Personality rights

2009:. In South Africa, a person's right to identity is violated if the attributes of that person is used without permission in a way which cannot be reconciled with the true image of that person. Apart from the unauthorized use of a person's image, this kind of infringement also entails some kind of misrepresentation concerning the individual, such as that the individual approves or endorses a particular product or service or that an attorney is a partner in a firm, while this is not the case. Secondly, the right to identity is violated if the attributes of a person is used without authorization by another person for commercial gain. Apart from the unauthorized use of the individual's image, such use also primarily entails a commercial motive which is exclusively aimed at promoting a service or product or to solicit clients or customers. The mere fact that the user may benefit or profit from any product or service in respect of which the individual's attributes have incidentally been used, is not in itself sufficient. This violation of the right to identity therefore also entails unauthorized use of the individual's attributes with a commercial purpose, whether it is done by means of advertisement or the manufacture and distribution of merchandise covered with the attributes of the individual. Personality rights are not absolute and it goes without saying that the use of a person's attributes must be unlawful before a plaintiff will succeed with any claim. With the use of a person's image, the personality rights, privacy, 1952:, personality rights are protected under the "tutela geral da personalidade" on article 70 of the Portuguese Civil Code and, also, in article 17 of the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. Some personality rights, like the right to image or honor are specifically typified in the civil code in the articles following the "tutela geral". Specifically regarding image rights, article 79 of the Portuguese Civil Code states that an image of a person cannot be published or exposed without her consent, even after the person's death (in which case the consent is to be obtained from existing family or heirs). However, consent is not needed for public personalities when in their public roles, for use in scientific, didactic or cultural purposes, or when the image is produced in a public setting. However, if the image harms the honor, reputation or decorum of the person it cannot be reproduced or exposed without consent. 2124:. Because the right of publicity is primarily governed by state (as opposed to federal) law, the degree of recognition of the right of publicity can vary from one state to the next. The right of publicity is not simply an analog to trademark law, though it could be noted that the right of publicity has some commonality with the protection of trademarks as long as one understands that the right of publicity is a distinct legal doctrine, with its own policies, objectives and standards, including notable differences from trademark law. For example, falsity or likelihood of confusion generally do not have to be established to present a colorable right of publicity claim. 1332: 3635:. The California Supreme Court faced the question whether Bela Lugosi's film contracts with Universal included a grant of merchandising rights in his portrayal of Dracula, and the descendibility any such rights. Adopting the opinion of Justice Roth for the Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District, the court held that the right to exploit one's name and likeness is personal to the artist and must be exercised, if at all, by him during his lifetime. Lugosi, 603 P.2d at 431. 2623: 1216: 5296: 2093:

likeness. If looking at it through the prism of Prosser's four torts, violation of a right of publicity most closely aligns with appropriation. The right of publicity often is manifest in advertising or merchandise. In states without a specific right of publicity statute, the right of publicity is usually recognized via common law. The right of publicity has evolved rapidly, with a history of reported cases in the United States and worldwide.

42: 2607:" refers to legal permission granted by an individual to another party to portray personal details and characteristics of their life, in exchange for financial compensation. Those details can include their image, name, likeness and experiences. The acquiring party is generally a creative organization or individual (often a media or film studio), and they seek to use the rights 1803:), and that forbid taking pictures which violate the "most personal sphere" of those pictured (§ 201 StGB - in particular, photos of private situations such as inside the bedroom, and photos of helpless persons, such as accident victims). In contrast to the general rules about the right to one's image, these rules also apply to just taking images, not only to publishing them. 2326:, after dismissing the complaint on statute of limitations grounds, held in the alternative that personality rights are limited by First Amendment rights of artistic freedom of expression. The decision was affirmed on appeal by the Appellate Division and the Court of Appeals, but those courts only addressed the statute of limitations holding, not the First Amendment holding. 3679:

Universal's lawyer, Robert Wilson, Lugosi 'attained fame and fortune because the company made and distributed the movies he starred in.' After eleven years of wrangling, a trial judge decided in favor of the Lugosis, giving them $ 70,000 and barring Universal from merchandising Lugosi's likeness. ... In December the California Supreme Court reversed the Lugosi decision.

1738:, personality rights are protected under article 9 of the French civil code. While publicly known facts and images of public figures are not generally protected, use of someone's image or personal history has been held actionable under French law. The most famous case in recent history is perhaps the publication of the book on 2176:, distinctive appearances, and mannerisms. Notably, Oklahoma also provides 100 years of protection after death, and Tennessee's statute provides rights that do not ever expire if use is continuous. There are other notable characteristics of the Indiana law, though most of the major movement in right of publicity emanates from 1766:, where the concept of an "absolute person of contemporary history" allows the depiction of individuals who are part of history but still gives them some protection of their rights of privacy outside the public sphere. A succinct statement of the German law can be found in the following judicial statement from the 1785:(established case law since BGHZ 13, 334, 338 - readers' letters). It guarantees as against all the world the protection of human dignity and the right to free development of the personality. Special forms of manifestation of the general right of personality are the right to one's own picture (§§ 22 ff. of the 2333:'s right of publicity were not protectable in California. The court reasoned that even though Monroe died in California, she was legally domiciled in New York at the time of her death, and New York does not protect a celebrity's deceased right of publicity and that her right of publicity ended upon her death. 1823:. Furthermore, the law 2472/1997 also applies in many circumstances, even in photographing political rallies in public places or in photographing the police; Greece also requires photographers to obtain a government permit before photographing people participating in political protests in public places. 3879:

In amending the California post-mortem right of publicity statute in the wake of the Monroe decision, the California Legislature confirmed that the right of publicity existed at the time of death even if that occurred before passage of the statutory right, because such right existed at the common law

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story. The parties ultimately settled the copyright claim out of court, but the dispute raised right of publicity concerns given the use of Ratajkowski's portrait and picture under the New York right of publicity statute. However, courts have historically found licensing or publishing these images as

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Nor any independent law on personality rights exist in South Korea (as of October 2023). However, in 2022, a related provision was enacted under the existing Unfair Competition Prevention Act. This revision is considered to have provided a foundation for an independent Act in near future. Much change

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Some states recognize the right through statute and some others through common law. California has both statutory and common-law strains of authority protecting slightly different forms of the right. The right of publicity shares characteristics of a property right and as such is transferable to the

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privacy provisions, a photographer can take photographs in public places but may not publish the picture unless permission has been obtained from the subject, except where the subject appears in an incidental manner, or whose professional success depends on public opinion. The relevant provisions of

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The following constitute statutory defences in all four provinces: (i) that the plaintiff consented to the use of his persona; (ii) that the use of the plaintiff's persona was incidental to the exercise of a lawful right of defence of person or property; (iii) that the use was authorized or required

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Any person who knowingly uses another’s name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness, in any manner, on or in products, merchandise, or goods, or for purposes of advertising or selling, or soliciting purchases of, products, merchandise, goods or services, without such person’s prior consent, or,

