20:
471:
Council of the People's
Deputies made the changes legally binding. In addition, the MSPD-steered provisional government introduced binding state arbitration of labour conflicts, created worker's councils in large industrial firms, and opened the path to the unionization of rural labourers. In December 1918, a decree was passed providing relief for the unemployed. Communities were to be responsible for 33% of unemployment relief (without fixing a monetary amount) and the national government would contribute 50%. Responsibility for job placement was first transferred from the Demobilization Office to the minister of Labour and then to the National Employment Exchange Office, which was created in January 1920.
183:
349:
284:
109:
405:
299:, the last chancellor of the German Empire, handed the government over to Friedrich Ebert as head of the party with the largest number of seats in the Reichstag. Initially the party yielded more to the pressure of events than act on specific plans to run a revolutionary government. Ebert's early considerations to refrain from abolishing the monarchy in order to prevent a civil war, for example, proved illusory.
127:. He and his supporters sought to achieve socialism not through revolution, the original goal of the SPD, but through reforms and democratic majorities legitimised in general elections. The reformist wing of the party – or "revisionist" in the party's internal parlance at the time – gradually gained acceptance within the SPD. By the time of the repeal of the Bismarckian
89:. They followed a moderate course towards a parliamentary system and often used military force against the radical left groups that wanted a soviet style government. The MSPD introduced important social reforms such as the eight-hour workday and early forms of unemployment and health insurance. The party won more votes than any other in the first two national elections.
504:. It had distanced itself from its initial call for a general strike to oppose the putsch because the move had angered the military on which it was relying, and the Ruhr uprising was harshly and bloodily suppressed by the military and Freikorps. Most of the voters the MSPD lost went to the USPD and KPD.
386:
The actions taken by Ebert, Noske and
Scheidemann during the months of the November Revolution led to the accusation by both parliamentary and non-parliamentary left-wing parties and groups that the MSPD had betrayed the revolution and thus, to a large extent, its own supporters. The Spartacus League
160:
that subordinated party interests to war policy and national interest. The trade unions refrained from striking, all parties supported war credits and agreed not to criticize the government and its handling of the war. The majority of the SPD Reichstag party membership under the leadership of Ebert
495:
was quite different. The MSPD's share slipped to 21.9% and 103 seats, while the USPD's jumped to 17.6% and 83 seats, putting it in second place; the
Communist Party of Germany received 2.1% of the vote and 4 seats. The MSPD's losses were due primarily to the effects of the government's handling of
319:
with the USPD as the new government. The resulting revolutionary government, with three members each from the MSPD and USPD under the leadership of Ebert and Haase, saw itself as a provisional government for the revolutionary upheaval phase and committed itself to a constituent body that would be
536:
in June 1922 and the growth of the extreme Right led both the MSPD and the USPD to the view that saving the
Republic was more important than their already shrinking political differences. The two parties' Reichstag memberships joined to form a working group on 14 July 1922, and at a united party
465:
The new government faced a social crisis in
Germany following the end of the First World War, with the country threatened by hunger and chaos. The return of soldiers into civilian life was for the most part orderly, and efforts were made to combat the threat of starvation. The government of the
470:
and pensions introduced important political and social reforms. In
February 1918, workers had made an agreement with employers which secured them freedom of association, the legal guarantee of an eight-hour workday and the extension of wage agreements to all branches of trade and industry. The
280:, which made the chancellor responsible to the Reichstag rather than to the emperor and required parliamentary approval for declarations of war and peace. Since the reforms were adopted only on 28 October 1918, they were quickly overtaken by the collapse of the Empire at the end of World War I.
