, Tate R (December 2007). "Suicidality in people surviving a traumatic brain injury: prevalence, risk factors and implications for clinical management".

3081:, suicide rates are nearly equivalent between males and females. The highest rate of female suicide is found in South Korea at 22 per 100,000, with high rates in 12376: 7121: 6088:"Surveillance for Violent Deaths - National Violent Death Reporting System, 34 States, Four California Counties, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, 2017" 3405:

In the United States, suicide is not illegal, but may be associated with penalties for those who attempt it. Physician-assisted suicide is legal in the state of

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is defined as "the risk of suicide, usually indicated by suicidal ideation or intent, especially as evident in the presence of a well-elaborated suicidal plan."

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Globally, as of 2008/2009, suicide is the tenth leading cause of death. For every suicide that results in death there are between 10 and 40 attempted suicides.

10566:(1st ed.). Bloomington: Publ. in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. by Indiana University Press. p. 400. 10071:"The association between adverse childhood experiences and common mental disorders and suicidality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses" 3104:

people. Among transgender persons, rates of attempted suicide are about 40% compared to a general population rate of 5%. This is believed to in part be due to

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are common, there is little evidence to support or refute their effectiveness. Preventing childhood trauma provides an opportunity for suicide prevention. The

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also play a role. In older adults, the perception of being a burden to others is important. Those who have never married are also at greater risk. Recent life

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Article updated October 26, 2023. CNN cites data source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (Global Burden of Disease 2019), UN Population Division.

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perceived need, and wanting to deal with the problem alone. Despite these high rates, there are few established treatments available for suicidal behavior.

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Kapilar for King Pari #107 — When Vel Pari is killed in battle, kapilar is supposed to have committed suicide by vadakirrutal - facing North and starving.

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As suicide requires a willful attempt to die, some feel it therefore cannot be said to occur in non-human animals. Suicidal behavior has been observed in

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Angelakis I, Gooding P, Tarrier N, Panagioti M (July 2015). "Suicidality in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD): a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.

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Youssef NA, Rich CL (2008). "Does acute treatment with sedatives/hypnotics for anxiety in depressed patients affect suicide risk? A literature review".

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appears effective at lowering the risk in those with bipolar disorder and major depression to nearly the same levels as that of the general population.

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Luxton DD, June JD, Comtois KA (January 2013). "Can postdischarge follow-up contacts prevent suicide and suicidal behavior? A review of the evidence".

5326:. National Legal Center for the Medically Dependent & Disabled, Incorporated, and the Horatio R. Storer Foundation, Incorporated. 1987. p. 39. 2210:, the title character kills himself due to a love triangle involving Charlotte (pictured at his grave). Some admirers of the story were triggered into 14040: 10642: 7671:

Sher L (2007). "Functional magnetic resonance imaging in studies of the neurobiology of suicidal behavior in adolescents with alcohol use disorders".

6319:"Suicide mortality in the United States: the importance of attending to method in understanding population-level disparities in the burden of suicide" 4276: 4099:

De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P (March 2018). "Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances".

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and moral objections against suicide. Genetics appears to account for between 38% and 55% of suicidal behaviors. Suicides may also occur as a local

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DeCou CR, Comtois KA, Landes SJ (January 2019). "Dialectical Behavior Therapy Is Effective for the Treatment of Suicidal Behavior: A Meta-Analysis".

2552:, especially in elderly males, may be effective. In people who have attempted suicide, following up on them might prevent repeat attempts. Although 13685: 11234:"Screening for suicide risk in adolescents, adults, and older adults in primary care: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement" 8629: 7022: 2561: 1150:

efforts include limiting access to methods of suicide such as firearms, drugs, and poisons; treating mental disorders and substance abuse; careful

13823: 3133:. In South-East Asia, in contrast to other areas of the world, deaths from suicide occur at a greater rate in young females than elderly females. 3077:

China has one of the highest female suicide rates in the world and is the only country where it is higher than that of men (ratio of 0.9). In the

15152: 13040: 8655: 8070: 3702:. The Japanese military during World War II encouraged and glorified kamikaze attacks, which were suicide attacks by military aviators from the 5802: 4677:

Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).

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Most forms of Christianity consider suicide sinful, based mainly on the writings of influential Christian thinkers of the Middle Ages, such as

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was developed by the American Association of Suicidology (2019) to gauge suicidal risk (see also Juhnke, Granello, & Lebrón-Striker, 2007)

6576:

Klonsky ED, May AM (February 2014). "Differentiating suicide attempters from suicide ideators: a critical frontier for suicidology research".

12488: 5743:"Avoid "committed suicide" except in direct quotes from authorities. Alternatives: "killed himself," "took her own life," "died by suicide."" 1198:

non-fatal attempted suicides every year. Non-fatal suicide attempts may lead to injury and long-term disabilities. The most commonly adopted

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first emerged shortly before 1700 to replace expressions on self-death which were often characterized as a form of self-murder in the West.

17606: 16499: 12242:(September 2013). "Change in suicide rates in Switzerland before and after firearm restriction resulting from the 2003 "Army XXI" reform". 11767: 6703: 4730:

Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015).

1945:(such as alcohol or benzodiazepines) when they die by suicide, with alcoholism present in between 15% and 61% of cases. Use of prescribed 14000: 12828: 12753: 12722: 12691: 12302: 9199: 4665:

Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.

2446:. In extenuating situations where continuing to live would be intolerable, some people use suicide as a means of escape. Some inmates in 2126: 13557: 13417: 12456: 2932:

Korea 28.9. It was ranked as the 10th leading cause of death in the United States in 2016 with about 45,000 cases that year. Rates have

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is the second most common risk factor for suicide after major depression and bipolar disorder. Both chronic substance misuse as well as

17922: 15206: 12406: 11628:

Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Hennen J (2003). "Lithium treatment and suicide risk in major affective disorders: update and new findings".

