409:
83:
31:
323:
427:
In April 2014, WHO launched a campaign called "Small bite, big threat" to educate people about vector-borne illnesses. WHO issued reports indicating that vector-borne illnesses affect poor people, especially people living in areas that do not have adequate levels of sanitation, drinking water and
515:"IVM strategies are designed to achieve the greatest disease control benefit in the most cost-effective manner, while minimizing negative impacts on ecosystems (e.g. depletion of biodiversity) and adverse side-effects on public health from the excessive use of chemicals in vector control."
424:(WHO) states that control and prevention of vector-borne diseases are emphasizing "Integrated Vector Management (IVM)", which is an approach that looks at the links between health and environment, optimizing benefits to both.
721:
899:
Haynes, A R. et al. Comparison of two parasitic vines: Dodder (Cuscuta) and Woe vine(Cassytha). Florida Dept Agric & Consumer
Services. Division of Plant Industry. Botany Circular No. 30. January/February
204:. The Triatomine bugs defecate during feeding and the excrement contains the parasites, which are accidentally smeared into the open wound by the host responding to pain and irritation from the bite.
38:
shortly after obtaining blood from a human (note the droplet of blood plasma being expelled as the mosquito squeezes out excess water). Mosquitos are a vector for several diseases, including
133:, which feed on blood at some or all stages of their lives. When the insects feed on blood, the pathogen enters the blood stream of the host. This can happen in different ways.
62:
or microbe, to another living organism. Agents regarded as vectors are mostly blood-sucking insects such as mosquitoes. The first major discovery of a disease vector came from
248:
Many plant pests that seriously damage important crops depend on other plants, often weeds, to harbour or vector them; the distinction is not always clear. In the case of
506:"Vector-borne zoonotic diseases are those that naturally infect wildlife and are then transmitted to humans through carriers, or vectors, such as mosquitoes or ticks."
1226:
1116:
Qureshi, Yasser M.; Voloshin, Vitaly; Facchinelli, Luca; McCall, Philip J.; Chervova, Olga; Towers, Cathy E.; Covington, James A.; Towers, David P. (2023-03-21).
1059:
2110:
940:
158:(used by mosquitoes to anaesthetise the host). Therefore, the parasites are transmitted directly into the host's blood stream. Pool feeders such as the
1190:
The
National Center for Biotechnology Information, Vector-borne Diseases: Understanding the Environmental, Human Health, and Ecological Connections
1184:
245:
of the fungus and also survived in the resting spores. Since then, many other fungi in
Chytridiomycota have been shown to vector plant viruses.
2548:
413:
154:), inserts its delicate mouthpart under the skin and feeds on its host's blood. The parasites the mosquito carries are usually located in its
2102:
1219:
649:
462:
457:
428:
housing. It is estimated that over 80% of the world's population resides in areas under threat of at least one vector borne disease.
391:
Many factors affect the incidence of vector-borne diseases. These factors include animals hosting the disease, vectors, and people.
1194:
1212:
915:
2883:
2870:
1484:
1240:
365:
2155:
853:
797:
600:
17:
1497:
582:
2672:
2130:
487:
1809:
2875:
472:
1879:
2305:
2300:
884:
1910:
241:. Eventually, however, the disease was shown to be viral. Later it transpired that the virus was transmitted by the
2844:
2384:
1791:
1407:
1978:
825:
2719:
2317:
2036:
2014:
1445:
2941:
2687:
1385:
811:
626:"CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - History - Ross and the Discovery that Mosquitoes Transmit Malaria Parasites"
1177:
735:
2946:
2714:
1867:
1630:
1345:
684:
1539:
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2627:
2563:
2531:
2479:
1776:
1758:
1092:
1001:
535:
2312:
1725:
1465:
876:
174:
respectively, will chew a well in the host's skin, forming a small pool of blood from which they feed.