314:
in mind. The majority of them were striving primarily for an end to the war and military rule. With that goal in mind, they backed the MSPD leadership, whom they trusted, and called for the reunification of the
Majority SPD with the Independent SPD. The MSPD leadership then offered to form a
212:
Over time, the deadlocked course of the war, with tens of thousands of fallen soldiers and growing hardship among the German population, led to increasing doubts about its justifications among both the general population and in the ranks of the Social
Democrats. By 1915/1916, members of the
932:
Gietinger Karl, Klaus; Roth, Heinz (2007). "Die
Verantwortung der Mehrheitssozialdemokratie fĂĽr die Morde der deutschen Gegenrevolution im Jahr 1919. Eine Dokumentation" [The Responsibility of the Majority Social Democrats for the Murders of the German Counter-revolution in 1919. A
255:, influenced the theoretical debates instead of Kautsky and Bernstein from 1915 onwards. Their aim was to utilise the hoped-for German victory in the First World War to implement a socialist order in Europe and liberate the peoples of Eastern Europe from the "yoke of
337:. The MSPD, which from that point on formed the government alone, attempted unsuccessfully to establish a democratic people's army or to rely on MSPD volunteer organisations for armed support. When the Council of the People's Deputies was attacked during the
217:
wing and moderate leftists and reformists such as Hugo Haase and Eduard
Bernstein opposed the war. In 1917 the anti-war faction within the party had grown to 45 members. In March the majority of the SPD parliamentary membership, led by Ebert and
466:
Council of the People's Deputies raised wage levels and introduced universal proportional representation for both national and state parliaments. A series of regulations on unemployment benefits, job creation and protection,
487:, which was tasked with writing a new constitution, the MSPD captured 37.9% of the vote and 163 seats, almost twice as many as the second place finisher; the USPD gained 7.6% of the vote and 22 seats. The outcome of the
527:
In 1920, a little over half of the members of the USPD voted to join the KPD. The remnant of the USPD lost membership and money trying to steer a course between the KPD and MSPD. The assassination of Foreign Minister
197:
of the SPD was the first member of the Reichstag to vote against war credits. He was expelled from the party in 1916 for his opposition to its leadership. The SPD's left-wing revolutionary
1711:
426:
1384:
1084:
383:
minister, was politically responsible for the murders by Freikorps units of many revolutionaries, including Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht on 15 January 1919.
1499:
310:
in Russia. Only a minority of the active revolutionary soldiers' and workers' councils who supported the revolution, however, had the example of the Russian
1494:
323:
At the end of 1918, the coalition between the MSPD and USPD collapsed due to a dispute about the use of the military against the rebellious sailors of the
823:
905:
McElligott, Anthony (25 February 1928). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.).
853:
MĂĽhlhausen, Walter (18 December 2015). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.).
1726:
1716:
559:
19:
1731:
1377:
247:, and leading theorists of the reform wing also moved to the USPD. In the remaining Majority SPD, the former left-wing anti-revisionists of the
1721:
1451:
1125:
1115:
756:
Windsor, Tara (2 October 2019). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.).
166:
65:
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1701:
1077:
277:
100:
in January 1919. In 1922 the majority of the remaining USPD members united with the MSPD, and the party returned to its original SPD name.
1741:
1532:
730:
1696:
1370:
1598:
1070:
1691:
1420:
1220:
1200:
267:
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1461:
1415:
1180:
1110:
303:
143:
was elected to the leadership of the party. His was a clearly moderate voice that continued to champion the reformist course.
1706:
1630:
837:
230:
as its left wing. To distinguish itself from the USPD, the remaining part of the SPD was renamed the Majority SPD, or MSPD.
1640:
1593:
1093:
854:
391:(KPD) on 1 January 1919. It marked the final separation between the revolutionary and reformist wings of social democracy.
341:
in January 1919, they decided to trust to the troops led by the old imperial officers and leaders of the newly constituted
1655:
1588:
1308:
373:(MSPD) at the turn of the year 1918/19 left the MSPD in reasonably firm control by mid-1919. Noske, who later became the
316:
24:
1446:
1120:
1050:
292:
120:
82:
61:
1039:
Howard, Nick (1999). "The German revolution defeated and fascism deferred". In McElligott, Anthony; Kirk, Tim (eds.).