11530:"Screening for and treatment of suicide risk relevant to primary care: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force" 7312: 5271: 1349:

The Centre for Suicide Prevention in Canada found that the normal verb in scholarly research and journalism for the act of suicide was

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in Europe. Although suicide remained illegal during this period, it increasingly became the target of satirical comments, such as the

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Suicide became a trending crisis in North Korea in 2023; a secret order criminalized suicide as treason against the socialist state.

2769:, appear to increase the risk of suicidality from 25 per 1000 to 40 per 1000. In older persons, however, they may decrease the risk. 1035: 1317:

occurs when one individual helps another bring about their own death indirectly by providing either advice or the means to the end.

16553: 15686: 14115: 12929: 6730:"Vital Signs: Trends in State Suicide Rates – United States, 1999–2016 and Circumstances Contributing to Suicide – 27 States, 2015" 1123: 1080: 772: 9985:

Wegman HL, Stetler C (October 2009). "A meta-analytic review of the effects of childhood abuse on medical outcomes in adulthood".

9942:

Cox WT, Abramson LY, Devine PG, Hollon SD (September 2012). "Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective".

8939: 2401:. An example of this is an elder ending his or her life to leave greater amounts of food for the younger people in the community. 16938: 15939: 14915:

Helping children and young people who self-harm: an introduction to self-harming and suicidal behaviours for health professionals

14271: 13809: 7435:"Suicidality and aggression during antidepressant treatment: systematic review and meta-analyses based on clinical study reports" 5321: 4025: 3904:, can explode themselves, scattering and protecting their brethren and sometimes even killing the ladybug; this form of suicidal 3694:, the palette, pistol, and note lying on the floor suggest that the event has just taken place; an artist has taken his own life. 3571:

In Hinduism, suicide is generally disdained and is considered equally sinful as murdering another in contemporary Hindu society.

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is thoughts of ending one's life but not taking any active efforts to do so. It may or may not involve exact planning or intent.

15288: 14367: 14171: 12858: 11016:"A review of lifestyle factors that contribute to important pathways associated with major depression: diet, sleep and exercise" 6541:

May AM, Klonsky ED (2016). "What Distinguishes Suicide Attempters From Suicide Ideators? A Meta-Analysis of Potential Factors".

3668:, who accepted suicide so long as it did not harm or violate a duty to God, other people, or the self, and American bioethicist 2955: 2638: 16563: 16536: 14058: 12638: 5617: 2766: 2013:

There is an association between suicidality and physical health problems such as chronic pain, traumatic brain injury, cancer,

992: 11696:

Wagstaff A, Perry C (2003). "Clozapine: in prevention of suicide in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder".

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worldwide. Approximately 1.5% of all deaths worldwide are by suicide. In a given year, this is roughly 12 per 100,000 people.

16999: 16963: 16548: 15532: 15476: 15455: 15127: 14986: 14959: 14923: 14896: 14866: 14813: 14507: 14245: 14219: 13994: 13967: 13940: 13913: 13639: 13607: 13582: 13551: 13521: 13494: 13445: 13411: 13384: 13354: 13327: 13258: 13233: 12822: 12807:

Ellis L, Hershberger S, Pellis S, Field E, Wersinger S, Pellis S, Geary D, Palmer C, Hoyenga K, Hetsroni A, Karadi K (2013).

12784: 12747: 12716: 12685: 12296: 12173: 12139: 12061: 11287: 10944: 10571: 10546: 10521: 10494: 10467: 10413: 10386: 10356: 10231: 10132: 9430: 9193: 8198: 7768: 7527: 7493: 6884: 6676: 6021: 5994: 5667: 5557: 5530: 5453: 5355: 5122: 5070: 5043: 5017: 4990: 4523: 4381: 3986: 2629: 8724: 7286: 6611:

Klonsky ED, Qiu T, Saffer BY (January 2017). "Recent advances in differentiating suicide attempters from suicide ideators".

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Sakinofsky I (June 2007). "The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses".

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and pesticides, can reduce risk of suicide by that method. Reducing access to easily-accessible methods of suicide may make

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to the deceased's relatives, friends and community members, and it is viewed negatively almost everywhere around the world.

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is also a factor, with heightened relative poverty compared to those around a person increasing suicide risk. Over 200,000

1237:) was respected as a means of making up for failure or as a form of protest. Similarly, a ritual fast unto death, known as 1169:

Suicides resulted in 828,000 deaths globally in 2015, an increase from 712,000 deaths in 1990. This makes suicide the 10th

585: 15519: 15037: 11395:

Goodman M, Roiff T, Oakes AH, Paris J (February 2012). "Suicidal risk and management in borderline personality disorder".

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denied that suicide was a crime as it affected no one and was potentially to the advantage of the individual. In his 1777

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Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A, De Leo D, Wasserman D (2004). "Psychiatric diagnoses and suicide: revisiting the evidence".

5719: 14648:

Ozawa-de Silva C (December 2008). "Too lonely to die alone: internet suicide pacts and existential suffering in Japan".

11144: 3894:, where a small group of ants leaves the security of the nest after sealing the entrance from the outside each evening. 1205:

Views on suicide have been influenced by broad existential themes such as religion, honor, and the meaning of life. The

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Rajkumar R, Fam J, Yeo EY, Dawe GS (September 2015). "Ketamine and suicidal ideation in depression: Jumping the gun?".

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Law S, Liu P (February 2008). "Suicide in China: unique demographic patterns and relationship to depressive disorder".

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Sher L (2011). "The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the pathophysiology of adolescent suicidal behavior".

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is strictly restricted to people who have no desire or ambition left, and no responsibilities remaining in this life.

