Help:IPA/Dutch - Knowledge

31: 1615: 1525: 3343: 3052: 1713: 1687: 1426: 1353: 1209: 3505: 3461: 3103: 1474: 471: 3270: 3223: 2739: 1400: 3415: 2958: 2868: 2781: 2558: 1500: 263: 3369: 3296: 3176: 3129: 2913: 2670: 2627: 2469: 2422: 2375: 2311: 2264: 2157: 2131: 1570: 1308: 1234: 1131: 1055: 1009: 562: 517: 308: 173: 3001: 2824: 2602: 2083: 2024: 1978: 1931: 1884: 1836: 1081: 964: 918: 893: 820: 768: 722: 697: 652: 607: 446: 401: 355: 218: 2696: 2515: 2219: 3885:

is indicated sparingly in Dutch transcriptions on Knowledge: it is mandatorily inserted between and and a syllable-initial vowel, both within words and at word boundaries. Often, it is also inserted before phrase-initial vowels and before any word-initial vowel. This is not indicated in most of our

48:

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Dutch in Knowledge articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing

3958:) within the same morpheme. This is found in all types of Dutch, standard or otherwise. However, in Standard Dutch, it is limited to non-prevocalic clusters. In dialects, it can be generalized to all environments and it can also apply to the sequence 1621:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-be\u00ebindig.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1531:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Tsjechi\u00eb.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 3349:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-centrifuge.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 3058:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-sc\u00e8ne.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1719:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-voorkomen2.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1693:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-voorkomen1.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1432:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Trijntje.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1359:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-omvallen.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1215:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-sjabloon.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 3511:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-chanson.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 3467:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-hautain.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 3109:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-analyse.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1480:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-tientje.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 477:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-cabaret.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 3276:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-cruise.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 3229:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-freule.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2745:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-sneeuw.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1406:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-oranje.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 3421:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-genre.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2964:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-groei.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2874:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-nooit.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2787:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-nieuw.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2564:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-draai.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1506:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-check.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 269:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-fiets.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 3375:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-kuur.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 3302:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-boer.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 3182:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-roze.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 3135:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-dier.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2919:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-buit.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2676:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-bijt.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2633:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-dauw.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2475:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-hoed.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2428:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-neus.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2381:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-fuut.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2317:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-boot.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2270:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-diep.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2163:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-ezel.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2137:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-beet.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1576:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-jury.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1314:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-goal.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1240:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-chef.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1137:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-zeep.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1061:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-acht.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1015:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-wang.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 568:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-mens.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 523:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-land.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 314:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-gaan.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 179:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-beet.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 3007:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-duw.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2830:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-hoi.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2608:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-jou.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2089:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-aap.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2030:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-hut.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1984:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-bot.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1937:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-vis.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1890:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-bed.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1842:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-bad.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1087:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-weg.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 970:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-ver.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 924:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-had.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 899:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-tak.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 826:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-sok.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 774:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-ras.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 728:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-rib.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 703:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-pen.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 658:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-eng.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 613:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-nek.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 452:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-kat.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 407:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-jas.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 361:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-had.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 224:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-dak.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2702:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-ei.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2521:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-ai.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 2225:"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-de.ogg"},"classes":}": --> 1622: 1532: 3350: 3059: 1720: 1694: 1433: 1360: 1216: 3512: 3468: 3110: 1481: 478: 3277: 3230: 2746: 1407: 3422: 2965: 2875: 2788: 2565: 1507: 270: 3376: 3303: 3183: 3136: 2920: 2677: 2634: 2476: 2429: 2382: 2318: 2271: 2164: 2138: 1577: 1315: 1241: 1138: 1062: 1016: 569: 524: 315: 180: 3008: 2831: 2609: 2090: 2031: 1985: 1938: 1891: 1843: 1088: 971: 925: 900: 827: 775: 729: 704: 659: 614: 453: 408: 362: 225: 2703: 2522: 2226: 5178: 124: 69: 3698:('dove'). The other cases are always written with the voiced consonant, even though a devoiced one is actually pronounced: the voiced ‹d› in plural 3778:

phoneme varies considerably from the Northern to the Southern and Belgium dialects of the Dutch language. In the north of the Netherlands, it is a

5235: 759: 5214: 38: 4278: 859: 3997: 3903:

is often pronounced , especially in non-prevocalic environments. The nasal may be retained before vowels, yielding a linking

1922: 5188: 4013: 1465: 1200: 508: 1170: 4367: 5183: 4311: 5173: 1561: 1270: 3934:

is added to the stem (yielding the infinitive form or the present tense plural form), it behaves regularly, as in

4376: 4079: 4033: 3602:

may be also somewhat more front, i.e. post-palatal. In the north, these are far less stable: most speakers merge

2122: 2015: 254: 112: 42: 3728:, pronounced as . Because of assimilation, often the initial consonant of the next word is also devoiced, e.g. 4290: 3989: 3043: 1875: 1000: 4453: 4327: 4305:

Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

4087: 2413: 4095: 4049: 4025: 3783: 3214: 2302: 2074: 955: 811: 4615: 4171: 4167: 4136: 4104:

within the same syllable. The closing diphthongs also appear in certain Belgian dialects, e.g. the one of

4101: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3896: 3865: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3775: 3746: 3742: 3665: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3497: 3453: 3407: 2993: 2950: 2905: 2860: 2816: 2773: 2731: 2662: 2594: 2550: 2507: 1767: 1743: 65: 4041: 4005: 3167: 3094: 2255: 1969: 4526: 884: 688: 392: 134:

for a more thorough look at the sounds of Dutch as well as dialectal variations not represented here.

