28:
91:
present day
Moldova, during the World War I. His family was Jewish. His Polish father was a graduate of the Vienna Agricultural University. His mother was from Croatia and she was a gifted pianist who could speak German, Italian, French, Serbo-Croat and English. Along with his siblings he spoke to
452:, presenting his findings at professional meetings, and organizing international conferences to promote new advances in the field. In his career of over 60 years, Maramorosch published as author or co-author more than 800 scientific papers and 100 books. A partial list follows:
70:
in many parts of the world. He is the co-author of a textbook on techniques in virology and is the author of numerous papers on the biology and ecology of plant viruses, their hosts, and vectors. He received the
1363:
236:
1377:
1085:
695:
227:. This permitted him to obtain the first evidence that certain plant pathogens multiply not only in plants, but also in specific invertebrate animal vectors.
1259:
1000:
255:
unlike prokaryotic cell cultures. These systems are used in applications that range from basic research to industrial use, and in fields that range from
157:
for the following four years. After the Soviet army liberated
Romania Maramorosch continued his graduate studies at the Bucharest Polytechnic, choosing
1172:
1113:
1434:
639:
1981: Jurzykowski
Foundation Award in Biology (for exemplary research achievements and pioneering contributions to the field of insect cell culture)
1123:
1444:
1263:
235:
Since 1956, when
Maramorosch first cultured insect cells for use in the study of viruses, he had been an active contributor to the field of
1439:
307:
in cells of diseased plants and insect vectors. In 1974 Maramorosch accepted the invitation from the Board of
Governors of Rutgers, The
712:
271:
delivery. As of 1996, the
Mitsuhashi-Maramorosch insect culture medium for culturing insect cells was a widely used standard medium.
993:
666:
2010: M.V. Nayudu's Life Time
Achievement Award in VIROCON-2010 at Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India on 18 March 2010.
801:
969:
433:, where she worked for the following 30 years. They had one daughter, Lydia Ann Trammell Maramorosch, born 1949 in New York.
109:
334:. Numerous further awards followed, including the Jurzykowski Foundation Award, the AIBS Award, and two Fulbright awards.
1424:
1409:
1310:
986:
1419:
777:
312:
280:
692:
929:
1429:
252:
134:
and by inoculating lice and maintaining them on volunteers, he had developed a vaccine against epidemic typhus.
308:
138:
1414:
1117:
1454:
1449:
590:
1962: Co-organized the first international conference on invertebrate tissue culture in
Montpellier, France
1334:
17:
1127:
1010:
633:
323:
182:
72:
247:. His research in invertebrate tissue cultures laid a foundation for the uses of invertebrate-based
717:
296:
430:
316:
198:
142:
599:
1967-1984: Founder and editor, with Hilary
Koprowski, Methods in Virology,8 vols. Academic Press
202:
978:
224:
130:
67:
1404:
1399:
1373:
1249:
1192:
1162:
436:
Maramorosch died of natural cause at the age of 101 years in Poland while visiting family.
108:) and from age of seven took piano lessons for twelve years, graduating from the Moniuszko
105:
8:
1107:
1038:
1028:
611:
1974–present: Distinguished
Professor, Rutgers University, (currently Emeritus Professor)
300:
178:
87:
Maramorosch was born in Vienna on January 16, 1915, where his family had escaped to from
626:
1974: Honorary Fellow, Indian National Academy of Science (currently Emeritus Professor)
405:. His major research interests include comparative virology, invertebrate cell culture,
192:
1245:
1239:
1225:
1176:
1075:
1069:
910:
859:
128:
from his older brother, who was Weigl’s student at the Medical School. Weigl worked on
769:
495:
Invertebrate Tissue Culture - Applications in Medicine, Biology and Agriculture, 1979.
1034:
1024:
965:
902:
894:
851:
843:
826:
Klenk, Hans-Dieter (1996-01-01). "Post-translational modifications in insect cells".
783:
773:
620:
1983: Distinguished Service Award of American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS)
47:
914:
863:
1357:
1328:
1091:
1061:
886:
835:
765:
1306:
1296:
1280:
1255:
1229:
1219:
1215:
1101:
699:
669:
2011: Inaugural lecturer, 2nd Intern. Phytoplasmology Workshop, Neustadt, Germany
561:
Invertebrate Cell Culture-Novel Directions and Biotechnology Applications, 1997.
