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1633:'But the evidence is quite strong that she was completely innocent of espionage,' Shipman, a professor of anthropology at Pennsylvania State University, told Reuters. 'When she was arrested the war was going very badly for the French and she was a foreigner, very sexy, having affairs with everyone, and living lavishly while people in Paris had no bread. There was a lot of resentment against her.' Shipman said Mata Hari's standing in 1917 was similar to that of Marilyn Monroe in the 1960s—she was recognizable everywhere and considered the sexiest, most desirable woman in Europe. 'This is part of why it is so ludicrous to think she was a spy. She couldn't be clandestine and sneak around. She couldn't help but attract attention,' said Shipman, whose book
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819:(British counter-intelligence) were used by a Dutch group, the Mata Hari Foundation, to ask the French government to exonerate Zelle as they argued that the MI5 files proved she was not guilty of the charges she was convicted of. A spokesperson from the Mata Hari Foundation argued that at most, Zelle was a low-level spy who provided no secrets to either side, stating: "We believe that there are sufficient doubts concerning the dossier of information that was used to convict her to warrant re-opening the case. Maybe she wasn't entirely innocent, but it seems clear she wasn't the master-spy whose information sent thousands of soldiers to their deaths, as has been claimed."
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wear at trial, and which was still the only full, clean outfit which she had in prison. Neither description matches photographic evidence. Wales recorded her death, saying that after the volley of shots rang out, "Slowly, inertly, she settled to her knees, her head up always, and without the slightest change of expression on her face. For the fraction of a second it seemed she tottered there, on her knees, gazing directly at those who had taken her life. Then she fell backward, bending at the waist, with her legs doubled up beneath her." A non-commissioned officer then walked up to her body, pulled out his revolver, and shot her in the head to make sure she was dead.
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died. Some sources maintain that one of Rudolf's enemies may have poisoned their supper to kill both of their children. After moving back to the
Netherlands, the couple officially separated on 30 August 1902. The divorce became final in 1906, and Margaretha was awarded custody of Jeanne. Rudolf was legally required to pay child support but never did. Once when Jeanne visited Rudolf, he did not return her to her mother. Margaretha did not have the resources to fight the situation and accepted it, believing that while Rudolf had been an abusive husband, he had been a good father. Jeanne later died at the age of 21, possibly from complications related to syphilis.
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posed for provocative photos and mingled in wealthy circles. Since most
Europeans at the time were unfamiliar with the Dutch East Indies, Mata Hari was thought of as exotic, and her claims were accepted as genuine. One enthusiastic French journalist wrote in a Paris newspaper that Mata Hari was "so feline, extremely feminine, majestically tragic, the thousand curves and movements of her body trembling in a thousand rhythms." One journalist in Vienna wrote after seeing one of her performances that Mata Hari was "slender and tall with the flexible grace of a wild animal, and with blue-black hair" and that her face "makes a strange foreign impression."
811:, faced impossible odds; he was denied permission to cross-examine the prosecution's witnesses or to examine his witnesses directly. Bouchardon used the fact that Zelle was a woman as evidence of her guilt, saying: "Without scruples, accustomed to making use of men, she is the type of woman who is born to be a spy." Zelle has often been portrayed as a femme fatale, the dangerous, seductive woman who uses her sexuality to manipulate men effortlessly, but others view her differently: in the words of the American historians Norman Polmer and Thomas Allen she was "naïve and easily duped", a victim of men rather than a victimizer.
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1535:, in the Dutch colonial army, and from 1897 to 1902, they lived in Java and Sumatra. The couple returned to Europe but later separated, and she began to dance professionally in Paris in 1905 under the name of Lady MacLeod. She soon called herself Mata Hari, said to be a Malay expression for the sun (literally, "eye of the day"). Tall, extremely attractive, superficially acquainted with East Indian dances, and willing to appear virtually nude in public, she was an instant success in Paris and other large cities.
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dishonest character at her trial. Zelle admitted to
Bouchardon that she had accepted 20,000 francs from a German diplomat and former lover as reimbursement for belongings taken from her by German authorities. Bouchardon claimed that this was, in fact, payment to her for spying for Germany. In the meantime, Ladoux had been preparing a case against his former agent by casting all of her activities in the worst possible light, going so far as to engage in evidence tampering.
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of
Margarethe. two window displays, door in the middle and nearby another door to the apartments. That entrance was previously at the back of the building. There is again a hairdresser and an 'experience centre' (belevingscentrum) about Mata Hari. A beamer projects a lantern-like movie of forty minutes with slides and film fragments on the white wall; there are showcases, pictures, and a large table with everything about Mata Hari, from liqueur to bonbons.
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655:, the Deuxième Bureau offered Zelle 1 million francs if she could seduce him and provide France with good intelligence about German plans. The fact that the Crown Prince had, before 1914, never commanded a unit larger than a regiment, and was now supposedly commanding both an army and an army group at the same time should have been a clue that his role in German decision-making was mostly nominal. Zelle's contact with the Deuxième Bureau was Captain
889:) in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, contains a "Mata Hari Room". Included in the exhibit are two of her personal scrapbooks and an oriental rug embroidered with the footsteps of her fan dance. Located in Mata Hari's native town, the museum is well known for researching the life and career of Leeuwarden's world-famous citizen. The largest-ever Mata Hari exhibition was opened in the Museum of Friesland on 14 October 2017, one hundred years after her death.