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On December 26, 2022, the Ministry of Justice announced plans to stipulate personality rights in Civil Code in the near future. The most notable difference between the new law and the Publicity Rights provision under the Unfair Competition Prevention Act would be the expansion of scope; the new law

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of the People's Republic of China, the right of name and the right of image are protected. It is prohibited to use another's image for commercial use without that person's consent. In the new Tort Liabilities Law which came into effect on Jan 1, 2021, the right of privacy is mentioned for the first

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Requires consent. Taking a photo or video of someone or drawing them in a painting constitutes an illegal act by itself according to Article 57 of the Greek Civil Code (57 ΑΚ, 57 Αστικός Κώδικας) even without any publication of the resulting photo, video or drawing. The law assumes that consent has

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A defendant will not be liable for an appropriation of personality under Quebec law where: (i) the plaintiff expressly or impliedly consented to the appropriation of his personality; (ii) the use of the individual's persona is incidental to another purpose; (iii) the appropriation of personality is

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under which the plaintiff agreed to the advertising involving the image or reputation of a famous person. The actionable misrepresentation requires a suggestion that the plaintiff has endorsed or licensed the defendant's products, or somehow can exercise control over those products. This is done by

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and the idea that every individual should have a right to control how their right of publicity is commercialized by a third party, if at all. Often, though certainly not always, the motivation to engage in such commercialization is to help propel sales or visibility for a product or service, which

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The predominant point of reference, is that any publication of a portrait photograph requires consent . The reasoning for this, is that such a publication might provide the depicted person with discomfort, possibly with other information such as name, of the publication for all with access to the

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protects the unauthorized use of a trademark in an artistic work when the mark has artistic relevance to the work and does not explicitly mislead as to the source or content of the work. Applying this test, the court found a lack of implied endorsement and held that the First Amendment protected

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where some aspects of personality rights are statutory. In some jurisdictions, publicity rights and privacy rights are not clearly distinguished, and the term publicity right is generally used. In a publicity rights case the issue to decide is whether a significant section of the public would be

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from merchandising 70 Dracula products, ranging from jigsaw puzzles to belt buckles, and sought compensation based on the profits. Citing the First Amendment, Universal replied that the design of merchandise is a form of free speech that should not be restrained by anyone's heirs. Besides, said

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was sued by photographer Robert O'Neil for copyright infringement when she posted a paparazzi picture taken by O'Neil depicting Ratajkowski outside of a flower shop in Manhattan. The picture showed Ratajkowski with a bouquet of flowers covering her face, and Ratajkowski added the caption, "mood

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South Korea's portrait rights are too widely recognized compared to other countries. Because of this, it is common for South Korean media reports to blur people's faces in press photos, even though there is no problem of defamation. In contrast, most countries regard blur as a distortion of the

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jurisdictions have specific civil code provisions that protect an individual's image, personal data and other generally private information. Exceptions have been carved out of these general, broad privacy rights when dealing with news and public figures. Thus, while it may violate an ordinary

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is rooted in both privacy and economic exploitation. The rights are based in tort law, and parallel Prosser's "Four Torts" which might be summarized as: 1) Intrusion upon physical solitude; 2) public disclosure of private facts; 3) depiction in a false light; and 4) appropriation of name and

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In this decision preceding (and precipitating) the Legislature's enactment of Section 990, the California Supreme Court held that rights of publicity were not descendible in California. Bela Lugosi's heirs, Hope Linninger Lugosi and Bela George Lugosi, sued to enjoin and recover profits from

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While the concept of personality rights is recognized, it is not yet widely known. The Korean terminology ("인격표지영리권", literally translated to "personality sign commercial rights") is still much less frequently used compared to the transcription of the English term "publicity rights".

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Personality rights are generally considered to consist of two types of rights: the right of publicity, or the right to keep one's image and likeness from being commercially exploited without permission or contractual compensation, which is similar (but not identical) to the use of a

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Cruise and Kidman claim the unauthorised use of their image for the advert had made them 'involuntary models without pay'. They are seeking damages for violation of the Lanham Act, a US law designed to protect against trademark infringement and unfair competition such as false

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A defendant will not be liable for an appropriation of personality at common law where: (i) he has consented to the use of his persona; (ii) the use made of his personality rights was merely incidental to another purpose; or (iii) the publication constituted a matter of public

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According to the agency (Spanish) Data Protection for the collection and dissemination on Internet of images of a person without their consent may be a serious breach of the Data Protection Act which would be punishable by a minimum fine of 60,000 euros. According to

1507:, where the Court held that where a person has marketable value in their likeness and it has been used in a manner that suggests an endorsement of a product then there is grounds for an action in appropriation of personality. This right was later expanded upon in 1853:

Personalities able to register fall into 5 categories, namely sole, joint, group, legal and fictional character. In addition, humans can be registered up to 100 years after the date of death, making the law very favourable for estate managers and trustees.

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Unlike most common law jurisdictions the personality rights in civil law are generally inheritable, thus one can make a claim against someone who invades the privacy of a deceased relative if the memory of their character is besmirched by such publication.

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The right of publicity is defined as the right of all individuals to control commercial use of their names, images, likenesses, or other identifying aspects of identity. In certain contexts, the right of publicity is limited (under U.S. law) by the

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and allows for the registration of a personality right, together with images associated with that personality. Images are widely defined and can be any number of personal attributes, such as likeness, mannerisms, gestures, voice, nickname etc.

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level. Assuming Monroe's name, image and likeness are in the public domain as a result of the decision overlooks registered trademarks pertaining to Monroe as well as potential application of right of publicity in other jurisdictions.)

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Every person is the holder of personality rights, such as the right to life, the right to the inviolability and integrity of his person, and the right to the respect of his name, reputation and privacy. These rights are inalienable.

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A portrait photograph is defined as a photograph, with the purpose of depicting one or more specific person(s). The personality rights however may be contracted for persons who are generally accepted as public persons.

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Requires consent. The publication of photographs of identifiable police officers beating civilians in public places may be against the law 2472/1997 and as such these images should be turned to the authorities for

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chapters 26 and 27, provides certain personality rights. The governmental Danish Data Protection Agency, has made a declaration regarding publication on the Internet of pictures taken of persons in a public area:

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In New York, the "Supreme Court" is a trial-level court, equivalent to what is called "Superior Court" or "Circuit Court" in other states. The court equivalent to what most states call a "Supreme Court" is the

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Board of Governors supported proposed rules for college athletes expected to take effect in 2021. The rules would allow athletes to be paid for use of their name, image and likeness (NIL) in endorsements and

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act without his consent. This was the first, and so far the only, U.S. Supreme Court ruling on rights of publicity and it served to confirm the overall validity of the doctrine and the interests it protects.

1866:, as in most other common law jurisdictions, there is no separate "personality right", and false association or endorsement is actionable under the law of passing off. The main case on this point relates to 2715:

Mirshekari, A. Conflict of two rights: publicity right and freedom of expression Focusing on Legal Systems of Iran, Germany, France & the USA. The Judiciarys Law Journal, 2020; 84(110): 213-240. doi:

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under a provincial law or by a court, or any process of a court; and (iv) that the act was that of a peace officer acting in the course of his or her duties. The Manitoba Act provides additional defences.