186:
158:
113:
675:
2011: Plenary speaker, Pi-Net Conference, Corvinus University, Budapest, Hungary
642:
1981-1989: Founder and editor, Advances in Cell Culture, 8 vols. Academic Press
578: 57-215. Advances in Virus Research, 56 vols. 1973-2015.
1166:
1156:
1065:
877:
Schlaeger, Ernst-Jürgen (1996-01-01). "Medium design for insect cell culture".
337:
Maramorosch traveled extensively to lecture and teach as visiting professor in
284:
756:
Maramorosch, K. (2007). "Viruses, vectors, and vegetation: an autobiography".
1393:
1351:
1300:
1290:
1235:
1182:
1150:
898:
847:
672:
2011: Diagmol Symposium Honoree, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
576: 49-56. Advances in Cell Culture, 7 vols., 1981-1989.
444:
Maramorosch continued, through 2015, to be active in the field by conducting
414:
319:. In 1983, he was nominated the Robert L. Starkey Professor of Microbiology.
174:
154:
66:, and other micro-organisms; and their transmission to plants through insect
660:
2001: Distinguished Lifetime Achievement Award, Society for In Vitro Biology
1369:
1322:
1286:
1209:
1144:
906:
855:
787:
406:
292:
121:
43:
593:
1962: Vice President and Recording secretary, New York Academy of Sciences
459:
Comparative Symptomatology of Coconut Diseases of Unknown Etiology, 1964.
295:
disease. From 1961 until 1973, he was Program Director of Virology at the
1097:
1081:
546:
Viroids and Satellites-Molecular Parasites at the Frontier of Life, 1991.
410:
378:
327:
304:
288:
256:
244:
217:
209:
63:
59:
51:
274:
137:
In 1938, Maramorosch received his Agricultural Engineer degree from the
1316:
890:
839:
596:
1963: U.S. Delegate, 1st International Committee for Virus Nomenclature
574: 40-48. Methods in Virology, 8 vols. 1967–1984.
402:
398:
221:
117:
39:
1188:
957:
394:
338:
193:
Mechanical transmission of viruses and phytoplasmas to insect vectors
76:
516:
Mycoplasma and Allied Pathogens of Plants, Animals and Humans, 1981.
525:
Pathogens, Vectors and Plant Diseases- Approaches to Control, 1982.
445:
331:
260:
170:
116:) in 1934. At age thirteen he became inspired to become a research
55:
27:
534:
Biotechnology Advances in Insect Pathology and Cell Culture, 1987.
92:
his father in Polish and in German with his mother. He grew up in
449:
409:, emerging diseases caused by viroids, viruses, phytoplasmas and
382:
354:
342:
146:
101:
93:
564:
Invertebrate Cell Culture- Looking Toward the XXI Century, 1997.
543:
Biotechnology for Biological Control of Pests and Vectors, 1991.
330:, for his work on interactions between insect vectors and plant
279:
In 1960 Maramorosch worked for six months as consultant for the
426:
390:
386:
374:
362:
240:
150:
97:
88:
38:(January 16, 1915 – May 9, 2016) was an Austrian-born American
1008:
645:
1982: Distinguished Vis. Professor, Fudan University, Shanghai
636:,(Studies of interactions between insects and plant pathogens)
570:
Maintenance of Human, Animal and Plant Pathogen Vectors, 1999.
429:-born wife Irene Ludwinowska. Irene became a librarian in the
299:
in Yonkers, New York. He and his postdoctoral associates used
608:
1972–present, editor (vols.16-81), Advances in Virus Research
370:
366:
358:
350:
346:
213:
104:) where he attended primary and secondary schools (Gimnazjum
651:
1990: Founder’s Lecturer, Society for Invertebrate Pathology
654:
1998: Founder’s honoree, Society for Invertebrate Pathology
268:
264:
206:
125:
519:
Plant Diseases and Vectors-Ecology and Epidemiology, 1981.
623:
1984–present: Robert L. Starkey Professor of Microbiology
713:"Former BTI Faculty Member, Karl Maramorosch, Turns 100"
657:
1998: Honorary Member, Entomological Society of America
483:
Invertebrate Tissue Culture-Research Application, 1976.
567:
Biotechnology and Plant Protection in Forestry, 1998.