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to a leader (see Notable cases below). Mass suicides can take place with as few as two people, often referred to as a

16943: 16123: 16048: 14829: 14572: 13777: 11915: 8851:"Serving and ex-serving Australian Defence Force members who have served since 1985: suicide monitoring 2001 to 2019" 7838:"The longitudinal course of non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm: a systematic review of the literature" 5956: 5783: 3940: 2909: 2903: 1856: 1485: 1481: 827: 536: 531: 6900:

Pompili M, Girardi P, Ruberto A, Tatarelli R (2005). "Suicide in borderline personality disorder: a meta-analysis".

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contained one of the first modern defences of suicide, bringing proof from the conduct of Biblical figures, such as

16128: 15445: 14634: 5631: 2732: 1991:

and suicide may overlap. Individuals who have been identified as self-harming after being admitted to hospital are

1084: 13872: 11440:"Dialectical behaviour therapy in adolescents for suicide prevention: systematic review of clinical-effectiveness" 9139:

Bohanna I, Wang X (2012). "Media guidelines for the responsible reporting of suicide: a review of effectiveness".

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Darke S, Kaye S, McKetin R, Duflou J (May 2008). "Major physical and psychological harms of methamphetamine use".

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Others estimate that about half of people who die by suicide could be diagnosed with a personality disorder, with

1343: 17471: 16923: 16613: 15819: 15414: 14386: 9544:"13 Reasons Why : can a TV show about suicide be 'dangerous'? What are the moral obligations of a producer?" 5690: 3444:

tabled in Parliament in April 2023, bringing Malaysia one step closer towards decriminalising attempted suicide.

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for suicide; it is believed to result from an interplay of behavioral, socio-economic and psychological factors.

3555: 2528: 1742:. For example, suicide rates have been found to be greater in households with firearms than those without them. 15991: 9351:

Stack S (April 2005). "Suicide in the media: a quantitative review of studies based on non-fictional stories".

5574: 5086: 3729:. The Internet, however, may also help prevent suicide by providing a social group for those who are isolated. 3711: 2871: 2839:

Deaths by gun-related suicide versus non-gun-related suicide rates per 100,000 in high-income countries in 2010

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population. War veterans have a higher risk of suicide due in part to higher rates of mental illness, such as

1860: 1722:

Suicide is multi-factorial. Multiple precipitating circumstances and risk factors can apply to the same person.

412: 14141: 11352:

Paris J (June 2004). "Is hospitalization useful for suicidal patients with borderline personality disorder?".

2509: 17019: 16697: 16531: 16417: 16400: 16285: 16118: 15769: 12882:"Suicide and suicide risk in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: review and recommendations" 7990:

Manthorpe J, Iliffe S (December 2010). "Suicide in later life: public health and practitioner perspectives".

3806: 3391: 2975: 2819:. The technique involves letters sent from a researcher who had spoken at length with the recipient during a 2755: 2322:

Trauma is a risk factor for suicidality in both children and adults. Some may take their own lives to escape

2144: 1508:, is believed to be low in those who die by suicide. This is partly based on evidence of increased levels of 1174: 1155: 1028: 957: 521: 516: 192: 15015: 6515: 6188: 18128: 17497: 17041: 16948: 16915: 16543: 16302: 15721: 15679: 13804: 10070: 3935: 3748: 2933: 2557: 2537: 2236: 2206: 2026: 962: 777: 318: 10772:

Robinson J, Hetrick SE, Martin C (January 2011). "Preventing suicide in young people: systematic review".

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By the 19th century, the act of suicide had shifted from being viewed as caused by sin to being caused by

2882:

In China, the consumption of pesticides is the most common method. In Japan, self-disembowelment known as

1265:. Suicide and attempted suicide, while previously illegal, are no longer so in most Western countries. It 16953: 16259: 9588:"The Effect of Meteorological, Pollution, and Geographic Exposures on Death by Suicide: A Scoping Review" 7341:

Pirkis J, Burgess P (December 1998). "Suicide and recency of health care contacts. A systematic review".

3950: 3686: 3278:, and presenting arguments on grounds of reason and nature to sanction suicide in certain circumstances. 2816: 2743: 1910: 712: 17997: 13677: 12431: 10913: 8610: 8345:

Bostwick JM, Rackley SJ (June 2007). "Completed suicide in medical/surgical patients: who is at risk?".

4482: 16219: 15839: 15711: 5493: 3467: 3456: 3290: 3160: 2849:

The leading method of suicide varies among countries. The leading methods in different regions include

2719: 2231: 2201: 1920: 1829: 1513: 1386: 1127: 722: 309: 237: 13047: 10815:

Fässberg MM, van Orden KA, Duberstein P, Erlangsen A, Lapierre S, Bodner E, et al. (March 2012).

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Globally as of 2012, death by suicide occurs about 1.8 times more often in males than females. In the

2473: 18065: 17320: 17190: 11657:"Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis" 8938:

US Department of Veterans Affairs (Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention) (September 2021).

8034: 3691: 2812: 2715: 2692: 2581: 2565: 1836: 1757: 1362: 1060: 702: 109: 9859: 5806: 2101:, such as a loss of a family member or friend or the loss of a job, might be a contributing factor. 18123: 18031: 16280: 15971: 15946: 15896: 15859: 15753: 15601: 15433: 13827: 13072: 12484: 11834: 10303:"The Right to Die in Chronic Disorders of Consciousness: Can We Avoid the Slippery Slope Argument?" 10030:"History of maltreatment and mental health problems in foster children: a review of the literature" 6831:

Bostwick JM, Pankratz VS (December 2000). "Affective disorders and suicide risk: a reexamination".

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Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support

3845: 3721: 3175: 2875: 2782: 2447: 2191: 2014: 1938:, the risk is further increased. Substance misuse is also associated with mental health disorders. 1270: 1092: 1021: 807: 757: 717: 551: 262: 26: 14116:"Kim Jong Un orders North Koreans to stop killing themselves after number of suicides skyrocketed" 14079:"Malaysia's Pathway to the Decriminalisation of Suicides: Students' Opinion and Discussions (pdf)" 7483: 7212: 2499:

promote a special telephone that connects to a crisis hotline, as well as a 24/7 crisis text line.