119:

pronunciations in Knowledge articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Knowledge articles, see

5047: 4992: 4862: 4643: 4585: 4093: 4085: 4077: 4057: 4055: 4047: 4039: 4031: 4023: 4011: 4003: 3995: 3987: 3981: 3979: 3853: 3787: 3762: 3661: 3635: 3334: 2366: 1827: 1122: 1046: 4982: 4740: 4638: 4506: 4431: 4426: 4416: 3643: 3637: 3261: 2460: 1344: 346: 5102: 4987: 4685: 4670: 3779: 3758: 2061: 1818: 437: 209: 164: 4135:

Found in loanwords as a separate phoneme, and as an allophone of its shorter counterpart before

4902: 4877: 4812: 4600: 4541: 4448: 4421: 4360: 3791: 3790:(as it also is in the Hasselt and Maastricht dialects), and Standard Surinamese Dutch uses the 299: 4109: 5209: 5132: 598: 553: 4932: 4857: 4660: 4578: 4531: 4458: 4300: 3855: 3610:

into a post-velar or uvular ; most Netherlandic Standard Dutch speakers lack a consistent

1678: 1669: 1391: 1299: 3938:'to draw' or 'we/you/they draw'. Furthermore, an epenthetic schwa can be inserted between 8: 5117: 4942: 4892: 4817: 4802: 4536: 4468: 1642: 54: 50: 5097: 4977: 4907: 4872: 4832: 4715: 4700: 4695: 4648: 4590: 4521: 4488: 4393: 4345: 643: 79: 5112: 5082: 4997: 4972: 4957: 4822: 4797: 4747: 4675: 4665: 4630: 4625: 4595: 4548: 4516: 4443: 4438: 4398: 4353: 4308: 4287: 2210: 4847: 3930:

the nasal is always retained, except when it is degeminated, but when an additional

5142: 5122: 5092: 5087: 5077: 5052: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 4967: 4962: 4952: 4947: 4927: 4912: 4882: 4852: 4837: 4807: 4792: 4767: 4735: 4720: 4610: 4573: 4563: 4501: 4493: 4473: 4403: 4019: 1752: 1112: 87: 5152: 5147: 5067: 5002: 4937: 4922: 4897: 4887: 4777: 4772: 4762: 4752: 4680: 4620: 4605: 4558: 4483: 4478: 4463: 4411: 4388: 3084: 131: 94: 5157: 5137: 5127: 5107: 5062: 5057: 5027: 4867: 4827: 4787: 4757: 4725: 4710: 4690: 4655: 4553: 116: 3668:

becomes ). This is partly reflected in the spelling: the voiced ‹z› in plural

5229: 5072: 4917: 4842: 4705: 3813: 4076:

For most speakers of Netherlandic Standard Dutch, the long close-mid vowels

4782: 4730: 3882: 3754: 3750: 1654: 1606: 120: 3745:

phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In "standard" Dutch,

4100:

are realised as slightly closing diphthongs , and , unless they precede

3786:. In the south of the Netherlands and in Belgium, it is pronounced as a 4186: 4334: 4229: 2065: 144: 3860:

is not a native phoneme of Dutch and only occurs in loanwords, like

3812:

The alveolo-palatal affricates and , the fricatives and , and the

5204: 4269: 801: 61: 17: 3836:. and occur only in loanwords. also occurs as an allophone of 125:

Knowledge:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters

4105: 4181: 4307:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77, 1800: 4253: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4198: 4196: 4340: 4321: 4280:

The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition

4241: 3966:'morning', pronounced in Standard Dutch, is pronounced . 4375: 4208: 4193: 4062:

can occur in open syllables (as can the other vowels).