2816:
2806:
2501:
2437:
2160:
2125:
1928:
1905:
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1504:
1008:
910:
452:
421:
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2496:
2371:
2225:
1340:
1330:
783:
228:
412:
Public health agencies educate people about many different disease vectors. This artwork, at the
2821:
2739:
2605:
2135:
1933:
1640:
1578:
1412:
1380:
970:
592:
1492:
2408:
2193:
1943:
1816:
1422:
1279:
1269:
843:
749:
346:
Several articles, recent to early 2014, warn that human activities are spreading vector-borne
2936:
2931:
2729:
2361:
2230:
1738:
1645:
1564:
870:
657:
1509:
2811:
2704:
2650:
2578:
2568:
2260:
2115:
1988:
1595:
1204:
1199:
560:
442:
396:
8:
2898:
2888:
2854:
2459:
1897:
1733:
1544:
980:
408:
361:
294:
is transmitted through exposure to the saliva or brain tissue of an infected animal. Any
1152:
1117:
2622:
2617:
2526:
2506:
2140:
1983:
1948:
1802:
1768:
1318:
482:
237:
1554:
625:
549:
2908:
2849:
2709:
2662:
2464:
1966:
1635:
1625:
1615:
1600:
1417:
1400:
1264:
1157:
1139:
880:
849:
703:
606:
596:
477:
368:
and "social upheaval" are causing a resurgence in zoonotic disease across the world.
196:
87:
1118:"Finding a Husband: Using Explainable AI to Define Male Mosquito Flight Differences"
1032:
27:
Agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism
2903:
2839:
2826:
2655:
2644:
2536:
2516:
2351:
2265:
2240:
1971:
1918:
1857:
1748:
1395:
1323:
1147:
1129:
693:
588:
437:
380:
263:
More directly, when they twine from one plant to another, parasitic plants such as
763:
2771:
2766:
2610:
2558:
2366:
2343:
2188:
2165:
1549:
1514:
1390:
1335:
385:
335:
232:
1519:
2801:
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2255:
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2150:
1874:
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1298:
1189:
216:
201:
171:
155:
130:
2925:
2682:
2639:
2598:
2491:
2474:
2432:
2145:
1696:
1665:
1286:
1143:
975:
610:
280:
227:
Some plants and fungi act as vectors for various pathogens. For example, the
167:
159:
1532:
1134:
260:
and related genera act as alternate hosts in a cycle of infection of grain.
2893:
2831:
2593:
2573:
2521:
2469:
2420:
2220:
2170:
1781:
1352:
1161:
707:
375:
339:
295:
212:
91:
82:
47:
1195:
Science Direct, Current
Research in Parasitology and Vector-borne Diseases
400:, physically transmitting the virus with their hands from plant to plant.
2786:
2588:
2511:
2486:
2235:
2215:
2120:
2080:
2004:
1375:
1370:
1291:
1274:
768:
276:
191:
187:
63:
2724:
2699:
2667:
2444:
2425:
2415:
2403:
2250:
1862:
1834:
1660:
1620:
468:
VectorBase: genomic database of invertebrate vectors of human pathogens
467:
352:
327:
181:
176:
147:
30:
2796:
2275:
1308:
1303:
1236:
968:
250:
184:
force their own way out of the insect's head into the pool of blood.
163:
151:
138:
98:
971:"Emerging vector-borne diseases create new public health challenges"
764:"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from Mayo Clinic - Mayo Clinic"
2779:
2694:
2270:
2245:
2198:
1743:
1313:
1256:
1071:
698:
680:"Classification of Human Parasites, Vectors, and Similar Organisms"
679:
357:
347:
331:
317:
271:
256:
242:
180:
parasites then infect the host through the saliva of the sand fly.
102:
71:
59:
55:
35:
2583:
2454:
1707:
1067:
554:
350:
diseases. Several articles were published in the medical journal
322:
307:
265:
231:
was long thought to be caused by a member of the fungal division
143:
110:
67:
39:
1115:
1060:"WHO focuses on vector-borne diseases for World Health Day 2014"
2791:
2356:
2009:
1605:
447:
291:
208:
129:
transmitting a huge number of pathogens. Many such vectors are
624:
Prevention, CDC-Centers for
Disease Control and (2017-03-28).
2020:
303:
54:
is any living agent that carries and transmits an infectious
1234:
941:"Lancet addresses emerging infectious vector-borne diseases"
1473:
126:
122:
118:
114:
969:
University of
California - Santa Cruz (30 November 2012).