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has one of the stronger right of publicity statutes in the U.S., providing recognition of the right for 100 years after death, and protecting not only the usual "name, image and likeness", but also

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The defendant's use of the plaintiff's persona must have resulted in a gain or advantage for the defendant (but British Columbia has a more restrictive definition, relating only to commercial gain).

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The general tort of appropriation of personality is still in development, but it is currently being argued that it will be recognized in all common law provinces, with certain characteristics:

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Personality rights are said to exist to some extent by both influence of constitution and tort liability, but cases filed to enforce such rights against shopping malls have been unsuccessful.

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truth. It is common that the public's faces photographed only in the South Korean media are blurred even when there in no possibility of defamation. Criticism has been raised against this.

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A person who has injured the person, liberty or fame of another or has inflicted any mental anguish to another person shall be liable to make compensation for damages arising therefrom.

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he California Assembly passed a "Celebrities Rights Act" in 1985 which said that rights of publicity survive the celebrity's death and descend to heirs by wills, among other means.

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used a photograph of him in action on a poster without his permission. The judge held, in essence, that the poster depicted excellence in general rather than a particular person.

4711: 1266:, are rights for an individual to control the commercial use of their identity, such as name, image, likeness, or other unequivocal identifiers. They are generally considered as 3413: 3342: 2184:, with a significant body of case law which suggest potentially contradictory positions with respect to recognition of the right of publicity under certain circumstances. 4918: 2587:

in the case of a minor, the prior consent of his parent or legal guardian, shall be liable for any damages sustained by the person or persons injured as a result thereof.

2234:; his permission had not been sought for the latter and he received no payment. After a motion to dismiss was denied, the case was settled for an undisclosed amount. The 4601: 1425:. An injunction was granted on the ground that the use suggested the plaintiffs recommended or approved of the defendant's goods, or had some connection with the goods. 3674:, star of the Dracula films, argued that this right was essentially property and therefore should pass on to heirs. In a California suit, they asked the courts to stop 3465: 1479:

An action for the appropriation of personality can only succeed where the defendant intended to commit the wrong (but British Columbia has no "intention" requirement).

4627: 4705: 4657: 4968: 2611:. A legal contract is created to grant these rights. Generally, the individual granting the rights is not already a notable celebrity such as an actor or athlete. 1348:

citizen's privacy to speak about their medical records, one is generally allowed to report on more intimate details in the lives of celebrities and politicians.

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An appropriation of personality can be achieved through the use of a person's name, likeness, or voice (but British Columbia has a more restrictive definition).

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in which Mitterrand's doctor published a book that not only revealed private facts about Mitterrand's life, but also revealed medical confidences protected by

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mirshekari, A. Commercial exploitation of the reputation of the deceased. Journal of Law Research, 2019; 22(85): 97-120. doi: 10.22034/jlr.2019.178645.1353

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Quebec law may allow an action to be taken by the estate of a deceased person, provided that it can be proved that there is a patrimonial aspect at stake.

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duo the Winter brothers in a comic book as worms called the Autumn Brothers obtained First Amendment protection from publicity rights suit. In May 2005,

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is expected as it has been reported that around 80% of Korean entertainment agencies voiced difficulties in publicity right violations of their talents.

5195: 2852: 4219: 4903: 2875: 2349: 2289: 2138: 2098: 3953: 1697:, people depicted in photographs can oppose their use in advertisements and their publication in magazines, even if it was taken in a public place. 1274:, and so the validity of personality rights of publicity may survive the death of the individual to varying degrees, depending on the jurisdiction. 5160: 5099: 4988: 2070:

Data Protection Agency decided to investigate ex officio by the mere distribution of the image of a person on the Internet without their consent.

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There are few studies on the right to fame in Iranian law. However, through general principles, an attempt has been made to support celebrities.

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Mirshekari, A. Foundations of Legal Protection of Reputation. Comparative Law Review, 2020; 11(1): 339-361. doi: 10.22059/jcl.2020.290488.633904

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been provided silently if the depicted person has been paid for the photography session. The law also provides some exceptions for persons of

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and they sued the defendant in passing off alleging it wrongfully published their photograph on the cover of a gramophone record entitled

4699: 4695: 2133: 1633: 3166:"New Chinese Civil Code Introduces Greater Protection of Privacy Rights and Personal Information | Insights | DLA Piper Global Law Firm" 1846: 3281:"Wells v Atoll Media (Pty) Ltd and Another (11961/2006) [2009] ZAWCHC 173; [2010] 4 All SA 548 (WCC) (9 November 2009)" 639: 1417:

case was a decision of the Supreme Court of New South Wales (both the first instance and appellate jurisdiction). The plaintiffs were

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now faces a similar copyright infringement suit for posting another photographer's paparazzi picture of her to her Instagram account.

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In addition to the general personality rights, there are special rules that forbid taking intimate pictures without consent (§ 184k

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Peter K. Yu (2010). "No Personality Rights for Pop Stars in Hong Kong?". Drake University Law School Research Paper (12–04).

2021:. The use of a person's image can be justified on the grounds of consent, truth and public interest, fair comment and jest. 1488:

The right of action for appropriation of personality is extinguished upon the death of the person whose privacy was violated.

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https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/emily-ratajkowski-lawsuit-over-paparazzi-photo-settles-1235130004/

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B. St. Michael Hylton; Peter Goldson (1996). "The New Tort of Appropriation of Personality: Protecting Bob Marley's Face".

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Canadian common law recognizes a limited right to personality. It was first acknowledged in the 1971 Ontario decision of

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internet, and the considerations of this discomfort is judged as more important than a possible interest in publication.

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Universal Pictures for licensing Lugosi's name and image on merchandise reprising Lugosi's title role in the 1930 film

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used photos of the duo on an article on dieting through dancing without their permission. The case was rejected by the

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confirms that there is "a proprietary right in the exclusive marketing for gain of his personality, image and name..."

5072: 4993: 4978: 4874: 4738: 3227:"Grütter v Lombard and Another (628/05) [2007] ZASCA 2; [2007] 3 All SA 311 (SCA) (20 February 2007)" 99: 4761: 3483: 2196:

in 1985 and it extended the personality rights for a celebrity to 70 years after their death. Previously, the 1979

431: 3892: 3395:"Stipulation of Publicity Rights–Civil Code revision announcement to enact Personality Sign Commercial Rights Act" 3201: 3116: 4948: 4879: 4844: 4637: 4611: 3954:

http://www.fordhamiplj.org/2021/12/05/in-court-celebrities-accuse-paparazzi-of-exploiting-their-image-for-profit/

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An action for appropriation of personality will have to be intentional for a plaintiff to recover at common law.

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The plaintiff is required to show that she suffered damage through the appropriation of her personality rights.