4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 3546: 3664:all obstruents at the ends of words (e.g. a final 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 4142: 5227: 3706:('beards') is retained in the singular spelling 3630:often joins this neutralization by merging with 3974: 3972: 3889: 3570:Generally, the southern varieties preserve the 3553: 2344: 2189: 1174: 863: 4115: 2356: 2200: 1185: 874: 60:For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 4361: 4160: 4072: 4070: 4068: 3969: 4298: 4276: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4202: 3875: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3618:contrast. In some accents, e.g. Amsterdam, 3514: 3470: 3424: 3378: 3352: 3305: 3279: 3232: 3185: 3138: 3112: 3061: 3010: 2967: 2922: 2877: 2833: 2790: 2748: 2705: 2679: 2636: 2611: 2567: 2524: 2478: 2431: 2384: 2320: 2273: 2228: 2166: 2140: 2092: 2033: 1987: 1940: 1893: 1845: 1782: 1773: 1722: 1696: 1640: 1624: 1579: 1534: 1509: 1483: 1435: 1409: 1362: 1317: 1277: 1243: 1218: 1140: 1090: 1064: 1018: 973: 927: 902: 829: 777: 731: 706: 661: 616: 571: 526: 480: 455: 410: 364: 317: 272: 227: 182: 111:The charts below show the way in which the 70:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 4368: 4354: 4277:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), 4065: 3713:('beard'), but pronounced as ; and plural 4108:, but not in Belgian Standard Dutch. See 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 4131: 4129: 4127: 3923:'I draw') and in the indefinite article 3649: 5189:Other English pronunciation respellings 108:Knowledge key to pronunciation of Dutch 14: 5228: 3797: 4349: 4124: 113:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 45:transcriptions of Dutch on Knowledge. 5236:International Phonetic Alphabet help 4139:in both native and non-native words. 3025:Roughly like Received Pronunciation 804:, or (in syllable coda) American R. 25: 4170:tends to be pronounced the same as 339:(Scottish) or voiced in the south. 23: 5184:Knowledge pronunciation respelling 4022:, while their "free" counterparts 3765:is very common in the Netherlands. 24: 5247: 3911:may also occur, as in the phrase 3333: 3260: 3213: 3166: 3093: 3042: 2459: 2412: 2365: 2301: 2254: 2209: 2121: 2073: 2014: 1968: 1921: 1874: 1826: 1751: 1677: 1605: 1560: 1464: 1390: 1343: 1298: 1269: 1199: 1121: 1045: 999: 954: 883: 810: 758: 687: 642: 597: 552: 507: 436: 391: 345: 298: 253: 208: 163: 3847: 3816:are allophones of the sequences 3768: 3735: 3506: 3462: 3416: 3370: 3344: 3297: 3271: 3224: 3177: 3130: 3104: 3053: 3002: 2959: 2914: 2869: 2825: 2782: 2740: 2697: 2671: 2628: 2603: 2559: 2516: 2470: 2423: 2376: 2312: 2265: 2220: 2158: 2132: 2084: 2025: 1979: 1932: 1885: 1837: 1714: 1688: 1616: 1571: 1526: 1501: 1475: 1427: 1401: 1354: 1309: 1235: 1210: 1132: 1082: 1056: 1010: 965: 919: 894: 821: 769: 723: 698: 653: 608: 563: 518: 472: 447: 402: 356: 309: 264: 219: 174: 64:. For the distinction between , 29: 4377:International Phonetic Alphabet 3642:is also devoiced to . See also 5215:Manual of Style: Pronunciation 3899:is frequently elided, so that 13: 1: 4328:Category:Pages with Dutch IPA 4299:Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999), 4110:Dutch phonology#Monophthongs 3784:voiced labiodental fricative 3626:are also not distinguished. 332:no English equivalent; like 7: 5174:IPA conventions for English 3895:After the schwa, the final 3683:('house') in singular, and 10: 5252: 4121:Mainly found in loanwords. 3761:. In the syllable coda, a 77: 5197: 5166: 4384: 4260:Collins & Mees (2003) 4236:Collins & Mees (2003) 4224:Collins & Mees (2003) 3763:velar bunched approximant 3035: 2060: 1817: 1799: 1760: 1737: 1684: 1668: 1192: 143: 3644:Hard and soft G in Dutch 2719:roughly like Australian 3780:labiodental approximant 3774:The realization of the 3759:voiced uvular fricative 3741:The realization of the 4341:Nederlands woordenboek 4238:, pp. 197, 201, 216–7. 3792:labiovelar approximant 3721:('ribs') has singular 3515: 3471: 3425: 3379: 3353: 3306: 3280: 3233: 3186: 3139: 3113: 3062: 3011: 2968: 2938:roughly like Canadian 2923: 2878: 2834: 2791: 2749: 2706: 2680: 2637: 2612: 2568: 2525: 2479: 2432: 2385: 2321: 2274: 2229: 2167: 2141: 2093: 2034: 1988: 1941: 1894: 1846: 1813:English approximation 1783: 1774: 1761:Other representations 1723: 1697: 1641: 1625: 1580: 1535: 1529:echi\u00eb<\/i: --> 1510: 1484: 1436: 1410: 1363: 1318: 1278: 1244: 1219: 1141: 1091: 1065: 1019: 974: 928: 903: 830: 778: 732: 707: 662: 617: 572: 527: 481: 456: 411: 365: 318: 273: 228: 183: 157:English approximation 3978:The "checked" vowels 3915:. In stems ending in 5210:For English speakers 4454:Australian languages 3788:bilabial approximant 3594:contrasts. Southern 1193:Marginal consonants 5198:Introductory guides 4157:Found in loanwords. 3868:is voiced, like in 3749:is realized as the 3676:('houses') becomes 3634:. In some accents, 1868:, but rather short 1618:e\u00eb<\/b: --> 4248:Gussenhoven (1999) 4203:Gussenhoven (1999) 3732:('the cattle') is 3691:('doves') becomes 3055:\u00e8<\/b: --> 1691:rkomen<\/i: --> 1357:vallen<\/i: --> 1213:abloon<\/i: --> 475:abaret<\/i: --> 5223: 5222: 4112:for more details. 