311:
299:
298:
animal can carry rabies, but the most common vectors are
106:
1185:
Biological mosquito eradication in Monte Verde, Honduras
826:"Thysanoptera - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
574:
394:
Humans can also be vectors for some diseases, such as
1037:
812:"Thripidae - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
371:
Examples of vector-borne zoonotic diseases include:
342:. The mosquito would be considered a disease vector.
211:
that act as vectors for over 20 viruses, especially
70:pathogen when he dissected the stomach tissue of a
2923:
1039:. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization
318:Vector-borne zoonotic disease and human activity
964:
962:
837:
835:
868:
841:
414:London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
1586:
1220:
848:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 342–.
959:
832:
784:"CDC - Chagas Disease - General Information"
750:"CDC - Chagas Disease - Detailed Fact Sheet"
101:form a major group of pathogen vectors with
1002:"Handbook for Integrated Vector Management"
1227:
1213:
623:
190:are responsible for the transmission of a
1151:
1133:
934:
932:
862:
697:
403:
407:
321:
81:
29:
2301:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
1474:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
1057:
1027:
1025:
938:
916:The Humane Society of the United States
150:, and various arthropod-borne-viruses (
14:
2924:
2884:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
2776:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
929:
677:
1208:
2131:Compartmental models in epidemiology
1022:
678:Garcia, Lynne S. (August 15, 1999).
650:"Classification of Animal Parasites"
580:
488:2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak
416:, shows 10 different animal vectors.
893:
736:"PEOI Foundations of Public Health"
356:, and discuss how rapid changes in
222:
24:
473:List of diseases caused by insects
25:
2958:
1178:WHO page on vector-borne diseases
1171:
872:Evolutionary Biology of Parasites
463:Insect vectors of plant pathogens
458:Insect vectors of human pathogens
2880:Economics of Infectious Diseases
939:Purlain, Ted (5 December 2012).
166:, vectors for pathogens causing
1200:CDC Diseases Carried by Vectors
1109:
1085:
1051:
994:
903:
845:Fundamentals of Plant Pathology
818:
804:
790:
776:
756:
509:
500:
2889:Infectious disease informatics
2720:Transmission-based precautions
1058:Parrish, Ryan (7 April 2014).
742:
728:
722:"8.20D: Arthropods as Vectors"
714:
671:
642:
617:
542:
528:
13:
1:
2306:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
2081:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
1442:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
522:
207:There are several species of
77:
1868:Aerosol-generating procedure
1646:Silent/Subclinical infection
1346:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
911:"Raccoons and public health"
685:Clinical Infectious Diseases
584:A Dictionary of Epidemiology
66:in 1897, who discovered the
7:
2532:Vaccine-preventable disease
2480:Monoclonal antibody therapy
431:
229:big-vein disease of lettuce
10:
2963:
2673:Respiratory source control
877:Princeton University Press
326:This figure shows how the
286:
275:have been shown to convey
2863:
2817:Global Health Initiatives
2807:Evolutionary epidemiology
2755:
2547:
2502:Post-exposure prophylaxis
2438:Antimicrobial stewardship
2396:
2383:
2288:
2179:
2161:Multiplicity of infection
2126:Basic reproduction number
2101:
2073:
2059:
2045:
2029:
1997:
1959:
1902:Percutaneous inoculation
1888:
1850:
1843:
1825:
1757:
1724:
1717:
1681:
1674:
1577:
1464:
1386:Host–pathogen interaction
1361:
1255:
1248:
1009:World Health Organization
581:Last, James, ed. (2001).
453:Globalization and disease
422:World Health Organization
215:, and cause all sorts of
2635:Protective sequestration
2497:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
1788:Generational difference
1341:Horizontal gene transfer
1331:Antimicrobial resistance
493:
2822:Microbial phylogenetics
2740:Wastewater surveillance
2261:Geographic distribution
2136:Critical community size
1934:Surgical site infection
1782:Iatrogenic/Medical care
1701:Microbial translocation
1697:Endogenous reactivation
1692:Normal flora overgrowth
1641:Opportunistic infection
1413:Opportunistic infection
1135:10.3390/biology12040496
1093:"Vector-borne diseases"
869:Peter W. Price (1980).