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is the reasoned taking of one's own life. However, some consider suicide as never being rational.

2339:

maybe "associated with a two-fold higher odds" of anxiety disorders, depression and suicidality."

1146:. Those who have previously attempted suicide are at a higher risk for future attempts. Effective 46: 17798: 17793: 17721: 17643: 16928: 16484: 16297: 15672: 15311: 15224: 3505: 2899: 2680: 2584:), and interventions in these areas may be an effective add-on to conventional methods. Vitamin B 2548:

through its ability to reduce poverty may be able to decrease suicide rates. Efforts to increase

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exposure and suicide. These factors might affect certain high-risk individuals more than others.

2242: 2168: 2082: 982: 917: 508: 14951: 13148:"Summary tables of mortality estimates by cause, age and sex, globally and by region, 2000–2016" 12165: 12159: 10590:

Bruffaerts R, Demyttenaere K, Hwang I, Chiu WT, Sampson N, Kessler RC, et al. (July 2011).

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Joiner TE, Brown JS, Wingate LR (2005). "The psychology and neurobiology of suicidal behavior".

7519: 7513: 7386:"Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: a review of the evidence" 5347: 5341: 4850: 17833: 17726: 17466: 17372: 17337: 16958: 16769: 16685: 16521: 16494: 16412: 16328: 14630: 11778: 11119: 9854: 8579: 7071:

Lieb K, Zanarini MC, Schmahl C, Linehan MM, Bohus M (2004). "Borderline personality disorder".

5443: 3918: 3814: 3707: 3225: 3105: 2747:

improving outcomes in those with borderline personality disorder who are chronically suicidal.

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has a high correlation with suicide. In those who use cocaine, the risk is greatest during the

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found after death. Other evidence includes reduced levels of a breakdown product of serotonin,

1170: 1163: 947: 927: 832: 147:

Limiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful

15641: 14856: 14803: 13984: 13957: 13930: 13903: 13702:

Appel JM (May 2007). "A suicide right for the mentally ill? A Swiss case opens a new debate".

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Child and Adolescent Suicidal Behavior: School-Based Prevention, Assessment, and Intervention

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Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W (September 2008).

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varies from country to country and is partly related to the availability of effective means.

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Tofilski A, Couvillon MJ, Evison SE, Helanterä H, Robinson EJ, Ratnieks FL (November 2008).

12398: 12003:"Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database" 10721:

Cox GR, Owens C, Robinson J, Nicholas A, Lockley A, Williamson M, et al. (March 2013).

8138:"Identifying and Managing Suicidality in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome" 3747:

Some landmarks have become known for high levels of suicide attempts. These include China's

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women. Suicidality is rare in children, but increases during the transition to adolescence.

2914: 17828: 17681: 17570: 17532: 17522: 17288: 16655: 16511: 16489: 16444: 16395: 16378: 16333: 16290: 16209: 16146: 15934: 15814: 15794: 15733: 15338: 15144: 15056: 14888:

Cities in modernity : representations and productions of metropolitan space, 1840–1930

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Reed P (30 December 2020). "Suicide and its Discontents". In Timmerman T, Cholbi M (eds.).

12321: 11958: 9658: 8404: 7943:"Predicting suicide following self-harm: systematic review of risk factors and risk scales" 7941:

Chan MK, Bhatti H, Meader N, Stockton S, Evans J, O'Connor RC, et al. (October 2016).

7758: 6697:"The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness" 5746: 5296: 3768: 3714:

of World War II. Japanese society as a whole has been described as "suicide-tolerant" (see

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reducing access to alcohol as a preventive strategy (such as reducing the number of bars).

2521: 2359:, has been linked with suicide risk. One explanation states that this is caused by altered 2098: 2093:

skills. A poor ability to solve problems, the loss of abilities one used to have, and poor

1852: 1529: 1322: 1072: 937: 922: 892: 867: 837: 752: 682: 580: 367: 324: 282: 222: 212: 125: 89: 14604: 12587: 6685: 2482: 2057:, systemic lupus erythematosus, and adverse effects from a number of medications (such as 8: 17888: 17753: 17053: 16794: 16774: 16754: 16717: 16606: 16469: 16353: 16204: 16194: 15891: 15879: 15824: 15774: 15652: 15590: 12562: 11569:

Hetrick SE, McKenzie JE, Cox GR, Simmons MB, Merry SN (November 2012). Hetrick SE (ed.).

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Stoffers JM, Völlm BA, Rücker G, Timmer A, Huband N, Lieb K (August 2012). Lieb K (ed.).

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Hawton K, Saunders KE, O'Connor RC (June 2012). "Self-harm and suicide in adolescents".

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A number of psychological factors increase the risk of suicide including: hopelessness,

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

17934: 17838: 17778: 17738: 17686: 17618: 17590: 17502: 17456: 17048: 16680: 16650: 16580: 16526: 16474: 16464: 16429: 16343: 16138: 16008: 15976: 15906: 15779: 15743: 15362: 15350: 15270: 15198: 15100: 15092: 14944: 14776: 14749: 14725: 14692: 14673: 14537: 14346: 13727: 13198: 13129: 13017: 12990: 12971: 12906: 12881: 12539: 12514: 12267: 12239: 12215: 12190: 12105: 12078: 12027: 12002: 11821: 11605: 11571:"Newer generation antidepressants for depressive disorders in children and adolescents" 11570: 11505: 11480: 11456: 11439: 11420: 11377: 11329: 11304: 11214: 11046: 10988: 10961: 10891: 10843: 10816: 10797: 10749: 10722: 10703: 10616: 10591: 10319: 10302: 10275: 10248: 10101: 10010: 9967: 9919: 9894: 9787: 9762: 9738: 9713: 9622: 9587: 9524: 9481: 9376: 9328: 9301: 9275: 9239: 9214: 9164: 9111: 9084: 9047: 9017:"Do Junior Entrants to the UK Armed Forces have worse outcomes than Standard Entrants?" 8992: 8965: 8757: 8702: 8557: 8509: 8484: 8460: 8435: 8416: 8370: 8164: 8137: 8118: 8062: 8050: 8015: 7972: 7864: 7837: 7813: 7788: 7739: 7696: 7653: 7459: 7434: 7410: 7385: 7366: 7263: 7238: 7152: 7096: 7053: 6968: 6925: 6754: 6729: 6728:

Stone DM, Simon TR, Fowler KA, Kegler SR, Yuan K, Holland KM, et al. (June 2018).