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522:, who had founded the Musée. Entertainers of her era commonly invented colourful stories about their origins, and she posed as a Javanese princess of priestly Hindu birth, pretending to have been immersed in the art of sacred Indian dance since childhood. She was photographed numerous times during this period, nude or nearly so. Some of these pictures were obtained by MacLeod and strengthened his case in keeping custody of their daughter.
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Javanese, i.e., Indonesian descent, scholars conclude she had no Jewish or Asian ancestry, and both of her parents were Dutch. Her father owned a hat shop, made investments in the oil industry, and became affluent enough to give
Margaretha and her siblings a lavish early childhood that included exclusive schools until the age of 13.
574:, known more for her sensuality and eroticism than for her classical beauty. She had relationships with high-ranking military officers, politicians, and others in influential positions in many countries. Her relationships and liaisons with powerful men frequently took her across international borders. Before
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Mata Hari's birthplace is located in the building at
Kelders 33. The building suffered smoke and water damage during a fire in 2013 but was later restored. Architect Silvester Adema studied old drawings of the storefront to reconstruct it as it appeared when Adam Zelle, the father of Mata Hari, had a
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Mata Hari's body was not claimed by any family members and was accordingly used for medical study. Her head was embalmed and kept in the Museum of
Anatomy in Paris. In 2000, archivists discovered that it had disappeared, possibly as early as 1954, according to curator Roger Saban, during the museum's
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In
December 1916, the Second Bureau of the French War Ministry let Mata Hari obtain the names of six Belgian agents. Five were suspected of submitting fake material and working for the Germans, while the sixth was suspected of being a double agent for Germany and France. Two weeks after Mata Hari had
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and nominally a senior German general on the
Western Front. The Deuxième Bureau believed she could obtain information by seducing the Crown Prince for military secrets. In fact, his involvement was minimal, and it was German government propaganda that promoted the image of the Crown Prince as a great
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During World War I, the
Netherlands remained neutral. As a Dutch subject, Zelle was thus able to cross national borders freely. To avoid the battlefields, she traveled between France and the Netherlands via Spain and Britain, and her movements inevitably attracted attention. During the war, Zelle was
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A hairdressing business owned by Wyb en Wilma Feddema was in the building at the Kelders 33 until the 2013 fire. The store already had some posters about Mata Hari. ... Architect Silvester Adem, based on drawings and old images, reconstructed the shop façade of the hat shop of Adam Zelle, the father
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Although news reports following her execution claimed she had admitted to spying for Germany, Mata Hari made no such admission. She maintained throughout her ordeal that she had never been a German spy. At her trial, Zelle vehemently insisted that her sympathies were with the Allies and declared her
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In late 1916, Zelle traveled to Madrid, where she met the German military attaché Major Arnold Kalle and asked if he could arrange a meeting with the Crown Prince. During this period, Zelle apparently offered to share French secrets with Germany in exchange for money, though whether this was because
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In April 1916, Maslov was wounded fighting in the ill-fated Nivelles Offensive to capture the German controlled fortified Brimont mountain range, losing his sight in his left eye, which led Zelle to ask for permission to visit her wounded lover at the hospital where he was staying near the front. As
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article reported that at her execution, she wore "a neat Amazonian tailored suit, especially made for the occasion, and a pair of new white gloves", though another account indicates she wore the same suit, low-cut blouse, and tricorn hat ensemble which had been picked out by her accusers for her to
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Claiming her innocence, Zelle wrote letters to the Dutch Ambassador in Paris. "My international connections are due my work as a dancer, nothing else .... Because I really did not spy, it is terrible that I cannot defend myself." The most terrible and heartbreaking moment for Mata Hari during
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stated: "She really did not pass on anything that you couldn't find in the local newspapers in Spain." Wheelwright described Zelle as "an independent woman, a divorcée, a citizen of a neutral country, a courtesan, and a dancer, which made her a perfect scapegoat for the French, who were then losing
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and massive strikes. France might have collapsed from war exhaustion. Having one German spy on whom everything that went wrong with the war could be blamed was convenient for the French government. Mata Hari seemed the perfect scapegoat. The case against her received maximum publicity in the French
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to Antje van der Meulen (1842–1891) and her husband, Adam Zelle (1840–1910). She had three younger brothers; Johannes Hendriks, Arie Anne, and Cornelis Coenraad. She was affectionately called "M'greet" by her family. Despite traditional assertions that Mata Hari was partly of Jewish, Malaysian, or
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On 13 February 1917, Mata Hari was arrested in her room at the Hotel Elysée Palace on the Champs Elysées in Paris. She was tried on 24 July, accused of spying for Germany and consequently causing the deaths of at least 50,000 soldiers. Although the French and British intelligence suspected her of
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At Rudolf's urging, Margaretha returned to him, but his behavior did not change. In 1899, their children fell violently ill from complications relating to the treatment of syphilis contracted from their parents, though the family claimed an irate servant poisoned them. Jeanne survived, but Norman
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Zelle's principal interrogator, who grilled her relentlessly, was Captain Pierre Bouchardon; he later prosecuted her at trial. Bouchardon established that much of the Mata Hari persona was invented. Far from being a Javanese princess, Zelle was Dutch, which he used as evidence of her dubious and
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By about 1910, myriad imitators had arisen. Critics began to opine that the success and dazzling features of the popular Mata Hari were due to cheap exhibitionism and lacked artistic merit. Although she continued to schedule important social events throughout Europe, she was disdained by serious
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Her act was successful because it elevated erotic dance to a more respectable status and broke new ground in a style of entertainment for which Paris was later world-famous. Her style and free-willed attitude made her popular, as did her eagerness to perform in exotic and revealing clothing. She
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Soon after Margaretha's father went bankrupt in 1889, her parents divorced, and her mother died in 1891. Her father remarried in Amsterdam on 9 February 1893 to Susanna Catharina ten Hoove (1844–1913). The family fell apart, and Margaretha was sent to live with her godfather, Mr. Visser, in
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In January 1917, Major Kalle transmitted radio messages to Berlin describing the helpful activities of a German spy code-named H-21, whose biography so closely matched Zelle's that it was obvious that Agent H-21 could only be Mata Hari. The Deuxième Bureau intercepted the messages and, from the
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In 1916 the war was going badly for the French. Two of the longest and bloodiest battles of the war—Verdun and the Somme—pitted the French against the Germans for months at a time. The mud, bad sanitation, disease, and the newly introduced horror of phosgene gas led to the death or maiming of
407:, hence his Scottish surname) and Dina Louisa, Baroness Sweerts de Landas. The marriage enabled Zelle to move into the Dutch upper class and placed her finances on a sound footing. She moved with her husband to Malang on the east side of the island of Java, travelling out on the
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involved in what was described as a very intense romantic-sexual relationship with Captain Vadim Maslov, a 23-year-old Russian Staff Captain of the 1st Special Infantry Regiment serving with the French, whom she called the love of her life. Maslov was part of the 50,000-strong
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Zelle was executed by a firing squad consisting of 12 French soldiers just before dawn on 15 October 1917. She was 41. According to an eyewitness account by British reporter Henry Wales, she was not bound and refused a blindfold. She defiantly blew a kiss to the firing squad.