842:R. S. Mehrotra (2013).
593:Oxford University Press
536:"Vector-borne diseases"
142:mosquito, a vector for
2894:Microbial bioterrorism
2517:efficacy/effectiveness
1925:Surgical intervention
1817:Breakthrough infection
1439:Genetic predisposition
1423:Susceptible individual
1270:Germ theory of disease
1033:"Vector-borne disease"
417:
404:Control and prevention
343:
95:
43:
2730:Universal precautions
1688:Endogenous overgrowth
1540:Poultry and livestock
654:plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu
411:
325:
85:
33:
18:Vector (epidemiology)
2942:Disease transmission
2832:Genomic reassortment
2812:Genetic epidemiology
2651:Health communication
2579:Flattening the curve
2569:Disease surveillance
2352:Systemic/Generalized
2116:Animal disease model
1596:Asymptomatic carrier
561:Princeton University
443:Asymptomatic carrier
397:Tobacco mosaic virus
2947:Infectious diseases
2899:Pandemic prevention
2855:Viral phylodynamics
2836:Re-emerging disease
2725:Travel restrictions
1929:Postoperative wound
1898:Blood-borne disease
1880:Respiratory droplet
1792:Vertical/Congenital
1777:Nosocomial/Hospital
1734:Spillover infection
981:Rockville, Maryland
947:. Chicago, Illinois
362:trade globalization
2845:Selection pressure
2141:Force of infection
1769:Contagious disease
1704:Endogenous seeding
1601:Chain of infection
1525:Injection drug use
1436:Vaccination status
1319:Case fatality rate
1237:infectious disease
1064:Vaccine News Daily
945:Vaccine News Daily
483:Waterborne disease
418:
344:
238:Olpidium brassicae
96:
44:
2919:
2918:
2909:Tropical medicine
2850:Synthetic biology
2751:
2750:
2710:Social distancing
2663:Outbreak response
2284:
2283:
2111:Agent-based model
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
1636:Natural reservoir
1626:Infectious period
1616:Incubation period
1573:
1572:
1529:Natural disaster
1498:Tropical diseases
1481:Biodiversity loss
1418:Risk of infection
1408:Microbiome health
1401:Immunosuppression
855:978-1-259-02955-4
602:978-0-19-514169-6
478:Natural reservoir
251:Puccinia graminis
197:Trypanosoma cruzi
16:(Redirected from
2954:
2904:Tropical disease
2840:Reverse zoonosis
2827:One Health Model
2656:Health education
2645:Community health
2564:Cordon sanitaire
2537:Ring vaccination
2507:Repurposed drugs
2394:
2393:
2313:Gastrointestinal
2156:Machine learning
1960:Gastrointestinal
1911:Intravenous line
1848:
1847:
1762:/Cross-infection
1749:Reverse zoonosis
1722:
1721:
1679:
1678:
1584:
1583:
1565:War and conflict
1433:Nutrition status
1396:Immunodeficiency
1253:
1252:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1137:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1029:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1006:
998:
992:
991:
989:
987:
966:
957:
956:
954:
952:
936:
927:
926:
924:
923:
907:
901:
897:
891:
890:
879:. pp. 61–.
866:
860:
859:
839:
830:
829:
822:
816:
815:
808:
802:
801:
798:"Chagas disease"
794:
788:
787:
786:. 13 April 2022.
780:
774:
773:
760:
754:
753:
752:. 11 April 2022.
746:
740:
739:
732:
726:
725:
718:
712:
711:
701:
675:
669:
668:
666:
665:
656:. Archived from
646:
640:
639:
637:
636:
621:
615:
614:
578:
572:
571:
569:
567:
546:
540:
539:
532:
516:
513:
507:
504:
438:Airborne disease
283:between plants.