275:
Basic and applied research and teaching ( 1960-1980s)
212:, adopting it to micro-injection of plant pathogenic
802:"Recalling the Life of Karl Maramorosch: 1915-2016"
558:
Forest Trees and Palms- Diseases and Control, 1996.
75:in 1980 for his contribution to the study of crop
648:1987: Honorary Fellow, Indian Virological Society
602:1970: Elected Member, Leopoldina Academy, Germany
501:Leafhopper Vectors of Plant Disease Agents, 1979.
1391:
693:Rutgers: Celebrating 100 Years: Karl Maramorosch
531:Viral Insecticides for Biological Control, 1985.
456:Biological Transmission of Disease Agents, 1962.
755:
663:2006: L.O. Howard Dist. Achievement Award, ESA.
528:Subviral Pathogens of Plants and Animals, 1985.
291:where he studied the devastating cadang-cadang
201:. From 1949-60 he was a faculty member at the
513:Mycoplasma Diseases of Trees and Shrubs, 1981.
239:and to the study of plant and animal viruses,
205:in New York. He modified Weigl’s procedure of
994:
522:Invertebrate Cell Culture Applications, 1982.
197:Maramorosch's scientific career began at the
173:via Czechoslovakia, France and Sweden to the
498:Practical Tissue Culture Applications, 1979.
417:, and international scientific cooperation.
230:
629:1978: Fulbright Dist. Professor. Yugoslavia
605:1972: Fulbright Dist. Professor, Yugoslavia
549:Plant Diseases of Uncertain Etiology, 1992.
540:Invertebrate and Fish Tissue Culture, 1988.
82:
1001:
987:
956:
930:"Celebrating the Life of Karl Maramorosch"
420:
876:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
1435:American people of Polish-Jewish descent
489:Insect and Plant Viruses-An Atlas, 1977.
26:
927:
711:Waldron, Patricia (February 26, 2015).
710:
465:Viruses, Vectors, and Vegetation, 1969.
303:to detect and characterize viruses and
169:In 1947, age 32 years, he and his wife
14:
1392:
794:
732:
120:, hearing about the work of Professor
1445:Polish emigrants to the United States
982:
825:
614:1976: Ciba-Geigy Award in Agriculture
555:Arthropod Cell culture Systems, 1994.
480:Legume Diseases in the Tropics, 1975.
474:Viruses, Evolution, and Cancer, 1974.
322:In 1980, Maramorosch was awarded the
251:expression systems, as these support
181:while working as a technician at the
581:
507:Invertebrate Systems in Vitro, 1980.
58:, he conducted research on viruses,
1440:Wolf Prize in Agriculture laureates
537:Mycoplasma diseases of Crops, 1988.
145:, Maramorosch and his wife fled to
24:
928:Waldron, Patricia (May 13, 2016).
25:
1466:
504:Vectors of Plant Pathogens, 1980.
439:
313:Waksman Institute of Microbiology
281:Food and Agriculture Organization
552:Insect Cell Biotechnology, 1994.
510:Vectors of Disease Agents, 1981.
1364:Martinus Theodore van Genuchten
964:. World Scientific Publishing.
326:, often called the Agriculture
253:post-translational modification
921:
870:
819:
704:
686:
492:Viruses and Environment, 1978.
309:State University of New Jersey
267:discovery, and mammalian cell
139:Warsaw Agricultural University
13:
1:
1118:Ernest John Christopher Polge
770:10.1016/S0065-3527(07)70001-5
486:Aphids as Virus Vector, 1977.
311:, to join the faculty at the
477:Invertebrate Immunity, 1975.
141:(SGGW). In 1939, after the
7:
468:Comparative Virology, 1971.
425:Maramorosch was married to
185:. In 1949, he obtained his
10:
1471:
1425:Columbia University alumni
950:
758:Advances in Virus Research
471:Mycoplasma Diseases, 1973.
1410:American men centenarians
1344:
1273:
1202:
1137:
1048:
1017:
1011:Wolf Prize in Agriculture
962:Wolf Prize in Agriculture
634:Wolf Prize in Agriculture
324:Wolf Prize in Agriculture
231:Invertebrate cell culture
183:Brooklyn Botanical Garden
164:
106:Kazimierza Jagiellończyka
73:Wolf Prize in Agriculture
1420:American microbiologists
934:Boyce Thompson Institute
718:Boyce Thompson Institute
679:
297:Boyce Thompson Institute
83:Early life and education
617:1978: ASM Waksman Award
431:New York Public Library
421:Personal life and death
317:Distinguished Professor
199:Brooklyn Botanic Garden
177:. Maramorosch entered
143:Nazi invasion of Poland
1430:Polish microbiologists
237:invertebrate pathology
203:Rockefeller University
32:
31:Karl Maramorosch, 2009
1378:Venkatesan Sundaresan
462:Insect Viruses, 1968.
