Artillery - Knowledge

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different sized propellant charges with each shell, it is possible to utilize more than two trajectories. Because the higher trajectories cause the shells to arc higher into the air, they take longer to reach the target. If shells are fired on higher trajectories for initial volleys (starting with the shell with the most propellant and working down) and later volleys are fired on the lower trajectories, with the correct timing the shells will all arrive at the same target simultaneously. This is useful because many more shells can land on the target with no warning. With traditional methods of firing, the target area may have time (however long it takes to reload and re-fire the guns) to take cover between volleys. However, guns capable of burst fire can deliver multiple rounds in a few seconds if they use the same firing data for each, and if guns in more than one location are firing on one target they can use Time on Target procedures so that all their shells arrive at the same time and target.

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second because this avoided the need to use military radio networks and the possibility of losing surprise, and the need for field telephone networks in the desert. With this technique the time of flight from each fire unit (battery or troop) to the target is taken from the range or firing tables, or the computer and each engaging fire unit subtracts its time of flight from the TOT to determine the time to fire. An executive order to fire is given to all guns in the fire unit at the correct moment to fire. When each fire unit fires their rounds at their individual firing time all the opening rounds will reach the target area almost simultaneously. This is especially effective when combined with techniques that allow fires for effect to be made without preliminary adjusting fires.

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caused by the increasing effects of non-standard conditions. Indirect firing data was based on standard conditions including a specific muzzle velocity, zero wind, air temperature and density, and propellant temperature. In practice, this standard combination of conditions almost never existed, they varied throughout the day and day to day, and the greater the time of flight, the greater the inaccuracy. An added complication was the need for survey to accurately fix the coordinates of the gun position and provide accurate orientation for the guns. Of course, targets had to be accurately located, but by 1916, air photo interpretation techniques enabled this, and ground survey techniques could sometimes be used.

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progressively solve all these problems from late 1914 onwards, and by early 1918, had effective processes in place for both field and heavy artillery. These processes enabled 'map-shooting', later called 'predicted fire'; it meant that effective fire could be delivered against an accurately located target without ranging. Nevertheless, the mean point of impact was still some tens of yards from the target-centre aiming point. It was not precision fire, but it was good enough for concentrations and barrages. These processes remain in use into the 21st century with refinements to calculations enabled by computers and improved data capture about non-standard conditions.

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Beaugency, all with the support of large artillery units. When she led the assault on Paris, Joan faced stiff artillery fire, especially from the suburb of St. Denis, which ultimately led to her defeat in this battle. In April 1430, she went to battle against the Burgundians, whose support was purchased by the English. At this time, the Burgundians had the strongest and largest gunpowder arsenal among the European powers, and yet the French, under Joan of Arc's leadership, were able to beat back the Burgundians and defend themselves. As a result, most of the battles of the Hundred Years' War that Joan of Arc participated in were fought with gunpowder artillery.

2834: 2987: 4045:(perhaps originally codenamed 'VT' and later called Variable Time (VT)) were invented by the British and developed by the US and initially used against aircraft in World War II. Their ground use was delayed for fear of the enemy recovering 'blinds' (artillery shells which failed to detonate) and copying the fuze. The first proximity fuzes were designed to detonate about 30 feet (9.1 m) above the ground. These air-bursts are much more lethal against personnel than ground bursts because they deliver a greater proportion of useful fragments and deliver them into terrain where a prone soldier would be protected from ground bursts. 4412: 2339: 4833: 4200: 4283:

This simplifies loading and is necessary for very high rates of fire. Bagged propellant allows the amount of powder to be raised or lowered, depending on the range to the target. It also makes handling of larger shells easier. Cases and bags require totally different types of breech. A metal case holds an integral primer to initiate the propellant and provides the gas seal to prevent the gases leaking out of the breech; this is called obturation. With bagged charges, the breech itself provides obturation and holds the primer. In either case, the primer is usually percussion, but electrical is also used, and

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to ammunition supply, which can vary with the nature of operations. Differences include where the logistic service transfers artillery ammunition to artillery, the amount of ammunition carried in units and extent to which stocks are held at unit or battery level. A key difference is whether supply is 'push' or 'pull'. In the former the 'pipeline' keeps pushing ammunition into formations or units at a defined rate. In the latter units fire as tactically necessary and replenish to maintain or reach their authorised holding (which can vary), so the logistic system has to be able to cope with surge and slack.

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and ammunition. Armored SPs usually carry a useful ammunition load. Early armored SPs were mostly a "casemate" configuration, in essence an open top armored box offering only limited traverse. However, most modern armored SPs have a full enclosed armored turret, usually giving full traverse for the gun. Many SPs cannot fire without deploying stabilizers or spades, sometimes hydraulic. A few SPs are designed so that the recoil forces of the gun are transferred directly onto the ground through a baseplate. A few towed guns have been given limited self-propulsion by means of an auxiliary engine.