223:Plants and fungi
21:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2859:
2772:Antigenic shift
2767:Antigenic drift
2758:
2747:
2611:Barrier nursing
2559:Contact tracing
2550:
2543:
2388:
2386:
2379:
2290:
2280:
2181:
2175:
2166:Serial interval
2085:
2069:
2060:Cervico-vaginal
2055:
2046:Trans-placental
2041:
2025:
1993:
1955:
1891:Vascular system
1890:
1884:
1839:
1827:
1821:
1761:
1753:
1713:
1670:
1588:
1569:
1460:
1391:Immune response
1357:
1336:Drug resistance
1280:Infectious dose
1244:
1233:
1174:
1169:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1004:
1000:
999:
995:
985:
983:
967:
960:
950:
948:
937:
930:
921:
919:
909:
908:
904:
898:
894:
887:
867:
863:
856:
840:
833:
824:
823:
819:
810:
809:
805:
796:
795:
791:
782:
781:
777:
762:
761:
757:
748:
747:
743:
734:
733:
729:
724:. 23 June 2017.
720:
719:
715:
676:
672:
663:
661:
648:
647:
643:
634:
632:
622:
618:
603:
595:. p. 185.
579:
575:
565:
563:
548:
547:
543:
534:
533:
529:
525:
520:
519:
514:
510:
505:
501:
496:
434:
406:
386:West Nile virus
336:West Nile virus
320:
289:
233:Chytridiomycota
225:
200:, which causes
188:Triatomine bugs
156:salivary glands
90:, a vector for
80:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2960:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2802:Emergent virus
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2735:Vector control
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2678:N95 respirator
2670:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2551:pharmaceutical
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2400:
2398:
2397:Pharmaceutical
2391:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2348:Cardiovascular
2346:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2327:Nervous system
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
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2163:
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2151:Infection rate
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2095:
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2087:
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2083:
2077:
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2071:
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2068:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2057:
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2049:
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2039:
2033:
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2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2012:
2007:
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1995:
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1992:
1991:
1986:
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1976:
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1963:
1961:
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1807:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1759:Human-to-human
1755:
1754:
1752:
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1746:
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1736:
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1715:
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1598:
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330:is carried by
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202:Chagas disease
172:onchocerciasis
131:haematophagous
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52:disease vector
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2182:in population
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2146:Herd immunity
2144:
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2030:Genitourinary
2028:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
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1972:Contamination
1970:
1969:
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1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
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1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:Vector-borne
1939:
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1726:Cross-species
1723:
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1666:Window period
1664:
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1634:
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1631:Latent period
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1510:Deforestation
1508:
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1455:Stress levels
1454:
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1310:
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1297:
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1287:Pathogenicity
1285:
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1054:
1038:
1034:
1028:
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1003:
997:
982:
978:
977:
976:Science Daily
972:
965:
963:
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935:
933:
918:
917:
912:
906:
896:
888:
886:0-691-08257-X
882:
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865:
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731:
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695:
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686:
681:
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660:on 2017-10-06
659:
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254:for example,
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214:
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205:
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199:
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169:
168:leishmaniasis
165:
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157:
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149:
145:
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140:
134:
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128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
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93:
89:
84:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
32:
19:
2937:Parasitology
2932:Epidemiology
2623:Notification
2594:Hand washing
2589:Food hygiene
2574:Disinfection
2470:Immunization
2421:Anthelmintic
2409:prophylactic
2297:Respiratory
2221:Hyperendemic
2171:WAIFW matrix
1826:Environment-
1579:Transmission
1555:Urbanization
1353:Host tropism
1249:Determinants
1235:Concepts in
1125:
1121:
1111:
1100:. Retrieved
1096:
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1063:
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1036:
1012:. Retrieved
996:
984:. Retrieved
974:
949:. Retrieved
944:
920:. Retrieved
914:
905:
895:
871:
864:
844:
820:
806:
792:
778:
767:
758:
744:
730:
716:
689:
683:
673:
662:. Retrieved
658:the original
653:
644:
633:. Retrieved
629:
619:
583:
576:
564:. Retrieved
553:
544:
530:
511:
502:
426:
419:
395:
393:
390:
376:Lyme disease
370:
351:
345:
340:Dengue fever
296:warm-blooded
290:
277:phytoplasmal
270:
264:
262:
255:
249:
247:
236:
226:
213:Tospoviruses
206:
195:
186:
175:
137:
135:
97:
92:Lyme disease
51:
48:epidemiology
45:
2876:Eradication
2787:Biosecurity
2512:Vaccination
2487:Inoculation
2465:Drug safety
2460:Combination
2387:and Control
2335:Soft tissue
2289:Anatomical
2256:Seasonality
2236:Mesoendemic
2216:Holoendemic
2209:Farr's laws
2121:Attack rate
1919:Animal bite
1915:Insect bite
1851:Respiratory
1478:Air quality
1466:Environment
1376:Comorbidity
1292:Attack rate
1275:Infectivity
1097:www.who.int
769:Mayo Clinic
630:www.cdc.gov
192:trypanosome
152:arboviruses
64:Ronald Ross
2926:Categories
2759:infections
2700:Sanitation
2668:Quarantine
2527:resistance
2445:Antiseptic
2426:Ascaricide
2416:Antifungal
2404:Antibiotic
2385:Prevention
2318:Intestinal
2251:Prevalence
2231:Inequality
2180:Occurrence
1979:Breastmilk
1863:Bioaerosol
1835:Sapronosis
1810:Horizontal
1682:Endogenous
1661:Viral load
1621:Index case
1128:(4): 496.