1613:(5) using his name, image, likeness or voice for a purpose other than the legitimate information of the public; 1503: 897: 4692:- Personality rights in Argentina, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Mexico, South Africa, Spain, UK and US 3778: 5077: 4908: 4883: 4490: 4262: 2820: 1961: 4938: 2657: 2198: 1291:, or the right to be left alone and not have one's personality represented publicly without permission. In 755: 71: 4675: 3692: 3585: 2872: 788: 5320: 4958: 4203: 3330: 3011: 1982: 1526:

somebody, even for the purpose of generating a profit, does not constitute appropriation of personality.

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It is a matter of uncertainty whether the common law tort of appropriation of personality is actionable

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An appropriation of personality can be realized through the use of a person's name, likeness, or voice.

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will go beyond 'celebrities' and will recognize everyone's right to their name, portrait, voice, etc.

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Distinctions based on commercial purposes are irrelevant, and inconsistent with s 9.1 of the Quebec

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have enacted privacy legislation dealing with personality rights, which have the following traits:

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There is a requirement that the defendant must have acted for the purpose of commercial gain, but

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clarified the distinction between the purview of copyright versus the nature of publicity rights.

1940:. In February 2012, the Supreme Court rejected the duo's appeal based on the right of publicity. 1628: 958: 783: 750: 4669:

on personality rights in Switzerland regarding the publication of images of people. (In German.)

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misled into believing (incorrectly) that a commercial arrangement had been concluded between a

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The plaintiff must be recognizable in order an appropriation of personality to be actionable.

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The following acts, in particular, may be considered as invasions of the privacy of a person:

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introduced new provisions that enshrine the right to privacy as an attribute of personality:

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A commonly cited justification for this doctrine, from a policy standpoint, is the notion of

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Video Gamemaker's Unauthorized Use of Jim Brown's Likeness Protected by the First Amendment

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changed its rules to prohibit its members from unauthorized mimicking of other SAG members.

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since 1954 as a basic right constitutionally guaranteed by Articles 1 and 2 of the

4685:"Personality Rights in Canada: An Introduction", School of Law, University of Edinburgh 4062:"Internet Publication: The Case for an Expanded Right of Publicity for Non-Celebrities" 3747: 3675: 3432: 3098: 3090: 2567: 2224: 2146: 1781:

and at the same time as an "other right" protected in civil law under § 823 (1) of the

1194: 1081: 1012: 981: 872: 836: 812: 768: 493: 395: 390: 320: 264: 222: 195: 3298: 3280: 1436:, a well known Australian athlete, failed in his attempt to get a damages award after 5251: 5034: 4570: 4510: 4358: 3989: 3783: 3546: 3436: 3102: 3015: 2897: 2357: 2219: 1990: 1773:: the general right of personality has been recognised in the case law of the German 1710: 1513:(1977) where the Court held that the personality right included both image and name. 1371:. Thus personality rights are, generally speaking, judge-made law, though there are 1316: 1232: 1139: 1134: 1124: 1119: 935: 914: 778: 724: 711: 659: 619: 400: 365: 350: 269: 254: 202: 175: 3613: 3299:"Kumalo v Cycle Lab (Pty) Ltd (31871/2008) [2011] ZAGPJHC 56 (17 June 2011)" 5299: 5165: 5124: 5062: 5014: 4771: 4724: 4562: 3541:

Beebe, Barton; Cotter, Thomas; Lemley, Mark; Menell, Peter; Merges, Robert (2011).

3466:"'Personality Rights' Song Seung Hun Wins But Jang Dong Gun Loses Litigation, Why?" 3422: 3226: 3082: 2507: 2367: 2177: 2154: 1768: 1561:

Privacy rights are extinguished upon death, but personality rights are inheritable.

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Electronic Arts in its use of a virtual football player that resembled Mr. Brown.

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for allegedly using a picture of them without permission in a brochure promoting

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for both the unauthorized use of his likeness and the use of footage of him from

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Every person has a right to the safeguard of his dignity, honour and reputation.

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In the entertainment and advertising industries in the United States, the term "

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The plaintiff must be identified or identifiable by the use made of his persona.

5266: 5246: 5119: 3866: 2662: 2330: 2215: 1875: 1811:

The relevant Greek laws include 57 AK and 2472/1997. As regarding photography:

1418: 1311: 1184: 940: 822: 740: 542: 488: 483: 335: 315: 259: 3504: 3355: 3086: 3065:(1994), Supreme Court of Jamaica, No. CL R-115 of 1992 (unreported), noted in 1607:(3) appropriating or using his image or voice while he is in private premises; 1396:

The meaning of the law is best illustrated by principal cases on the subject.

5314: 5236: 5231: 5129: 5089: 5084: 4574: 4553:

Evans, David; Romer, Jason (2013-10-01). "A Guide to Guernsey Image Rights".

3950:

In Court, Celebrities Accuse Paparazzi of "Exploiting" Their Image for Profit

3693:"'Back to the Future II" From a Legal Perspective: Unintentionally Visionary" 3427: 2940: 2652: 2465: 2340:, the District Court of the Central District of California dismissed athlete 2298: 2246: 2150: 2089: 2010: 1024: 330: 120: 2142: 1409:

In Australia, false association or endorsement is actionable via the law of

5276: 5057: 4650: 4593: 4566: 4478: 3527: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2262: 1998: 1978: 1932: 1845:

The relevant Guernsey law was enacted on 3 December 2012 under the name of

1466: 1372: 1202: 1189: 1179: 1098: 684: 279: 274: 239: 170: 165: 150: 80: 4547:"Commercial Appropriation of Image: How Could Two Courts Get it so Wrong?" 4166:"Friedemann O'Brien Goldberg & Zarian Names Bela G. Lugosi Of Counsel" 3985:"NCAA Board of Governors backs name, image and likeness compensation plan" 3191:"The Legal Protection of Privacy in South Africa: A Transplantable Hybrid" 2846:"Γραφείο Επιτρόπου Προστασίας Δεδομένων Προσωπικού Χαρακτήρα - Αποφάσεις" 1684:

authorized by law; or (iv) the publication is a matter of public interest.

5271: 4791: 4666: 3671: 2968:"E-Lawyer: Λήψη φωτογραφιών σε δημόσιες συναθροίσεις παρουσία αστυνομίας" 2608: 2598: 2411: 2303: 2281: 2207: 2116:

The extent of recognition of this right in the U.S. is largely driven by

1879: 1410: 1390: 1304: 1055: 654: 569: 2382: 5256: 4689: 4594:

Text of every individual state's right of publicity statute in the U.S.

4505:

Gert Brüggemeier; Aurelia Colombi Ciacchi; Patrick O'Callaghan (2010).

4261:

See 765 ILCS 1075, the Illinois Right of Publicity Act, eff. 1-1-1999.

3973:

Opinaldo v. Ratajkowski, No. 1:2022cv04954 at (S.D.N.Y. June 13, 2022).

3903: 3369:

2023 Industry Survey on Publicity Rights Contract and Violation Status"

3190: 3094: 2848:Γραφείο Επιτρόπου Προστασίας Δεδομένων Προσωπικού Χαρακτήρα - Αποφάσεις 2642: 2628: 2501: 2401: 2345: 2242: 2193: 2181: 2169: 1997:. After much uncertainty concerning the recognition of image rights in 1906:

acknowledged a property right of personality which survived his death.