3402:, a French artillery engineer, introduced the standardization of cannon design in the mid-18th century. He developed a 6-inch (150 mm) field howitzer whose gun barrel, carriage assembly and ammunition specifications were made uniform for all French cannons. The standardized interchangeable parts of these cannons down to the nuts, bolts and screws made their mass production and repair much easier. While the Gribeauval system made for more efficient production and assembly, the carriages used were heavy and the gunners were forced to march on foot (instead of riding on the 4494: 2744: 5777:, designators and call back fire missions on his radio, or relays the data through a portable computer via an encrypted digital radio connection protected from jamming by computerized frequency hopping. A lesser known part of the team is the FAS or Field Artillery Survey team which sets up the "Gun Line" for the cannons. Today most artillery battalions use an "Aiming Circle" which allows for faster setup and more mobility. FAS teams are still used for checks and balances purposes and if a gun battery has issues with the "Aiming Circle" a FAS team will do it for them. 3753:, at over one million men, grew to be larger than the Royal Navy. Bellamy (1986), pp. 1–7, cites the percentage of casualties caused by artillery in various theaters since 1914: in the First World War, 45 percent of Russian casualties and 58 percent of British casualties on the Western Front; in the Second World War, 75 percent of British casualties in North Africa and 51 percent of Soviet casualties (61 percent in 1945) and 70 percent of German casualties on the Eastern Front; and in the Korean War, 60 percent of US casualties, including those inflicted by mortars. 4825: 2687: 2921: 4972: 4729: 2611:

transporting the artillery into combat. Two distinct forms of artillery were developed: the towed gun, used primarily to attack or defend a fixed-line; and the self-propelled gun, intended to accompany a mobile force and to provide continuous fire support and/or suppression. These influences have guided the development of artillery ordnance, systems, organizations, and operations until the present, with artillery systems capable of providing support at ranges from as little as 100 m to the intercontinental ranges of

4184:. These projectiles use fins in the airflow at their rear to maintain correct orientation. The primary benefits over rifled barrels is reduced barrel wear, longer ranges that can be achieved (due to the reduced loss of energy to friction and gas escaping around the projectile via the rifling) and larger explosive cores for a given caliber artillery due to less metal needing to be used to form the case of the projectile because of less force applied to the shell from the non-rifled sides of the barrel of smooth bore guns. 4038:'unrotated projectiles' (rockets) in World War II. Radar proximity fuzes were a big improvement over the mechanical (time) fuzes which they replaced. Mechanical time fuzes required an accurate calculation of their running time, which was affected by non-standard conditions. With HE (requiring a burst 20 to 30 feet (9.1 m) above the ground), if this was very slightly wrong the rounds would either hit the ground or burst too high. Accurate running time was less important with cargo munitions that burst much higher. 5826: 4935:, under various organisational arrangements including being part of artillery, a separate corps, even a separate service or being split between army for the field and air force for home defence. In some cases infantry and the new armoured corps also operated their own integral light anti-aircraft artillery. Home defence anti-aircraft artillery often used fixed as well as mobile mountings. Some anti-aircraft guns could also be used as field or anti-tank artillery, providing they had suitable sights. 2481: 4960:. During the 20th century, guns and howitzers have steadily merged in artillery use, making a distinction between the terms somewhat meaningless. By the end of the 20th century, true guns with calibers larger than about 60 mm have become very rare in artillery use, the main users being tanks, ships, and a few residual anti-aircraft and coastal guns. The term "cannon" is a United States generic term that includes guns, howitzers, and mortars; it is not used in other English speaking armies. 4291: 3074: 5736:, ground reconnaissance and sound-ranging. Counter-battery fire may be adjusted by some of the systems, for example the operator of an unmanned aircraft can 'follow' a battery if it moves. Defensive measures by batteries include frequently changing position or constructing defensive earthworks, the tunnels used by North Korea being an extreme example. Counter-measures include air defence against aircraft and attacking counter-battery radars physically and electronically. 4841: 2899: 3775: 3426: 11538: 9172: 5789:

each gun once the target has been accurately located—to the guns. Traditionally this data is relayed via radio or wire communications as a warning order to the guns, followed by orders specifying the type of ammunition and fuse setting, direction, and the elevation needed to reach the target, and the method of adjustment or orders for fire for effect (FFE). However, in more advanced artillery units, this data is relayed through a digital radio link.