906:
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573:
516:
508:
452:
880:
434:
1736:
1275:
1238:
1650:
1362:
1185:
430:
146:
Internal party differences between the anti-reformists and reformists were exacerbated by the outbreak of the
1062:
276:) in a tentative step towards the parliamentarization of the German Empire. Its primary achievement was the
1484:
1341:
1285:
787:
512:
488:
480:
198:
74:, USPD), which split from the SPD as a result of the party majority's support of the government during the
1210:
492:
467:
248:
1672:
1522:
1410:
1313:
1215:
1013:
388:
97:
623:
1270:
157:
703:
1625:
1583:
1555:
1504:
1393:
1195:
484:
415:
366:
1603:
1550:
1336:
1331:
1280:
1265:
1257:
1190:
419:
226:, the former members founded the USPD, with the Spartacus group around Luxemburg, Liebknecht and
1635:
1527:
1323:
1243:
1148:
757:
263:
1514:
1175:
1158:
1140:
1040:
334:
131:
in 1890, the majority of the party in its practical politics had come to accept and support
1438:
296:
1613:
677:
8:
1489:
1303:
1230:
533:
338:
324:
219:
152:
128:
32:
597:
1560:
986:
307:
960:
1205:
1167:
1046:
942:
833:
569:
287:
Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD and republican Germany's first president, in 1918
649:
1434:
1392:
565:
529:
252:
206:
124:
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93:
222:, voted to expel the opponents of the war. At a conference from 6–8 April 1917 in
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186:
147:
140:
132:
86:
75:
64:(SPD) between April 1917 and September 1922. The name differentiated it from the
40:
1660:
202:
44:
28:
680:[Friedrich Ebert 1871–1925. From Workers' Leader to Reich President].
1685:
1092:
946:
501:
243:
176:
182:
1570:
1351:
1346:
1295:
370:
352:
238:
227:
136:
36:
348:
283:
1476:
497:
96:, its revolutionary wing, joined with other communist groups to form the
302:
The Spartacus League and parts of the USPD advocated the formation of a
108:
1645:
1542:
379:
357:
311:
162:
139:, who had stood as a figure who could integrate the party's two wings,
830:
In the Stranglehold of the Political Parties. Part 1: In the Year 2019
1430:
1402:
1102:
790:[The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)].
678:"Friedrich Ebert 1871–1925. Vom Arbeiterführer zum Reichspräsidenten"
538:
342:
404:
911:
1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
859:
1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
762:
1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
561:
The German Left and the Weimar Republic: A Selection of Documents
256:
214:
788:"Die Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (USPD)"
1617:
1042:
Opposing Fascism. Community, Authority and Resistance in Europe
1045:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–32.
223:
1495:
Schleswig-Holstein Farmers and Farmworkers Democracy (SHBLD)
825:
Im WĂĽrgegriff der politischen Parteien. Teil 1: Im Jahr 2019
209:
in 1918, had also agitated against the war from the outset.
27:
in 1919 when all members were from the MSPD. Left to right:
832:] (in German). Ahrensburg: tredition. pp. ebook.
365:
The bloody suppression of the Spartacist uprising and the
115:, who began the reformist movement within the SPD, in 1895
189:
of the SPD, a leading anti-war figure, shown here in 1912
103:
16:
Name of the main German Social Democratic Party 1917–1922
81:
Governments led by the MSPD steered Germany through the
369:
by right-wing nationalist Freikorps units recruited by
92:
The breakaway USPD was considerably weakened after the
1500:
Christian National Peasants' and Farmers' Party (CNBL)
1452:
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
1126:
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
387:
and other left-wing revolutionary groups founded the
306:
such as the one proclaimed a year earlier during the
123:(SPD) began with the revisionist debate triggered by
1712:
Organizations of the German Revolution of 1918–1919
71:
Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
1457:Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD)
1131:Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD)
1116:Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP)
963:[Election to the National Assembly 1919].
931:
251:, who were close to the German-Russian journalist
532:by members of the ultra-nationalist paramilitary
1683:
1646:National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP)
205:and renamed the Spartacus Group in 1916 and the
57:Mehrheitssozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
119:Significant disputes over the direction of the
522:
291:On 9 September 1918, in the early days of the
1462:Old Social Democratic Party of Germany (ASPD)
1396:in Germany in the Weimar Republic (1918–1933)
1378:
1078:
278:German constitutional reforms of October 1918
328:
271:
170:
135:. After the death in 1913 of party chairman
69:
60:, MSPD) was the name officially used by the
55:
733:[Burgfrieden and Domestic Policy].
433:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
52:Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany
1656:National Socialist Freedom Movement (NSFB)
1467:Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD)
1385:
1371:
1111:General German Workers' Association (ADAV)
1085:
1071:
904:
855:"Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)"
852:
1416:Communist Workers Party of Germany (KAPD)
596:Angel, Pierre Robert (14 December 2023).