1102:2023-03-31
1014:3 December
922:2022-04-01
664:2016-02-25
635:2020-10-23
557:Search 3.1
523:References
353:The Lancet
328:Flavivirus
182:Onchocerca
177:Leishmania
148:filariasis
111:sand flies
103:mosquitoes
99:Arthropods
78:Arthropods
58:such as a
2871:Discovery
2797:Disease X
2757:Emerging
2705:Screening
2606:Isolation
2450:Antiviral
2276:Twindemic
2226:Incidence
2103:Modelling
2066:Perinatal
1998:Cutaneous
1889:Linked to
1799:Perinatal
1718:Exogenous
1710:formation
1452:Pregnancy
1309:Endotoxin
1304:Virulence
1144:2079-7737
611:207797812
332:mosquitos
243:zoospores
235:, namely
164:black fly
139:Anopheles
94:pathogens
88:deer tick
2780:EARS-Net
2695:Safe sex
2647:services
2618:Lockdown
2389:measures
2291:location
2271:Syndemic
2266:Sporadic
2246:Pandemic
2241:Outbreak
2199:Epidemic
2052:Prenatal
1944:Mosquito
1828:to-human
1803:Neonatal
1796:Prenatal
1744:Zoonosis
1589:concepts
1520:Humidity
1505:Commerce
1381:Diabetes
1314:Exotoxin
1162:37106697
1153:10135534
1072:Illinois
708:10589879
589:New York
550:"Vector"
432:See also
358:land use
348:zoonotic
308:raccoons
272:Cassytha
257:Berberis
160:sand fly
72:mosquito
60:parasite
56:pathogen
36:mosquito
2584:Hygiene
2522:booster
2455:Asepsis
2194:Endemic
2189:Cluster
1773:Source
1708:Biofilm
1545:Poverty
1515:Ecology
1493:El Niño
1446:Smoking
1324:factors
1265:Biofilm
1241:Outline
1122:Biology
1077:7 April
1068:Chicago
1043:7 April
986:7 April
951:7 April
566:7 April
555:WordNet
334:in the
287:Mammals
266:Cuscuta
144:malaria
68:malaria
40:malaria
2792:CRISPR
2744:Zoning
2599:Gloves
2010:Fomite
1844:Routes
1739:Vector
1606:Fomite
1587:Basic
1550:Travel
1430:Gender
1160:
1150:
1142:
883:
852:
706:
609:
599:
448:Fomite
381:Plague
310:, and
304:skunks
292:Rabies
209:Thrips
125:, and
2864:Other
2372:Fetus
2367:Mouth
2362:Tooth
2357:Blood
2344:Joint
2204:Curve
2074:Other
2021:wound
2019:Open
1989:Feces
1984:Water
1675:Modes
1533:Flood
1257:Agent
1005:(PDF)
494:Notes
127:mites
123:ticks
119:fleas
107:flies
2628:list
2549:Non-
2339:Bone
2331:Skin
2015:Soil
2005:Burn
1967:Food
1949:Tick
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