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Beck AT, Resnik HL, Lettieri DJ, eds. (1974). "Development of suicidal intent scales".

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response against them. Suicidal defenses by workers are also seen in the Brazilian ant

3752: 3645: 3477: 3421: 3406: 3206: 3142: 2850: 2711: 2496: 2492: 2463: 2421: 2398: 2264: 2113: 1970: 1923:", 1846 demonstrating how alcoholism can lead to poverty, crime, and eventually suicide 1734:, cultural, family and social situations, genetics, experiences of trauma or loss, and 1525: 1339: 1325:, is where another person takes a more active role in bringing about a person's death. 1147: 1002: 997: 952: 907: 882: 762: 567: 422: 397: 329: 287: 197: 22: 14267: 13799: 13117: 9893:

Ports KA, Merrick MT, Stone DM, Wilkins NJ, Reed J, Ebin J, Ford DC (September 2017).

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Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B (2014). "Suicide in autism spectrum disorders".

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recommends avoiding "committed suicide" except in direct quotes from authorities. The

17706: 17701: 17545: 17527: 17160: 17148: 16516: 16479: 16449: 16390: 16385: 16368: 16358: 16348: 16199: 16100: 15854: 15784: 15728: 15612: 15595: 15528: 15472: 15451: 15354: 15262: 15190: 15123: 15104: 14982: 14955: 14919: 14892: 14862: 14809: 14781: 14730: 14712: 14677: 14665: 14568: 14545: 14503: 14364: 14338: 14167: 14063: 13990: 13963: 13936: 13909: 13719: 13635: 13603: 13578: 13547: 13517: 13490: 13441: 13407: 13380: 13350: 13323: 13295: 13254: 13229: 13218: 13202: 13190: 13121: 13022: 12975: 12911: 12880:

Haas AP, Eliason M, Mays VM, Mathy RM, Cochran SD, D'Augelli AR, et al. (2011).

12850: 12818: 12780: 12776: 12743: 12712: 12681: 12544: 12292: 12259: 12220: 12169: 12135: 12110: 12057: 12032: 11980: 11911: 11877: 11869: 11748: 11713: 11709: 11678: 11637: 11610: 11551: 11510: 11461: 11412: 11369: 11334: 11283: 11255: 11206: 11096: 11088: 11038: 10993: 10940: 10883: 10848: 10789: 10754: 10695: 10621: 10567: 10542: 10517: 10490: 10463: 10438: 10409: 10382: 10352: 10324: 10280: 10227: 10201: 10174: 10128: 10105: 10093: 10051: 10002: 9959: 9924: 9872: 9827: 9792: 9743: 9694: 9676: 9627: 9609: 9565: 9516: 9473: 9426: 9368: 9333: 9279: 9244: 9189: 9156: 9116: 9051: 9039: 8997: 8828: 8787: 8749: 8694: 8591: 8549: 8514: 8465: 8408: 8362: 8327: 8273: 8232: 8194: 8169: 8110: 8054: 8007: 7964: 7923: 7869: 7818: 7804: 7764: 7731: 7688: 7645: 7640: 7623: 7604: 7560: 7523: 7489: 7464: 7415: 7358: 7268: 7156: 7144: 7088: 7045: 7003: 6960: 6917: 6880: 6848: 6810: 6759: 6672: 6628: 6593: 6490: 6438: 6389: 6340: 6291: 6260: 6248: 6171: 6159: 6117: 6068: 6017: 5990: 5962: 5952: 5921: 5872: 5837: 5663: 5553: 5526: 5449: 5421: 5351: 5252: 5209: 5166: 5118: 5066: 5039: 5013: 4986: 4961: 4891: 4832: 4761: 4708: 4656: 4594: 4556: 4519: 4464: 4423: 4377: 4352: 4340: 4258: 4170: 4124: 4116: 4085: 4073: 3982: 3890: 3826: 3661: 3485: 3130: 2870:. The death rate varies by method: firearms 80–90%, drowning 65–80%, hanging 60–85%, 2696: 2664: 2549: 2351: 2307: 2268: 2078: 1497: 1328: 1088: 942: 912: 862: 852: 767: 692: 672: 76: 15366: 15274: 14404: 14350: 14097:"As decriminalisation nears, a brief look at how suicide became a crime in Malaysia" 13731: 13486:

Exploring the Philosophy of Death and Dying: Classical and Contemporary Perspectives

11381: 11050: 10895: 10801: 10707: 10169: 10152: 10014: 9528: 9485: 9380: 9035: 8761: 8706: 8561: 8420: 8122: 8066: 8035:"Preventing suicide after traumatic brain injury: implications for general practice" 8019: 7743: 7700: 7657: 7370: 7100: 7057: 6972: 6929: 6640: 6562: 6401: 6303: 5884: 5605: 5221: 5178: 4568: 4518:. World Health Organization. Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse. 2008. 4182: 3416:

In Australia, suicide is not a crime. However, it is a crime to counsel, incite, or

2994: 2112:, have been associated with suicide. This might lead to people who are isolated and 18118: 17962: 17915: 17813: 17628: 17623: 17580: 17357: 17352: 17138: 17004: 16994: 16896: 16881: 16866: 16817: 16670: 16506: 16459: 16434: 16407: 16363: 16307: 16151: 16085: 15956: 15922: 15874: 15864: 15799: 15346: 15254: 15202: 15182: 15084: 14771: 14761: 14720: 14704: 14657: 14529: 14520:

Safranek John P (1998). "Autonomy and Assisted Suicide: The Execution of Freedom".