511:in August 1919, Friedrich Ebert defeated
453:Learn how and when to remove this message
270:formed a Reichstag Intergroup Committee (
1727:Political parties in the Weimar Republic
1717:Political parties disestablished in 1922
1594:Christian Social People's Service (CSVD)
1447:Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
1121:Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
785:
647:
347:
282:
181:
156:, an agreement among the parties in the
107:
18:
1641:Greater German People's Community (GVG)
755:
621:
541:on 24 September, the parties reunited.
295:that followed Germany's defeat, Prince
1732:Political parties of the German Empire
1684:
1038:
1011:
989:[Reichstag Election 1920/22].
821:
622:Conradt, David P. (15 December 2023).
557:
241:, the long-time editor of the journal
104:Historical and theoretical development
1722:Political parties established in 1917
1579:German National People's Party (DnVp)
1366:
1066:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
786:Kalmbach, Karena (6 September 2014).
735:Bundeszentrale fĂĽr politische Bildung
728:
595:
1747:Social democratic parties in Germany
1702:Defunct socialist parties in Germany
1651:German Völkisch Freedom Party (DVFP)
907:"Workers' or Revolutionary Councils"
881:"The last year of the German Empire"
781:
779:
672:
670:
624:"Social Democratic Party of Germany"
431:adding citations to reliable sources
398:
961:"Wahl zur Nationalversammlung 1919"
474:
320:created through general elections.
167:Independent Social Democratic Party
66:Independent Social Democratic Party
13:
1742:Social Democratic Party of Germany
806:
233:
121:Social Democratic Party of Germany
62:Social Democratic Party of Germany
14:
1758:
1697:1922 disestablishments in Germany
1599:Conservative People's Party (KVP)
1314:German Social Reform Party (DSRP)
1211:National-Social Association (NSV)
776:
667:
648:Matthias, Erich (9 August 2023).
394:
1421:Communist Party Opposition (KPO)
1411:Communist Party of Germany (KPD)
1221:Progressive People's Party (FVP)
1201:Free-minded People's Party (FVP)
1012:Asmuss, Burkhard (8 June 2011).
403:
317:Council of the People's Deputies
25:Council of the People's Deputies
1271:German Conservative Party (DkP)
1196:German Free-minded Party (DFsP)
1181:Democratic People's Party (DVP)
1032:
1014:"Der LĂĽttwitz-Kapp-Putsch 1920"
1005:
979:
953:
925:
898:
873:
846:
1692:1917 establishments in Germany
1533:Christian People's Party (CVP)
1485:Bavarian Peasants' League (BB)
1342:Bavarian Peasants' League (BB)
749:
731:"Burgfrieden und Innenpolitik"
729:Kruse, Wolfgang (6 May 2013).
722:
696:
641:
615:
589:
551:
517:German National People's Party
293:German Revolution of 1918–1919
83:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1:
1604:German-Hanoverian Party (DHP)
1551:German Democratic Party (DDP)
1523:Bavarian People's Party (BVP)
1337:German-Hanoverian Party (DHP)
1266:Free Conservative Party (FKP)
1018:Deutsches Historisches Museum
792:Deutsches Historisches Museum
544:
150:, in particular the issue of
1707:German Empire in World War I
1636:German Socialist Party (DSP)
1589:People's Justice Party (VRP)
1286:Conservative Party (Prussia)
1276:Christian Social Party (CSP)
1244:Imperial Liberal Party (LRP)
1239:National Liberal Party (NLP)
1186:German People's Party (DtVP)
1096:until the end of World War I
1094:Political parties in Germany
513:Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner
273:Interfraktioneller Ausschuss
7:
1626:German Workers' Party (DAP)
1556:German People's Party (DVP)
1505:German Farmers' Party (DBP)
1176:German Progress Party (DFP)
704:"Friedrich Ebert 1875–1925"
523:Reunification with the USPD
509:first presidential election
249:Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch group
85:and the first years of the
10:
1763:
1673:Weimar paramilitary groups
913:. Freie Universität Berlin
861:. Freie Universität Berlin
764:. Freie Universität Berlin
389:Communist Party of Germany
268:Progressive People's Party
175:and the war policy of the
98:Communist Party of Germany
1669:
1631:German Social Party (DSP)
1612:
1569:
1561:German State Party (DStP)
1541:
1513:
1475:
1429:
1401:
1322:
1309:German Social Party (DSP)
1304:German Reform Party (DRP)
1294:
1256:
1229:
1166:
1157:
1139:
1101:
165:, who later moved to the
987:"Reichstagswahl 1920/22"
822:Ghanem, Michael (2019).