131:Rickettsia prowazekii
30:
1415:American virologists
1374:Elliot M. Meyerowitz
1250:Michel A. J. Georges
1193:Baldur R. Stefansson
1145:Jozef Stefaan Schell
1086:Cornellis T. de Witt
1455:Jewish centenarians
1450:Polish centenarians
301:electron microscopy
179:Columbia University
1260:James H. Tumlinson
1246:Ronald L. Phillips
1240:Steven D. Tanksley
1226:R. Michael Roberts
1177:Frank J. Stevenson
1076:Wendell L. Roelofs
1070:Glenn W. Salisbury
891:10.1007/BF00350389
840:10.1007/BF00350394
698:2016-05-11 at the
149:, where both were
33:
1387:
1386:
1108:Theodor O. Diener
1035:Jay Laurence Lush
1025:George F. Sprague
1009:Laureates of the
971:978-981-283-584-0
582:Awards and honors
263:, pharmaceutical
48:plant pathologist
16:(Redirected from
1462:
1358:Pamela C. Ronald
1329:Gene E. Robinson
1173:Morris Schnitzer
1163:Carl B. Huffaker
1114:Charles Thibault
1092:Robert H. Burris
1062:John O. Almquist
1056:Karl Maramorosch
1003:
996:
989:
980:
979:
975:
944:
943:
941:
940:
925:
919:
918:
874:
868:
867:
834:(1–3): 139–144.
823:
817:
816:
814:
813:
798:
792:
791:
753:
730:
729:
727:
725:
708:
702:
690:
587:1959: AAAS Award
112:in Stanisławów (
36:Karl Maramorosch
21:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1340:
1335:David Zilberman
1307:Jorge Dubcovsky
1297:Joachim Messing
1281:David Baulcombe
1269:
1256:John A. Pickett
1230:Fuller W. Bazer
1220:James E. Womack
1216:Roger N. Beachy
1198:
1133:
1128:Michael Elliott
1102:Ernest R. Sears
1044:
1039:Kenneth Blaxter
1013:
1007:
972:
953:
948:
947:
938:
936:
926:
922:
875:
871:
824:
820:
811:
809:
800:
799:
795:
780:
754:
733:
723:
721:
709:
705:
700:Wayback Machine
691:
687:
682:
584:
577:
575:
442:
423:
277:
233:
195:
187:doctoral degree
167:
159:plant pathology
114:Ivano-Frankivsk
85:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1311:Leif Andersson
1304:
1294:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1253:
1243:
1233:
1223:
1213:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1180:
1170:
1167:Perry Adkisson
1160:
1157:John E. Casida
1154:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1124:Peter M. Biggs
1121:
1111:
1105:
1095:
1089:
1079:
1073:
1066:Henry A. Lardy
1059:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1032:
1029:John C. Walker
1021:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1005:
998:
991:
983:
977:
976:
970:
960:, ed. (2009).
952:
949:
946:
945:
920:
885:(1–3): 57–70.
879:Cytotechnology
869:
828:Cytotechnology
818:
793:
778:
731:
703:
684:
683:
681:
678:
677:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
583:
580:
572:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
441:
440:Editorial work
438:
422:
419:
285:United Nations
276:
273:
232:
229:
194:
191:
166:
163:
161:as his major.
84:
81:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1467:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1352:Caroline Dean
1350:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:Jared Diamond
1298:
1295:
1292:
1291:R. James Cook
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1236:Yuan Longping
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:Neal L. First
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:Shang Fa Yang
1149:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
990:
985:
984:
981:
973:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:
935:
931:
924:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
822:
807:
803:
797:
789:
785:
781:
779:9780123737281
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
720:
719:
714:
707:
701:
697:
694:
689:
685:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
585:
579:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
454:
453:
451:
447:
437:
434:
432:
428:
418:
416:
415:biotechnology
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:(FAO) in the
286:
282:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
228:
226:
223:
219:
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:United States
172:
162:
160:
156:
155:refugee camps
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
132:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
80:
78:
74:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
29:
19:
1370:Joanne Chory
1323:Trudy Mackay
1287:Harris Lewin
1264:W. Joe Lewis
1210:Gurdev Khush
1055:
961:
937:. Retrieved
933:
923:
882:
878:
872:
831:
827:
821:
810:. Retrieved
808:. 2016-05-13
805:
796:
761:
757:
722:. Retrieved
716:
706:
688:
573:
443:
435:
424:
411:spiroplasmas
407:parasitology
336:
321:
305:phytoplasmas
293:coconut palm
278:
248:
245:phytoplasmas
234:
218:phytoplasmas
196:
168:
136:
129:
122:Rudolf Weigl
110:Conservatory
86:
44:entomologist
35:
34:
1405:2016 deaths
1400:1915 births
1098:Ralph Riley
1082:Don Kirkham
379:Netherlands
328:Nobel Prize
315:as tenured
289:Philippines
257:agriculture
210:inoculation
126:Lwow (Lviv)
64:rickettsiae
60:mycoplasmas
52:centenarian
18:Maramorosch
1394:Categories
1317:Linda Saif
958:Chet, Ilan
939:2022-09-06
812:2022-09-06
450:publishing
403:Yugoslavia
399:Uzbekistan
222:leafhopper
153:in Polish
118:virologist
40:virologist
1189:Ilan Chet
899:0920-9069
848:0920-9069
724:March 26,
395:Sri Lanka
339:Argentina
332:pathogens
189:(Ph.D.).
171:emigrated
77:pathogens
1252:(2006/7)
1232:(2002/3)
1185:(1996/7)
1179:(1995/6)
1169:(1994/5)
1094:(1984/5)
1088:(1983/4)
915:29405809
907:22358474
864:31680959
856:22358478
806:Newsroom
788:17765702
764:: 1–31.
696:Archived
446:research
261:medicine
249:in vitro
151:interned
94:Kołomyja
56:polyglot
951:Sources
383:Nigeria
355:Germany
343:Armenia
283:of the
241:viroids
225:vectors
214:viruses
147:Romania
102:Ukraine
68:vectors
1380:(2024)
1366:(2023)
1360:(2022)
1354:(2020)
1337:(2019)
1331:(2018)
1325:(2016)
1319:(2015)
1313:(2014)
1303:(2013)
1293:(2011)
1283:(2010)
1266:(2008)
1242:(2004)
1222:(2001)
1212:(2000)
1195:(1998)
1159:(1993)
1153:(1991)
1147:(1990)
1130:(1989)
1120:(1988)
1110:(1987)
1104:(1986)
1078:(1982)
1072:(1981)
1058:(1980)
1041:(1979)
1031:(1978)
968:
913:
905:
897:
862:
854:
846:
786:
776:
632:1980:
427:Warsaw
391:Russia
387:Poland
375:Mexico
363:Israel
165:Career
98:Poland
89:Soroki
46:, and
1345:2020s
1274:2010s
1203:2000s
1138:1990s
1049:1980s
1018:1970s
911:S2CID
860:S2CID
680:Notes
371:Kenya
367:Japan
359:India
351:Egypt
347:China
220:into
100:(now
966:ISBN
903:PMID
895:ISSN
852:PMID
844:ISSN
784:PMID
774:ISBN
726:2019
401:and
269:gene
265:drug
243:and
216:and
207:lice
54:and
50:. A
887:doi
836:doi
766:doi
259:to
124:in
1396::
1376:/
1372:/
1309:/
1299:/
1289:/
1262:/
1258:/
1248:/
1238:/
1228:/
1218:/
1191:/
1175:/
1165:/
1126:/
1116:/
1100:/
1084:/
1068:/
1064:/
1037:/
1027:/
932:.
909:.
901:.
893:.
883:20
881:.
858:.
850:.
842:.
832:20
830:.
804:.
782:.
772:.
762:70
760:.
734:^
715:.
448:,
413:,
397:,
393:,
389:,
385:,
381:,
377:,
373:,
369:,
365:,
361:,
357:,
353:,
349:,
345:,
341:,
96:,
79:.
62:,
42:,
1002:e
995:t
988:v
974:.
942:.
917:.
889::
866:.
838::
815:.
790:.
768::
728:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