14330: 14059:"Decision on decriminalising suicide attempts in Malaysia lie with cabinet: Khairy" 14015:"Govt decides to repeal Section 309 from IPC; attempt to suicide no longer a crime" 13711: 13287: 13182: 13113: 13012: 13002: 12963: 12901: 12893: 12814: 12677: 12534: 12526: 12271: 12255: 12251: 12210: 12202: 12100: 12090: 12022: 12014: 11970: 11861: 11740: 11705: 11668: 11600: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11541: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11451: 11424: 11404: 11361: 11324: 11316: 11245: 11218: 11198: 11080: 11030: 10983: 10973: 10875: 10838: 10828: 10781: 10744: 10734: 10685: 10611: 10603: 10314: 10270: 10260: 10164: 10085: 10041: 9994: 9971: 9951: 9914: 9906: 9864: 9819: 9782: 9774: 9733: 9725: 9684: 9666: 9617: 9599: 9555: 9508: 9463: 9455: 9403: 9360: 9323: 9313: 9271: 9262:

Gould MS, Wallenstein S, Davidson L (1989). "Suicide clusters: a critical review".

9234: 9226: 9168: 9148: 9106: 9096: 9031: 9015:

Jones M, Jones N, Burdett H, Bergman BP, Fear NT, Wessely S, Rona RJ (April 2021).

8987: 8977: 8820: 8739: 8686: 8621: 8541: 8504: 8496: 8455: 8447: 8400: 8374: 8354: 8319: 8263: 8224: 8159: 8149: 8100: 8046: 7999: 7976: 7954: 7913: 7903: 7859: 7849: 7808: 7800: 7723: 7680: 7635: 7594: 7552: 7454: 7446: 7405: 7397: 7350: 7258: 7250: 7136: 7080: 7037: 6995: 6952: 6909: 6840: 6800: 6790: 6749: 6741: 6620: 6585: 6550: 6516:"Suicide Risk and Protective Factors|Suicide|Violence Prevention|Injury Center|CDC" 6480: 6472: 6428: 6379: 6371: 6330: 6283: 6240: 6189:"Suicide Risk and Protective Factors|Suicide|Violence Prevention|Injury Center|CDC" 6151: 6107: 6099: 6058: 6054: 6050: 5944: 5911: 5864: 5518: 5411: 5403: 5248: 5244: 5201: 5158: 4951: 4943: 4881: 4751: 4743: 4698: 4690: 4646: 4638: 4548: 4454: 4413: 4330: 4322: 4248: 4238: 4162: 4136: 4108: 4065: 3945: 3833: 3796: 3780: 3715: 3657: 3493: 3399: 3308:

in 1786 initiated a spirited debate on the motion "Is suicide an act of courage?".

3221: 3186:

was ambivalent. In Rome, some reasons for suicide included volunteering death in a

3167: 2383: 2360: 2342: 2132: 1927: 1883: 1844: 1816: 1505: 1314: 1214: 1182: 1119: 1076: 1064: 932: 897: 887: 872: 857: 787: 652: 575: 449: 439: 362: 267: 257: 217: 129: 113: 14241: 14215: 13574:

Life, Death and the Law: Law and Christian Morals in England and the United States

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Williams A (April 2017). "Risk factors for suicide in the transgender community".

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Sahle BW, Reavley NJ, Li W, Morgan AJ, Yap MB, Reupert A, Jorm AF (October 2022).

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Mok K, Jorm AF, Pirkis J (August 2015). "Suicide-related Internet use: A review".

4717:. For the number 828,000, see Table 5, line "Self-harm", second column (year 2015) 2985: 2663:

IS PATH WARM is an acronym to assess a potentially suicidal individual, (i.e.,

2279:, are associated with suicide. There is a possible association between short-term 62: 17903: 17868: 17818: 17773: 17748: 17387: 17258: 17117: 16989: 16984: 16901: 16851: 16844: 16832: 16742: 16424: 16254: 16244: 16239: 16033: 15986: 15951: 15901: 15849: 15606: 15499: 15466: 15044: 14588: 14371: 13752: 13572: 13511: 13484: 12897: 12667: 11975: 11320: 11002:

Half of all completed suicides are related to depressive and other mood disorders

10785: 10378:

The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of suicide assessment and management

10301:

Calabrò RS, Naro A, De Luca R, Russo M, Caccamo L, Manuli A, et al. (2016).

9998: 9910: 9895:"Adverse Childhood Experiences and Suicide Risk: Toward Comprehensive Prevention" 9499:

Scalvini M, Rigamonti F (October 2017). "Why we must defend suicide in fiction".

8982: 8105: 8088: 6844: 6669:

Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))

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to a very different ancestral environment may be maladaptive in the current one.

2247: 2227: 2211: 2187: 2094: 1979: 1966: 1915: 1879: 1753: 1509: 1474: 1306: 1278: 1199: 1194: 1186: 1096: 1056: 1007: 877: 797: 742: 707: 667: 657: 617: 541: 526: 464: 382: 354: 334: 277: 247: 207: 137: 15580: 13845: 13655: 13379:(Johns Hopkins University ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 11365: 10879: 10817:"A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood" 9823: 9407: 9364: 9152: 8964:

Kapur N, While D, Blatchley N, Bray I, Harrison K (March 2009). Hotopf M (ed.).