5721:, with the objective of defeating the enemy's artillery. Typically such fire was used to suppress enemy batteries when they were or were about to interfere with the activities of friendly forces (such as to prevent enemy defensive artillery fire against an impending attack) or to systematically destroy enemy guns. In World War I the latter required air observation. The first indirect counter-battery fire was in May 1900 by an observer in a balloon. 5949: 5817: 149: 4929:, also under various organisational arrangements but typically either field artillery or a specialist branch and additional elements integral to infantry, etc., units. However, in most armies field and anti-aircraft artillery also had at least a secondary anti-tank role. After World War II anti-tank in Western armies became mostly the responsibility of infantry and armoured branches and ceased to be an artillery matter, with some exceptions. 3587: 4351: 50: 2252:. In common speech, the word "artillery" is often used to refer to individual devices, along with their accessories and fittings, although these assemblages are more properly called "equipment". However, there is no generally recognized generic term for a gun, howitzer, mortar, and so forth: the United States uses "artillery piece", but most English-speaking armies use "gun" and "mortar". The projectiles fired are typically either " 5740: 3526: 3070:

round which consisted of a thin lead case filled with iron pellets, that broke up at the muzzle and scattered its contents in a narrow pattern. An innovation which Portugal adopted in advance of other European powers was fuse-delayed action shells, and were commonly used in 1505. Although dangerous, their effectiveness meant a sixth of all rounds used by the Portuguese in Morocco were of the fused-shell variety.

11549: 3818: 4521: 2983:(1495–1521) at least 2017 cannon were sent to Morocco for garrison defense, with more than 3000 cannon estimated to have been required during that 26-year period. An especially noticeable division between siege guns and anti-personnel guns enhanced the use and effectiveness of Portuguese firearms above contemporary powers, making cannon the most essential element in the Portuguese arsenal. 5413: 3737:. The improvements in providing and using data for non-standard conditions (propellant temperature, muzzle velocity, wind, air temperature, and barometric pressure) were developed by the major combatants throughout the war and enabled effective predicted fire. The effectiveness of this was demonstrated by the British in 1917 (at Cambrai) and by Germany the following year ( 3368: 4995:. A term first used in the 1930s when howitzers with a relatively high maximum muzzle velocities were introduced, it never became widely accepted, most armies electing to widen the definition of "gun" or "howitzer". By the 1960s, most equipment had maximum elevations up to about 70°, were multi-charge, had quite high maximum muzzle velocities and relatively long barrels. 5561: 4910: 3172: 5045: 4940:

indirect fire. Some were operated by the artillery branch but under command of the supported unit. In World War II they were joined by self-propelled assault guns, although other armies adopted infantry or close support tanks in armoured branch units for the same purpose, subsequently tanks generally took on the accompanying role.

5702:, fire units fire at the time less their time of flight, this works well with prearranged scheduled fire but is less satisfactory for opportunity targets because it means delaying the delivery of fire by selecting a 'safe' time that all or most fire units can achieve. It can be used with both the previous two methods. 3295:-style fortifications to be built all over Europe and in its colonies, but also had a strong integrating effect on emerging nation-states, as kings were able to use their newfound artillery superiority to force any local dukes or lords to submit to their will, setting the stage for the absolutist kingdoms to come. 4324:: Ammunition with a non- or minimally-explosive projectile that mimics the characteristics (range, accuracy) of live rounds for use under training conditions. Practice artillery ammunition often utilizes a colored-smoke-generating bursting charge for marking purposes in place of the normal high-explosive charge. 3622:, which kept the gun's trail and wheels perfectly still during the firing sequence. Since it did not need to be re-aimed after each shot, the crew could fire as soon as the barrel returned to its resting position. In typical use, the French 75 could deliver fifteen rounds per minute on its target, either 2501:, although sometimes called a company. In gun detachments, each role is numbered, starting with "1" the Detachment Commander, and the highest number being the Coverer, the second-in-command. "Gunner" is also the lowest rank, and junior non-commissioned officers are "Bombardiers" in some artillery arms. 5846:

MRSI has a few prerequisites. The first is guns with a high rate of fire. The second is the ability to use different sized propellant charges. Third is a fire control computer that has the ability to compute MRSI volleys and the capability to produce firing data, sent to each gun, and then presented

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Other parts of the field artillery team include meteorological analysis to determine the temperature, humidity and pressure of the air and wind direction and speed at different altitudes. Also radar is used both for determining the location of enemy artillery and mortar batteries and to determine the

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The Battery FDC computes firing data—ammunition to be used, powder charge, fuse settings, the direction to the target, and the quadrant elevation to be fired at to reach the target, what gun will fire any rounds needed for adjusting on the target, and the number of rounds to be fired on the target by

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Once hostile batteries have been detected they may be engaged immediately by friendly artillery or later at an optimum time, depending on the tactical situation and the counter-battery policy. Air strike is another option. In some situations the task is to locate all active enemy batteries for attack