1899: 1485:

An appropriation of personality is actionable without proof of damages.

1433: 1356: 1292: 1220: 1164: 1067: 1019: 689: 630: 556: 448: 3517:

Article by Paloma Días Sotero, El Mundo, p. 33, February 5, 2009.

3316:

Cornelius, Steve. "Commercial Appropriation of a Person's Image" 2011

1616:(6) using his correspondence, manuscripts or other personal documents. 1549:

suggests that this may be restricted to "endorsement-type situations".

27:

Right of an individual to control the commercial use of one's identity

5221: 3725: 2573: 2543: 2477: 2362: 2341: 2314: 2293: 2165: 2085: 1863: 1381: 1377: 1284: 1198: 2622: 2017:

of the individual must often be weighed against the user's right to

1834:

Commercial use of a published picture of a person in a public space:

1215: 863: 4220:"Statutes & Constitution :View Statutes : Online Sunshine" 2561: 2519: 2489: 2483: 2471: 2459: 2447: 2395: 2366:

non-commercial uses, complicating the right of publicity argument.

2267: 2121: 1949: 1923: 1871: 1867: 1604:(2) intentionally intercepting or using his private communications; 1458: 1364: 1360: 1174: 1034: 797: 694: 516: 3566: 3066: 2738:

Re Gary Honey v Australian Airlines Limited and House of Tabor Inc

1522:(1998), the Ontario Court of Appeal concluded that simply writing 41: 4747: 4662: 3618: 2453: 2423: 2389: 2254: 2250: 2173: 2161: 2117: 1759: 1706: 1667:

There is no need for the courts to look for an element of intent.

1539:

There is always a requirement that the plaintiff be identifiable.

1335:

Legal systems of the world: civil law in blue, common law in red.

1029: 997: 877: 699: 2647: 2495: 2435: 1735: 1694: 1657:

Therefore, the following general characteristics may be drawn:

1072: 1039: 33: 4672: 4599:

US constitutional constraints on state right of publicity laws

3343:" 'It’s only right to protect a celebrity’s publicity rights'" 5261: 4589:

Harvard Law School primer on personality rights and copyright

2549: 2441: 1915: 849: 4252:

Baker v. Burlington N., Inc., 587 P.2d 829, 832 (Idaho 1978)

1610:(4) keeping his private life under observation by any means; 5200: 2555: 2513: 2374: 2278: 1386: 1368: 1300: 456: 4716: 4405:"Wisconsin WI ST 895.50, W.S.A. 895.50 'Right of privacy'" 3253:

Cornelius, Steve. "Image Rights in South Africa" 2008/3-4

3409:"Protection of Personality Rights Under Korean Civil Law" 2296:

nor publicity rights. Similarly in the July 2003 case of

2084:

In the United States, the right of publicity is based on

1653:

Every person has a right to respect for his private life.

1326: 3952:, INTELL. PROP., MEDIA & ENT. L. J. (Dec. 5, 2021). 3931:"Emily Ratajowski Lawsuit Over Paparazzi Photo Settles," 3925: 3923: 3614:"Lugosi v. Universal Pictures, 603 P.2d 425 (Cal. 1979)" 4673:

Legal resource for personality rights cases in the U.S.

4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 3540: 3480:"Can Korean Stars Have Celebrity's Personality Rights?" 2826: 3382:"Justice ministry to codify publicity rights into law" 2992: 2771: 2270:

used their images in newspaper ads without permission.

1878:

over the allegedly unauthorized use of Lau's image on

3920: 2383:

U.S. jurisdictions that recognize rights of publicity

4105: 3581:

Haelan Laboratories, Inc. v. Topps Chewing Gum, Inc.

2747: 2618: 2109:. The term "right of publicity" was coined by Judge 1413:, not a separate law of "right of personality". The 4555:

Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice

4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 3567:"Right of publicity informational resource website" 2997: (29 April 1999); judgment text also available 2759: 2210:'s personality rights could not pass to his heirs. 5196:International Association of Privacy Professionals 4621:German Federal Supreme Court (English translation) 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3944: 3942: 3933:THE HOLLYWOOD REPORTER (April 13, 2022, 5:52 PM), 3543:Trademarks, Unfair Competition, and Business Torts 2329:In 2008, a federal judge in California ruled that 1827:Publishing pictures of a person in a public space: 2851:(in Greek). Dataprotection.gov.cy. Archived from 2823: at par. 55–59, 1 SCR 591 (9 April 1998) 1847:Image Rights Bailiwick of Guernsey Ordinance 2012 1399: 5312: 5161:Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility 4451:"Life Rights Agreements – What You Need To Know" 1601:(1) entering or taking anything in his dwelling; 4004: 3939: 3463: 3354:Korea Intellectual Property Protection Agency, 3268:O'Keeffe v Argus Printing and Publishing Co Ltd 2101:. The right of publicity can be referred to as 1816:Taking a picture of a person in a public space: 4549:2011/3-4 International Sports Law Journal 165. 4536:"Commercial Appropriation of a Person's Image" 4384:"Washington Statute 63.60. Personality Rights" 3142:"Getting the Deal Through: Right of Publicity" 2961: 2959: 2581:California Civil Code Section 3344(a) states: 4732: 4661:, speech by G. Hug at a symposium in 2002 in 1981:, personality rights are protected under the 1955: 1762:, personality rights are protected under the 1240: 425: 4194:, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11621 (D.D.C. 1997)] 3063:Robert Marley Foundation v Dino Michelle Ltd 2935: 2933: 2931: 2260:In March 2003, eight members of the cast of 1519:Gould Estate v. Stoddart Publishing Co. Ltd. 500:Intentional infliction of emotional distress 4698:, Gillian Black (University of Edinburgh), 4638:Privacy/personality rights under German law 4263:765 ILCS 1065 " Illinois Compiled Statutes" 4204:District of Columbia Right of Publicity Law 3009: 2956: 2361:forever," when she posted the image to her 2134:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. 1930:3.7 million after the publisher's magazine 4739: 4725: 4612:Case of Princess Caroline of Monaco (1995) 4552: 4319:N.Y. Civil Rights L. §§ 50, 51. Found at 3982: 3895:James "Jim" Brown v. Electronic Arts, Inc. 3670:Ten years later, the son and the widow of 2988:Lau Tak Wah Andy v. Hang Seng Bank Limited 2338:James "Jim" Brown v. Electronic Arts, Inc. 1247: 1233: 640:Negligent infliction of emotional distress 432: 418: 4712:Guernsey Image Rights - a practical guide 4509:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4059: 3426: 2928: 2344:'s theory of false endorsement under the 2005:provided clarity in the landmark case of 1355:Personality rights have developed out of 4561:(10). Oxford University Press: 761–763. 4359:"Right Of Publicity » South Dakota" 4321:Ny State Assembly website statutes pages 3718: 3188: 1330: 4507:Personality Rights in European Tort Law 3983:McCollough, J. Brady (April 29, 2020). 3721:"Cinema's Digital Impostors Are Coming" 3690: 3606: 1898:In a 1994 case involving the estate of 1496: 1448: 14: 5313: 4476: 4448: 4141:"Right Of Publicity » California" 4066:Virginia Journal of Law and Technology 3719:Bramesco, Charles (October 22, 2019). 3367:Korean Intellectual Property Office, " 2891: 2832: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2188:person's heirs after their death. The 1327:Civil law and common law jurisdictions 5176:Electronic Privacy Information Center 4720: 4625:Privacy rights cases under French law 3779:"'Sopranos' Take Shot at Ad in Court" 3776: 3451:"Personality Rights under Korean Law" 3198:Electronic Journal of Comparative Law 3117:"Pink Lady Lose Supreme Court Appeal" 2873:Datatilsynet: Billeder på internettet 4540:Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 4334:"Right Of Publicity » Oklahoma" 4088:"Right Of Publicity » Arkansas" 3640: 3345:Korea Joongang Daily (Jun. 15, 2022) 3318:Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 3207:from the original on 7 December 2013 2965: 2299:Johnny and Edgar Winter v. DC Comics 2080:United States free speech exceptions 1634:Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms 5156:Center for Democracy and Technology 4275:"Right Of Publicity » Indiana" 3464:kdramastars.com (15 January 2014). 3406: 3384:Yeonhap News Agency (Dec. 26, 2022) 3331:Civil Code of the Republic of Korea 2292:and treads neither on the golfer's 24: 4498: 4442: 4386:. Rightofpublicity.com. 1998-01-01 3691:Gardner, Eriq (October 21, 2015). 2266:alleged that electronics retailer 2029:In South Korea, as defined in the 1631:also affirmed that under Quebec's 1510:Athans v. Canadian Adventure Camps 25: 5332: 4582: 3777:Bates, James (February 4, 2003). 3189:Burchell, Jonathan (March 2009). 2896:(in French). Éditions du Rocher. 2728:, (1960) 60 SR(NSW) 576, RPC 218 1558:or whether damages must be shown. 1321:lowest level of judicial scrutiny 1277: 5295: 5294: 4762:Right of access to personal data 4696:Douglas v Hello! - An OK! result 4529:International Sports Law Journal 4483:Western Journal of Legal Studies 4449:Dengel, Carlianna (2022-05-24). 3831:2006 NY Slip Op 50171(U) 3439:– via Law Journal Library. 3255:International Sports Law Journal 2621: 2149:from liability for broadcasting 2073: 1315:usually amounts to some form of 1214: 40: 4418: 4397: 4376: 4351: 4326: 4313: 4292: 4267: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4212: 4197: 4185: 4158: 4133: 4080: 4060:Carpenter, Jennifer L. (2001). 3976: 3967: 3958: 3885: 3854: 3836: 3816: 3798: 3770: 3748:"Cruise and Kidman sue over ad" 3740: 3712: 3684: 3591: 3573: 3559: 3534: 3520: 3511: 3497: 3472: 3457: 3443: 3400: 3387: 3374: 3361: 3348: 3335: 3324: 3309: 3291: 3273: 3261: 3246: 3237: 3219: 3182: 3158: 3134: 3109: 3056: 3047: 3003: 2981: 2910: 2885: 2866: 2838: 2816:Aubry v Éditions Vice-Versa Inc 2676: 2284:and others is protected by the 1972: 1624:Aubry v Éditions Vice-Versa Inc 1262:, sometimes referred to as the 966:Ex turpi causa non oritur actio 67:Natural rights and legal rights 57:Claim rights and liberty rights 5171:Electronic Frontier Foundation 5151:American Civil Liberties Union 5105:Privacy-enhancing technologies 4525:"Image Rights in South Africa" 4072:(1): 1522–1687. Archived from 3656:. July 7, 1980. Archived from 2808: 2783: 2731: 2726:Henderson v Radio Corp Pty Ltd 2719: 2709: 2700: 2592: 2404:(statute and common law) (see 2249:sued luxury cosmetics company 2024: 1966:General Principle of Civil Law 1504:Krouse v. Chrysler Canada Ltd. 1400:Country-specific jurisdictions 13: 1: 4491:University of Western Ontario 4243:Hawaii Revised Statute § 482P 3414:Columbia Journal of Asian Law 3397:Digital Daily (Aug. 22, 2023) 2716:10.22106/jlj.2020.115618.2968 2694: 2277:ruled that a painting of the 2275:ETW Corp. v. Jireh Publishing 1428:However, in the 1988 case of 1076:(term used for torts in some 95:Economic, social and cultural 4170:Metropolitan News-Enterprise 3147:. Law Business Research, Ltd 2658:Moral rights (copyright law) 2199:Lugosi v. Universal Pictures 1857: 1423:Strictly for Dancing: Vol. 1 1404: 1319:(which in turn receives the 391:Self-determination of people 72:Negative and positive rights 7: 4896:Data protection authorities 4746: 4690:Personality Rights Database 3507:(in Korean). 30 April 2022. 3505:"Press Photograph And Blur" 3341:Lee Si-Yeoung, Yoo Ji-Woo, 3012:Drake University Law School 2614: 1983:South African law of delict 1943: 1840: 1430:Honey v Australian Airlines 1299:fall into the realm of the 972:Joint and several liability 62:Individual and group rights 10: 5337: 5100:Social networking services 4470: 4323:. Accessed June 20, 2011. 3079:Cambridge University Press 2596: 2231:Back to the Future Part II 2077: 1989:, which also provides for 1962:People's Republic of China 1956:People's Republic of China 1893: 1753: 1700: 746:Comparative responsibility 5290: 5214: 5191:Global Network Initiative 5143: 5135:Virtual assistant privacy 5115:Privacy-invasive software 5043: 5007: 4894: 4790: 4754: 4658:Das Recht am eigenen Bild 4208:Digital Media Law Project 3833: (N.Y.Sup. 2006). 3813: (7th Cir. 2005). 3087:10.1017/s0008197300097737 2685:New York Court of Appeals 2273:In the July 2003 case of 2127:At a national level, the 1969:time in the legislation. 1806: 1729: 1688: 1569: 1463:Newfoundland and Labrador 1443: 1061:Non-economic damages caps 3849:2007 NY Int. 144 3588: (2d Cir. 1953). 