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Vijayakumar L, Kumar MS, Vijayakumar V (May 2011). "Substance use and suicide".

3327:, which satirized the idea of executing someone who had already killed himself. 17952: 17676: 17507: 17268: 17203: 17036: 17014: 16891: 16839: 16599: 16189: 16184: 16080: 16075: 16055: 15966: 15716: 15703: 15617: 13745: 11744: 10089: 9671: 9055: 8744: 7763:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 256. 7684: 7401: 7254: 6956: 6375: 4552: 3873: 3810: 3726: 3725:

pre-existing friends or people they have recently encountered in chat rooms or

3669: 3649: 3282: 3082: 2820: 2794: 2762: 2618: 2553: 2409: 2346:

problem gamblers include concomitant mental illness, alcohol, and drug misuse.

2136: 2046: 1974: 1946: 1894: 1765: 1749: 1745: 1730:

Factors that affect the risk of suicide include mental disorders, drug misuse,

1274: 1242: 1159: 1104: 599: 489: 469: 392: 377: 314: 301: 272: 17409: 15428: 15088: 14661: 14334: 13291: 12485:"CDC finds suicide rates among middle-aged adults increased from 1999 to 2010" 12206: 12079:"The global distribution of fatal pesticide self-poisoning: systematic review" 11865: 11777:. American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT). Archived from 11408: 11034: 10607: 8882:"2021 Report on Suicide Mortality in the Canadian Armed Forces (1995 to 2020)" 8690: 8451: 8358: 8268: 8251: 8228: 8154: 7959: 7942: 7854: 7727: 7556: 6999: 6913: 6476: 6287: 5715: 5205: 5162: 4459: 4442: 4112: 3539:

Islamic religious views are against suicide. Suiciding is Haram in Islam. The

1469:

BDNF - Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (violet) and NT-4 heterodimer (blue).

18112: 17711: 17696: 17653: 17611: 17565: 17399: 17377: 17253: 17220: 17112: 17087: 16312: 16060: 16023: 16013: 15981: 15869: 15748: 15494: 15266: 14716: 14708: 14473: 13464: 13299: 13104:

Pitman A, Krysinska K, Osborn D, King M (June 2012). "Suicide in young men".

13007: 11873: 11092: 11084: 10739: 9955: 9680: 9613: 9569: 9560: 9543: 9459: 9230: 4120: 3955: 3885: 3837: 3832:

Thousands of Japanese civilians took their own lives in the last days of the

3772: 3653: 3623: 3615: 3473: 3424:

of Australia briefly had legal physician-assisted suicide from 1996 to 1997.

3354: 3202: 3152: 3116: 3071: 2862: 2751: 2648: 2577: 2435: 2356: 2276: 2260: 1950: 1875: 1848: 1840: 1769: 1752:

may trigger suicidal thoughts. Suicide might be rarer in societies with high

1354: 1238: 1190: 1068: 727: 607: 546: 494: 484: 402: 339: 121: 12095: 10046: 10029: 9778: 8250:

Bernert RA, Joiner TE, Cukrowicz KC, Schmidt NB, Krakow B (September 2005).

6414: 6086:

Petrosky E, Ertl A, Sheats KJ, Wilson R, Betz CJ, Blair JM (December 2020).

2371: 2196: 56: 17927: 17808: 17691: 17575: 17492: 17416: 17404: 17263: 17170: 17107: 17102: 17097: 17092: 17025: 16876: 16856: 16799: 16784: 16675: 16249: 16110: 16095: 16090: 16043: 16003: 15844: 15541: 15194: 14785: 14734: 14669: 14342: 13769: 13723: 13194: 13125: 13026: 12915: 12548: 12263: 12224: 12114: 12053:

International Handbook of Suicide Prevention: Research, Policy and Practice

12036: 11984: 11881: 11752: 11717: 11682: 11641: 11614: 11555: 11514: 11465: 11416: 11373: 11338: 11259: 11210: 11202: 11100: 11042: 10997: 10978: 10887: 10852: 10793: 10758: 10723:"Interventions to reduce suicides at suicide hotspots: a systematic review" 10699: 10625: 10442: 10328: 10284: 10205: 10178: 10097: 10055: 10006: 9963: 9928: 9876: 9831: 9796: 9747: 9712:

Braithwaite I, Zhang S, Kirkbride JB, Osborn DP, Hayes JF (December 2019).

9698: 9631: 9604: 9520: 9477: 9372: 9337: 9248: 9160: 9120: 9043: 9001: 8832: 8753: 8698: 8595: 8518: 8469: 8412: 8366: 8331: 8277: 8236: 8173: 8114: 8058: 8011: 7968: 7927: 7873: 7822: 7735: 7692: 7649: 7608: 7599: 7582: 7564: 7468: 7419: 7272: 7148: 7092: 7049: 7007: 6964: 6921: 6852: 6814: 6795: 6763: 6745: 6632: 6597: 6494: 6442: 6393: 6344: 6295: 6252: 6163: 6121: 6103: 6072: 5966: 5925: 5916: 5899: 5876: 5868: 5841: 5425: 5256: 5213: 5170: 4965: 4895: 4836: 4765: 4712: 4660: 4651: 4598: 4560: 4468: 4427: 4344: 4262: 4174: 4128: 4077: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3841: 3802: 3776: 3417: 3210: 3171: 2804: 2614: 2443: 2431: 2420:

missions were carried out as a duty to a higher cause or moral obligation.

2391: 2299: 2220: 2058: 2018: 1847:

increases the risk of suicide 20-fold. Other conditions implicated include

1397: 1391: 1313:

with at least some desire to end one's life that does not result in death.

782: 454: 427: 417: 242: 15358: 15258: 14766: 14549: 13715: 12530: 12018: 11802: 10833: 9318: 9283: 9101: 8848: 8553: 8310:

O'Connor RC, Nock MK (June 2014). "The psychology of suicidal behaviour".