3544: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3345:centrif<b: --> 1793: 1792: 1619:indig<\/i: --> 106: 105: 39:pronunciation key 5243: 5179:English dialects 4863:Mauritian Creole 4616:Franco-Provençal 4586:Emilian-Romagnol 4370: 4363: 4356: 4347: 4346: 4316: 4295: 4285: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4206: 4200: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4140: 4138: 4133: 4122: 4119: 4113: 4103: 4099: 4091: 4083: 4074: 4063: 4061: 4053: 4045: 4037: 4029: 4020:closed syllables 4017: 4009: 4001: 3993: 3985: 3976: 3967: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3950:(in the case of 3949: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3893: 3887: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3859: 3851: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3810: 3795: 3777: 3772: 3766: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3733: 3667: 3658: 3647: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3526: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3499: 3482: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3477: 3455: 3437: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3409: 3391: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3337: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3313: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3287: 3264: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3217: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3170: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3120: 3097: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3046: 3036:Marginal vowels 3022: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3017: 2995: 2979: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2974: 2952: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2930: 2907: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2885: 2862: 2845: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2840: 2818: 2802: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2784:ieuw<\/b: --> 2775: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2755: 2742:eeuw<\/b: --> 2733: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2687: 2664: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2643: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2618: 2596: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2574: 2552: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2530: 2509: 2491: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2463: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2439: 2416: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2392: 2369: 2358: 2346: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2305: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2282: 2281: 2258: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2235: 2213: 2202: 2191: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2173: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2148: 2125: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2077: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2018: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1995: 1972: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1949: 1948: 1925: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1901: 1878: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1853: 1830: 1797: 1796: 1786: 1780: 1769: 1755: 1745: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1730: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1705: 1704: 1681: 1650: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1609: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1587: 1586: 1564: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1517: 1516: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1492: 1491: 1468: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1444: 1443: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1394: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1371: 1370: 1347: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1325: 1324: 1302: 1284: 1273: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1251: 1250: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1226: 1225: 1203: 1187: 1176: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1148: 1147: 1125: 1113:Scottish English 1102: 1101: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1073: 1072: 1049: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1026: 1025: 1003: 985: 984: 983: 981: 980: 958: 939: 938: 937: 935: 934: 914: 913: 912: 910: 909: 887: 876: 865: 841: 840: 839: 837: 836: 814: 789: 788: 787: 785: 784: 762: 743: 742: 741: 739: 738: 718: 717: 716: 714: 713: 691: 673: 672: 671: 669: 668: 646: 628: 627: 626: 624: 623: 601: 583: 582: 581: 579: 578: 556: 538: 537: 536: 534: 533: 511: 492: 491: 490: 488: 487: 467: 466: 465: 463: 462: 440: 422: 421: 420: 418: 417: 395: 376: 375: 374: 372: 371: 349: 329: 328: 327: 325: 324: 302: 284: 283: 282: 280: 279: 267:iets<\/i: --> 257: 239: 238: 237: 235: 234: 212: 194: 193: 192: 190: 189: 167: 141: 140: 137: 136: 97: 90: 67: 33: 32: 26: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5193: 5162: 4983:Scottish Gaelic 4412:Modern Standard 4380: 4374: 4337: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4293: 4283: 4272: 4267: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4209: 4201: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4178: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4143: 4134: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4075: 4066: 3977: 3970: 3907:. An intrusive 3894: 3890: 3886:transcriptions. 3880: 3876: 3852: 3848: 3844:(realized as ). 3811: 3798: 3773: 3769: 3740: 3736: 3659: 3650: 3569: 3554: 3549: 3513: 3510:<\/span: --> 3507:chans<b: --> 3504: 3503: 3500: 3469: 3466:<\/span: --> 3464:ain<\/b: --> 3460: 3459: 3456: 3423: 3420:<\/span: --> 3414: 3413: 3410: 3377: 3374:<\/span: --> 3368: 3367: 3351: 3348:<\/span: --> 3342: 3341: 3338: 3304: 3301:<\/span: --> 3295: 3294: 3278: 3275:<\/span: --> 3269: 3268: 3265: 3231: 3228:<\/span: --> 3222: 3221: 3218: 3184: 3181:<\/span: --> 3175: 3174: 3171: 3137: 3134:<\/span: --> 3128: 3127: 3111: 3108:<\/span: --> 3102: 3101: 3098: 3085:British English 3060: 3057:<\/span: --> 3051: 3050: 3047: 3009: 3006:<\/span: --> 3000: 2999: 2996: 2966: 2963:<\/span: --> 2961:oei<\/b: --> 2957: 2956: 2953: 2921: 2918:<\/span: --> 2912: 2911: 2908: 2876: 2873:<\/span: --> 2871:ooi<\/b: --> 2867: 2866: 2863: 2832: 2829:<\/span: --> 2823: 2822: 2819: 2789: 2786:<\/span: --> 2780: 2779: 2776: 2747: 2744:<\/span: --> 2738: 2737: 2734: 2704: 2701:<\/span: --> 2695: 2694: 2678: 2675:<\/span: --> 2669: 2668: 2665: 2635: 2632:<\/span: --> 2630:auw<\/b: --> 2626: 2625: 2610: 2607:<\/span: --> 2601: 2600: 2597: 2566: 2563:<\/span: --> 2561:aai<\/b: --> 2557: 2556: 2553: 2523: 2520:<\/span: --> 2514: 2513: 2510: 2477: 2474:<\/span: --> 2468: 2467: 2464: 2430: 2427:<\/span: --> 2421: 2420: 2417: 2383: 2380:<\/span: --> 2374: 2373: 2370: 2319: 2316:<\/span: --> 2310: 2309: 2306: 2272: 2269:<\/span: --> 2263: 2262: 2259: 2227: 2224:<\/span: --> 2218: 2217: 2214: 2165: 2162:<\/span: --> 2161:zel<\/i: --> 2156: 2155: 2139: 2136:<\/span: --> 2130: 2129: 2126: 2091: 2088:<\/span: --> 2082: 2081: 2078: 2032: 2029:<\/span: --> 2023: 2022: 2019: 1986: 1983:<\/span: --> 1977: 1976: 1973: 1939: 1936:<\/span: --> 1930: 1929: 1926: 1892: 1889:<\/span: --> 1883: 1882: 1879: 1844: 1841:<\/span: --> 1835: 1834: 1831: 1789:Optional sound 1770: 1756: 1721: 1718:<\/span: --> 1717:men<\/i: --> 1715:voork<u: --> 1712: 1711: 1695: 1692:<\/span: --> 1686: 1685: 1682: 1623: 1620:<\/span: --> 1614: 1613: 1610: 1578: 1575:<\/span: --> 1574:ury<\/i: --> 1569: 1568: 1565: 1533: 1530:<\/span: --> 1528:Tsj<\/b: --> 1524: 1523: 1508: 1505:<\/span: --> 1504:eck<\/i: --> 1499: 1498: 1482: 1479:<\/span: --> 1473: 1472: 1469: 1434: 1431:<\/span: --> 1430:tje<\/i: --> 1425: 1424: 1408: 1405:<\/span: --> 1399: 1398: 1395: 1361: 1358:<\/span: --> 1352: 1351: 1348: 1316: 1313:<\/span: --> 1312:oal<\/i: --> 1307: 1306: 1303: 1274: 1242: 1239:<\/span: --> 1233: 1232: 1217: 1214:<\/span: --> 1208: 1207: 1204: 1139: 1136:<\/span: --> 1135:eep<\/i: --> 1130: 1129: 1126: 1089: 1086:<\/span: --> 1080: 1079: 1063: 1060:<\/span: --> 1054: 1053: 1050: 1017: 1014:<\/span: --> 1013:ang<\/i: --> 1008: 1007: 1004: 972: 969:<\/span: --> 963: 962: 959: 926: 923:<\/span: --> 917: 916: 901: 898:<\/span: --> 892: 891: 888: 828: 825:<\/span: --> 819: 818: 815: 776: 773:<\/span: --> 767: 766: 763: 730: 727:<\/span: --> 721: 720: 705: 702:<\/span: --> 696: 695: 692: 660: 657:<\/span: --> 651: 650: 647: 615: 612:<\/span: --> 606: 605: 602: 570: 567:<\/span: --> 566:ens<\/i: --> 561: 560: 557: 525: 522:<\/span: --> 521:and<\/i: --> 516: 515: 512: 479: 476:<\/span: --> 470: 469: 454: 451:<\/span: --> 445: 444: 441: 409: 406:<\/span: --> 400: 399: 396: 363: 360:<\/span: --> 354: 353: 350: 316: 313:<\/span: --> 312:aan<\/i: --> 307: 306: 303: 271: 268:<\/span: --> 262: 261: 258: 226: 223:<\/span: --> 217: 216: 213: 181: 178:<\/span: --> 177:eet<\/i: --> 172: 171: 168: 132:Dutch phonology 109: 102: 101: 100: 93: 86: 82: 73: 58: 30: 22: 21: 20: 12: 11: 5: 5249: 5239: 5238: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4988:Serbo-Croatian 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4671:Haitian Creole 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4373: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4336: 4335:External links 4333: 4332: 4331: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4296: 4291: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4252: 4240: 4228: 4207: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4159: 4141: 4123: 4114: 4064: 4018:occur only in 3968: 3888: 3874: 3846: 3796: 3767: 3734: 3648: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3527: 3508:on<\/b: --> 3501: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3483: 3463:haut<b: --> 3457: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3438: 3419:re<\/i: --> 3418:en<\/b: --> 3411: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3392: 3372:uu<\/b: --> 3347:ge<\/i: --> 3339: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3319: 3299:oe<\/b: --> 3274:se<\/i: --> 3273:ui<\/b: --> 3266: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3246: 3227:le<\/i: --> 3226:eu<\/b: --> 3219: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3199: 3180:ze<\/i: --> 3172: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3152: 3132:ie<\/b: --> 3107:se<\/i: --> 3105:anal<b: --> 3099: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3075: 3056:ne<\/i: --> 3048: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3023: 3004:uw<\/b: --> 2997: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2980: 2954: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2936: 2916:ui<\/b: --> 2909: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2891: 2864: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2846: 2827:oi<\/b: --> 2820: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2803: 2777: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2761: 2735: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2717: 2699:ei<\/b: --> 2673:ij<\/b: --> 2666: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2649: 2605:ou<\/b: --> 2598: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2580: 2554: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2536: 2518:ai<\/b: --> 2511: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2492: 2472:oe<\/b: --> 2465: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2445: 2425:eu<\/b: --> 2418: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2398: 2378:uu<\/b: --> 2371: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2334: 2314:oo<\/b: --> 2307: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2287: 2267:ie<\/b: --> 2260: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2241: 2215: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2179: 2134:ee<\/b: --> 2127: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2105: 2086:aa<\/b: --> 2079: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2058: 2057: 2047: 2020: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2001: 1974: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1954: 1927: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1907: 1880: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1859: 1832: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1819:Checked vowels 1815: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1781: 1771: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1710: 1690:oo<\/u: --> 1683: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1652: 1651: 1639: 1611: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1592: 1566: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1547: 1503:ch<\/b: --> 1477:tj<\/b: --> 1476:tien<b: --> 1470: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1451:somewhat like 1449: 1428:Trij<b: --> 1403:nj<\/b: --> 1396: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1376: 1349: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1330: 1304: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1285: 1275: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1256: 1238:ef<\/i: --> 1237:ch<\/b: --> 1212:sj<\/b: --> 1205: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1153: 1127: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1103: 1058:ch<\/b: --> 1051: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1033:like a looser 1031: 1005: 998: 995: 994: 986: 968:er<\/i: --> 960: 953: 950: 949: 940: 897:ak<\/i: --> 889: 882: 879: 878: 842: 824:ok<\/i: --> 816: 809: 806: 805: 790: 772:as<\/i: --> 764: 757: 754: 753: 744: 701:en<\/i: --> 693: 686: 683: 682: 674: 655:ng<\/b: --> 648: 641: 638: 637: 629: 611:ek<\/i: --> 603: 596: 593: 592: 584: 558: 551: 548: 547: 539: 513: 506: 503: 502: 493: 450:at<\/i: --> 442: 435: 432: 431: 423: 405:as<\/i: --> 397: 390: 387: 386: 377: 359:ad<\/i: --> 351: 344: 341: 340: 330: 304: 297: 294: 293: 285: 259: 252: 249: 248: 240: 222:ak<\/i: --> 214: 207: 204: 203: 195: 169: 162: 159: 158: 155: 152: 148: 147: 107: 104: 103: 99: 98: 91: 83: 78: 76: 74: 59: 47: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5248: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4903:Northern Thai 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4813:Luxembourgish 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4352: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4315: 4313:0-521-65236-7 4310: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4294: 4289: 4282: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4261: 4256: 4249: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4225: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4204: 4199: 4197: 4192: 4163: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4118: 4111: 4107: 4097: 4089: 4081: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4059: 4051: 4043: 4035: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4007: 3999: 3991: 3983: 3975: 3973: 3965: 3937: 3926: 3922: 3914: 3902: 3892: 3884: 3878: 3871: 3863: 3857: 3850: 3815: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3771: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3738: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3720: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3705: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3690: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3675: 3673: 3663: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3645: 3639: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3552: 3536: 3534: 3529:roughly like 3528: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3502: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3485:roughly like 3484: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3458: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3440:roughly like 3439: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3412: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3394:roughly like 3393: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3373:r<\/i: --> 3362: 3359: 3357: 3346:u<\/b: --> 3340: 3336: 3331: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3300:r<\/i: --> 3289: 3286: 3284: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3248:roughly like 3247: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3179:o<\/b: --> 3173: 3169: 3164: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3133:r<\/i: --> 3122: 3119: 3117: 3106:y<\/b: --> 3100: 3096: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3024: 3019: 3016: 3015: 2998: 2991: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2955: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2917:t<\/i: --> 2910: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2872:t<\/i: --> 2865: 2858: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2821: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2778: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2736: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2674:t<\/i: --> 2667: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2599: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2555: 2548: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2512: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2494:roughly like 2493: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2473:d<\/i: --> 2466: 2462: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2447:roughly like 2446: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2426:s<\/i: --> 2419: 2415: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2400:roughly like 2399: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2379:t<\/i: --> 2372: 2368: 2363: 2362: 2354: 2352: 2342: 2341: 2335: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2315:t<\/i: --> 2308: 2304: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2268:p<\/i: --> 2261: 2257: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2222:e<\/b: --> 2216: 2212: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2197: 2187: 2186: 2180: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2160:e<\/b: --> 2150: 2147: 2145: 2135:t<\/i: --> 2128: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2112: 2106: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2087:p<\/i: --> 2080: 2076: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2049:roughly like 2048: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2028:t<\/i: --> 2027:u<\/b: --> 2021: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1982:t<\/i: --> 1981:o<\/b: --> 1975: 1971: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1935:s<\/i: --> 1934:i<\/b: --> 1928: 1924: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1888:d<\/i: --> 1887:e<\/b: --> 1881: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1840:d<\/i: --> 1839:a<\/b: --> 1833: 1829: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1788: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1772: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1744:/ˌkɒmənˈdɪər/ 1741: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1716:o<\/u: --> 1706: 1703: 1701: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1573:j<\/b: --> 1567: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1478:e<\/i: --> 1471: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1450: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1429:n<\/b: --> 1419: 1416: 1414: 1404:e<\/i: --> 1402:ora<b: --> 1397: 1393: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1356:m<\/b: --> 1350: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1311:g<\/b: --> 1305: 1301: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1183: 1181: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1134:z<\/b: --> 1128: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1084:g<\/b: --> 1074: 1071: 1069: 1059:t<\/i: --> 1052: 1048: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1012:w<\/b: --> 1006: 1002: 997: 996: 993: 991: 987: 982: 979: 977: 967:v<\/b: --> 961: 957: 952: 951: 948: 946: 941: 936: 933: 932: 921:d<\/b: --> 911: 908: 906: 896:t<\/b: --> 890: 886: 881: 880: 872: 870: 861: 857: 855: 850: 848: 843: 838: 835: 833: 823:s<\/b: --> 817: 813: 808: 807: 803: 799: 797: 791: 786: 783: 781: 771:r<\/b: --> 765: 761: 756: 755: 752: 750: 745: 740: 737: 736: 725:b<\/b: --> 715: 712: 710: 700:p<\/b: --> 694: 690: 685: 684: 681: 680: 675: 670: 667: 666: 649: 645: 640: 639: 636: 634: 630: 625: 622: 620: 610:n<\/b: --> 604: 600: 595: 594: 591: 589: 585: 580: 577: 575: 565:m<\/b: --> 559: 555: 550: 549: 546: 544: 540: 535: 532: 530: 520:l<\/b: --> 514: 510: 505: 504: 501: 499: 494: 489: 486: 484: 474:c<\/b: --> 464: 461: 459: 449:k<\/b: --> 443: 439: 434: 433: 430: 428: 424: 419: 416: 414: 404:j<\/b: --> 398: 394: 389: 388: 385: 383: 378: 373: 370: 368: 358:h<\/b: --> 352: 348: 343: 342: 338: 337: 331: 326: 323: 321: 311:g<\/b: --> 305: 301: 296: 295: 292: 290: 286: 281: 278: 276: 266:f<\/b: --> 260: 256: 251: 250: 247: 245: 241: 236: 233: 231: 221:d<\/b: --> 215: 211: 206: 205: 202: 200: 196: 191: 188: 186: 176:b<\/b: --> 170: 166: 161: 160: 156: 153: 150: 149: 146: 142: 139: 138: 135: 133: 128: 126: 122: 118: 114: 96: 92: 89: 85: 84: 81: 75: 71: 63: 56: 52: 46: 44: 40: 35: 28: 27: 19: 5133:West Frisian 4601:Extremaduran 4568: 4304: 4279: 4262:, pp. 133–4. 4255: 4243: 4231: 4166:In Belgium, 4162: 4117: 3963: 3935: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3900: 3891: 3883:glottal stop 3877: 3869: 3861: 3849: 3782:, or even a 3770: 3755:uvular trill 3751:alveolar tap 3737: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3716: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3701: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3686: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3671: 3669: 3532: 3530: 3517: 3509:<\/i: --> 3488: 3486: 3473: 3465:<\/i: --> 3443: 3441: 3427: 3397: 3395: 3381: 3355: 3323: 3321: 3308: 3282: 3272:cr<b: --> 3251: 3249: 3235: 3225:fr<b: --> 3203: 3201: 3188: 3156: 3154: 3141: 3115: 3079: 3077: 3064: 3054:sc<b: --> 3028: 3026: 3013: 3005:<\/i: --> 2984: 2982: 2970: 2962:<\/i: --> 2960:gr<b: --> 2940: 2939: 2925: 2895: 2893: 2880: 2850: 2848: 2836: 2828:<\/i: --> 2806: 2805: 2793: 2785:<\/i: --> 2764: 2751: 2743:<\/i: --> 2741:sn<b: --> 2722: 2720: 2707: 2700:<\/i: --> 2682: 2652: 2651: 2639: 2631:<\/i: --> 2614: 2606:<\/i: --> 2584: 2582: 2570: 2562:<\/i: --> 2560:dr<b: --> 2540: 2538: 2526: 2519:<\/i: --> 2497: 2495: 2481: 2450: 2448: 2434: 2403: 2401: 2387: 2350: 2348: 2339: 2337: 2323: 2291: 2289: 2276: 2244: 2243: 2231: 2223:<\/i: --> 2195: 2193: 2192:), Scottish 2184: 2182: 2168: 2143: 2110: 2108: 2094: 2052: 2050: 2036: 2004: 2003: 1990: 1958: 1956: 1943: 1911: 1909: 1896: 1863: 1861: 1848: 1776: 1739: 1725: 1699: 1660: 1658: 1644: 1627: 1595: 1594: 1581: 1550: 1549: 1536: 1511: 1486: 1454: 1452: 1438: 1412: 1380: 1378: 1365: 1333: 1332: 1319: 1288: 1287: 1279: 1259: 1258: 1245: 1220: 1179: 1178: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1156: 1142: 1107: 1105: 1093: 1085:<\/i: --> 1083:we<b: --> 1067: 1035: 1034: 1020: 989: 988: 975: 944: 942: 930: 922:<\/i: --> 920:ha<b: --> 904: 868: 867: 853: 852: 846: 845: 831: 795: 793: 779: 748: 746: 734: 726:<\/i: --> 724:ri<b: --> 708: 678: 676: 664: 656:<\/i: --> 632: 631: 618: 587: 586: 573: 542: 541: 528: 497: 495: 482: 457: 426: 425: 412: 381: 379: 366: 335: 333: 319: 288: 287: 274: 243: 242: 229: 198: 197: 184: 129: 121:Template:IPA 110: 68:and ⟨⟩, see 37:This is the 36: 5167:Comparisons 4933:Piedmontese 4858:Marshallese 4661:Greenlandic 4579:Old English 4459:Azerbaijani 3954:alone also 3948:/m,p,k,f,x/ 3417:g<b: --> 3371:k<b: --> 3298:b<b: --> 3178:r<b: --> 3131:d<b: --> 3003:d<b: --> 2915:b<b: --> 2870:n<b: --> 2826:h<b: --> 2783:n<b: --> 2672:b<b: --> 2629:d<b: --> 2604:j<b: --> 2471:h<b: --> 2424:n<b: --> 2377:f<b: --> 2313:b<b: --> 2266:d<b: --> 2221:d<b: --> 2133:b<b: --> 2115:, but long 2062:Free vowels 2026:h<b: --> 1980:b<b: --> 1933:v<b: --> 1886:b<b: --> 1838:b<b: --> 1689:v<u: --> 1617:b<b: --> 1355:o<b: --> 1057:a<b: --> 654:e<b: --> 115:represents 5118:Vietnamese 4943:Portuguese 4893:Neapolitan 4818:Macedonian 4803:Lithuanian 4711:Indonesian 4469:Belarusian 4292:9004103406 4182:References 3962:, so that 3913:red je 't? 2698:<b: --> 2517:<b: --> 2159:<b: --> 2085:<b: --> 2066:diphthongs 1740:commandeer 1572:<b: --> 1527:<b: --> 1502:<b: --> 1310:<b: --> 1236:<b: --> 1211:<b: --> 1133:<b: --> 1011:<b: --> 966:<b: --> 895:<b: --> 822:<b: --> 770:<b: --> 699:<b: --> 609:<b: --> 564:<b: --> 519:<b: --> 473:<b: --> 448:<b: --> 403:<b: --> 357:<b: --> 310:<b: --> 265:<b: --> 220:<b: --> 175:<b: --> 145:Consonants 5098:Ukrainian 4978:Sardinian 4908:Norwegian 4878:Mirandese 4873:Mongolian 4833:Malayalam 4716:Inuktitut 4701:Icelandic 4696:Hungarian 4649:Colognian 4644:Alemannic 4591:Esperanto 4522:Cantonese 4489:Bulgarian 4394:Afrikaans 4187:Citations 3919:(such as 2336:American 2181:American 1810:Examples 1171:retracted 860:retracted 792:American 154:Examples 80:Shortcuts 55:talk page 51:consensus 5230:Category 5113:Venetian 5083:Tigrinya 4998:Sicilian 4973:Sanskrit 4958:Romanian 4823:Malagasy 4798:Ligurian 4748:Japanese 4676:Hawaiian 4666:Gujarati 4639:Standard 4631:Georgian 4626:Galician 4596:Estonian 4549:Corsican 4517:Mandarin 4513:Chinese 4502:Standard 4498:Catalan 4449:Asturian 4444:Assamese 4439:Armenian 4432:Tunisian 4427:Lebanese 4417:Egyptian 4399:Albanian 4322:See also 4250:, p. 76. 4226:, p. 48. 4205:, p. 74. 3864:or when 3662:devoices 2107:British 1647:sterhuis 1155:between 844:between 802:French R 88:H:IPA-NL 62:Help:IPA 18:Help:IPA 5205:Symbols 5143:Yiddish 5123:Walloon 5093:Turkmen 5088:Turkish 5078:Tibetan 5048:Tai Lue 5043:Tagalog 5038:Sylheti 5033:Swedish 5023:Swahili 5018:Spanish 5013:Sorbian 5008:Slovene 4968:Russian 4963:Romansh 4953:Quechua 4948:Punjabi 4928:Persian 4913:Occitan 4883:Nahuatl 4853:Marathi 4838:Maltese 4808:Lombard 4793:Latvian 4768:Kurdish 4741:Central 4736:Italian 4721:Inupiaq 4635:German 4611:Finnish 4574:English 4527:Hokkien 4507:Insular 4494:Burmese 4474:Bengali 4408:Arabic 4404:Amharic 4330:(4,095) 4301:"Dutch" 4270:Sources 3936:tekenen 3870:zakdoek 3840:before 3730:het vee 3354:centrif 1643:Trijntj 1282:iovanni 53:on the 5153:Zhuang 5148:Yoruba 5068:Telugu 5003:Slovak 4938:Polish 4923:Pashto 4898:Nepali 4888:Navajo 4778:Lakota 4773:Kyrgyz 4763:Korean 4753:Kazakh 4681:Hebrew 4621:French 4606:Fijian 4559:Danish 4484:Breton 4479:Berber 4464:Basque 4422:Hejazi 4389:Adyghe 4106:Bruges 4054:, and 4010:, and 3964:morgen 3660:Dutch 3442:croiss 1801:Vowels 1738:as in 1702:rkomen 1670:Stress 1368:vallen 1223:abloon 485:abaret 95:H:IPAD 57:first. 5138:Xhosa 5128:Welsh 5108:Uzbek 5063:Tatar 5058:Tamil 5053:Tajik 5028:Swazi 4868:Mayan 4848:Māori 4828:Malay 4788:Latin 4758:Khmer 4726:Irish 4691:Hmong 4686:Hindi 4656:Greek 4569:Dutch 4554:Czech 4542:Xiang 4284:(PDF) 3921:teken 3901:maken 3814:nasal 3547:Notes 3516:chans 1724:voork 1655:catch 1630:indig 1539:echië 1383:phony 117:Dutch 16:< 5158:Zulu 5103:Urdu 5073:Thai 4993:Shan 4918:Odia 4843:Manx 4731:Isan 4706:Igbo 4564:Dari 4379:keys 4309:ISBN 4288:ISBN 4172:/oː/ 4168:/ɔː/ 4092:and 3960:/rɣ/ 3946:and 3932:/ən/ 3928:/ən/ 3917:/ən/ 3881:The 3862:goal 3842:/tj/ 3834:/nj/ 3832:and 3830:/zj/ 3826:/sj/ 3822:/dj/ 3818:/tj/ 3753:, a 3708:baar 3700:baar 3632:/sj/ 3628:/zj/ 3622:and 3606:and 3586:and 3535:tage 3472:haut 3204:ough 3114:anal 2985:ooey 2794:ieuw 2767:alk 2752:eeuw 2247:gain 2064:and 1866:ther 1807:IPA 1784:zelf 1775:make 1645:e Oo 1598:enre 1485:tien 1437:Trij 1167:enre 1162:and 851:and 291:eats 277:iets 151:IPA 130:See 123:and 41:for 4783:Lao 4532:Jin 4137:/r/ 4102:/r/ 3956:/n/ 3952:/r/ 3944:/r/ 3942:or 3940:/l/ 3925:een 3909:/n/ 3905:/n/ 3897:/n/ 3866:/k/ 3838:/n/ 3776:/ʋ/ 3757:or 3747:/r/ 3743:/r/ 3693:dui 3685:dui 3678:hui 3670:hui 3666:/d/ 3624:/z/ 3620:/s/ 3616:/v/ 3612:/f/ 3608:/ɣ/ 3604:/x/ 3600:/ɣ/ 3596:/x/ 3592:/z/ 3588:/s/ 3584:/ɣ/ 3580:/x/ 3576:/v/ 3572:/f/ 3498:ɔ̃ː 3487:doy 3474:ain 3454:ɛ̃ː 3408:ɑ̃ː 3400:gue 3080:are 3078:squ 2971:oei 2881:ooi 2861:oːi 2765:ayw 2732:eːu 2640:auw 2571:aai 2551:aːi 2347:), 2171:zel 1728:men 1663:oh! 1657:in 1584:ury 1553:eer 1537:Tsj 1514:eck 1441:tje 1411:ora 1336:oal 1322:oal 1291:eep 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2527:ai 2508:ɑi 2498:oo 2482:oe 2451:ur 2435:eu 2414:øː 2404:ew 2388:uu 2359:) 2353:ry 2349:st 2324:oo 2303:oː 2292:ee 2277:ie 2203:) 2196:ay 2185:ay 2154:, 2144:ee 2123:eː 2095:aa 2075:aː 2055:se 2053:ur 2007:ff 1768:() 1700:oo 1659:uh 1628:eë 1551:ch 1522:, 1512:ch 1497:, 1487:tj 1466:tɕ 1457:on 1455:ny 1453:ca 1423:, 1413:nj 1379:sy 1271:dʑ 1262:ip 1260:sh 1248:ef 1246:ch 1231:, 1221:sj 1188:) 1115:) 1108:ch 1106:lo 1092:we 1078:, 1068:ch 978:er 947:op 929:ha 915:, 907:ak 877:) 871:ip 856:ip 854:sh 849:ip 834:ok 800:, 798:om 782:as 733:ri 719:, 711:en 679:ng 677:lo 665:ng 621:ek 590:an 468:, 460:at 415:as 380:be 369:ad 336:ch 334:lo 232:ak 127:. 4369:e 4362:t 4355:v 4174:. 4098:/ 4094:/ 4090:/ 4086:/ 4082:/ 4078:/ 4060:/ 4058:y 4056:/ 4052:/ 4048:/ 4044:/ 4042:i 4040:/ 4036:/ 4032:/ 4028:/ 4024:/ 4016:/ 4014:ʏ 4012:/ 4008:/ 4006:ɔ 4004:/ 4000:/ 3998:ɪ 3996:/ 3992:/ 3990:ɛ 3988:/ 3984:/ 3982:ɑ 3980:/ 3872:. 3858:/ 3856:ɡ 3854:/ 3794:. 3725:b 3710:d 3702:d 3695:f 3687:v 3680:s 3672:z 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