3428:10.52214/cjal.v30i2.9245 2847: 2669: 2576:(statute and common law) 2558:(statute and common law) 2462:(statute and common law) 2348:and determined that the 2218:filed a lawsuit against 2204:California Supreme Court 2060: 1909: 1904:Supreme Court of Jamaica 1775:Federal Court of Justice 1748:doctor–patient privilege 1094:Private attorney general 1048:Other topics in tort law 676:Principles of negligence 605:Alienation of affections 49:Theoretical distinctions 5186:Future of Privacy Forum 5181:European Digital Rights 4477:Conroy, Amy M. (2012). 3862:"The New Grave Robbers" 3844:Nussenzweig v. diCorcia 3825:Nussenzweig v. DiCorcia 3806:Toney v. Oreal USA Inc. 3648:"Who Can Inherit Fame?" 3530:. rightofpublicity.com. 3407:Kim, Jae Hyung (2017). 2925: (1 December 1999). 2923: BGH 1 ZR 49/97 2892:Gubler, Claude (2005). 2742:[1989] FCA 177 2373:On April 29, 2020, the 2323:Nussenzweig v. DiCorcia 2308:Toney v. Oreal USA Inc. 2214:In October 1990, actor 2003:Supreme Court of Appeal 1885: 1629:Supreme Court of Canada 959:Volenti non fit injuria 784:Ultrahazardous activity 751:Contributory negligence 5227:Cellphone surveillance 5144:Advocacy organizations 4767:Expectation of privacy 4653:US Library of Congress 4407:. Rightofpublicity.com 4300:"Indiana Code 32-36-1" 3698:The Hollywood Reporter 3035:Cite journal requires 2638:Celebrities Rights Act 2406:Celebrities Rights Act 2190:Celebrities Rights Act 2131:held in the 1977 case 2039: 2015:freedom of association 1995:freedom of association 1655: 1619: 1336: 977:Market share liability 910:Shopkeeper's privilege 888:Statute of limitations 731:Restitutio ad integrum 580:Intrusion on seclusion 475:Trespass to the person 288:Other groups of rights 5206:Privacy International 4777:Right to be forgotten 4647:(English translation) 4634:(English translation) 4120:"Savannah Law Review" 3851: (N.Y. 2007). 3660:on September 30, 2007 3070:Cambridge Law Journal 2970:. Elawyer.blogspot.gr 2918:Marlene Dietrich Case 2609:for a film or TV work 2597:Further information: 2035: 2019:freedom of expression 1991:freedom of expression 1644: 1582: 1334: 1089:Conflict of tort laws 855:Tortious interference 610:Criminal conversation 597:Malicious prosecution 108:Rights by beneficiary 4567:10.1093/jiplp/jpt153 4363:rightofpublicity.com 4338:rightofpublicity.com 4279:rightofpublicity.com 4145:rightofpublicity.com 4092:rightofpublicity.com 3811:406 F.3d 905 3754:. September 20, 2002 3586:202 F.2d 866 3545:. Aspen Publishers. 2418:District of Columbia 2336:In the 2009 case of 1938:Tokyo District Court 1821:contemporary history 1577:Civil Code of Quebec 1497:Common law provinces 1449:Statutory protection 1343:jurisdictions, most 587:Breach of confidence 406:Water and sanitation 5242:Global surveillance 5110:Privacy engineering 5095:Personal identifier 5045:Information privacy 4782:Post-mortem privacy 4708:by Jack C. Schecter 4224:www.leg.state.fl.us 3453:. 21 February 2014. 3243:2007 4 SA 89 (SCA). 2241:In September 2002, 2236:Screen Actors Guild 1740:François Mitterrand 1438:Australian Airlines 1082:mixed legal systems 952:Respondeat superior 946:Vicarious liability 905:Defence of property 842:Insurance bad faith 756:Attractive nuisance 575:Invasion of privacy 90:Civil and political 5321:Personality rights 5282:Personality rights 4678:2021-01-25 at the 4651:Personality rights 4643:2007-05-05 at the 4630:2007-05-04 at the 4617:2007-05-03 at the 4604:2021-08-01 at the 4545:Cornelius, Steve. 4534:Cornelius, Steve. 4523:Cornelius, Steve. 4127:Right Of Publicity 3964:N.Y. Civ. Code § 5 3676:Universal Pictures 3270:1954 3 SA 244 (C). 2878:2016-03-04 at the 2744: (18 May 1989) 2225:Back to the Future 2147:television station 2129:U.S. Supreme Court 2107:personality rights 1337: 1264:right of publicity 1260:Personality rights 982:Transferred intent 873:Assumption of risk 837:Restraint of trade 813:Rylands v Fletcher 645:Employment-related 494:False imprisonment 5308: 5307: 5252:Mass surveillance 4192:Polsby v. Spruill 3990:Los Angeles Times 3784:Los Angeles Times 2835:, pp. 15–17. 2780:, pp. 11–14. 2358:Emily Ratajkowski 2302:, a depiction of 2220:Universal Studios 2007:Grütter v Lombard 1914:In October 2007, 1836:Requires consent. 1764:German civil code 1711:Danish Penal Code 1574:In 1994, the new 1453:The provinces of 1339:In contrast with 1317:commercial speech 1257: 1256: 1130:England and Wales 1085: 936:Last clear chance 931:Intentional torts 915:Neutral reportage 898:Defense of others 846: 779:Product liability 725:Res ipsa loquitur 712:Reasonable person 620:Breach of promise 469: 442: 441: 100:Three generations 16:(Redirected from 5328: 5298: 5297: 5166:Data Privacy Lab 5125:Privacy software 4772:Right to privacy 4741: 4734: 4727: 4718: 4717: 4578: 4520: 4516:978-0-52119491-4 4494: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4391: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4330: 4324: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4307: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4216: 4210: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4124: 4116: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4057: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3980: 3974: 3971: 3965: 3962: 3956: 3946: 3937: 3927: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3908: 3902:. 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intentional 1297:publicity rights 1289:right to privacy 1249: 1242: 1235: 1219: 1218: 1075: 844: 707:Standard of care 592:Abuse of process 502: 463: 444: 443: 434: 427: 420: 381:Rest and leisure 44: 30: 29: 21: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5286: 5210: 5139: 5039: 5003: 4890: 4884:amended in 2020 4786: 4750: 4745: 4680:Wayback Machine 4645:Wayback Machine 4632:Wayback Machine 4619:Wayback Machine 4606:Wayback Machine 4585: 4517: 4504: 4501: 4499:Further reading 4473: 4468: 4459: 4457: 4447: 4443: 4434: 4432: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4410: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4389: 4387: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4340: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4318: 4314: 4305: 4303: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4202: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4174: 4172: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4106: 4096: 4094: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4058: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3959: 3947: 3940: 3928: 3921: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3897:Court decision" 3891: 3890: 3886: 3873: 3871: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3775: 3771: 3757: 3755: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3689: 3685: 3663: 3661: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3624: 3622: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3596: 3592: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3539: 3535: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3489: 3487: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3462: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3405: 3401: 3392: 3388: 3379: 3375: 3366: 3362: 3353: 3349: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3325: 3314: 3310: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3174: 3172: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3126: 3124: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3036: 3034: 3025: 3024: 3008: 3004: 2986: 2982: 2973: 2971: 2964: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2929: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2904: 2894:Le Grand Secret 2890: 2886: 2880:Wayback Machine 2871: 2867: 2858: 2856: 2849: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2821:1998 CanLII 817 2813: 2809: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2756:, pp. 4–7. 2752: 2748: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2691: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2627: 2620: 2617: 2601: 2595: 2579: 2385: 2350:First Amendment 2315:New York County 2290:First Amendment 2286:US Constitution 2139:First Amendment 2099:First Amendment 2086:state-level law 2082: 2076: 2063: 2033:, section 751: 2027: 1975: 1958: 1946: 1927: 1912: 1896: 1888: 1860: 1843: 1809: 1789: 1756: 1744:Le Grand Secret 1732: 1703: 1691: 1572: 1499: 1451: 1446: 1407: 1402: 1329: 1295:jurisdictions, 1280: 1272:personal rights 1268:property rights 1253: 1213: 1107:By jurisdiction 807:Public nuisance 736:Rescue doctrine 719:Proximate cause 631:Negligent torts 543:Dignitary torts 498: 438: 311:Civil liberties 28: 23: 22: 18:Likeness rights 15: 12: 11: 5: 5334: 5324: 5323: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5267:Search warrant 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5247:Identity theft 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5120:Privacy policy 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5060: 5055: 5049: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4999:United Kingdom 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4914:European Union 4911: 4906: 4900: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4872: 4870:United Kingdom 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4830:European Union 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4796: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4744: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4693: 4687: 4682: 4670: 4654: 4648: 4635: 4622: 4609: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4583:External links 4581: 4580: 4579: 4550: 4543: 4532: 4521: 4515: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4441: 4430:CreativeFuture 4417: 4396: 4375: 4350: 4325: 4312: 4291: 4266: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4211: 4196: 4184: 4157: 4132: 4104: 4079: 4076:on 2016-10-15. 