708:Friedrich Ebert Stiftung
682:Friedrich Ebert Stiftung
485:Weimar National Assembly
367:Bavarian Soviet Republic
262:In June 1917, the MSPD,
1737:Politics of World War I
1281:German Fatherland Party
885:Encyclopedia Britannica
654:Encyclopedia Britannica
628:Encyclopedia Britannica
602:Encyclopedia Britannica
564:. Leyden, Netherlands:
201:, which was founded by
1528:Centre Party (Zentrum)
1206:Free-minded Union (FV)
1149:Centre Party (Zentrum)
507:In the new republic's
362:
329:
325:People's Navy Division
288:
272:
190:
171:
116:
70:
56:
47:
1661:Tannenberg Union (TB)
1216:Democratic Union (DV)
481:January 1919 election
351:
286:
185:
111:
22:
1439:Democratic Socialist
1332:Saxon People's Party
933:Documentation].
558:Fowkes, Ben (2014).
515:of the conservative
427:improve this section
297:Maximilian von Baden
193:At the end of 1914,
1584:Economic Party (WP)
1490:Agricultural League
534:Organisation Consul
339:Spartacist uprising
330:Volksmarinedivision
220:Philipp Scheidemann
199:International Group
172:Burgfriedenspolitik
153:Burgfriedenspolitik
129:Anti-Socialist Laws
33:Philipp Scheidemann
1191:Liberal Union (LV)
598:"Eduard Bernstein"
363:
308:October Revolution
289:
191:
169:(USPD), supported
117:
48:
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1678:
1435:Social Democratic
1394:Political parties
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935:Sozial Geschichte
839:978-3-7482-7933-4
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375:Weimar Republic
304:soviet republic
236:
234:After the split
195:Karl Liebknecht
187:Karl Liebknecht
148:First World War
141:Friedrich Ebert
133:parliamentarism
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87:Weimar Republic
76:First World War
41:Friedrich Ebert
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1571:Conservative
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1352:Danish Party
1347:Polish Party
1258:Conservative
1130:
1041:
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1022:. Retrieved
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995:. Retrieved
991:gonschior.de
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537:congress in
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443:January 2024
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425:Please help
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371:Gustav Noske
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264:Centre Party
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228:Clara Zetkin
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137:August Bebel
118:
91:
80:
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37:Gustav Noske
1324:Regionalist
1296:Antisemitic
1020:(in German)
993:(in German)
967:(in German)
890:30 December
865:30 December
798:30 December
794:(in German)
768:30 December
741:30 December
737:(in German)
714:30 December
710:(in German)
688:30 December
684:(in German)
659:30 December
633:30 December
607:30 December
498:Kapp Putsch
1686:Categories
941:: 82–102.
581:5 December
545:References
380:Reichswehr
358:Reichswehr
312:Bolsheviks
163:Hugo Haase
1614:Völkische
1431:Socialist
1403:Communist
1103:Socialist
1024:5 January
997:4 January
971:4 January
947:1660-2870
917:4 January
539:Nuremberg
414:does not
377:'s first
343:Freikorps
158:Reichstag
54:(German:
1515:Catholic
1477:Agrarian
1141:Catholic
483:for the
361:minister
1543:Liberal
1159:Liberal
479:In the
435:removed
420:sources
355:, MSPD
257:tsarism
215:Marxist
1049:
945:
836:
572:
828:[
566:Brill
224:Gotha
1618:Nazi
1616:and
1437:and
1047:ISBN
1026:2024
999:2024
973:2024
943:ISSN
919:2024
892:2023
867:2023
834:ISBN
800:2023
770:2023
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661:2023
635:2023
609:2023
583:2017
570:ISBN
496:the
418:any
416:cite
266:and
161:and
50:The
23:The
429:by
259:".
1688::
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