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the trial occurred when her lover Maslov—by now deeply embittered as a result of losing his eye in combat—declined to testify for her and told her that he did not care whether she was convicted. When Zelle learned that Maslov had abandoned her, she fainted.
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stated in a 2014 interview that Mata Hari was never an important spy but a scapegoat for French military failures that had nothing to do with her. Wark stated: "They needed a scapegoat, and she was a notable target for scapegoating." The British historian
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in 1980. It is unclear if she lied on this occasion, believing the story made her sound more intriguing, or if French authorities were using her in such a way but would not acknowledge her due to the embarrassment and international backlash it could cause.
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monarchs who had made Prussia strong and powerful. They wanted to avoid publicizing that the man expected to be the next Kaiser was a playboy noted for womanizing, partying, and indulging in alcohol, who spent another portion of his time associating with
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Mata Hari's career went into decline after 1912. On 13 March 1915, she performed in the last show of her career. She had begun her career relatively late as a dancer and had started putting on weight. However, by this time, she had become a successful
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left Paris for a trip to Madrid, the Germans executed the double agent while the five others continued their operations. This development proved to the Second Bureau that Mata Hari had communicated the names of the six spies to the Germans.
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Sneek. She studied to be a kindergarten teacher in Leiden, but when the headmaster began to flirt with her conspicuously, she was removed from the institution by her godfather. A few months later, she fled to her uncle's home in The Hague.
454:, Margaretha and the children remained in Toempoeng with the family of Mr. van Rheede, the government comptroller. Friends of Margaretha's in the Netherlands recall her writing to them around this time to say that she had taken the name
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In 1903, Zelle moved to Paris, where she performed as a circus horse rider using the name Lady MacLeod, much to the disapproval of the Dutch MacLeods. Struggling to earn a living, she also posed as an artist's model.
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Mata Hari brought a carefree provocative style to the stage in her act, which garnered wide acclaim. The most celebrated segment of her act was her progressive shedding of clothing until she wore just a jeweled
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hundreds of thousands of soldiers. Eventually, French troops became so demoralized that some refused to fight. Ladoux felt the arrest of a prominent spy could raise French spirits and recharge the war effort.
403:(now Indonesia) and was looking for a wife. Margaretha married MacLeod in Amsterdam on 11 July 1895. He was the son of Captain John Brienen MacLeod (a descendant of the Gesto branch of the
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1309:, an American thoroughbred racehorse, was foaled. She twice won championship honors as the top filly in the sport. In 1943, when in foal to fellow champion Balladier, she produced
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relocation. Her head remains missing. Records dated 1918 show that the museum also received the rest of the body, but none of the remains could later be accounted for.
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At 18, Margaretha answered an advertisement in a Dutch newspaper placed by Dutch colonial army captain Rudolf MacLeod (1856–1928), who was living in what was then the
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Mata Hari's sealed trial and other related documents, a total of 1,275 pages, were declassified by the French Army in 2017, one hundred years after her execution.
688:, saying that she eventually admitted to working for the Deuxième Bureau. Initially detained in Canon Row police station, she was then released and stayed at the
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and some ornaments upon her arms and head. She was never seen bare-chested as she was self-conscious about having small breasts. Early in her career, she wore a
1038:(1964) with Jeanne Moreau as Mata-Hari, Jean-Louis Trintignant, Claude Rich, Jean-Pierre Leaud, Marie Dubois, and Charles Denner, directed by Jean-Louis Richard
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The marriage was overall a disappointment. Rudolf was an alcoholic, physically abused Margaretha, and blamed her for his lack of promotion. He openly kept a
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Promiscuous, flirtatious, and openly flaunting her body, Mata Hari captivated her audiences and was an overnight success from the debut of her act at the
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The daughter of a prosperous hatter, she attended a teachers' college in Leiden. In 1895 she married an officer whose family was of Scottish origin,
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premiered at New York's Prototype Festival. In August 2018, it was also produced by West Edge Opera, with Tina Mitchell reprising her starring role.
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Prostitution in Hollywood Films: Plots, Critiques, Casts, and Credits for 389 Theatrical and Made-for-television Releases
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a citizen of a neutral country, Zelle would not normally be allowed near the front. Zelle was met by agents from the
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1243:, written by Craig Walker with music by John Burge, debuted at the Isabel Bader Centre for the Performing Arts in
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With Snow on Their Boots: The Tragic Odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France During World War I
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With Snow on Their Boots: The Tragic Odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France During World War I
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With Snow on Their Boots: The Tragic Odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France During World War I
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in May 1897. They had two children, Norman-John MacLeod (1897–1899) and Louise Jeanne MacLeod (1898–1919).
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passionate love of France, her adopted homeland. In October 2001, documents released from the archives of
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released an electromechanical pinball machine named after Mata Hari, and a solid-state version in 1978.
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movement, which around the turn of the 20th century, looked to Asia and Egypt for artistic inspiration.
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Actresses of a Certain Character: Forty Familiar Hollywood Faces from the Thirties to the Fifties
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by the French, suggesting that the messages were contrived to have Zelle arrested by the French.
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the war. She was ... held up as an example of what might happen if your morals were too loose."
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2741:"Geboortehuis Mata Hari als 'belevingscentrum' (Mata Hari's birthplace as information centre)"
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3408:"The Execution of Mata Hari, 1917," EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2005)
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for her performances that was similar in color to her skin, but that was later omitted.
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It has been said that she was convicted and condemned because the French Army needed a
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of greed or an attempt to set up a meeting with Crown Prince Wilhelm remains unclear.
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who told her that she would be allowed to see Maslov if she agreed to spy for France.
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When Churchill Slaughtered Sheep and Stalin Robbed a Bank: History's Unknown Chapters
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on 13 March 1905. She became the long-time mistress of the millionaire industrialist
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Traitors & Turncoats: Twenty Tales of Treason from Benedict Arnold to Ezra Pound
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Sticklers, Sideburns and Bikinis: The military origins of everyday words and phrases
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252:; 7 August 1876 – 15 October 1917), better known by the stage name
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press and led to her importance being greatly exaggerated. The Canadian historian
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she was arrested and taken to London, where she was interrogated at length by Sir
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information they contained, identified H-21 as Mata Hari. The messages were in a
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Joanna Bourke, Gresham Professor of Rhetoric, 'Mata Hari: Femmes Fatales' (2020)
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1946:"Rare pictures of dancer and "spy" Mata Hari who was executed by firing squad"
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Codewort: Seidenstrumpf, Die größten Spioninnen des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts.
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politicians, with the intent to have his father declared insane and deposed.
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in charge of counter-espionage. He gave an account of this in his 1922 book
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released their album titled 'Matahari' containing a song of the same name.
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Unaware that the Crown Prince did not have much to do with the running of
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Before the war, Zelle had performed as Mata Hari several times before the
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dancing the role of Mata Hari, choreography by Ted Brandsen and music by
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spying for Germany, neither could produce definite evidence against her.
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released a song about Mata Hari entitled "Eye of the Day" on his album
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Scrapbook of Mata Hari in the Frisian Museum in Leeuwarden, Netherlands
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Performing Otherness: Java and Bali on International Stages, 1905–1952
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played Mata Bond, said to be the daughter of James Bond and Mata Hari.
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of the French Army in the spring of 1917 following the failure of the
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Mata Hari in 1906, wearing only a gold jeweled breastplate and jewelry
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EuroArts/Warner Classics 0880242616289 (DVD) 0880242616241 (Blu-ray)
2893:. Season 2. Episode 16. 10 July 1993. American Broadcasting Company.
2356:"Condemned spy Mata Hari glib during final interrogation: MI5 files"
3009:"Internet Pinball Database Entry on Mati Hari (Electro Mechanical)"
2328:"The Dramatic Tale of Mata Hari Dancer, courtesan, scapegoat, spy?"
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from the original on 11 December 2021 – via www.youtube.com.
1853:"Mata Hari — The Story of Mata Hari: Introduction — Crime Library"
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from her many lovers made Mata Hari an enduring archetype of the
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cultural institutions as a dancer who did not know how to dance.
3413:"Mata Hari," from History Magazine. Complete text, images, video
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the word for "sun" in the local Indonesian language (literally,
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Female Intelligence: Women and Espionage in the First World War
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The idea of an exotic dancer working as a lethal double agent
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The Fatal Lover: Mata Hari and the Myth of Women in Espionage
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Mata Hari's life also inspired at least five stage musicals:
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3034:"Internet Pinball Database Entry on Mati Hari (Solid State)"
1576:
Mata Hari: The True Story. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.
1484:
1323:
In the 1982 release of Birds & Bees by the Belgian band
877:
578:, she was generally viewed as an artist and a free-spirited
285:
3339:
Femme Fatale: Love, Lies, and the Unknown Life of Mata Hari
2139:
The Nemesis of Power: The German Army In Politics 1918–1945
1916:
Femme Fatale: Love, Lies, and the Unknown Life of Mata Hari
1327:, the tenth track on the album is dedicated to Mata Hari.
1022:'s gossip columnist to spy on the film's two protagonists,
847:
447:
440:
Her children Louise Jeanne and Norman-John, with his father
288:
274:
3397:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
1635:
Femme Fatale: Love, Lies and the Unknown Life of Mata Hari
2586:
Donald, Graeme; Wiest, Andrew; Shepherd, William (2013).
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1164:(2017), a 12-episode Russian-Portuguese TV series, stars
974:
using her powers of seduction to extract military secrets
816:
701:
367:. Her story has inspired books, films, and other works.
2285:
2226:
2063:
1568:
3493:
People executed by the French military by firing squad
2678:. Vol. 3–Bombshells. Fashion Industry Broadcast.
2009:
1408:, Mata Hari is spoofed as "Mattie Herring," played by
659:, who later emerged as one of her principal accusers.
382:
Margaretha Geertruida Zelle was born 7 August 1876 in
3149:
3145:
https://open.spotify.com/album/38tQz6l5GxRE6vmQTViG5N
1449:
1266:
Two songs named after Mata Hari have appeared at the
692:. A full transcript of the interview is in Britain's
297:
3398:
Multi-language (nl, fr, de, en) website on Mata Hari
271:
2647:"5 historical figures whose heads have been stolen"
2585:
1908:
1906:
1621:"Mata Hari was a scapegoat, not a spy – biographer"
282:
279:
265:
262:
1777:"Biography of Mata Hari, Infamous World War I Spy"
1555:
798:Her defense counsel, veteran international lawyer
2864:"Operación Mata Hari (1968) Película - PLAY Cine"
2702:. République Française Ministère des Armées. 2017
603:sent to the Western Front in the spring of 1916.
3419:
1903:
1896:"Why Mata Hari Wasn't a Cunning Spy After All".
893:hat shop there. In 2016, an information centre (
3483:People convicted of spying for Imperial Germany
3230:A Tangled Web: Mata Hari Dancer, Courtesan, Spy
2842:. Jefferson: McMillan and Company. p. 34.
2187:. British Universities Film & Video Council
2136:
1972:"Mata Hari Is Born — Mata Hari — Crime Library"
1685:Treacherous Women: Sex, temptation and betrayal
968:Execution scene from 1920 film about Mata Hari
758:Phrase attributed to Mata Hari during the trial
717:that German intelligence knew had already been
2738:
2671:
2592:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 200.
2381:"Brieven van Mata Hari (Letters of Mata Hari)"
2271:. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. p. 143.
1548:"Why Mata Hari Wasn't a Cunning Spy After All"
1446: – British intelligence agent (1910–1963)
881:Statue of Mata Hari in Leeuwarden, Netherlands
672:. When the ship called at the British port of
565:Mata Hari in 1910 wearing a jeweled head-dress
2732:
2141:. London: St Martin's Press. pp. 12–13.
1103:"Mata Hari; The Magic Camera", an episode of
1068:) impersonates her in an espionage imbroglio.
1055:
772:In 1917, France had been badly shaken by the
3488:People executed by the French Third Republic
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1250:In 2022, its musical adaptation by director
1130:. Mata encounters and seduces a 17-year-old
1120:In "Paris, October 1916", a 1993 episode of
1006:(1931), a Hollywood motion picture starring
983:Her life inspired several films, including:
696:and was broadcast, with Mata Hari played by
491:By 1904, Mata Hari rose to prominence as an
3304:Eye of Dawn: The Rise and Fall of Mata Hari
2714:
2291:
2241:
2084:
1658:"Family Trees - Margaretha Gertruida Zelle"
1440: – British socialite and suspected spy
1177:Mata Hari is portrayed by Austrian actress
322:
3403:Details of the disappearance of the corpse
2981:
2349:
2347:
2345:
1588:
1586:
1584:
38:
3274:Mata Hari (1876–1917): de levende legende
2955:
2455:
2430:
2405:
2109:
1837:
1618:
1254:and performed by the South Korean singer
2700:"Zelle Margueritte Gertrude, 07-08-1876"
2325:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1592:
963:
876:
868:
848:Remains and 2017 French declassification
826:
735:
662:In November 1916 she was traveling from
634:
589:
560:
548:
536:
478:
249:[mɑrɣaːˈreːtaːɣeːrˈtrœydaːˈzɛlə]
2808:
2769:
2672:Johnson, Anna; Roberts, Paul G (2015).
2619:
2534:
2353:
2342:
2296:. New York: Random House. p. 394.
2294:Spy Book: The Encyclopedia of Espionage
2246:. New York: Random House. p. 358.
2244:Spy Book: The Encyclopedia of Espionage
2212:. New York: New York University Press.
2205:
2089:. New York: Random House. p. 357.
2087:Spy Book: The Encyclopedia of Espionage
1912:
1581:
1360:by librettist Peter Peers and composer
753:A harlot? Yes, but a traitoress, never!
3420:
2835:
2507:
2480:
2410:. St Martin's Press. pp. 330–31.
2292:Polmer, Norman; Allen, Thomas (1998).
2242:Polmer, Norman; Allen, Thomas (1998).
2085:Polmer, Norman; Allen, Thomas (1998).
1708:
1677:
1675:
1391:released a single titled “Mata Hari”.
1334:released a single titled "Mata Hari".
2903:
2460:. Tricase: Youcanprint. p. 207.
2051:. By Russell Warren Howe, p. 63. 1986
1992:A Tangled Web: Dancer, Courtesan, Spy
1988:
1943:
1794:
1774:
1763:
1735:
900:
623:warrior, the worthy successor to the
594:Zelle photographed in Amsterdam, 1915
345:who was convicted of being a spy for
312:
247:
234:
3341:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson
3261:Editions de l'Archipel, Paris 2007,
2266:
1681:
1619:Goldsmith, Belinda (7 August 2007).
1593:Jeffries, Stuart (16 October 2001).
1341:premiered a two-act ballet entitled
904:
864:
495:. She was a contemporary of dancers
394:
3232:. Stroud: The History Press, 2017.
2984:"Efendi shines on Eurovision stage"
2856:
2385:Dutch National Archives. Gahetna.nl
1919:. New York: HarperCollins. p.
1672:
1374:In 2019, English singer-songwriter
511:became her personal booking agent.
13:
3438:Civilians who were court-martialed
3325:The true life fiction of Mata Hari
2891:The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles
2812:The True Life Fiction of Mata Hari
2739:Asing Walthaus (3 February 2017).
2539:. New York: Penguin. p. 126.
2508:Siegel, Rachel (16 October 2017).
2435:. St Martin's Press. p. 331.
1554:. 12 November 2017. Archived from
1123:The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles
935:by removing the content or adding
740:Mata Hari on the day of her arrest
14:
3544:
3391:
3201:Mata Hari, sa véritable Histoire.
2982:Ismayilova, Laman (24 May 2021).
2907:Be Stiff: The Stiff Records Story
2458:Mata Hari, a life through images'
2030:. The Biography Channel. May 2016
1995:. Cheltenham: The History Press.
1508:
3377:Mata Hari, a life through images
2620:Thomson, Keith (20 March 2010).
2354:Edwards, Peter (24 April 2014).
1944:Myall, Steve (17 October 2017).
1483:
1471:
1459:
1084:In the 1972 British comedy film
909:
430:
421:
258:
220:
148:
3157:"Frank Turner – Eye of the Day"
3138:
3108:
3078:
3069:
3051:
3026:
3001:
2975:
2958:"Mata Hari gets one last night"
2949:
2932:"One Last Night with Mata Hari"
2924:
2897:
2882:
2829:
2802:
2763:
2692:
2665:
2639:
2613:
2579:
2553:
2528:
2501:
2474:
2449:
2424:
2399:
2373:
2319:
2310:
2260:
2199:
2177:
2155:
2130:
2103:
2054:
2042:
1982:
1969:
1963:
1937:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1850:
1595:"Did they get Mata Hari wrong?"
144:
16:Dutch exotic dancer (1876–1917)
3175:"Frank Turner – No Man's Land"
2537:Paris was Yesterday: 1925–1939
2137:Wheeler-Bennett, John (1954).
1729:
1702:
1650:
1612:
1540:
1367:In 2018, French nu-disco band
1018:, Mattie Harriett is hired by
1:
3365:. London: Collins and Brown.
3355:. New York: Appleton-Century.
3287:Maucher,Ute, Pfeiffer, Gabi:
2956:nurun.com (11 January 2017).
2622:"For Sale: Beethoven's Skull"
2267:Howe, Russell Warren (1986).
1709:Parish, James Robert (1992).
1496:
1241:One Last Night with Mata Hari
1226:Mata Hari at the Moulin Rouge
1041:In the 1967 James Bond spoof
700:, on the independent station
377:
231:Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod
45:
3513:World War I spies for France
3458:Dutch people executed abroad
3218:. London: Hutchinson, 1930.
3216:Mata Hari: Courtesan and Spy
2776:. London: Quercus. pp.
1574:Howe, Russel Warren (1986).
1293:participated with the song "
1071:In the 1970 American series
1012:In the 1939 romantic comedy
822:
767:
680:, assistant commissioner at
585:
483:Mata Hari performing in 1905
7:
3463:Dutch people of World War I
3453:Dutch female erotic dancers
3327:. Hern Books, London 2002,
2870:(in Spanish). 28 March 2017
2431:Cockfield, Jamie H (1997).
2406:Cockfield, Jamie H (1997).
2326:Arbuckle, Alex (May 2016).
2185:"The London Interrogations"
2110:Cockfield, Jamie H (1997).
1415:
1278:participated with the song
1074:Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp
1054:In the 1968 Spanish comedy
998:(1927), a German production
885:The Frisian museum (Dutch:
831:Mugshot of Margaretha Zelle
601:Russian Expeditionary Force
60:Margaretha Geertruida Zelle
10:
3549:
3302:Ostrovsky, Erika. (1978),
3291:ars vivendi verlag, 2010,
3272:Huisman, Marijke. (1998),
3259:Mata-Hari. The true story.
2962:The Kingston Whig-Standard
2049:Mata Hari – The True Story
1387:In 2020, the Dutch singer
21:Mata Hari (disambiguation)
18:
3375:Mauro Macedonio. (2017).
3246:. De Vecchi, Paris 2006,
2920:– via Google Books.
2456:Macedonio, Mauro (2017).
2269:Mata Hari: The True Story
2206:Proctor, Tammy M (2006).
1759:– via Google Books.
1645:) has just been released.
1100:(1981), television series
1056:
931:Please help Knowledge to
859:
639:Painting of Mata Hari by
469:
219:
214:
210:
202:
192:
173:
166:
158:
128:
108:
104:Execution by firing squad
100:
81:
55:
37:
30:
3528:20th-century Dutch women
3379:. Tricase: Youcanprint.
3351:Waagenaar, Sam. (1965),
3228:Craig, Mary, W. (2017),
2722:"Women Spies: Mata Hari"
2561:"Execution of Mata Hari"
2387:(in Dutch). 17 June 2011
2028:"Biography of Mata Hari"
1330:In 1995, Israeli singer
1154:Mata Hari: The Naked Spy
731:
474:
355:executed by firing squad
3306:. New York: Macmillan.
3276:. Hilversum: Verloren.
3059:"Mata Hari – Ofra Haza"
2904:Balls, Richard (2014).
2889:"Paris, October 1916".
2809:Samuels, Diane (2002).
2565:Eyewitnesstohistory.com
2535:Flanner, Janet (1979).
2316:Waagenaar, 1965, p. 258
1688:. Canary Press eBooks.
1533:Captain Rudolph MacLeod
1520:Encyclopædia Britannica
1268:Eurovision Song Contest
649:Army Group Crown Prince
503:, leaders in the early
384:Leeuwarden, Netherlands
314:[ˈmaːtaːˈhaːri]
3498:People from Leeuwarden
3337:Shipman, Pat. (2007),
2487:. Palgrave MacMillan.
2481:Milton, Giles (2016).
1989:Craig, Mary W (2017).
1887:Waagenaar, 1965, p. 38
1878:Waagenaar, 1965, p. 24
1869:Waagenaar, 1965, p. 22
1715:. McFarland & Co.
1337:In February 2016, the
1126:, she is portrayed by
969:
882:
874:
832:
761:
741:
644:
595:
566:
554:
542:
484:
3508:World War I espionage
3257:Howe, Russel Warren:
3090:prototypefestival.org
2836:Nissen, Alex (2007).
2770:Crofton, Ian (2009).
2116:. St Martin's Press.
1913:Shipman, Pat (2007).
1775:Rosenberg, Jennifer.
1682:Kerr, Gordon (2011).
1339:Dutch National Ballet
967:
880:
872:
830:
751:
739:
666:aboard the steamship
638:
593:
564:
552:
540:
482:
3533:20th-century dancers
3523:Paris in World War I
3503:Women in World War I
3478:Female wartime spies
3468:Executed Dutch women
2910:. Soundcheck Books.
1978:on 10 February 2015.
1825:on 15 September 2010
1631:on 8 November 2016.
1560:on 9 November 2019.
1444:Amy Elizabeth Thorpe
1035:Mata Hari, Agent H21
933:improve this article
616:Crown Prince Wilhelm
520:Émile Étienne Guimet
147: 1895;
19:For other uses, see
3244:L'affaire Mata-Hari
2815:. Nick Hern Books.
1898:National Geographic
1859:on 9 February 2015.
1552:National Geographic
1356:In 2017, the opera
1318:Bally Manufacturing
1136:Demons of Deception
1094:portrays Mata Hari.
1057:Operación Mata Hari
945:independent sources
321:for 'sun',
193:Service branch
134:Rudolf John MacLeod
101:Cause of death
3359:Wheelwright, Julie
3203:Paris: Plon 2003.
2745:Leeuwarder Courant
1900:. 12 November 2017
1819:World of Biography
1247:, in January 2017.
1235:Seoul, South Korea
1194:in 1967, starring
1171:In the 2021 movie
1168:in the title role.
1150:(2017), short film
1128:Domiziana Giordano
970:
901:In popular culture
883:
875:
833:
742:
645:
596:
567:
555:
543:
485:
203:Service years
168:Espionage activity
3297:978-3-89716-999-9
3267:978-2-84187-577-1
3242:Dumarcet, Lionel:
3214:Coulson, Thomas.
3209:978-2-2591-9872-1
2849:978-0-7864-2746-8
2567:. 19 October 1917
2546:978-0-14-005068-4
2516:. Washington Post
1930:978-0-06-081728-2
1736:Cohen, M (2010).
1432:Yoshiko Kawashima
1396:The Three Stooges
1284:Anne-Karine Strøm
1245:Kingston, Ontario
1028:Madeleine Carroll
962:
961:
865:Museum exhibition
788:Julie Wheelwright
778:Nivelle Offensive
694:National Archives
682:New Scotland Yard
620:Kaiser Wilhelm II
541:Mata Hari in 1906
401:Dutch East Indies
395:Dutch East Indies
228:
227:
3540:
3448:Dutch courtesans
3323:Samuels, Diane:
3197:Collas, Phillipe
3183:
3182:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3153:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3126:on 7 August 2018
3122:. Archived from
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3096:on 7 August 2018
3092:. Archived from
3082:
3076:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2724:. Archived from
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2514:The Boston Globe
2505:
2499:
2498:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2360:The Toronto Star
2351:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2239:
2224:
2223:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2163:"Blog Mata Hari"
2159:
2153:
2152:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2082:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2024:
2007:
2006:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1974:. Archived from
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1910:
1901:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1855:. Archived from
1848:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1821:. Archived from
1811:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1772:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1668:on 13 July 2017.
1664:. Archived from
1654:
1648:
1647:
1627:. Archived from
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1590:
1579:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1528:
1526:
1512:
1488:
1487:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1297:", performed by
1059:
957:
954:
948:
913:
912:
905:
895:belevingscentrum
810:
807:
759:
618:, eldest son of
460:"eye of the day"
434:
425:
405:MacLeods of Skye
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
316:
311:
304:
300:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
284:
281:
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267:
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251:
246:
242:
224:
152:
150:
146:
88:
69:
67:
50:
47:
42:
28:
27:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3418:
3417:
3394:
3389:
3187:
3186:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3120:West Edge Opera
3114:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3040:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2807:
2803:
2788:
2768:
2764:
2750:
2748:
2737:
2733:
2728:on 13 May 2003.
2720:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2651:Strange Remains
2645:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2352:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2240:
2227:
2220:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2083:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2010:
2003:
1987:
1983:
1968:
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1422:List of dancers
1418:
1347:Anna Tsygankova
1282:, performed by
1196:Pernell Roberts
1179:Valerie Pachner
1166:Vahina Giocante
1066:Gracita Morales
1062:Carmen de Lirio
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2165:. Fries Museum
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657:Georges Ladoux
630:far right-wing
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1117:, a 1985 film
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70:7 August 1876
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3200:
3190:Bibliography
3189:
3188:
3178:
3169:
3160:
3151:
3140:
3128:. Retrieved
3124:the original
3119:
3110:
3098:. Retrieved
3094:the original
3089:
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3053:
3041:. Retrieved
3037:
3028:
3016:. Retrieved
3012:
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2991:. Retrieved
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2965:. Retrieved
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2939:. Retrieved
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2884:
2872:. Retrieved
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2765:
2756:
2749:. Retrieved
2744:
2734:
2726:the original
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2694:
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2667:
2655:. Retrieved
2650:
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2629:. Retrieved
2625:
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2603:. Retrieved
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2569:. Retrieved
2564:
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2518:. Retrieved
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2432:
2426:
2407:
2401:
2389:. Retrieved
2384:
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2363:. Retrieved
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2332:. Retrieved
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2201:
2189:. Retrieved
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
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2048:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
1991:
1984:
1976:the original
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1949:
1939:
1915:
1897:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1857:the original
1827:. Retrieved
1823:the original
1818:
1784:. Retrieved
1780:
1753:. Retrieved
1742:. Springer.
1738:
1731:
1711:
1704:
1684:
1666:the original
1662:Praamsma.org
1661:
1652:
1634:
1632:
1629:the original
1624:
1614:
1602:. Retrieved
1599:The Guardian
1598:
1575:
1570:
1561:
1557:the original
1551:
1542:
1530:
1523:. Retrieved
1519:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1438:Bertha Trost
1403:
1400:Nazi Germany
1393:
1386:
1380:
1376:Frank Turner
1373:
1366:
1357:
1355:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1325:Telex (band)
1322:
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1104:
1097:
1087:Up the Front
1085:
1072:
1043:
1033:
1020:Allyn Joslyn
1015:Cafe Society
1014:
1002:
994:
987:
982:
978:femme fatale
977:
971:
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920:may contain
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686:Queer People
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532:bodystocking
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87:(1917-10-15)
25:
3518:Dutch spies
3433:1917 deaths
3428:1876 births
3179:Rough Trade
3116:"Mata Hari"
3086:"Prototype"
2675:Style icons
2330:. Retronaut
1815:"Mata Hari"
1604:28 November
1516:"Mata Hari"
1478:Netherlands
1280:"Mata Hari"
1233:debuted in
1213:Judge Smith
1209:Lene Lovich
1200:Marisa Mell
1079:Joan Gerber
1008:Greta Garbo
803: [
783:Wesley Wark
690:Savoy Hotel
576:World War I
528:breastplate
351:World War I
109:Occupations
49: 1910
44:Mata Hari,
3422:Categories
3361:. (1992).
3312:0025940309
3199:, (2008).
2988:menafn.com
2967:28 January
2941:28 January
2747:(in Dutch)
2706:1 February
2657:26 January
2631:26 January
2605:26 January
2571:15 October
2520:16 October
2391:15 October
2191:12 October
1955:7 December
1786:3 February
1755:15 October
1497:References
1410:Lorna Gray
1398:satire of
1394:In a 1940
1362:Matt Marks
1291:Azerbaijan
953:April 2024
922:irrelevant
841:New Yorker
456:Mata Hari,
378:Early life
353:. She was
319:Indonesian
174:Allegiance
74:Leeuwarden
66:1876-08-07
3353:Mata Hari
2796:298185611
2751:17 August
2365:10 August
2334:10 August
2034:10 August
1781:ThoughtCo
1525:21 August
1502:Citations
1466:Biography
1358:Mata Hari
1343:Mata Hari
1332:Ofra Haza
1316:In 1977,
1307:Mata Hari
1295:Mata Hari
1289:In 2021,
1274:In 1976,
1205:Mata Hari
1191:Mata Hari
1161:Mata Hari
1148:Mata Hari
1142:Mata Hari
1114:Mata Hari
1098:Mata Hari
1003:Mata Hari
995:Mata Hari
988:Mata Hari
937:citations
823:Execution
768:Scapegoat
669:Zeelandia
586:Espionage
572:courtesan
448:concubine
372:scapegoat
343:courtesan
254:Mata Hari
215:Signature
206:1916–1917
118:courtesan
93:Vincennes
32:Mata Hari
3299:(German)
3269:(French)
3254:(French)
3224:17969173
3211:(French)
3130:6 August
3100:6 August
3063:Archived
3043:27 March
3038:ipdb.org
3018:27 March
3013:ipdb.org
2874:15 March
2626:HuffPost
1416:See also
1311:Spy Song
1305:In 1931
941:reliable
806:Wikidata
756:—
724:General
674:Falmouth
653:5th Army
580:bohemian
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3284:(Dutch)
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1109:(1982)
990:(1920)
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3220:OCLC
3205:ISBN
3132:2018
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2995:2021
2969:2018
2943:2018
2912:ISBN
2876:2022
2844:ISBN
2817:ISBN
2792:OCLC
2782:ISBN
2753:2017
2708:2020
2680:ISBN
2659:2017
2633:2017
2607:2017
2594:ISBN
2573:2011
2541:ISBN
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