7362: 7354: 7239:"Suicide by Clinic-Referred Transgender Adolescents in the United Kingdom" 5939:

Yanowitch R, Coccaro EF (2011). "The neurochemistry of human aggression".

5828:

Pjevac M, Pregelj P (October 2012). "Neurobiology of suicidal behaviour".

4326: 4243: 1269:. In the 20th and 21st centuries, suicide has been used on rare occasions 17883: 17878: 17848: 17803: 17783: 17768: 17763: 17743: 17660: 17585: 17555: 17512: 17342: 17225: 16861: 16827: 16759: 16737: 16732: 16722: 16229: 16038: 15738: 15636: 14242:"Catechism of the Catholic Church – Part 3 Section 2 Chapter 2 Article 5" 14216:"Catechism of the Catholic Church – Part 3 Section 2 Chapter 2 Article 5" 13631:

Suicide-related behaviour understanding, caring and therapeutic responses

11481:"Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder" 10690: 10673: 5513:

Lester D (2009). "Extended suicide". In Wasserman D, Wasserman C (eds.).

5469: 4418: 4402:"Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature" 4401: 3849: 3760: 3578: 3572: 3524: 3492:

and Orthodox doctrine, suicide is considered to be murder, violating the

3489: 3440: 3319: 3262: 3253: 3233: 3101: 3097: 2867: 2513: 2428:

followed within a week by suicide of the person who carried out the act.

2335: 2156: 2109: 2105: 2054: 2042: 1521: 1493: 1115: 802: 737: 444: 104: 18099: 14626: 12288:

Culture and mental health sociocultural influences, theory, and practice

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Cornelius SL, Berry T, Goodrich AJ, Shiner B, Riblet NB (23 July 2021).

8811:

Rezaeian M (2010). "Suicide among young Middle Eastern Muslim females".

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Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS (March 2015).

4376:(28th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006. 2777:

may decrease the thoughts of suicide in some people with schizophrenia.

2580:

such as major depression. Sleep and diet may play a role in depression (

1784: 17853: 17823: 17788: 17758: 17731: 17633: 17461: 17421: 17273: 17230: 17208: 17175: 16871: 16789: 16747: 16727: 16637: 16214: 16028: 15961: 15804: 15096: 14541: 14145: 13186: 12810:

Sex Differences: Summarizing More than a Century of Scientific Research

11595: 11282:(14th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 169. 10429:

Eliason S (2009). "Murder-suicide: a review of the recent literature".

10381:(2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub. p. 714. 9468: 8625: 7908: 7891: 7117: 6589: 6554: 6384: 3909: 3880: 3822: 3756: 3699: 3665: 3323: 3294: 3257: 2413: 2311: 1318: 1262: 1166:, are common resources, their effectiveness has not been well studied. 1151: 1139: 1100: 642: 459: 387: 148: 133: 81: 18082: 18048: 13349:(7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 290. 11673: 11656: 11305:"Suicide screening in schools, primary care and emergency departments" 9647:"The short-term effect of ambient particulate matter on suicide death" 9512: 7918: 3922:) have soldiers that explode, covering their enemies with sticky goo. 17898: 17893: 17858: 17648: 17540: 17325: 17278: 17215: 17180: 17155: 17031: 16712: 16707: 16234: 16224: 15647: 15062:

The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945

12930:"Suicide Attempts among Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Adults" 11250: 11233: 10462:(9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 27. 9868: 8931: 8913:"Veteran Suicide Mortality Study: Follow-up period from 1976 to 2014" 8003: 3897: 3818: 3528: 3512: 3481: 3304: 3293:) toward suicide and brought a more modern perspective to the issue. 3237: 3194: 3187: 3179: 2774: 2601: 2451: 2327: 2295: 2272: 2122: 2074: 1890: 1501: 1402: 1310: 747: 732: 647: 17476: 15563: 15326: 14533: 14078: 12457:"Suicides in the U.S. reached all-time high in 2022, CDC data shows" 10814: 9729: 7450: 7187:"Why have nearly half of transgender Australians attempted suicide?" 17873: 17843: 17394: 17382: 17315: 17143: 16812: 16779: 16665: 16645: 16070: 16065: 15789: 15186: 14593:"Death on Demand: The assisted-suicide movement sheds its fig leaf" 14502:, M. Gregor (trans.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 13932:

Labor, prosperity and the nineties : beyond the bonsai economy

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Geddes J, Price J, McKnight R, Gelder M, Mayou R (5 January 2012).

8611:"Relative Status and Well-Being: Evidence from U.S. Suicide Deaths" 7313:"Study Shows Shocking Rates of Attempted Suicide Among Trans Teens" 6942: 4628: 3864:, execution, and reprisals on his family unless he killed himself. 3594: 3431: 3395: 3312: 2778: 2684: 2439: 2425: 2417: 2397:

The act of taking one's life for the benefit of others is known as

2376: 2323: 2302:

rate is 36% for suicidal ideation and 17% for suicide attempts. An

2117: 2062: 2038: 1942: 1735: 1143: 612: 474: 202: 14427:

The Worldview of the Ainu. Nature and Cosmos Reading from Language

13175:

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines

12191:"Time trends in method-specific suicide rates in Japan, 1990–2011" 12077:

Gunnell D, Eddleston M, Phillips MR, Konradsen F (December 2007).

10408:(Online-Ausg. ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Verlag. p. 503. 8648:"Activist: Farmer suicides in India linked to debt, globalization" 6879:(2nd ed.). Chicester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 30–33. 5639:. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. p. 19 3360: 3088:

A number of reviews have found an increased risk of suicide among

1882:

are another high risk condition. Around 22% to 50% of people with

17550: 17517: 17362: 17310: 17071: 17009: 16822: 16702: 16179: 16018: 15809: 15544: 14891:(Repr. ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 20. 14754: