Marie Curie - Knowledge

1293: 782: 1561: 904: 1935: 1891: 483: 1424: 1073: 888:(secondary schools) for boys. After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools, he brought much of the laboratory equipment home and instructed his children in its use. He was eventually fired by his Russian supervisors for pro-Polish sentiments and forced to take lower-paying posts; the family also lost money on a bad investment and eventually chose to supplement their income by lodging boys in the house. Maria's mother Bronisława operated a prestigious Warsaw boarding school for girls; she resigned from the position after Maria was born. She died of 533: 504: 6880: 6838: 1820: 940: 1617: 1384: 1376: 1553:, a former student of Pierre Curie's, a married man who was estranged from his wife. This resulted in a press scandal that was exploited by her academic opponents. Curie (then in her mid-40s) was five years older than Langevin and was misrepresented in the tabloids as a foreign Jewish home-wrecker. When the scandal broke, she was away at a conference in Belgium; on her return, she found an angry mob in front of her house and had to seek refuge, with her daughters, in the home of her friend, 1725: 1592:, encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her native country. Curie's second Nobel Prize enabled her to persuade the French government to support the Radium Institute, built in 1914, where research was conducted in chemistry, physics, and medicine. A month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize, she was hospitalised with depression and a kidney ailment. For most of 1912, she avoided public life but did spend time in England with her friend and fellow physicist, 1196:(also known as chalcolite). Her electrometer showed that pitchblende was four times as active as uranium itself, and chalcolite twice as active. She concluded that, if her earlier results relating the quantity of uranium to its activity were correct, then these two minerals must contain small quantities of another substance that was far more active than uranium. She began a systematic search for additional substances that emit radiation, and by 1898 she discovered that the element 1210: 1484: 1112: 1368: 55: 1254:

element which is much more active than uranium." She later would recall how she felt "a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible." On 14 April 1898, the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100-gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar. They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tonnes of the ore.

1657:, to be used for sterilizing infected tissue. She provided the radium from her own one-gram supply. It is estimated that over a million wounded soldiers were treated with her X-ray units. Busy with this work, she carried out very little scientific research during that period. In spite of all her humanitarian contributions to the French war effort, Curie never received any formal recognition of it from the French government. 6852: 1546:—which also fuelled false speculation that Curie was Jewish. During the French Academy of Sciences elections, she was vilified by the right-wing press as a foreigner and atheist. Her daughter later remarked on the French press's hypocrisy in portraying Curie as an unworthy foreigner when she was nominated for a French honour, but portraying her as a French heroine when she received foreign honours such as her Nobel Prizes. 6824: 1634:, Curie recognised that wounded soldiers were best served if operated upon as soon as possible. She saw a need for field radiological centres near the front lines to assist battlefield surgeons, including to obviate amputations when in fact limbs could be saved. After a quick study of radiology, anatomy, and automotive mechanics, she procured X-ray equipment, vehicles, and auxiliary generators, and she developed mobile 7915: 1042:, where she enrolled in late 1891. She subsisted on her meagre resources, keeping herself warm during cold winters by wearing all the clothes she had. She focused so hard on her studies that she sometimes forgot to eat. Skłodowska studied during the day and tutored evenings, barely earning her keep. In 1893, she was awarded a degree in physics and began work in an industrial laboratory of 1480:, director of the Pasteur Institute, who had been disappointed that the University of Paris was not giving Curie a proper laboratory and had suggested that she move to the Pasteur Institute. Only then, with the threat of Curie leaving, did the University of Paris relent, and eventually the Curie Pavilion became a joint initiative of the University of Paris and the Pasteur Institute. 1581:, attempted to prevent her attendance at the official ceremony for her Nobel Prize in Chemistry, citing her questionable moral standing. Curie replied that she would be present at the ceremony, because "the prize has been given to her for her discovery of polonium and radium" and that "there is no relation between her scientific work and the facts of her private life". 1103:; neither wanted a religious service. Curie's dark blue outfit, worn instead of a bridal gown, would serve her for many years as a laboratory outfit. They shared two pastimes: long bicycle trips and journeys abroad, which brought them even closer. In Pierre, Marie had found a new love, a partner, and a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend. 992:, a Polish physician and social and political activist—invited Maria to join them in Paris. Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition; it would take her a year and a half longer to gather the necessary funds. She was helped by her father, who was able to secure a more lucrative position again. All that time she continued to 1803:. Her second American tour, in 1929, succeeded in equipping the Warsaw Radium Institute with radium; the Institute opened in 1932, with her sister Bronisława its director. These distractions from her scientific labours, and the attendant publicity, caused her much discomfort but provided resources for her work. In 1930 she was elected to the 1913:

radium provided men like Ernest Rutherford with sources of radioactivity with which they could probe the structure of the atom. As a result of Rutherford's experiments with alpha radiation, the nuclear atom was first postulated. In medicine, the radioactivity of radium appeared to offer a means by which cancer could be successfully attacked.

996:, reading books, exchanging letters, and being tutored herself. In early 1889 she returned home to her father in Warsaw. She continued working as a governess and remained there until late 1891. She tutored, studied at the Flying University, and began her practical scientific training (1890–91) in a chemistry laboratory at the 1153:, a sensitive device for measuring electric charge. Using her husband's electrometer, she discovered that uranium rays caused the air around a sample to conduct electricity. Using this technique, her first result was the finding that the activity of the uranium compounds depended only on the quantity of uranium present. She 1420:, which offered Pierre Curie a position, the University of Paris gave him a professorship and the chair of physics, although the Curies still did not have a proper laboratory. Upon Pierre Curie's complaint, the University of Paris relented and agreed to furnish a new laboratory, but it would not be ready until 1906. 1573:. This award was "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element." Because of the negative publicity due to her affair with Langevin, the chair of the 969:, a future eminent mathematician. His parents rejected the idea of his marrying the penniless relative, and Kazimierz was unable to oppose them. Maria's loss of the relationship with Żorawski was tragic for both. He soon earned a doctorate and pursued an academic career as a mathematician, becoming a professor and 1922:

intentionally refrained from patenting the radium-isolation process so that the scientific community could do research unhindered. She insisted that monetary gifts and awards be given to the scientific institutions she was affiliated with rather than to her. She and her husband often refused awards and medals.

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move with her to Poland, even if it meant being reduced to teaching French. Meanwhile, for the 1894 summer break, Skłodowska returned to Warsaw, where she visited her family. She was still labouring under the illusion that she would be able to work in her chosen field in Poland, but she was denied a place at

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In addition to helping to overturn established ideas in physics and chemistry, Curie's work has had a profound effect in the societal sphere. To attain her scientific achievements, she had to overcome barriers, in both her native and her adoptive country, that were placed in her way because she was a

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Because of their levels of radioactive contamination, her papers from the 1890s are considered too dangerous to handle. Even her cookbooks are highly radioactive. Her papers are kept in lead-lined boxes, and those who wish to consult them must wear protective clothing. In her last year, she worked on

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Their mutual passion for science brought them increasingly closer, and they began to develop feelings for one another. Eventually, Pierre proposed marriage, but at first Skłodowska did not accept as she was still planning to go back to her native country. Curie, however, declared that he was ready to

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I am going to give up the little gold I possess. I shall add to this the scientific medals, which are quite useless to me. There is something else: by sheer laziness I had allowed the money for my second Nobel Prize to remain in Stockholm in Swedish crowns. This is the chief part of what we possess.

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in London to give a speech on radioactivity; being a woman, she was prevented from speaking, and Pierre Curie alone was allowed to. Meanwhile, a new industry began developing, based on radium. The Curies did not patent their discovery and benefited little from this increasingly profitable business.

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Maria made an agreement with her sister, Bronisława, that she would give her financial assistance during Bronisława's medical studies in Paris, in exchange for similar assistance two years later. In connection with this, Maria took a position first as a home tutor in Warsaw, then for two years as a

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received her at the White House to present her with the 1 gram of radium collected in the United States, and the First Lady praised her as an example of a professional achiever who was also a supportive wife. Before the meeting, recognising her growing fame abroad, and embarrassed by the fact

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to receive the prize in person; they were too busy with their work, and Pierre Curie, who disliked public ceremonies, was feeling increasingly ill. As Nobel laureates were required to deliver a lecture, the Curies finally undertook the trip in 1905. The award money allowed the Curies to hire their

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At that time, no one else in the world of physics had noticed what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: "The fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an

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for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June 1883 with a gold medal. After a collapse, possibly due to depression, she spent the following year in the countryside with relatives of her father, and the next year with her father in Warsaw, where she did some tutoring. Unable to enrol in a regular

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The result of the Curies' work was epoch-making. Radium's radioactivity was so great that it could not be ignored. It seemed to contradict the principle of the conservation of energy and therefore forced a reconsideration of the foundations of physics. On the experimental level the discovery of

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offered her the directorship of a new laboratory in Warsaw but she declined, focusing on the developing Radium Institute to be completed in August 1914, and on a new street named Rue Pierre-Curie (today rue Pierre-et-Marie-Curie). She was appointed director of the Curie Laboratory in the Radium

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and fell under its wheels, fracturing his skull and killing him instantly. Curie was devastated by her husband's death. On 13 May 1906 the physics department of the University of Paris decided to retain the chair that had been created for her late husband and offer it to Marie. She accepted it,

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The idea was her own; no one helped her formulate it, and although she took it to her husband for his opinion she clearly established her ownership of it. She later recorded the fact twice in her biography of her husband to ensure there was no chance whatever of any ambiguity. It likely that

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To prove their discoveries beyond any doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form. Pitchblende is a complex mineral; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element

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She was known for her honesty and moderate lifestyle. Having received a small scholarship in 1893, she returned it in 1897 as soon as she began earning her keep. She gave much of her first Nobel Prize money to friends, family, students, and research associates. In an unusual decision, Curie

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The damaging effects of ionising radiation were not known at the time of her work, which had been carried out without the safety measures later developed. She had carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, and she stored them in her desk drawer, remarking on the

1859:) "concluded that she could not have been exposed to lethal levels of radium while she was alive". They pointed out that radium poses a risk only if it is ingested, and speculated that her illness was more likely to have been due to her use of radiography during the First World War. 1604:

Institute of the University of Paris, founded in 1914. She visited Poland in 1913 and was welcomed in Warsaw but the visit was mostly ignored by the Russian authorities. The institute's development was interrupted by the coming war, as most researchers were drafted into the

1180:. The Curies did not have a dedicated laboratory; most of their research was carried out in a converted shed next to ESPCI. The shed, formerly a medical school dissecting room, was poorly ventilated and not even waterproof. They were unaware of the deleterious effects of 1316:, and pitchblende contains both elements. By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach. The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential 1069:, who had learned that she was looking for a larger laboratory space, something that Wierusz-Kowalski thought Pierre could access. Though Curie did not have a large laboratory, he was able to find some space for Skłodowska where she was able to begin work. 10586: 6018: 1146:, did not depend on an external source of energy but seemed to arise spontaneously from uranium itself. Influenced by these two important discoveries, Curie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis. 534: 1184:

attendant on their continued unprotected work with radioactive substances. ESPCI did not sponsor her research, but she would receive subsidies from metallurgical and mining companies and from various organizations and governments.

2566:) that she derived any personal gain from her research: 'There were no patents. We were working in the interests of science. Radium was not to enrich anyone. Radium... belongs to all people.' As Eva Hemmungs Wirtén pointed out in 1850:

that the substances gave off in the dark. Curie was also exposed to X-rays from unshielded equipment while serving as a radiologist in field hospitals during the First World War. When Curie's body was exhumed in 1995, the French

5312: 2570:, this claim takes on a different hue once you learn that, under French law, Curie was banned from taking out a patent in her own name, so that any profits from her research would automatically have gone to her husband, 855:

On both the paternal and maternal sides, the family had lost their property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Polish national uprisings aimed at restoring Poland's independence (the most recent had been the

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phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel." At first the committee had intended to honour only Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel, but a committee member and advocate for women scientists, Swedish mathematician

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In 1900, Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris. In 1902 she visited Poland on the occasion of her father's death.

11450: 2038:(symbol Ci), a unit of radioactivity, is named in honour of her and Pierre Curie (although the commission which agreed on the name never clearly stated whether the standard was named after Pierre, Marie, or both). 1568:

International recognition for her work had been growing to new heights, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, overcoming opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal, honoured her a second time, with the 1911

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While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie, who used both surnames, never lost her sense of Polish identity. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland. She named the first

10593: 6025: 5887: 1650:, Curie directed the installation of 20 mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals in the first year of the war. Later, she began training other women as aides. 11455: 861: 4329: 1246:. Even so, just as Thompson had been beaten by Becquerel, so Curie was beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium; two months earlier, 4771: 2750: 1205:

already at this early stage of her career realized that... many scientists would find it difficult to believe that a woman could be capable of the original work in which she was involved.

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Les diverses raisons que nous venons d'énumérer nous portent à croire que la nouvelle substance radioactive renferme un élément nouveau, auquel nous proposons de donner le nom de radium.

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portrays Curie during the summer after her 1911 Nobel Prize victory, when she was grappling with depression and facing public scorn over the revelation of her affair with Paul Langevin.

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In late 1891, she left Poland for France. In Paris, Maria (or Marie, as she would be known in France) briefly found shelter with her sister and brother-in-law before renting a

11460: 10579: 2507:, and it was Maria Skłodowska Curie's hope that naming the element after her native country would bring world attention to Poland's lack of independence as a sovereign state. 696: 1950:

As one of the most famous scientists in history, Marie Curie has become an icon in the scientific world and has received tributes from across the globe, even in the realm of

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was also radioactive. Pierre Curie was increasingly intrigued by her work. By mid-1898 he was so invested in it that he decided to drop his work on crystals and to join her.

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of 1863–65). This condemned the subsequent generation, including Maria and her elder siblings, to a difficult struggle to get ahead in life. Maria's paternal grandfather,

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and received his own doctorate in March 1895; he was also promoted to professor at the School. A contemporary quip would call Skłodowska "Pierre's biggest discovery".

756:. In addition to her Nobel Prizes, she received numerous other honours and tributes; in 1995 she became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Paris 11535: 1646:

Radiology Service and set up France's first military radiology centre, operational by late 1914. Assisted at first by a military doctor and her 17-year-old daughter

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In 1910 Curie succeeded in isolating radium; she also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions that was eventually named for her and Pierre: the

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Mould, R. F. (1998). "The discovery of radium in 1898 by Maria Sklodowska-Curie (1867–1934) and Pierre Curie (1859–1906) with commentary on their life and times".

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Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person to win two Nobel Prizes, the only woman to win in two fields, and the only person to win in

1408:, alerted Pierre to the situation, and after his complaint, Marie's name was added to the nomination. Marie Curie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize. 10723: 4659: 671:

for their pioneering work developing the theory of "radioactivity"—a term she coined. In 1906, Pierre Curie died in a Paris street accident. Marie won the 1911

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writes: "Marie Skłodowska Curie's reputation as a scientific martyr is often supported by quoting her denial (carefully crafted by her American publicist,

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hoping to create a world-class laboratory as a tribute to her husband Pierre. She was the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris.

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Between 1898 and 1902, the Curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to

11440: 7682: 7451: 7242: 1050: 11550: 5472: 2352:, in which the ghosts of three other women scientists observe events in her life. Curie has also been portrayed by Susan Marie Frontczak in her play, 11480: 10744: 6907: 2105: 2104:, an international award presented for outstanding contributions to the field of nuclear and plasma sciences and engineering, was established by the 6265: 5159:

Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres

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Grandjean, Martin (2017). "Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia. L'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Società delle Nazioni".

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I should like to bring it back here and invest it in war loans. The state needs it. Only, I have no illusions: this money will probably be lost.

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Curie's quest to create a new laboratory did not end with the University of Paris, however. In her later years, she headed the Radium Institute (

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entry, writes that, while many sources state she earned a degree in mathematics, this is incorrect, and that her second degree was in chemistry.

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likely from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during

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to study in Paris, where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work. In 1895, she married the French physicist

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In 1920, for the 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium, the French government established a stipend for her; its previous recipient was

1046:. Meanwhile, she continued studying at the University of Paris and with the aid of a fellowship she was able to earn a second degree in 1894. 11435: 11415: 11395: 11375: 6299: 1870:. Their remains were sealed in a lead lining because of the radioactivity. She became the second woman to be interred at the Panthéon (after 1783:. She sat on the committee until 1934 and contributed to League of Nations' scientific coordination with other prominent researchers such as 1653:

In 1915, Curie produced hollow needles containing "radium emanation", a colourless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later identified as

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with a landed family, the Żorawskis, who were relatives of her father. While working for the latter family, she fell in love with their son,

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The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period

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Skłodowska had begun her scientific career in Paris with an investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels, commissioned by the

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She used an innovative technique to investigate samples. Fifteen years earlier, her husband and his brother had developed a version of the

5658: 5227: 5088: 1238:. Curie chose the same rapid means of publication. Her paper, giving a brief and simple account of her work, was presented for her to the 1092:. A letter from Pierre convinced her to return to Paris to pursue a PhD. At Skłodowska's insistence, Curie had written up his research on 11620: 5346: 4165: 3218: 2430: 7155: 7145: 5996: 5636: 5003: 1697:, who had died in 1895. In 1921, she was welcomed triumphantly when she toured the United States to raise funds for research on radium. 1292: 11605: 11445: 4734: 1312:, and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore. Radium, however, was more elusive; it is closely related chemically to 11475: 2587: 2166: 6212: 5167: 3945:[If the existence of this new metal is confirmed, we propose to call it polonium, after the country of origin of one of us.] 1900:

The physical and societal aspects of the Curies' work contributed to shaping the world of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

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Si l'existence de ce nouveau métal se confirme, nous proposons de l'appeler polonium, du nom du pays d'origine de l'un de nous.

1721:. She also travelled to other countries, appearing publicly and giving lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and Czechoslovakia. 900:, her mother a devout Catholic. The deaths of Maria's mother and sister caused her to give up Catholicism and become agnostic. 5952: 5787: 5029: 4251: 2075: 11555: 11420: 11400: 11380: 11360: 7557: 7354: 7199: 6900: 6776: 6741: 6720: 6699: 6678: 6657: 6623: 6590: 6521: 5990: 5698: 5630: 5591: 5539: 5387: 5340: 4997: 4853: 4590: 4548: 4509: 4159: 3897: 3853: 3814: 3775: 3660: 3582: 3476: 3378: 3339: 3254: 3212: 3175: 3150: 3031: 2780: 2635: 2302: 1753: 5704: 5597: 4859: 4596: 4554: 4515: 3903: 3859: 3820: 3781: 3666: 3482: 3384: 3345: 3260: 2786: 2170: 2154: 928:

institution of higher education because she was a woman, she and her sister Bronisława became involved with the clandestine

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Władysław Skłodowski taught mathematics and physics, subjects that Maria was to pursue, and was also director of two Warsaw

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the day after he made it, credit for the discovery of radioactivity (and even a Nobel Prize), would instead have gone to

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was separated in 1902. In 1910, she isolated pure radium metal. She never succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a

997: 6552:. Translated by Monod-Gayraud, Agnes. Illustrations: Rzezak, Joanna; Karski, Piotr. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Dwie Siostry. 1441:. She hired Polish governesses to teach her daughters her native language, and sent or took them on visits to Poland. 11635: 11490: 8186: 7668: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7437: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7388: 7383: 7228: 7114: 7089: 6557: 6050: 2142: 2101: 2023: 1392: 892:

in May 1878, when Maria was ten years old. Less than three years earlier, Maria's oldest sibling, Zofia, had died of

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Also, promptly after the war started, she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals to the war effort but the

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Curie visited Poland for the last time in early 1934. A few months later, on 4 July 1934, she died aged 66 at the

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salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power. He demonstrated that this radiation, unlike

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Coppes-Zantinga, Arty R.; Coppes, Max J. (1998). "Marie Curie's contributions to radiology during World War I".

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In July 1898, Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element they named "

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believed to have been contracted from her long-term exposure to radiation, causing damage to her bone marrow.

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as Nobel laureates in two fields each. A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist

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When she was ten years old, Maria began attending the boarding school of J. Sikorska; next, she attended a

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She was acutely aware of the importance of promptly publishing her discoveries and thus establishing her

11645: 10571: 5464: 2720: 2323:, an American Internet animated series created by Brett Jubinville featuring Hedy Gregor as Marie Curie. 1416:

first laboratory assistant. Following the award of the Nobel Prize, and galvanized by an offer from the

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itself. This hypothesis was an important step in disproving the assumption that atoms were indivisible.

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and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. In 1891, aged 24, she followed her elder sister

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Marie Skłodowska Curie was escorted to the United States by the American author and social activist

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that she had no French official distinctions to wear in public, the French government offered her a

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Unusually at such an early age, she became what T.H. Huxley had just invented a word for: agnostic.

2746: 2001: 1890: 1757: 1570: 866: 672: 296: 11095: 6296: 6257: 1277:). On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named " 1230: 11165: 11065: 10930: 10779: 10158: 10082: 9954: 9516: 9365: 9306: 8617: 8509: 8099: 7903: 7803: 7580: 7377: 7183: 7074: 5531: 2553: 2412: 2402: 2389:

banknote featuring Marie and Pierre Curie. As of the middle of 2024, Curie is depicted on French

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dedicated to the Polish cause. After the war, she summarized her wartime experiences in a book,

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reportedly remarked that she was probably the only person who could not be corrupted by fame.

1799:. In 1925 she visited Poland to participate in a ceremony laying the foundations for Warsaw's 1072: 876: 11465: 11196: 10447: 10263: 10134: 10066: 9978: 9914: 9258: 8370: 8302: 7939: 7880: 5980: 5620: 5379: 5373: 5369: 4987: 3950: 3111: 2415: 2319: 2094: 1989: 1934: 822: 284: 123: 11015: 8246: 8014: 7660: 7027: 4924:

An intimate picture of Madame Curie, from diary notes covering a friendship of fifteen years

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Despite Curie's fame as a scientist working for France, the public's attitude tended toward

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failed, by one or two votes, to elect her to membership in the academy. Elected instead was

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Led by Curie, the Institute produced four more Nobel Prize winners, including her daughter

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The Marie Curie–Sklodowska Medal and Prize, an annual award conferred by the London-based

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Making Marie Curie: Intellectual Property and Celebrity Culture in an Age of Information

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Curie has appeared on more than 600 postage stamps in many countries across the world.

2328: 1905: 1901: 1874:) and the first woman to be honoured with interment in the Panthéon on her own merits. 1589: 1528: 1400: 1089: 978: 923: 884: 437: 11276: 10688: 9111: 6879: 5284: 5058: 4960: 4469: 3973: 3302: 2994: 1531:. It was only over half a century later, in 1962, that a doctoral student of Curie's, 1127: 809:, on 7 November 1867, the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachers Bronisława, 687:. Under her direction, the world's first studies were conducted into the treatment of 503: 10850: 10668: 10439: 10387: 10335: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10227: 10122: 10074: 10070: 9966: 9942: 9882: 9855: 9723: 9715: 9687: 9500: 9396: 9187: 8804: 8772: 8605: 8589: 8445: 8230: 7979: 7767: 7565: 7513: 7304: 7094: 6965: 6950: 6945: 6847: 6837: 6772: 6766: 6737: 6716: 6695: 6674: 6653: 6619: 6596: 6586: 6563: 6553: 6517: 5986: 5754: 5694: 5626: 5587: 5535: 5449: 5437: 5383: 5336: 4993: 4915: 4898: 4849: 4738: 4586: 4576: 4544: 4505: 4495: 4354: 4225: 4204: 4155: 3893: 3849: 3810: 3771: 3656: 3472: 3374: 3335: 3250: 3208: 3171: 3146: 3027: 2776: 2766: 2631: 2583: 2540: 2440: 2390: 2294: 2217: 2112: 2057: 1847: 1776: 1749: 1709: 1596:. She returned to her laboratory only in December, after a break of about 14 months. 1549:

In 1911 it was revealed that Curie was involved in a year-long affair with physicist

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of five Nobel Prizes. She was, in 1906, the first woman to become a professor at the

432: 10319: 10026: 5192: 4119: 3709: 3623: 1520: 1492: 625: 11175: 10950: 10703: 10673: 10653: 10623: 10523: 10479: 10138: 10126: 10042: 10034: 9779: 9743: 9679: 9671: 9623: 9532: 9443: 9373: 9179: 9028: 9024: 8952: 8876: 8840: 8788: 8709: 8597: 8473: 8453: 8429: 8362: 8238: 8222: 8174: 8083: 7931: 7743: 7727: 7269: 6955: 6856: 6796: 6784: 6450: 5746: 5427: 5115: 5033: 4890: 4730: 4625: 4385: 4292: 4259: 4196: 3738: 3527: 3142: 2371: 2311: 2288: 2270: 2176: 1995: 1939: 1871: 1714: 1661: 1578: 1532: 1347: 1243: 1058: 1043: 1019: 1015: 936:), a Polish patriotic institution of higher learning that admitted women students. 857: 716: 556: 457: 414: 409: 308: 11270: 10475: 9787: 8752: 4816: 4692: 3704: 3586: 2378:

on the 100th anniversary of the scientist receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

1819: 1616: 1584:

She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes, and remains alone with

1383: 1011: 939: 620:, and the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two scientific fields. Her husband, 11280: 11236: 11055: 11025: 10840: 10810: 10708: 10663: 10643: 10638: 10551: 10543: 10507: 10371: 10351: 10259: 10198: 10090: 10038: 10014: 9930: 9922: 9859: 9831: 9747: 9651: 9463: 9290: 9131: 9119: 9012: 9004: 8940: 8924: 8860: 8852: 8820: 8705: 8657: 8633: 8549: 8410: 8294: 8139: 8107: 8050: 7987: 7872: 7799: 7775: 7331: 6861: 6710: 6668: 6609: 6576: 6511: 6303: 5688: 5581: 5316: 5143: 5132: 4934: 4843: 4580: 4538: 4499: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4024: 3887: 3843: 3804: 3765: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3650: 3466: 3368: 3329: 3244: 3090: 2770: 2511:

may have been the first chemical element named to highlight a political question.

2333: 2266: 1977: 1951: 1923: 1839: 1788: 1784: 1678: 1574: 1500: 1444:

On 19 April 1906, Pierre Curie was killed in a road accident. Walking across the

1427:

Caricature of Marie and Pierre Curie, captioned "Radium", in the London magazine

1321: 1317: 1270: 1143: 1135: 1063:

The City of Paris Industrial Physics and Chemistry Higher Educational Institution

1007: 993: 802: 749: 668: 644: 592: 527: 272: 134: 92: 9667: 9215: 8732: 6843: 5077: 4200: 4017: 4001:"Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende" 1375: 1134:, though the mechanism behind their production was not yet understood. In 1896, 1038:, and proceeding with her studies of physics, chemistry, and mathematics at the 452: 11290: 11246: 11240: 11140: 11089: 11079: 11075: 11069: 11049: 10924: 10870: 10820: 10698: 10527: 10519: 10511: 10443: 10427: 10419: 10343: 10327: 10303: 10287: 10194: 10174: 10114: 9878: 9755: 9639: 9615: 9567: 9508: 9423: 9353: 9314: 9274: 9239: 9155: 9040: 8972: 8968: 8888: 8828: 8824: 8701: 8669: 8569: 8545: 8485: 8469: 8437: 8406: 8374: 8170: 8030: 7864: 7759: 7735: 6935: 5750: 3961: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 2382: 2374:. In 2011, a commemorative 20-zloty banknote depicting Curie was issued by the 2227: 2116: 2068: 1983: 1543: 1266: 1261:", in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain 806: 708: 648: 597: 278: 96: 6567: 4989:

Marie Curie:And the Science of Radioactivity: And the Science of Radioactivity

4894: 4105: 4003:[On a new, strongly radioactive substance contained in pitchblende)]. 3681: 2830: 1954:. She also received many honorary degrees from universities across the world. 1729: 11339: 11286: 11230: 11179: 11119: 11059: 11019: 10914: 10910: 10894: 10618: 10555: 10503: 10495: 10471: 10415: 10411: 10391: 10375: 10347: 10279: 10058: 10022: 9906: 9843: 9727: 9707: 9643: 9603: 9591: 9571: 9540: 9163: 9123: 9048: 9044: 9016: 8992: 8956: 8920: 8896: 8880: 8868: 8776: 8748: 8665: 8577: 8481: 8326: 8318: 8262: 8254: 8202: 8182: 8131: 7955: 7947: 7811: 7751: 7429: 7312: 7220: 7045: 6801: 5758: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 2575: 2563: 2559: 2337: 2082: 1792: 1724: 1694: 1593: 1585: 1554: 1550: 1504: 1286: 1274: 1035: 609: 163: 9791: 7647: 6600: 3601: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 1285:

word for "ray". In the course of their research, they also coined the word "

11250: 11220: 11216: 11210: 11169: 11109: 11039: 10974: 10944: 10940: 10890: 10864: 10860: 10683: 10658: 10648: 10633: 10539: 10535: 10491: 10459: 10455: 10307: 10291: 9986: 9958: 9938: 9827: 9807: 9799: 9627: 9548: 9455: 9322: 9231: 9207: 9135: 8856: 8812: 8796: 8744: 8693: 8637: 8565: 8537: 8521: 8457: 8342: 8334: 8286: 8282: 8274: 8042: 7967: 7783: 7719: 7546: 7521: 7337: 7124: 7079: 7019: 6920: 6833: 6829: 4902: 4208: 2690: 2571: 2386: 2253: 2249: 2053: 2035: 1769: 1512: 1445: 1213: 1209: 1150: 1115: 1076: 1054: 889: 743: 660: 621: 247: 184: 31: 7033: 6054: 5441: 4742: 3278: 2812:" [Chemical and Polish Aspects of Polonium and Radium Discovery]. 2187: 1438: 988:

At the beginning of 1890, Bronisława—who a few months earlier had married

813:

Boguska, and Władysław Skłodowski. The elder siblings of Maria (nicknamed

392: 218: 11256: 11226: 11005: 10854: 10789: 10601: 10487: 10403: 10315: 10271: 10231: 10010: 10006: 9926: 9839: 9811: 9611: 9579: 9381: 8944: 8928: 8908: 8904: 8681: 8653: 8649: 8613: 8581: 8533: 8501: 8034: 8022: 8002: 7888: 7849: 7461: 7252: 6885: 6788: 6582: 4735:

10.1002/(SICI)1096-911X(199812)31:6<541::AID-MPO19>3.0.CO;2-0

2970: 2621: 2483: 2207: 1943: 1831: 1635: 1631: 1605: 1483: 1476:. The initiative for creating the Radium Institute had come in 1909 from 1189: 1111: 753: 728: 700: 30:

This article is about the Polish-French physicist. For the musician, see

6874: 5496:"Marie Curie's century-old radioactive notebook still requires lead box" 1867: 759: 11200: 11159: 11029: 10960: 10678: 10463: 10379: 10359: 10202: 10150: 9763: 9699: 9655: 9492: 9408: 9298: 9266: 8844: 8780: 8760: 8685: 8493: 8398: 8346: 8270: 8151: 8147: 7975: 7129: 6348:"What can postage stamps tell us about the history of nuclear physics?" 5166:] (in French). Lausanne: University of Lausanne. pp. 303–305. 4874: 4293:"Marie Curie – Recognition and Disappointment (1903–1905) Part 2" 4226:"Marie Curie – Recognition and Disappointment (1903–1905) Part 1" 3198: 2265:, a French film adapted from a play of the same title, and directed by 2088: 1971: 1539: 1228:. Had not Becquerel, two years earlier, presented his discovery to the 1193: 1154: 733: 260: 54: 6618:] (in Polish). Związek Literatów Polskich, Oddział w Ciechanowie. 6476:"Veil, Baker and Curie: acclaimed women to appear on new French coins" 5873: 5328: 3927:"Sur une substance nouvelle radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende" 3023:

The Age of Radiance: The Epic Rise and Dramatic Fall of the Atomic Era

2422:

were attended by an intrigued Pierre Curie and a sceptical Marie Curie

2419: 1807:, on which she served until her death. In 1931, Curie was awarded the 725:, after her native country. Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at the 10900: 10814: 9851: 9823: 9659: 8465: 8091: 6536: 5432: 5407: 5220:"Atomic Weights and the International Committee: A Historical Review" 5087:. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 5 January 2011. 1765: 1665: 1643: 1412: 1325: 1093: 958: 601: 339: 11451:

Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)

5726: 5361: 3138: 2713:"Marie Curie and the radioactivity, The 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics" 2596:, vol. 43, no. 18 (23 September 2021), pp. 20–21 (quotation, p. 21). 10999: 9599: 6960: 6818: 6814: 6616:

Daughter of the Mazovian Plains: Maria Skłodowska–Curie of Mazowsze

6611:

Córka mazowieckich równin, czyli, Maria Skłodowska-Curie z Mazowsza

5119: 3733: 3731: 2508: 1387:

Marie Curie's business card as professor at the Faculty of Sciences

1367: 1258: 1158: 721: 688: 676: 168: 4881:

Ann M. Lewicki (2002). "Marie Sklodowska Curie in America, 1921".

3929:[On a new radioactive substance contained in pitchblende] 3522: 3520: 2725:

Marie called this radiation radioactivity—'radio' means radiation.

2700:

The term radioactivity was actually coined by Marie Curie ...

2505:

partitioned in the 18th century among Russia, Prussia, and Austria

11456:

Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences

11099: 10934: 10834: 10824: 6712:

Radioactive: Marie & Pierre Curie: A Tale of Love and Fallout

6235:"Radioactive: Marie and Pierre Curie, a Tale of Love and Fallout" 4081: 4050: 3567: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 2487: 1309: 1197: 1139: 897: 684: 605: 335: 3728: 10793: 10783: 7084: 6970: 5888:"Ordery Orła Białego przyznane pośmiertnie 25 wybitnym Polakom" 4386:"Marie Curie – Tragedy and Adjustment (1906–1910) Part 2" 4355:"Marie Curie – Tragedy and Adjustment (1906–1910) Part 1" 4120:"Marie Curie – Research Breakthroughs (1807–1904) Part 3" 2751:

File:Marie Skłodowska-Curie's Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911.jpg

2232:

Radioactive: Marie and Pierre Curie, a Tale of Love and Fallout

2136: 2049: 2042: 1824: 1535:, became the first woman elected to membership in the academy. 1332: 1313: 1278: 1031: 949: 893: 872: 798: 680: 640: 512: 386: 172: 100: 88: 7120:

Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology

5032:. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Archived from 3966: 3710:"Marie Curie – Research Breakthroughs (1807–1904)Part 2" 3624:"Marie Curie – Research Breakthroughs (1807–1904)Part 1" 3497: 2149:

Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology

1157:

that the radiation was not the outcome of some interaction of

764:, and Poland declared 2011 the Year of Marie Curie during the 568: 11260: 11009: 10884: 10874: 10844: 7690: 4716: 4714: 4626:"Marie Curie – Scandal and Recovery (1910–1913) Part 2" 4470:"Marie Curie – Scandal and Recovery (1910–1913) Part 1" 2367: 1809:

Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh

1654: 1437:

In December 1904, Curie gave birth to their second daughter,

1336: 1282: 1172:

was born. To support her family, Curie began teaching at the

1131: 704: 315:

Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh

10766: 6644:

The Lady Laureates : Women Who Have Won the Nobel Prize

5285:"Marie Curie – The Radium Institute (1919–1934) Part 3" 5059:"Marie Curie – The Radium Institute (1919–1934) Part 2" 4961:"Marie Curie – The Radium Institute (1919–1934) Part 1" 2649: 2647: 2580:

Einstein's Fridge: The Science of Fire, Ice and the Universe

2097:, a registered charitable organisation in the United Kingdom 2048:

Three radioactive minerals are also named after the Curies:

1795:. In 1923 she wrote a biography of her late husband, titled 699:

in 1932; both remain major medical research centres. During

624:, was a co-winner of her first Nobel Prize, making them the 496:

She is the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two sciences.

11300: 11129: 10964: 10954: 9090: 6106: 5982:

Sterling Biographies: Marie Curie: Mother of Modern Physics

5622:

Sterling Biographies: Marie Curie: Mother of Modern Physics

4928:

Joseph Halle Schaffner Collection in the History of Science

4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 2832:"The Genius of Marie Curie: The Woman Who Lit Up the World" 2081:

The sole Polish nuclear reactor in operation, the research

1717:

award, but she refused. In 1922 she became a fellow of the

1395:

awarded Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, and Henri Becquerel the

1162: 1061:

that drew them together. Pierre Curie was an instructor at

571: 4711: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4220: 4218: 3204:

The Good Atheist: Living a Purpose-Filled Life Without God

1188:

Curie's systematic studies included two uranium minerals,

977:. Still, as an old man and a mathematics professor at the 683:, using techniques she invented for isolating radioactive 10904: 5910: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5053: 5051: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4380: 4378: 4376: 2840: 2736:

See her signature, "M. Skłodowska Curie", in the infobox.

2644: 2071:

for young scientists wishing to work in a foreign country

2030:

Entities that have been named after Marie Curie include:

1968:(1903, with her husband Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel) 565: 6648:. Metuchen, N.J.& London: Scarecrow Press. pp. 4349: 4347: 4274: 3976:. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 9 August 2000. 3739:"Marie Curie – Student in Paris (1891–1897) Part 2" 3528:"Marie Curie – Student in Paris (1891–1897) Part 1" 3098:(13): 16–17. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009 2520:

Sources vary concerning the field of her second degree.

1929: 1065:(ESPCI Paris). They were introduced by Polish physicist 5974: 5972: 5970: 5686: 5319:, National Stem Cell Foundation. Accessed 16 July 2022. 5085:"Chemistry International – Newsmagazine for IUPAC" 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4611: 4215: 3941:: 175–178. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. 3303:"Marie Curie – Polish Girlhood (1867–1891) Part 2" 2995:"Marie Curie – Polish Girlhood (1867–1891) Part 1" 2238:

Marie Curie has been the subject of a number of films:

1491:(1911), Curie (seated, second from right) confers with 6024:. European Commission. 2012. p. 5. Archived from 5819:

The Lady Laureates. Women Who Have Won the Nobel Prize

5272: 5048: 4453: 4373: 4067:

L. Pearce Williams (1986). "Curie, Pierre and Marie".

4036:

L. Pearce Williams (1986). "Curie, Pierre and Marie".

3553:

L. Pearce Williams (1986). "Curie, Pierre and Marie".

3083: 1853:

Office de Protection contre les Rayonnements Ionisants

1705:

and raised money to buy radium, publicising her trip.

1320:. From a tonne of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of 785:

Władysław Skłodowski and daughters (from left) Maria,

11461:

Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences

11321:

People whose names are used in chemical element names

11317:

Scientists whose names are used in physical constants

10603:

People whose names are used in chemical element names

4720: 4344: 3999:

Curie, Pierre; Curie, Marie; Bémont, Gustave (1898).

1468:), a radioactivity laboratory created for her by the 768:. She is the subject of numerous biographical works. 580: 562: 7151:

Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Warsaw (Downtown)

6322:"This Famous Image of Marie Curie Isn't Marie Curie" 6053:. Institute of Atomic Energy, Poland. Archived from 6043: 5967: 4944: 4098:, 2nd ed., vol. 4, Detroit, Gale, 2004, pp. 339–41. 3881: 3879: 3877: 2366:

Between 1989 and 1996, she was featured on a 20,000-

2183:

Numerous biographies are devoted to her, including:

2129:

for distinguished contributions to physics education

952:, where Maria did her first scientific work, 1890–91 879:, who became a leading figure in Polish literature. 703:, she developed mobile radiography units to provide 691:

by the use of radioactive isotopes. She founded the

6425:"NBP: Maria Skłodowska–Curie ponownie na banknocie" 5612: 5579: 5329:James Shipman; Jerry D. Wilson; Aaron Todd (2012). 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4536: 3885: 3841: 3802: 3763: 3648: 3464: 3366: 3327: 3242: 1781:

International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation

559: 377:

International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation

7156:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Warsaw (Ochota) 6641: 5682: 5680: 5394:The glowing tubes looked like faint, fairy lights. 4762:Shows How Marie Curie Was a 'Woman of the Future'" 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4066: 4035: 3924: 3552: 3079: 3077: 3075: 2810:Chemiczne i polskie aspekty odkrycia polonu i radu 1775:In August 1922 Marie Curie became a member of the 1642:("Little Curies"). She became the director of the 1057:entered her life: it was their mutual interest in 1051:Society for the Encouragement of National Industry 549:; 7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934), known simply as 6804:). The English translation was published in 2006. 6535: 6451:"500 Francs – Pierre & Marie Curie type 1993" 5831: 5651: 5322: 4848:(in Polish). Wydawnictwo Lubelskie. p. 274. 4817:"Marie Curie – War Duty (1914–1919) Part 2" 4693:"Marie Curie – War Duty (1914–1919) Part 1" 3874: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 2653: 2393:to commemorate her importance in French history. 2106:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 896:contracted from a boarder. Maria's father was an 11536:Honorary members of the USSR Academy of Sciences 11337: 11313:List of scientists whose names are used as units 5985:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 37. 5625:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 36. 4798: 4582:Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie 4501:Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie 3998: 2772:Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie 2578:, "It leads to everything" (review of Paul Sen, 2222:Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie 1961:. Awards and honours that she received include: 1339:cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells. 5677: 5661:. Nobelprize.org. 22 April 2011. Archived from 4674: 4585:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 165–76. 4504:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 170–71. 3170:. University of California Press. p. 291. 1677:She was also an active member in committees of 1608:, and it fully resumed its activities in 1919. 27:Polish-French physicist and chemist (1867–1934) 7459: 7250: 6313: 6263: 5832:Carreras Ezquerra, Miguel (21 December 2011). 4880: 4062: 4060: 3238: 3236: 3052: 10752: 10587: 9076: 7676: 7652: 7445: 7236: 6901: 6319: 5916: 5894:(in Polish). 11 November 2018. Archived from 5519: 5517: 4979: 2630:(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2405:, who sponsored Marie Curie's visit to the US 6764: 6670:Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity 6547: 6127: 5978: 5951:. Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from 5836:[Marie Curie, Universal Scientist]. 5618: 5030:"Science in Poland – Maria Sklodowska-Curie" 4143: 4141: 2041:The element with atomic number 96 was named 1882:, which was published posthumously in 1935. 1354:. That month the couple were invited to the 1173: 757: 741: 726: 393: 362: 10720:Scientists whose names are used as SI units 6607: 6205:"2011 – The Year of Marie Skłodowska-Curie" 5408:"X-rays, not radium, may have killed Curie" 4569: 4057: 3546: 3233: 3182:Undoubtedly the most important novelist of 3156: 2801: 2775:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 149. 2761: 2759: 2431:List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize 2234:, 2011, adapted into the 2019 British film. 2173:for a list of other schools named after her 1638:units, which came to be popularly known as 1350:, Curie was awarded her doctorate from the 11566:Nobel laureates with multiple Nobel awards 10759: 10745: 10594: 10580: 9083: 9069: 7683: 7669: 7452: 7438: 7243: 7229: 6915: 6908: 6894: 6878: 6836: 5559: 5514: 4841: 4488: 4439: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 3992: 3918: 3444: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3191: 2956: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2883: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2814:Przemysł Chemiczny (The Chemical Industry) 1823:1935 statue, facing the Radium Institute, 1242:on 12 April 1898 by her former professor, 395:Recherches sur les substances radioactives 53: 11441:Academic staff of the University of Paris 7146:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Lublin 6666: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5431: 5155: 5109: 5023: 5021: 4985: 4835: 4575: 4543:. New American Library. pp. 44, 90. 4494: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4138: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2807: 2765: 2119:established in 1996 and conferred by the 2078:was renamed to honour both of the Curies. 1668:, using her Nobel Prize money. She said: 1250:had published his own finding in Berlin. 628:to win the Nobel Prize and launching the 528:[ˈmarjasalɔˈmɛaskwɔˈdɔfskakʲiˈri] 11481:Emigrants from Congress Poland to France 10767:Scientists whose names are used as units 6550:Polish Pioneers: Book of Prominent Poles 5794:. The Franklin Institute. Archived from 5563:(1938). "Curie, Maria ze Skłodowskich". 4530: 4443:(1938). "Curie, Maria ze Skłodowskich". 4029: 3848:. New American Library. pp. 64–65. 3770:. New American Library. pp. 63–64. 3655:. New American Library. pp. 61–63. 3580: 3448:(1938). "Curie, Maria ze Skłodowskich". 3360: 2960:(1938). "Curie, Maria ze Skłodowskich". 2756: 2749:was granted to "Marie Sklodowska Curie" 2627:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 2354:Manya: The Living History of Marie Curie 1933: 1889: 1818: 1723: 1615: 1559: 1482: 1422: 1411:Curie and her husband declined to go to 1382: 1374: 1366: 1291: 1208: 1110: 1071: 938: 902: 780: 502: 11541:Inventors killed by their own invention 11126:John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh 6708: 5937: 5917:Paul W. Frame (October–November 1996). 5852: 5821:. London: Scarecrow Press. p. 161. 5780: 5573: 5456: 4992:. Oxford University Press. p. 93. 4755: 3835: 3796: 3757: 3642: 3458: 3321: 3137:(Prus: A Biographical Investigation), 3084:Wojciech A. Wierzewski (21 June 2008). 2846: 1010:. The laboratory was run by her cousin 199: 1895; died 1906) 14: 11551:Members of the Lwów Scientific Society 11338: 6729: 6639: 6574: 5816: 5548: 5523: 5502:from the original on 13 September 2017 5405: 5291:from the original on 28 September 2011 5217: 5187: 5185: 5170:from the original on 12 September 2018 5018: 4823:from the original on 12 September 2011 4632:from the original on 12 September 2011 4404: 4319:"Prof. Curie killed in a Paris street" 4299:from the original on 12 September 2011 3745:from the original on 12 September 2011 3399: 3197: 3162: 3019: 2909: 2344:Curie is the subject of the 2013 play 1805:International Atomic Weights Committee 1762:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry 1701:, after interviewing Curie, created a 1099:On 26 July 1895, they were married in 651:. She studied at Warsaw's clandestine 10740: 10575: 9064: 7664: 7651: 7433: 7224: 7200:Marie Curie: The Courage of Knowledge 6889: 6862:Newspaper clippings about Marie Curie 6687: 6530: 6509: 6328:from the original on 10 November 2014 6197: 6180:"Biography of Maria Curie–Skłodowska" 5999:from the original on 30 November 2015 5921:. Oak Ridge Associated Universities. 5707:from the original on 26 November 2015 5639:from the original on 30 November 2015 5586:. New American Library. p. 265. 5493: 5475:from the original on 15 November 2021 5462: 5349:from the original on 27 November 2015 5230:from the original on 19 December 2018 5027: 5006:from the original on 28 November 2015 4845:Emigracja polska we Francji 1871–1918 4774:from the original on 11 February 2021 4476:from the original on 18 December 2011 4186: 4147: 4126:from the original on 18 November 2011 3716:from the original on 18 November 2011 2666:from the original on 27 November 2012 2616: 2303:Marie Curie: The Courage of Knowledge 2282:, a French-Belgian film, directed by 1930:Commemoration and cultural depictions 1754:Institute for Radium Research, Vienna 1664:refused to accept them. She did buy 608:who conducted pioneering research on 591: 540: 526: 11436:20th-century Polish women scientists 11416:20th-century French women scientists 11396:19th-century Polish women scientists 11376:19th-century French women scientists 5527:A Short History of Nearly Everything 5375:The Vertigo Years: Europe, 1900–1914 5367: 5091:from the original on 7 November 2011 5065:from the original on 28 October 2011 4967:from the original on 28 October 2011 4699:from the original on 2 November 2011 4392:from the original on 2 November 2011 4361:from the original on 26 October 2011 4311: 4232:from the original on 28 October 2011 4168:from the original on 31 October 2015 4154:. Da Capo Press. pp. 176, 203. 3892:. New American Library. p. 65. 3809:. New American Library. p. 64. 3630:from the original on 28 October 2011 3534:from the original on 28 October 2011 3471:. New American Library. p. 32. 3373:. New American Library. p. 23. 3334:. New American Library. p. 24. 3309:from the original on 2 November 2011 3221:from the original on 2 November 2015 3026:. Simon & Schuster. p. 18. 3001:from the original on 2 November 2011 2871:from the original on 22 January 2012 2469: 2167:Lycée français Marie Curie de Zurich 1862:She was interred at the cemetery in 398:(Research on Radioactive Substances) 7192:Marie Curie, une femme sur le front 6130:"100 Years Polish Chemical Society" 6102:"IEEE Marie Skłodowska–Curie Award" 5925:from the original on 8 October 2021 5834:"Marie Curie, científica universal" 5566:Polski słownik biograficzny, vol. 4 5494:Estes, Adam Clark (4 August 2014). 5332:An Introduction to Physical Science 5199:from the original on 1 January 2012 5182: 4756:Russell, Cristine (9 August 2020). 4446:Polski słownik biograficzny, vol. 4 3980:from the original on 14 August 2012 3451:Polski słownik biograficzny, vol. 4 3249:. New American Library. p. 6. 2963:Polski słownik biograficzny, vol. 4 2859:"Marie Curie Enshrined in Pantheon" 2279:Marie Curie, une femme sur le front 1118:and Marie Curie in the laboratory, 817:) were Zofia (born 1862, nicknamed 24: 11621:Deaths by acute radiation syndrome 6787:featuring Maria Skłodowska-Curie, 6498: 6324:. Popular Science www.popsci.com. 6155:"Silver Subject Medals and Prizes" 5768:from the original on 26 April 2019 5687:Eve Curie; Vincent Sheean (1999). 4937:, 1642–1961, Special Collections, 4662:from the original on 17 March 2018 3088:[Maria's Mazowsze Roots]. 3040:from the original on 23 April 2017 2654:Julie Des Jardins (October 2011). 1938:Bust of "Maria Skłodowska-Curie", 1448:in heavy rain, he was struck by a 998:Museum of Industry and Agriculture 771: 675:for her discovery of the elements 25: 11657: 11606:Recipients of the Matteucci Medal 11267:René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur 7115:Pierre and Marie Curie University 7110:Maria Curie-Skłodowska University 7090:IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award 6808: 6400:"20,000 Złotych February 1, 1989" 6128:Vera Koester (7 September 2019). 5693:. Turtleback Books. p. 389. 5600:from the original on 11 June 2016 5463:Tasch, Barbera (24 August 2015). 5335:. Cengage Learning. p. 263. 5287:. American Institute of Physics. 5195:. American Institute of Physics. 5061:. American Institute of Physics. 4963:. American Institute of Physics. 4862:from the original on 17 June 2016 4819:. American Institute of Physics. 4695:. American Institute of Physics. 4628:. American Institute of Physics. 4557:from the original on 11 June 2016 4472:. American Institute of Physics. 4388:. American Institute of Physics. 4357:. American Institute of Physics. 4332:from the original on 25 July 2018 4295:. American Institute of Physics. 4228:. American Institute of Physics. 4122:. American Institute of Physics. 3906:from the original on 11 June 2016 3862:from the original on 11 June 2016 3823:from the original on 11 June 2016 3784:from the original on 11 June 2016 3741:. American Institute of Physics. 3712:. American Institute of Physics. 3669:from the original on 11 June 2016 3626:. American Institute of Physics. 3530:. American Institute of Physics. 3485:from the original on 11 June 2016 3387:from the original on 11 June 2016 3348:from the original on 11 June 2016 3305:. American Institute of Physics. 3263:from the original on 11 June 2016 2997:. American Institute of Physics. 2897:from the original on 6 March 2019 2248:, a U.S. Oscar-nominated film by 2143:Pierre and Marie Curie University 2133:Maria Curie-Skłodowska University 2102:IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award 1620:Curie in a mobile X-ray vehicle, 1393:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1034:closer to the university, in the 985:, which she had founded in 1932. 11476:Discoverers of chemical elements 7913: 7169:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medallion 6822: 6768:The Book about Blanche and Marie 6585:. New York: Holmes & Meier. 6468: 6443: 6417: 6392: 6366: 6340: 6290: 6172: 6147: 6121: 6094: 6069: 6011: 5406:Butler, D. (14 September 1995). 5260:from the original on 7 June 2019 4189:The British Journal of Radiology 3974:"The Discovery of Radioactivity" 3168:The History of Polish Literature 2686:"The Discovery of Radioactivity" 1688: 1079:and Marie Skłodowska-Curie, 1895 1025: 667:with him and with the physicist 614:first woman to win a Nobel Prize 555: 481: 11641:Scientists from Congress Poland 6736:. University of Chicago Press. 6543:. Poughkeepsie: Vassar College. 6266:"Les-Palmes-de-M-Schutz (1997)" 5880: 5825: 5810: 5719: 5487: 5399: 5303: 5242: 5211: 5149: 5103: 4909: 4786: 4749: 4644: 4599:from the original on 5 May 2016 4518:from the original on 5 May 2016 4244: 4096:Encyclopedia of World Biography 4088: 3574: 3124: 3013: 2824: 2789:from the original on 5 May 2016 2582:, William Collins, April 2021, 2546: 2533: 2514: 2497: 1362: 1263:partitioned among three empires 1106: 1014:, who had been an assistant in 766:International Year of Chemistry 196: 11576:People from Warsaw Governorate 11501:Naturalized citizens of France 11446:Burials at the Panthéon, Paris 11431:20th-century Polish physicists 11411:20th-century French physicists 11391:19th-century Polish physicists 11371:19th-century French physicists 11116:Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet 6320:Main, Douglas (7 March 2014). 5370:"1903: A Strange Luminescence" 4723:Medical and Pediatric Oncology 4100:Gale Virtual Reference Library 3207:. Ulysses Press. p. 171. 2739: 2730: 2705: 2678: 2610: 2476: 2446:List of Polish Nobel laureates 2426:List of female Nobel laureates 2306:, a European co-production by 2165:in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; 2159:Curie Metropolitan High School 2065:Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions 2018:American Philosophical Society 1895:Marie Curie Monument in Lublin 1611: 1542:—the same that had led to the 776: 520:Maria Salomea Skłodowska-Curie 13: 1: 11426:20th-century Polish inventors 11406:20th-century French inventors 11386:19th-century Polish inventors 11366:19th-century French inventors 11176:William John Macquorn Rankine 11106:Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille 7100:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge 7010:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum 6853:Works by or about Marie Curie 6730:Wirten, Eva Hemmungs (2015). 6503: 6431:(in Polish). 24 November 2011 6241:. 3 July 2011. Archived from 6211:. 3 July 2011. Archived from 5979:Borzendowski, Janice (2009). 5792:The Franklin Institute Awards 5619:Borzendowski, Janice (2009). 4939:University of Chicago Library 3925:Curie, P.; Curie, M. (1898). 2808:Kabzińska, Krystyna (1998). " 2603: 2155:École élémentaire Marie-Curie 1621: 1523:, an inventor who had helped 1297: 1119: 912: 797:Maria Skłodowska was born in 60: 11556:Nobel laureates in Chemistry 11421:20th-century Polish chemists 11401:20th-century French chemists 11381:19th-century Polish chemists 11361:19th-century French chemists 6608:Kaczorowska, Teresa (2011). 6548:Dzienkiewicz, Marta (2017). 5788:"Franklin Laureate Database" 5580:Robert William Reid (1974). 5193:"Marie Curie and Her Legend" 4842:Śladkowski, Wiesław (1980). 4537:Robert William Reid (1974). 3886:Robert William Reid (1974). 3842:Robert William Reid (1974). 3803:Robert William Reid (1974). 3764:Robert William Reid (1974). 3649:Robert William Reid (1974). 3465:Robert William Reid (1974). 3367:Robert William Reid (1974). 3328:Robert William Reid (1974). 3243:Robert William Reid (1974). 3135:Prus: Śledztwo biograficzne 3086:"Mazowieckie korzenie Marii" 2451:Timeline of women in science 2358:The Half-Life of Marie Curie 2157:in London, Ontario, Canada; 1515:. Nevertheless, in 1911 the 1346:In June 1903, supervised by 1130:discovered the existence of 871:, had been principal of the 36:Marie Curie (disambiguation) 7: 10831:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 7105:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Park 6866:20th Century Press Archives 6821:(public domain audiobooks) 6673:. Oxford University Press. 6297:Mixing Science With Theatre 5727:"Scientific Notes and News" 5114:(in Italian) (2): 371–393. 4201:10.1259/bjr.71.852.10318996 2527:Polski słownik biograficzny 2396: 2269:. Marie Curie is played by 2161:in Chicago, United States; 1406:Magnus Gösta Mittag-Leffler 1220:, and Marie Curie, ca. 1902 875:primary school attended by 10: 11662: 11616:University of Paris alumni 11561:Nobel laureates in Physics 6765:Olov Enquist, Per (2006). 6758: 6575:Giroud, Françoise (1986). 5919:"How the Curie Came to Be" 5751:10.1126/science.25.647.839 5530:. Broadway Books. p. 5469:Business Insider Australia 5218:Holden, Norman E. (2004). 5156:Grandjean, Martin (2018). 4652:"Marie Curie-biographical" 4094:"Marie Sklodowska Curie", 2436:List of Poles in Chemistry 2190:(Marie Curie's daughter), 2067:fellowship program of the 2008:Civil Order of Alfonso XII 1719:French Academy of Medicine 1699:Mrs. William Brown Meloney 1517:French Academy of Sciences 663:, and she shared the 1903 372:French Academy of Medicine 29: 11601:Polish nuclear physicists 11546:Legion of Honour refusals 11521:French nuclear physicists 11310: 11189: 11156:Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit 11139: 10984: 10803: 10772: 10717: 10614:Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets 10609: 10212: 9869: 9558: 9336: 9102: 8719: 8420: 8161: 7922: 7911: 7702: 7658: 7653:Links to related articles 7575: 7556: 7537: 7512: 7488: 7469: 7372: 7353: 7322: 7303: 7279: 7260: 7138: 7067: 7018: 7002: 6993:Treatise on Radioactivity 6979: 6928: 6667:Pasachoff, Naomi (1996). 6513:Madame Curie: A Biography 5690:Madame Curie: A Biography 5569:(in Polish). p. 114. 4986:Pasachoff, Naomi (1996). 4895:10.1148/radiol.2232011319 4449:(in Polish). p. 113. 3955:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3454:(in Polish). p. 112. 3116:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2966:(in Polish). p. 111. 2541:Charlotte Hoffman Kellogg 2457:Treatise on Radioactivity 2403:Charlotte Hoffman Kellogg 1885: 1601:Warsaw Scientific Society 1503:(second from right), and 1371:1903 Nobel Prize portrait 1174: 932:(sometimes translated as 758: 742: 727: 697:Curie Institute in Warsaw 494: 489: 480: 475: 471: 420: 408: 394: 385: 363: 345: 331: 324: 253: 243: 227: 206: 178: 158: 148: 140: 130: 108: 70: 52: 45: 11636:Women nuclear physicists 11491:Flying University alumni 8837:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan 8116:Wendell Meredith Stanley 7696:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 6709:Redniss, Lauren (2010). 6640:Opfell, Olga S. (1978). 6268:. Movies & TV Dept. 6081:charitycommission.gov.uk 5949:Chemistry in its element 5817:Opfell, Olga S. (1978). 5250:"Maria Skłodowska-Curie" 4070:Encyclopedia Americana, 4053:, Inc. pp. 331–332. 4039:Encyclopedia Americana, 3556:Encyclopedia Americana, 2747:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2656:"Madame Curie's Passion" 2441:List of Poles in Physics 2076:a metro station in Paris 2024:Order of the White Eagle 2002:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1814: 1708:In 1921, U.S. President 1571:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1564:1911 Nobel Prize diploma 1379:1903 Nobel Prize diploma 1296:Pierre and Marie Curie, 1176:École Normale Supérieure 907:Maria (left) and sister 693:Curie Institute in Paris 673:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 365:École Normale Supérieure 297:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 75:Maria Salomea Skłodowska 11531:French women physicists 11486:Experimental physicists 11166:Johann Heinrich Lambert 11066:Johann Heinrich Lambert 10931:Rolf Maximilian Sievert 7184:Les Palmes de M. Schutz 6538:The Discovery of Radium 6374:"Marie Curie on stamps" 6264:Sandra Brennan (2012). 5378:. Basic Books. p. 5224:Chemistry International 5142:2 November 2017 at the 5131:7 November 2017 at the 4933:13 October 2022 at the 4252:"ESPCI Paris: Prestige" 2624:; Esling, John (eds.). 2554:University of Cambridge 2376:National Bank of Poland 2262:Les Palmes de M. Schutz 2163:Marie Curie High School 2121:Polish Chemical Society 1703:Marie Curie Radium Fund 1161:but must come from the 1018:to the Russian chemist 1003:Krakowskie Przedmieście 945:Krakowskie Przedmiescie 643:, in what was then the 618:win a Nobel Prize twice 162:Pioneering research on 11611:Scientists from Warsaw 11596:Polish Nobel laureates 11516:French Nobel laureates 11496:Former Roman Catholics 11297:Evangelista Torricelli 9096:Nobel Prize in Physics 9001:Emmanuelle Charpentier 8989:M. Stanley Whittingham 7960:Hans von Euler-Chelpin 7581:Nobel Prize recipients 7558:Physiology or Medicine 7479:Marie Skłodowska-Curie 7378:Nobel Prize recipients 7355:Physiology or Medicine 7344:Marie Skłodowska-Curie 7040:Hélène Langevin-Joliot 6771:. New York: Overlook. 6239:Cosmopolitanreview.com 6209:Cosmopolitanreview.com 5862:Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 5737:(647): 839–840. 1907. 5368:Blom, Philipp (2008). 3020:Nelson, Craig (2014). 2620:(2011). Roach, Peter; 2593:London Review of Books 1966:Nobel Prize in Physics 1947: 1915: 1897: 1827: 1733: 1675: 1627: 1565: 1508: 1495:; standing nearby are 1478:Pierre Paul Émile Roux 1434: 1397:Nobel Prize in Physics 1388: 1380: 1372: 1304: 1221: 1207: 1168:In 1897, her daughter 1123: 1080: 1067:Józef Wierusz-Kowalski 953: 918: 848:(born 1866, nicknamed 840:(born 1865, nicknamed 832:(born 1863, nicknamed 794: 665:Nobel Prize in Physics 616:, the first person to 516: 267:Nobel Prize in Physics 34:. For other uses, see 18:Maria Skłodowska-Curie 11631:Women Nobel laureates 11526:French women chemists 11197:Alexander Graham Bell 11096:Hans Christian Ørsted 10996:Anders Jonas Ångström 8371:Christian B. Anfinsen 8011:Frédéric Joliot-Curie 7294:Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 7058:Frédéric Joliot-Curie 6688:Quinn, Susan (1996). 6051:"IEA – reaktor Maria" 6019:"Marie Curie Actions" 5868:(4): iii–xxiv. 1921. 5524:Bryson, Bill (2004). 5254:Europeana Exhibitions 5028:Zwoliński, Zbigniew. 4148:Quinn, Susan (1996). 4023:6 August 2009 at the 2370:banknote designed by 2320:Super Science Friends 1990:Elliott Cresson Medal 1937: 1910: 1893: 1822: 1742:Frédéric Joliot-Curie 1727: 1670: 1619: 1563: 1499:(fourth from right), 1486: 1426: 1391:In December 1903 the 1386: 1378: 1370: 1295: 1231:Académie des Sciences 1212: 1202: 1114: 1075: 942: 906: 784: 506: 285:Elliott Cresson Medal 232:Bronisława Skłodowska 11190:Non-systematic units 11036:Carl Friedrich Gauss 10971:Wilhelm Eduard Weber 10881:James Prescott Joule 9033:Karl Barry Sharpless 8530:Dudley R. Herschbach 8355:Luis Federico Leloir 7528:Alfred Hermann Fried 7162:Marie Curie Gargoyle 6844:Works by Marie Curie 6830:Works by Marie Curie 6815:Works by Marie Curie 6378:allaboutstamps.co.uk 5036:on 11 September 2012 4262:on 26 September 2017 4078:Danbury, Connecticut 4047:Danbury, Connecticut 3962:English translation. 3564:Danbury, Connecticut 3186:was Bolesław Prus... 2698:on 1 November 2015. 2660:Smithsonian Magazine 2557:historian of science 2332:, a British film by 2127:Institute of Physics 2026:(2018, posthumously) 1746:Cavendish Laboratory 1740:and her son-in-law, 1662:French National Bank 1418:University of Geneva 1248:Gerhard Carl Schmidt 626:first married couple 596:), was a Polish and 511:, 16 Freta Street, 428:André-Louis Debierne 352:University of Paris 11086:James Clerk Maxwell 10694:Nicolaus Copernicus 9025:Carolyn R. Bertozzi 8937:Jean-Pierre Sauvage 8674:Jens Christian Skou 8642:F. Sherwood Rowland 8554:Charles J. Pedersen 8518:Herbert A. Hauptman 8211:Vincent du Vigneaud 7828:Richard Willstätter 7712:Jacobus van 't Hoff 7503:Maurice Maeterlinck 7363:Niels Ryberg Finsen 6800:patient "Blanche" ( 6792:Jean-Martin Charcot 6691:Marie Curie: A Life 6578:Marie Curie: A Life 6510:Curie, Eve (2001). 6302:12 May 2014 at the 5798:on 12 December 2012 5743:1907Sci....25..839. 5665:on 1 September 2012 5659:"Nobel Prize Facts" 5561:Estreicher, Tadeusz 5424:1995Natur.377...96. 5315:27 May 2022 at the 5310:Marie Curie profile 4767:Scientific American 4441:Estreicher, Tadeusz 4151:Marie Curie: A Life 4102:. Web. 3 June 2013. 4084:, Inc. p. 332. 4018:English translation 3570:, Inc. p. 331. 3446:Estreicher, Tadeusz 2958:Estreicher, Tadeusz 2891:"Marie Curie Facts" 2350:Lawrence Aronovitch 2212:Marie Curie: A Life 2202:Marie Curie: A Life 2179:in Beirut, Lebanon. 2169:, Switzerland; see 1980:(1904, with Pierre) 1974:(1903, with Pierre) 1836:Passy, Haute-Savoie 1728:Marie and daughter 1474:University of Paris 1450:horse-drawn vehicle 1352:University of Paris 1040:University of Paris 934:Floating University 634:University of Paris 630:Curie family legacy 303:Willard Gibbs Award 153:University of Paris 131:Cause of death 120:Passy, Haute-Savoie 11591:Polish governesses 11471:Deaths from anemia 10921:Werner von Siemens 10780:André-Marie Ampère 10728:Physical constants 8985:John B. Goodenough 8913:William E. Moerner 8793:Richard R. Schrock 8765:Roderick MacKinnon 8737:K. Barry Sharpless 8562:Johann Deisenhofer 8391:Geoffrey Wilkinson 8387:Ernst Otto Fischer 8311:Robert S. Mulliken 8247:Jaroslav Heyrovský 8195:Hermann Staudinger 8015:Irène Joliot-Curie 7054:(Pierre's brother) 7052:Paul-Jacques Curie 7028:Irène Joliot-Curie 6877:on Nobelprize.org 6380:. 26 November 2018 6278:on 2 November 2012 6271:The New York Times 6134:chemistryviews.org 5898:on 16 October 2022 4920:Carmel, California 4577:Goldsmith, Barbara 4496:Goldsmith, Barbara 4326:The New York Times 3589:on 2 November 2013 2893:. Nobelprize.org. 2864:The New York Times 2767:Goldsmith, Barbara 2568:Making Marie Curie 2522:Tadeusz Estreicher 2464:Women in chemistry 2391:50 euro cent coins 1948: 1906:L. Pearce Williams 1902:Cornell University 1898: 1828: 1738:Irène Joliot-Curie 1734: 1628: 1590:Henryk Sienkiewicz 1566: 1529:wireless telegraph 1509: 1458:Institut du radium 1435: 1389: 1381: 1373: 1328:of only 138 days. 1305: 1222: 1182:radiation exposure 1124: 1090:sexism in academia 1081: 1053:. That same year, 979:Warsaw Polytechnic 967:Kazimierz Żorawski 954: 919: 795: 593:[maʁikyʁi] 517: 448:Irène Joliot-Curie 438:Ladislas Goldstein 356:Institut du Radium 144:France (1895–1934) 11333: 11332: 11327: 11326: 10851:Louis Harold Gray 10734: 10733: 10669:Ernest Rutherford 10569: 10568: 9058: 9057: 9041:Moungi G. Bawendi 8961:Richard Henderson 8805:Roger D. Kornberg 8773:Aaron Ciechanover 8606:Rudolph A. Marcus 8510:Robert Merrifield 8446:Peter D. Mitchell 8219:Cyril Hinshelwood 7980:Friedrich Bergius 7904:Richard Zsigmondy 7820:Theodore Richards 7768:Ernest Rutherford 7645: 7644: 7566:Allvar Gullstrand 7427: 7426: 7218: 7217: 7095:Marie Curie Medal 6987:Curie's principle 6951:Mean-field theory 6946:Curie temperature 6848:Project Gutenberg 6778:978-1-58567-668-2 6743:978-0-226-23584-4 6722:978-0-06-135132-7 6715:. HarperCollins. 6701:978-0-201-88794-5 6694:. Da Capo Press. 6680:978-0-19-509214-1 6659:978-0-8108-1161-4 6625:978-83-89408-36-5 6592:978-0-8419-0977-9 6523:978-0-306-81038-1 6516:. Da Capo Press. 6354:. 27 October 2023 6245:on 14 August 2011 6215:on 14 August 2011 5992:978-1-4027-5318-3 5700:978-0-613-18127-3 5632:978-1-4027-5318-3 5593:978-0-00-211539-1 5541:978-0-7679-0818-4 5389:978-0-465-01116-2 5342:978-1-133-10409-4 5112:Memoria e Ricerca 4999:978-0-19-509214-1 4916:Charlotte Kellogg 4855:978-83-222-0147-3 4592:978-0-393-05137-7 4550:978-0-00-211539-1 4511:978-0-393-05137-7 4328:. 20 April 1906. 4161:978-0-201-88794-5 3899:978-0-00-211539-1 3855:978-0-00-211539-1 3816:978-0-00-211539-1 3777:978-0-00-211539-1 3662:978-0-00-211539-1 3478:978-0-00-211539-1 3380:978-0-00-211539-1 3341:978-0-00-211539-1 3256:978-0-00-211539-1 3214:978-1-56975-846-5 3177:978-0-520-04477-7 3151:978-83-240-4543-3 3131:Monika Piątkowska 3033:978-1-4516-6045-6 2867:. 21 April 1995. 2782:978-0-393-05137-7 2723:on 30 July 2018. 2637:978-0-521-15253-2 2588:978 0 00 826279 2 2470:Explanatory notes 2409:Eusapia Palladino 2346:False Assumptions 2295:Dominique Reymond 2218:Barbara Goldsmith 2171:Lycée Marie Curie 2113:Marie Curie Medal 2058:cuprosklodowskite 1959:multiple sciences 1777:League of Nations 1750:Ernest Rutherford 1710:Warren G. Harding 1679:Polonia in France 1525:Guglielmo Marconi 1489:Solvay Conference 1470:Pasteur Institute 1356:Royal Institution 1236:Silvanus Thompson 1086:Kraków University 1020:Dmitri Mendeleyev 1008:Warsaw's Old Town 975:Kraków University 930:Flying University 695:in 1920, and the 653:Flying University 645:Kingdom of Poland 501: 500: 433:Gioacchino Failla 421:Doctoral students 326:Scientific career 237:Helena Skłodowska 16:(Redirected from 11653: 11581:Polish agnostics 11571:Nuclear chemists 11506:French agnostics 10951:Alessandro Volta 10804:SI derived units 10761: 10754: 10747: 10738: 10737: 10704:Robert Livermore 10674:Glenn T. Seaborg 10654:Dmitri Mendeleev 10624:Amerigo Vespucci 10596: 10589: 10582: 10573: 10572: 10562: 10546: 10530: 10514: 10498: 10482: 10466: 10450: 10434: 10422: 10406: 10394: 10382: 10366: 10354: 10338: 10322: 10310: 10298: 10282: 10266: 10250: 10234: 10205: 10189: 10177: 10161: 10145: 10129: 10117: 10105: 10093: 10085: 10077: 10061: 10045: 10029: 10017: 10001: 9993: 9981: 9969: 9961: 9945: 9933: 9917: 9901: 9885: 9862: 9846: 9834: 9818: 9802: 9794: 9782: 9774: 9766: 9758: 9750: 9734: 9718: 9702: 9694: 9682: 9674: 9662: 9646: 9634: 9618: 9606: 9594: 9586: 9574: 9551: 9543: 9535: 9527: 9519: 9511: 9503: 9495: 9487: 9486: 9480: 9479: 9473: 9472: 9466: 9458: 9450: 9438: 9426: 9418: 9417: 9411: 9399: 9391: 9390: 9384: 9376: 9368: 9360: 9348: 9329: 9317: 9309: 9301: 9293: 9285: 9277: 9269: 9261: 9253: 9252: 9246: 9234: 9226: 9224:Kamerlingh Onnes 9218: 9210: 9202: 9194: 9182: 9174: 9166: 9158: 9150: 9142: 9126: 9114: 9085: 9078: 9071: 9062: 9061: 9051: 9049:Alexei I. Ekimov 9035: 9029:Morten P. Meldal 9019: 9007: 8995: 8979: 8963: 8953:Jacques Dubochet 8947: 8931: 8915: 8899: 8883: 8877:Robert Lefkowitz 8871: 8863: 8847: 8841:Thomas A. Steitz 8831: 8815: 8807: 8799: 8789:Robert H. Grubbs 8783: 8767: 8755: 8739: 8712: 8710:Hideki Shirakawa 8696: 8688: 8676: 8660: 8644: 8628: 8620: 8608: 8600: 8598:Richard R. Ernst 8592: 8584: 8572: 8556: 8540: 8524: 8512: 8504: 8496: 8488: 8476: 8474:Frederick Sanger 8460: 8454:Herbert C. Brown 8448: 8440: 8432: 8430:William Lipscomb 8413: 8401: 8393: 8381: 8365: 8363:Gerhard Herzberg 8357: 8349: 8337: 8329: 8313: 8305: 8297: 8289: 8277: 8265: 8257: 8249: 8241: 8239:Frederick Sanger 8233: 8225: 8223:Nikolay Semyonov 8213: 8205: 8197: 8189: 8177: 8175:Glenn T. Seaborg 8154: 8142: 8134: 8126: 8118: 8102: 8100:Artturi Virtanen 8094: 8086: 8084:George de Hevesy 8078: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8064: 8063: 8057: 8045: 8037: 8025: 8017: 8005: 7997: 7996: 7990: 7982: 7970: 7962: 7950: 7942: 7940:Heinrich Wieland 7934: 7932:Theodor Svedberg 7917: 7916: 7906: 7898: 7897: 7891: 7883: 7875: 7867: 7859: 7858: 7852: 7844: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7830: 7822: 7814: 7806: 7794: 7786: 7778: 7770: 7762: 7754: 7746: 7744:Adolf von Baeyer 7738: 7730: 7728:Svante Arrhenius 7722: 7714: 7685: 7678: 7671: 7662: 7661: 7649: 7648: 7583: 7454: 7447: 7440: 7431: 7430: 7380: 7270:Svante Arrhenius 7245: 7238: 7231: 7222: 7221: 6956:Piezoelectricity 6910: 6903: 6896: 6887: 6886: 6882: 6857:Internet Archive 6840: 6826: 6825: 6785:Per Olov Enquist 6783:A 2004 novel by 6782: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6726: 6705: 6684: 6663: 6647: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6604: 6581:. 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Archived from 2682: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2651: 2642: 2641: 2614: 2597: 2550: 2544: 2537: 2531: 2518: 2512: 2503:Poland had been 2501: 2495: 2480: 2460:, by Marie Curie 2372:Andrzej Heidrich 2312:Karolina Gruszka 2292: 2271:Isabelle Huppert 2198:Françoise Giroud 2177:Rue Madame Curie 1998:(1909, rejected) 1996:Legion of Honour 1872:Sophie Berthelot 1801:Radium Institute 1779:' newly created 1715:Legion of Honour 1683:Radiology in War 1626: 1623: 1579:Svante Arrhenius 1533:Marguerite Perey 1348:Gabriel Lippmann 1302: 1299: 1244:Gabriel Lippmann 1179: 1178: 1138:discovered that 1121: 1059:natural sciences 1044:Gabriel Lippmann 1016:Saint Petersburg 990:Kazimierz Dłuski 983:Radium Institute 917: 914: 870: 862:Józef Skłodowski 858:January Uprising 831: 763: 762: 747: 746: 732: 731: 717:chemical element 639:She was born in 595: 590: 583: 578: 577: 574: 573: 570: 567: 564: 561: 548: 538: 537: 536: 530: 525: 485: 458:Marguerite Perey 415:Gabriel Lippmann 410:Doctoral advisor 404: 397: 396: 368: 367: 309:John Scott Medal 200: 198: 115: 84: 82: 65: 62: 57: 43: 42: 21: 11661: 11660: 11656: 11655: 11654: 11652: 11651: 11650: 11626:Women inventors 11586:Polish atheists 11511:French atheists 11336: 11335: 11334: 11329: 11328: 11323: 11306: 11277:Wilhelm Röntgen 11237:Michael Faraday 11185: 11146: 11135: 11056:Heinrich Kayser 11046:William Gilbert 11026:Galileo Galilei 10985:Non-SI metric ( 10980: 10841:Michael Faraday 10811:Henri Becquerel 10799: 10768: 10765: 10735: 10730: 10713: 10709:Yuri Oganessian 10689:Wilhelm Röntgen 10664:Ernest Lawrence 10644:Albert Einstein 10639:George Berkeley 10605: 10600: 10570: 10565: 10549: 10533: 10517: 10501: 10485: 10469: 10453: 10437: 10425: 10409: 10397: 10385: 10369: 10357: 10341: 10325: 10313: 10301: 10285: 10269: 10253: 10237: 10221: 10214: 10208: 10192: 10180: 10164: 10155:Cohen-Tannoudji 10148: 10132: 10120: 10108: 10096: 10088: 10080: 10064: 10048: 10032: 10020: 10004: 9996: 9984: 9972: 9964: 9948: 9936: 9920: 9904: 9888: 9876: 9865: 9849: 9837: 9821: 9805: 9797: 9785: 9777: 9769: 9761: 9753: 9737: 9721: 9705: 9697: 9685: 9677: 9665: 9649: 9637: 9621: 9609: 9597: 9589: 9577: 9565: 9554: 9546: 9538: 9530: 9522: 9514: 9506: 9498: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9477: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9461: 9453: 9441: 9429: 9421: 9415: 9414: 9402: 9394: 9388: 9387: 9379: 9371: 9363: 9351: 9343: 9332: 9320: 9312: 9304: 9296: 9288: 9280: 9272: 9264: 9256: 9250: 9249: 9237: 9229: 9221: 9213: 9205: 9197: 9185: 9177: 9169: 9161: 9153: 9145: 9129: 9117: 9109: 9098: 9089: 9059: 9054: 9038: 9022: 9013:David MacMillan 9010: 9005:Jennifer Doudna 8998: 8982: 8966: 8950: 8941:Fraser Stoddart 8934: 8925:Paul L. Modrich 8918: 8902: 8886: 8874: 8866: 8861:Ei-ichi Negishi 8853:Richard F. Heck 8850: 8834: 8821:Osamu Shimomura 8818: 8810: 8802: 8786: 8770: 8758: 8742: 8729:William Knowles 8726: 8715: 8706:Alan MacDiarmid 8699: 8691: 8679: 8663: 8658:Richard Smalley 8647: 8634:Paul J. Crutzen 8631: 8623: 8611: 8603: 8595: 8587: 8575: 8559: 8550:Jean-Marie Lehn 8543: 8527: 8515: 8507: 8499: 8491: 8479: 8463: 8451: 8443: 8435: 8427: 8416: 8411:Vladimir Prelog 8404: 8396: 8384: 8368: 8360: 8352: 8340: 8332: 8316: 8308: 8303:Robert Woodward 8300: 8295:Dorothy Hodgkin 8292: 8280: 8268: 8260: 8252: 8244: 8236: 8228: 8216: 8208: 8200: 8192: 8180: 8168: 8157: 8145: 8140:William Giauque 8137: 8129: 8124:Robert Robinson 8121: 8108:James B. Sumner 8105: 8097: 8089: 8081: 8075: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8055:Leopold Ružička 8051:Adolf Butenandt 8048: 8040: 8028: 8020: 8008: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7988:Irving Langmuir 7985: 7973: 7965: 7953: 7945: 7937: 7929: 7918: 7914: 7909: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7886: 7878: 7873:Frederick Soddy 7870: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7825: 7817: 7809: 7800:Victor Grignard 7797: 7789: 7781: 7776:Wilhelm Ostwald 7773: 7765: 7757: 7749: 7741: 7733: 7725: 7717: 7709: 7698: 7689: 7654: 7646: 7641: 7579: 7571: 7552: 7533: 7508: 7484: 7481:(Poland/France) 7465: 7458: 7428: 7423: 7376: 7368: 7349: 7346:(Poland/France) 7332:Henri Becquerel 7318: 7315:(Great Britain) 7299: 7275: 7256: 7249: 7219: 7214: 7134: 7075:Curie Institute 7063: 7042:(granddaughter) 7014: 6998: 6975: 6941:Curie–Weiss law 6924: 6914: 6823: 6811: 6779: 6761: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6723: 6702: 6681: 6660: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6593: 6560: 6524: 6506: 6501: 6499:Further reading 6496: 6495: 6485: 6483: 6482:. 10 March 2024 6474: 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22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11659: 11649: 11648: 11646:Women's firsts 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11331: 11330: 11325: 11324: 11311: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11304: 11294: 11284: 11274: 11271:degree Réaumur 11264: 11254: 11247:Heinrich Mache 11244: 11234: 11224: 11214: 11204: 11193: 11191: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11183: 11180:degree Rankine 11173: 11163: 11152: 11150: 11137: 11136: 11134: 11133: 11123: 11113: 11103: 11093: 11083: 11076:Samuel Langley 11073: 11063: 11053: 11043: 11033: 11023: 11013: 11003: 10992: 10990: 10982: 10981: 10979: 10978: 10968: 10958: 10948: 10938: 10928: 10918: 10908: 10898: 10888: 10878: 10871:Heinrich Hertz 10868: 10858: 10848: 10838: 10828: 10821:Anders Celsius 10818: 10807: 10805: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10797: 10787: 10776: 10774: 10770: 10769: 10764: 10763: 10756: 10749: 10741: 10732: 10731: 10718: 10715: 10714: 10712: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10699:Georgy Flyorov 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10610: 10607: 10606: 10599: 10598: 10591: 10584: 10576: 10567: 10566: 10564: 10563: 10547: 10531: 10515: 10499: 10483: 10467: 10451: 10435: 10423: 10407: 10395: 10383: 10367: 10355: 10339: 10323: 10311: 10299: 10283: 10267: 10251: 10235: 10218: 10216: 10210: 10209: 10207: 10206: 10190: 10178: 10162: 10146: 10130: 10118: 10106: 10094: 10086: 10078: 10062: 10046: 10030: 10018: 10002: 9994: 9982: 9970: 9962: 9946: 9934: 9918: 9902: 9891:P. W. Anderson 9886: 9873: 9871: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9863: 9847: 9835: 9819: 9803: 9795: 9783: 9775: 9767: 9759: 9751: 9735: 9719: 9712:Goeppert Mayer 9703: 9695: 9683: 9675: 9663: 9647: 9635: 9619: 9607: 9595: 9587: 9575: 9562: 9560: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9552: 9544: 9536: 9528: 9520: 9512: 9504: 9496: 9488: 9481: 9474: 9467: 9459: 9451: 9439: 9436:C. D. Anderson 9427: 9419: 9412: 9400: 9392: 9385: 9377: 9369: 9361: 9349: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9330: 9318: 9310: 9302: 9294: 9286: 9278: 9270: 9262: 9254: 9247: 9235: 9227: 9219: 9211: 9203: 9195: 9183: 9175: 9167: 9159: 9151: 9143: 9127: 9115: 9106: 9104: 9100: 9099: 9088: 9087: 9080: 9073: 9065: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9052: 9036: 9020: 9008: 8996: 8980: 8973:Gregory Winter 8969:Frances Arnold 8964: 8948: 8932: 8916: 8900: 8893:Michael Levitt 8889:Martin Karplus 8884: 8872: 8864: 8848: 8832: 8829:Roger Y. Tsien 8825:Martin Chalfie 8816: 8808: 8800: 8784: 8768: 8756: 8740: 8723: 8721: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8713: 8702:Alan J. Heeger 8697: 8689: 8677: 8670:John E. Walker 8661: 8645: 8629: 8621: 8609: 8601: 8593: 8585: 8573: 8570:Hartmut Michel 8557: 8546:Donald J. Cram 8541: 8525: 8513: 8505: 8497: 8489: 8486:Roald Hoffmann 8477: 8470:Walter Gilbert 8461: 8449: 8441: 8438:Ilya Prigogine 8433: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8407:John Cornforth 8402: 8394: 8382: 8375:Stanford Moore 8366: 8358: 8350: 8338: 8330: 8323:Ronald Norrish 8314: 8306: 8298: 8290: 8278: 8266: 8258: 8250: 8242: 8234: 8231:Alexander Todd 8226: 8214: 8206: 8198: 8190: 8178: 8171:Edwin McMillan 8165: 8163: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8155: 8143: 8135: 8127: 8119: 8103: 8095: 8087: 8079: 8072: 8065: 8058: 8046: 8038: 8031:Norman Haworth 8026: 8018: 8006: 7998: 7991: 7983: 7971: 7963: 7951: 7943: 7935: 7926: 7924: 7920: 7919: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7907: 7899: 7892: 7884: 7876: 7868: 7865:Walther Nernst 7860: 7853: 7845: 7838: 7831: 7823: 7815: 7807: 7795: 7787: 7779: 7771: 7763: 7760:Eduard Buchner 7755: 7747: 7739: 7736:William Ramsay 7731: 7723: 7715: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7699: 7688: 7687: 7680: 7673: 7665: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7569: 7562: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7543: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7525: 7518: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7499: 7497: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7482: 7475: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7457: 7456: 7449: 7442: 7434: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7359: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7328: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7309: 7307: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7297: 7290: 7288: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7266: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7248: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7225: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7212: 7204: 7196: 7188: 7180: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7031: 7024: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6989: 6983: 6981: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6913: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6872: 6859: 6850: 6841: 6827: 6810: 6809:External links 6807: 6806: 6805: 6777: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6742: 6727: 6721: 6706: 6700: 6685: 6679: 6664: 6658: 6637: 6624: 6605: 6591: 6572: 6558: 6545: 6528: 6522: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6467: 6455:en.numista.com 6442: 6416: 6404:banknotedb.com 6391: 6365: 6339: 6312: 6289: 6256: 6226: 6196: 6171: 6146: 6120: 6093: 6068: 6042: 6031:on 4 June 2013 6010: 5991: 5966: 5936: 5909: 5879: 5851: 5824: 5809: 5779: 5718: 5699: 5676: 5650: 5631: 5611: 5592: 5572: 5547: 5540: 5513: 5486: 5455: 5398: 5388: 5360: 5341: 5321: 5302: 5271: 5241: 5210: 5181: 5148: 5126:French version 5120:10.14647/87204 5102: 5076: 5047: 5017: 4998: 4978: 4943: 4926:. In the 4908: 4889:(2): 299–303. 4873: 4854: 4834: 4797: 4785: 4748: 4729:(6): 541–543. 4710: 4673: 4643: 4610: 4591: 4568: 4549: 4529: 4510: 4487: 4452: 4403: 4372: 4343: 4310: 4273: 4243: 4214: 4179: 4160: 4137: 4104: 4087: 4056: 4028: 4005:Comptes Rendus 3991: 3965: 3935:Comptes Rendus 3917: 3898: 3873: 3854: 3834: 3815: 3795: 3776: 3756: 3727: 3680: 3661: 3641: 3600: 3581:les Actus DN. 3573: 3545: 3496: 3477: 3457: 3398: 3379: 3359: 3340: 3320: 3277: 3255: 3232: 3213: 3190: 3176: 3155: 3123: 3051: 3032: 3012: 2969: 2908: 2882: 2845: 2823: 2800: 2781: 2755: 2738: 2729: 2717:nobelprize.org 2704: 2677: 2643: 2636: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2545: 2532: 2524:, in the 1938 2513: 2496: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2461: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2406: 2398: 2395: 2383:Bank of France 2342: 2341: 2324: 2315: 2298: 2274: 2257: 2236: 2235: 2228:Lauren Redniss 2225: 2215: 2205: 2195: 2181: 2180: 2174: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2130: 2123: 2109: 2098: 2092: 2085: 2079: 2072: 2069:European Union 2061: 2046: 2039: 2028: 2027: 2021: 2014:Franklin Medal 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1984:Actonian Prize 1981: 1975: 1969: 1931: 1928: 1887: 1884: 1834:sanatorium in 1816: 1813: 1690: 1687: 1640:petites Curies 1613: 1610: 1544:Dreyfus affair 1521:Édouard Branly 1493:Henri Poincaré 1466:Institut Curie 1364: 1361: 1337:tumour-forming 1108: 1105: 1027: 1024: 807:Russian Empire 778: 775: 773: 770: 748:), France, of 649:Russian Empire 647:, part of the 612:. She was the 507:Marie Curie's 499: 498: 495: 492: 491: 487: 486: 478: 477: 473: 472: 469: 468: 466: 465: 463:Francis Perrin 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 424: 422: 418: 417: 412: 406: 405: 389: 383: 382: 380: 379: 374: 369: 360: 359: 358: 349: 347: 343: 342: 333: 329: 328: 322: 321: 319: 318: 312: 306: 300: 294: 288: 282: 279:Actonian Prize 276: 270: 264: 257: 255: 251: 250: 245: 241: 240: 229: 225: 224: 222: 221: 216: 210: 208: 204: 203: 192: 188: 183: 182: 180: 176: 175: 160: 159:Known for 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 118: 116:(aged 66) 110: 106: 105: 97:Russian Empire 87: 74: 72: 68: 67: 58: 50: 49: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11658: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11309: 11302: 11298: 11295: 11292: 11288: 11287:J. J. Thomson 11285: 11282: 11278: 11275: 11272: 11268: 11265: 11262: 11258: 11255: 11252: 11248: 11245: 11242: 11238: 11235: 11232: 11228: 11225: 11222: 11218: 11215: 11212: 11208: 11205: 11202: 11198: 11195: 11194: 11192: 11188: 11181: 11177: 11174: 11171: 11167: 11164: 11161: 11157: 11154: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11142: 11138: 11131: 11127: 11124: 11121: 11117: 11114: 11111: 11107: 11104: 11101: 11097: 11094: 11091: 11087: 11084: 11081: 11077: 11074: 11071: 11067: 11064: 11061: 11057: 11054: 11051: 11047: 11044: 11041: 11037: 11034: 11031: 11027: 11024: 11021: 11017: 11016:Loránd Eötvös 11014: 11011: 11007: 11004: 11001: 10997: 10994: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10983: 10976: 10972: 10969: 10966: 10962: 10959: 10956: 10952: 10949: 10946: 10942: 10939: 10936: 10932: 10929: 10926: 10922: 10919: 10916: 10912: 10911:Blaise Pascal 10909: 10906: 10902: 10899: 10896: 10892: 10889: 10886: 10882: 10879: 10876: 10872: 10869: 10866: 10862: 10859: 10856: 10852: 10849: 10846: 10842: 10839: 10836: 10832: 10829: 10826: 10822: 10819: 10816: 10812: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10802: 10795: 10791: 10788: 10785: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10773:SI base units 10771: 10762: 10757: 10755: 10750: 10748: 10743: 10742: 10739: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10716: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10619:Johan Gadolin 10617: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10608: 10604: 10597: 10592: 10590: 10585: 10583: 10578: 10577: 10574: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10548: 10545: 10541: 10537: 10532: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10516: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10500: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10484: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10468: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10452: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10436: 10433: 10429: 10424: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10408: 10405: 10401: 10396: 10393: 10389: 10384: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10368: 10365: 10361: 10356: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10340: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10324: 10321: 10317: 10312: 10309: 10305: 10300: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10284: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10268: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10252: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10236: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10211: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10191: 10188: 10184: 10179: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10163: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10147: 10144: 10143:R. Richardson 10140: 10136: 10131: 10128: 10124: 10119: 10116: 10112: 10107: 10104: 10100: 10095: 10092: 10087: 10084: 10079: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10063: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10047: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10031: 10028: 10024: 10019: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10003: 10000: 9995: 9992: 9988: 9983: 9980: 9976: 9975:Chandrasekhar 9971: 9968: 9963: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9947: 9944: 9940: 9935: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9919: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9903: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9887: 9884: 9880: 9875: 9874: 9872: 9868: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9848: 9845: 9841: 9836: 9833: 9829: 9825: 9820: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9804: 9801: 9796: 9793: 9789: 9784: 9781: 9776: 9773: 9768: 9765: 9760: 9757: 9752: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9736: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9720: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9704: 9701: 9696: 9693: 9689: 9684: 9681: 9676: 9673: 9669: 9664: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9648: 9645: 9641: 9636: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9620: 9617: 9613: 9608: 9605: 9601: 9596: 9593: 9588: 9585: 9581: 9576: 9573: 9569: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9557: 9550: 9545: 9542: 9537: 9534: 9529: 9526: 9521: 9518: 9513: 9510: 9505: 9502: 9497: 9494: 9489: 9482: 9475: 9468: 9465: 9460: 9457: 9452: 9449: 9448:G. P. Thomson 9445: 9440: 9437: 9433: 9428: 9425: 9420: 9413: 9410: 9406: 9401: 9398: 9393: 9386: 9383: 9378: 9375: 9370: 9367: 9366:O. Richardson 9362: 9359: 9355: 9350: 9347: 9342: 9341: 9339: 9335: 9328: 9324: 9319: 9316: 9311: 9308: 9303: 9300: 9295: 9292: 9287: 9284: 9279: 9276: 9271: 9268: 9263: 9260: 9255: 9248: 9245: 9241: 9236: 9233: 9228: 9225: 9220: 9217: 9212: 9209: 9204: 9201: 9200:Van der Waals 9196: 9193: 9189: 9184: 9181: 9176: 9173: 9168: 9165: 9164:J. J. Thomson 9160: 9157: 9152: 9149: 9144: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9128: 9125: 9121: 9116: 9113: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9086: 9081: 9079: 9074: 9072: 9067: 9066: 9063: 9050: 9046: 9045:Louis E. Brus 9042: 9037: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9021: 9018: 9017:Benjamin List 9014: 9009: 9006: 9002: 8997: 8994: 8993:Akira Yoshino 8990: 8986: 8981: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8965: 8962: 8958: 8957:Joachim Frank 8954: 8949: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8933: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8921:Tomas Lindahl 8917: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8901: 8898: 8897:Arieh Warshel 8894: 8890: 8885: 8882: 8881:Brian Kobilka 8878: 8873: 8870: 8869:Dan Shechtman 8865: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8849: 8846: 8845:Ada E. Yonath 8842: 8838: 8833: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8817: 8814: 8809: 8806: 8801: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8785: 8782: 8778: 8777:Avram Hershko 8774: 8769: 8766: 8762: 8757: 8754: 8753:Kurt Wüthrich 8750: 8749:Koichi Tanaka 8746: 8741: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8718: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8698: 8695: 8690: 8687: 8683: 8678: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8666:Paul D. Boyer 8662: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8646: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8630: 8627: 8622: 8619: 8618:Michael Smith 8615: 8610: 8607: 8602: 8599: 8594: 8591: 8586: 8583: 8579: 8578:Sidney Altman 8574: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8558: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8542: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8526: 8523: 8519: 8514: 8511: 8506: 8503: 8498: 8495: 8490: 8487: 8483: 8482:Kenichi Fukui 8478: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8462: 8459: 8455: 8450: 8447: 8442: 8439: 8434: 8431: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8412: 8408: 8403: 8400: 8395: 8392: 8388: 8383: 8380: 8379:William Stein 8376: 8372: 8367: 8364: 8359: 8356: 8351: 8348: 8344: 8339: 8336: 8331: 8328: 8327:George Porter 8324: 8320: 8319:Manfred Eigen 8315: 8312: 8307: 8304: 8299: 8296: 8291: 8288: 8284: 8279: 8276: 8272: 8267: 8264: 8263:Melvin Calvin 8259: 8256: 8255:Willard Libby 8251: 8248: 8243: 8240: 8235: 8232: 8227: 8224: 8220: 8215: 8212: 8207: 8204: 8203:Linus Pauling 8199: 8196: 8191: 8188: 8187:Richard Synge 8184: 8183:Archer Martin 8179: 8176: 8172: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8160: 8153: 8149: 8144: 8141: 8136: 8133: 8132:Arne Tiselius 8128: 8125: 8120: 8117: 8113: 8112:John Northrop 8109: 8104: 8101: 8096: 8093: 8088: 8085: 8080: 8073: 8066: 8059: 8056: 8052: 8047: 8044: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8027: 8024: 8019: 8016: 8012: 8007: 8004: 7999: 7992: 7989: 7984: 7981: 7977: 7972: 7969: 7964: 7961: 7957: 7956:Arthur Harden 7952: 7949: 7948:Adolf Windaus 7944: 7941: 7936: 7933: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7905: 7900: 7893: 7890: 7885: 7882: 7881:Francis Aston 7877: 7874: 7869: 7866: 7861: 7854: 7851: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7829: 7824: 7821: 7816: 7813: 7812:Alfred Werner 7808: 7805: 7804:Paul Sabatier 7801: 7796: 7793: 7788: 7785: 7780: 7777: 7772: 7769: 7764: 7761: 7756: 7753: 7752:Henri Moissan 7748: 7745: 7740: 7737: 7732: 7729: 7724: 7721: 7716: 7713: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7686: 7681: 7679: 7674: 7672: 7667: 7666: 7663: 7657: 7650: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7578: 7577: 7574: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7555: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7529: 7526: 7524:(Netherlands) 7523: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7468: 7463: 7455: 7450: 7448: 7443: 7441: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7375: 7374: 7371: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7314: 7313:Randal Cremer 7311: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7302: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7254: 7246: 7241: 7239: 7234: 7232: 7227: 7226: 7223: 7210: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7059: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7047: 7046:Pierre Joliot 7044: 7041: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7017: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6966:Radioactivity 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6922: 6918: 6911: 6906: 6904: 6899: 6897: 6892: 6891: 6888: 6881: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6803: 6802:Marie Wittman 6799: 6798: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6745: 6739: 6735: 6734: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6714: 6713: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6693: 6692: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6665: 6661: 6655: 6651: 6646: 6645: 6638: 6627: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6579: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6559:9788365341686 6555: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6539: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6515: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6481: 6477: 6471: 6456: 6452: 6446: 6430: 6426: 6420: 6405: 6401: 6395: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6293: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6260: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6230: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6097: 6082: 6078: 6077:"Marie Curie" 6072: 6056: 6052: 6046: 6027: 6020: 6014: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5855: 5839: 5835: 5828: 5820: 5813: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5692: 5691: 5683: 5681: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5615: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5576: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5543: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5520: 5518: 5501: 5497: 5490: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5364: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5325: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5306: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5186: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5152: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5052: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5022: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4982: 4966: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4838: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4794: 4789: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4761: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4715: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4572: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4533: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4491: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4314: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4219: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4144: 4142: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4063: 4061: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4040: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4014: 4011:: 1215–1217. 4010: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3958: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3937:(in French). 3936: 3928: 3921: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3890: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3838: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3799: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3760: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3732: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3645: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3588: 3584: 3583:"Marie Curie" 3577: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3549: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3461: 3453: 3452: 3447: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3363: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3324: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3274: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3248: 3247: 3239: 3237: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3194: 3187: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3119: 3113: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3016: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2819: 2816:(in Polish). 2815: 2811: 2804: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2762: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2733: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2681: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2648: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2618:Jones, Daniel 2613: 2609: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2576:Patricia Fara 2573: 2569: 2565: 2564:Marie Meloney 2561: 2560:Patricia Fara 2558: 2555: 2549: 2542: 2536: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2517: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2475: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2385:issued a 500- 2384: 2381:In 1994, the 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2338:Rosamund Pike 2335: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2296: 2293:and starring 2290: 2285: 2284:Alain Brunard 2281: 2280: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2117:science award 2114: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2083:reactor Maria 2080: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1927: 1925: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1896: 1892: 1883: 1881: 1880:Radioactivity 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1826: 1821: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1793:Henri Bergson 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695:Louis Pasteur 1689:Postwar years 1686: 1684: 1680: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1618: 1609: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1594:Hertha Ayrton 1591: 1587: 1586:Linus Pauling 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1555:Camille Marbo 1552: 1551:Paul Langevin 1547: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1505:Paul Langevin 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1487:At the first 1485: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1421: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1385: 1377: 1369: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1287:radioactivity 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1117: 1113: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036:Latin Quarter 1033: 1026:Life in Paris 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1012:Józef Boguski 1009: 1005: 1004: 999: 995: 991: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 951: 947: 946: 941: 937: 935: 931: 926: 925: 910: 905: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 886: 880: 878: 877:Bolesław Prus 874: 868: 863: 859: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 829: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 792: 788: 783: 769: 767: 761: 755: 751: 745: 739: 735: 730: 724: 723: 718: 712: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 610:radioactivity 607: 603: 599: 594: 586: 585: 576: 552: 547: 543: 535: 529: 521: 514: 510: 505: 493: 488: 484: 479: 474: 470: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 443:Émile Henriot 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 423: 419: 416: 413: 411: 407: 400: 399: 390: 388: 384: 378: 375: 373: 370: 366: 361: 357: 354: 353: 351: 350: 348: 344: 341: 337: 334: 330: 327: 323: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 289: 286: 283: 280: 277: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 259: 258: 256: 252: 249: 246: 242: 238: 233: 230: 226: 220: 217: 215: 212: 211: 209: 205: 186: 181: 177: 174: 170: 165: 164:radioactivity 161: 157: 154: 151: 147: 143: 139: 136: 133: 129: 125: 121: 111: 107: 102: 98: 94: 90: 73: 69: 56: 51: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 11466:Curie family 11217:Pierre Curie 11206: 11170:foot-lambert 10941:Nikola Tesla 10891:Isaac Newton 10861:Joseph Henry 10724:non SI units 10684:Lise Meitner 10659:Alfred Nobel 10649:Enrico Fermi 10634:Pierre Curie 10628: 9999:von Klitzing 9991:Van der Meer 9139: 8977:George Smith 8857:Akira Suzuki 8813:Gerhard Ertl 8797:Yves Chauvin 8745:John B. Fenn 8733:Ryoji Noyori 8720:2001–present 8694:Ahmed Zewail 8654:Harold Kroto 8638:Mario Molina 8566:Robert Huber 8538:John Polanyi 8522:Jerome Karle 8458:Georg Wittig 8343:Derek Barton 8335:Lars Onsager 8287:Giulio Natta 8283:Karl Ziegler 8275:John Kendrew 8043:Richard Kuhn 7968:Hans Fischer 7791: 7784:Otto Wallach 7720:Emil Fischer 7611: 7547:Wilhelm Wien 7522:Tobias Asser 7478: 7393: 7343: 7338:Pierre Curie 7206: 7198: 7190: 7182: 7176:Madame Curie 7174: 7167: 7160: 7125:Curie Island 7060:(son-in-law) 6991: 6980:Publications 6916: 6834:Open Library 6795: 6767: 6747:. Retrieved 6732: 6711: 6690: 6669: 6643: 6629:. Retrieved 6615: 6610: 6577: 6549: 6537: 6532:Curie, Marie 6531: 6512: 6484:. Retrieved 6479: 6470: 6458:. Retrieved 6454: 6445: 6433:. Retrieved 6428: 6419: 6407:. Retrieved 6403: 6394: 6382:. Retrieved 6377: 6368: 6356:. Retrieved 6351: 6342: 6330:. Retrieved 6315: 6310:, March 2013 6307: 6292: 6280:. Retrieved 6276:the original 6269: 6259: 6247:. 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Retrieved 2659: 2626: 2622:Setter, Jane 2612: 2591: 2590:, 305 pp.), 2579: 2567: 2548: 2535: 2525: 2516: 2499: 2491: 2478: 2455: 2418:whose Paris 2413:Spiritualist 2380: 2365: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2343: 2327: 2318: 2308:Marie Noëlle 2301: 2277: 2260: 2254:Greer Garson 2250:Mervyn LeRoy 2245:Madame Curie 2243: 2237: 2231: 2221: 2211: 2201: 2192:Madame Curie 2191: 2182: 2115:, an annual 2054:sklodowskite 2045:(symbol Cm). 2029: 1956: 1949: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1899: 1879: 1876: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1829: 1797:Pierre Curie 1796: 1774: 1770:Lise Meitner 1758:Stefan Meyer 1735: 1707: 1702: 1692: 1682: 1676: 1671: 1659: 1652: 1639: 1629: 1599:In 1912 the 1598: 1583: 1567: 1548: 1537: 1527:develop the 1510: 1507:(far right). 1465: 1457: 1455: 1446:Rue Dauphine 1443: 1436: 1428: 1410: 1390: 1363:Nobel Prizes 1345: 1341: 1335:, diseased, 1330: 1306: 1281:", from the 1256: 1252: 1239: 1229: 1223: 1203: 1187: 1167: 1155:hypothesized 1151:electrometer 1148: 1125: 1107:New elements 1098: 1082: 1077:Pierre Curie 1055:Pierre Curie 1048: 1029: 1001: 987: 955: 943: 933: 922: 920: 890:tuberculosis 883: 881: 854: 849: 841: 833: 818: 814: 810: 796: 744:Haute-Savoie 720: 713: 707:services to 661:Pierre Curie 638: 622:Pierre Curie 550: 545: 519: 518: 453:Óscar Moreno 391: 346:Institutions 325: 291:Albert Medal 185:Pierre Curie 114:(1934-07-04) 40: 32:Marie Currie 11356:1934 deaths 11351:1867 births 11346:Marie Curie 11257:John Napier 11227:John Dalton 11207:Marie Curie 11006:Peter Debye 10790:Lord Kelvin 10629:Marie Curie 10043:Steinberger 9959:K. Siegbahn 9951:Bloembergen 9672:Chamberlain 9405:Schrödinger 9315:M. Siegbahn 9244:W. H. Bragg 9240:W. L. Bragg 8945:Ben Feringa 8929:Aziz Sancar 8909:Stefan Hell 8905:Eric Betzig 8682:Walter Kohn 8650:Robert Curl 8626:George Olah 8614:Kary Mullis 8590:Elias Corey 8582:Thomas Cech 8534:Yuan T. 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