4003: 3975: 3966: 3957: 3948:Lily Paulson, 3938: 3919: 3884: 3867:New York Times 3853: 3835: 3815: 3797: 3769: 3739: 3711: 3683: 3639: 3605: 3598:15 U.S.C. 3590: 3572: 3558: 3551: 3533: 3519: 3510: 3496: 3471: 3456: 3442: 3399: 3386: 3373: 3360: 3347: 3334: 3323: 3308: 3303:www.saflii.org 3290: 3285:www.saflii.org 3272: 3260: 3245: 3236: 3231:www.saflii.org 3218: 3181: 3157: 3133: 3108: 3055: 3046: 3037:|journal= 3002: 2995: 3968/1999 2980: 2955: 2927: 2909: 2902: 2884: 2865: 2837: 2825: 2807: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2746: 2730: 2718: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2665: 2663:Public records 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2616: 2613: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2578: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2399: 2393: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2371: 2354: 2334: 2331:Marilyn Monroe 2327: 2311: 2271: 2258: 2239: 2216:Crispin Glover 2192:was passed in 2075: 2072: 2062: 2059: 2026: 2023: 1987:Bill of Rights 1974: 1971: 1957: 1954: 1945: 1942: 1911: 1908: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1884: 1876:Hang Seng Bank 1859: 1856: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1831: 1824: 1808: 1805: 1755: 1752: 1731: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1702: 1699: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1550: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1328: 1325: 1312:natural rights 1279: 1278:Classification 1276: 1270:, rather than 1255: 1254: 1252: 1251: 1244: 1237: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1221:Law portal 1208: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1169: 1168: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1135:European Union 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1005: 992: 991: 987: 986: 985: 984: 979: 974: 969: 962: 955: 948: 943: 941:Eggshell skull 938: 933: 925: 924: 920: 919: 918: 917: 912: 907: 902: 901: 900: 890: 885: 880: 875: 867: 866: 860: 859: 858: 857: 852: 847: 845:(American law) 839: 834: 826: 825: 823:Economic torts 819: 818: 817: 816: 809: 801: 800: 794: 793: 792: 791: 786: 781: 773: 772: 761: 760: 759: 758: 753: 748: 743: 741:Duty to rescue 738: 733: 728: 721: 716: 715: 714: 704: 703: 702: 697: 692: 679: 678: 672: 671: 670: 669: 668: 667: 662: 652: 647: 642: 634: 633: 627: 626: 625: 624: 623: 622: 617: 612: 607: 599: 594: 589: 584: 583: 582: 572: 567: 566: 565: 562: 554: 546: 545: 539: 538: 537: 536: 531: 530: 529: 524: 511: 510: 509:Property torts 506: 505: 504: 503: 496: 491: 486: 478: 477: 471: 470: 460: 459: 453: 452: 440: 439: 437: 436: 429: 422: 414: 411: 410: 409: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 336:Free migration 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 290: 289: 285: 284: 283: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 226: 225: 220: 210: 205: 200: 199: 198: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 110: 109: 105: 104: 103: 102: 97: 92: 84: 83: 77: 76: 75: 74: 69: 64: 59: 51: 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5333: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5301: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5237:Eavesdropping 5235: 5233: 5232:Data security 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5130:Secret ballot 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5090:Personal data 5088: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4875:United States 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4737: 4735: 4730: 4728: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4608:by Jerry Marr 4607: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4502: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4474: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4431: 4427: 4426:"Life Rights" 4421: 4406: 4400: 4385: 4379: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4322: 4316: 4301: 4295: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4249: 4240: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4193: 4188: 4181: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4128: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3979: 3970: 3961: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3943: 3936: 3932: 3929:Winston Cho, 3926: 3924: 3909:on 2009-12-11 3905: 3898: 3896: 3888: 3881: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3857: 3850: 3845: 3839: 3832: 3827: 3826: 3819: 3812: 3807: 3801: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3773: 3766: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3715: 3700: 3699: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3643: 3636: 3634: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3587: 3582: 3576: 3568: 3562: 3554: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3529: 3523: 3514: 3506: 3500: 3486:on 2015-07-22 3485: 3481: 3475: 3467: 3460: 3452: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3421:(2): 13–159. 3420: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3403: 3396: 3393:Ahn Tae Gyu, 3390: 3383: 3377: 3370: 3364: 3357: 3351: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3327: 3321: 3319: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3276: 3269: 3264: 3258: 3256: 3249: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3185: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3143: 3137: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3064: 3059: 3050: 3042: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3006: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2984: 2969: 2962: 2960: 2942: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2924: 2919: 2913: 2905: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2877: 2874: 2869: 2855:on 2016-03-05 2854: 2850: 2841: 2834: 2829: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2779: 2774: 2768:, p. 10. 2767: 2762: 2755: 2750: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2727: 2722: 2712: 2703: 2699: 2686: 2679: 2675: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2653:Model release 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2624: 2619: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2588: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2466:Massachusetts 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2318:Supreme Court 2316: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2247:Nicole Kidman 2244: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2151:Hugo Zacchini 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2091: 2090:United States 2087: 2081: 2074:United States 2071: 2069: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2032: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2011:human dignity 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1934: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1891: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1870:singer/actor 1869: 1865: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1804: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1788: 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1162: 1161: 1156: 1155:United States 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 994: 993: 989: 988: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 967: 963: 961: 960: 956: 954: 953: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 928: 927: 926: 922: 921: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 899: 896: 895: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 870: 869: 868: 865: 862: 861: 856: 853: 851: 848: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 829: 828: 827: 824: 821: 820: 815: 814: 810: 808: 805: 804: 803: 802: 799: 796: 795: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 776: 775: 774: 770: 766: 763: 762: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 726: 722: 720: 717: 713: 710: 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