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In SP equipment, the gun is an integral part of the vehicle that carries it. SPs first appeared during World War I, but did not really develop until World War II. They are mostly tracked vehicles, but wheeled SPs started to appear in the 1970s. Some SPs have no armor and carry few or no other weapons

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A variation of towed is portee, where the vehicle carries the gun which is dismounted for firing. Mortars are often carried this way. A mortar is sometimes carried in an armored vehicle and can either fire from it or be dismounted to fire from the ground. Since the early 1960s it has been possible to

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Howitzers can fire at maximum elevations at least close to 45°; elevations up to about 70° are normal for modern howitzers. Howitzers also have a choice of charges, meaning that the same elevation angle of fire will achieve a different range depending on the charge used. They have rifled bores, lower

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The traditional definitions differentiated between guns and howitzers in terms of maximum elevation (well less than 45° as opposed to close to or greater than 45°), number of charges (one or more than one charge), and having higher or lower muzzle velocity, sometimes indicated by barrel length. These

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At the beginning of the modern artillery period, the late 19th century, many armies had three main types of artillery, in some case they were sub-branches within the artillery branch in others they were separate branches or corps. There were also other types excluding the armament fitted to warships:

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was discovered at nearly the same time. Nitrocellulose was significantly more powerful than black powder, and was smokeless. Early guncotton was unstable, however, and burned very fast and hot, leading to greatly increased barrel wear. Widespread introduction of smokeless powder would wait until the

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However, proximity fuzes can suffer premature detonation because of the moisture in heavy rain clouds. This led to 'Controlled Variable Time' (CVT) after World War II. These fuzes have a mechanical timer that switched on the radar about 5 seconds before expected impact, they also detonated on impact.

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When the Portuguese and Spanish arrived at Southeast Asia, they found that the local kingdoms were already using cannons. Portuguese and Spanish invaders were unpleasantly surprised and even outgunned on occasion. Duarte Barbosa ca. 1514 said that the inhabitants of Java were great masters in casting

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established the "Divine Engine Battalion" (神机营), which specialized in various types of artillery. Light cannons and cannons with multiple volleys were developed. In a campaign to suppress a local minority rebellion near today's Burmese border, "the Ming army used a 3-line method of arquebuses/muskets

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A tactical innovation the Portuguese introduced in fort defense was the use of combinations of projectiles against massed assaults. Although canister shot had been developed in the early 15th century, the Portuguese were the first to employ it extensively, and Portuguese engineers invented a canister

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Supply of artillery ammunition has always been a major component of military logistics. Up until World War I some armies made artillery responsible for all forward ammunition supply because the load of small arms ammunition was trivial compared to artillery. Different armies use different approaches

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All these calculations to produce a quadrant elevation (or range) and azimuth were done manually using instruments, tabulated, data of the moment, and approximations until battlefield computers started appearing in the 1960s and 1970s. While some early calculators copied the manual method (typically

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Another innovative feature, more usually associated with 20th-century guns, was what Armstrong called its "grip", which was essentially a squeeze bore; the 6 inches of the bore at the muzzle end was of slightly smaller diameter, which centered the shell before it left the barrel and at the same time

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The use of the word "cannon" marks the introduction in the 15th century of a dedicated field carriage with axle, trail and animal-drawn limber—this produced mobile field pieces that could move and support an army in action, rather than being found only in the siege and static defenses. The reduction

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burst fire, a rate of fire to deliver three rounds from each gun within 10 or 15 seconds, this reduces the number of guns and hence fire units needed, which means they may be less dispersed and have less variation in their times of flight. Smaller caliber guns, such as 105 mm, have always been

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After World War I many nations merged these different artillery branches, in some cases keeping some as sub-branches. Naval artillery disappeared apart from that belonging to marines. However, two new branches of artillery emerged during that war and its aftermath, both used specialised guns (and a

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for tabulated data), computers use a different approach. They simulate a shell's trajectory by 'flying' it in short steps and applying data about the conditions affecting the trajectory at each step. This simulation is repeated until it produces a quadrant elevation and azimuth that lands the shell

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Electronic multi-function fuzes started to appear around 1980. Using solid-state electronics they were relatively cheap and reliable, and became the standard fitted fuze in operational ammunition stocks in some western armies. The early versions were often limited to proximity airburst, albeit with

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Impact fuzes were, and in some armies remain, the standard fuze for HE projectiles. Their default action is normally 'superquick', some have had a 'graze' action which allows them to penetrate light cover and others have 'delay'. Delay fuzes allow the shell to penetrate the ground before exploding.

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in 1799, these rockets were used with considerable effect against the British. After the wars, several Mysore rockets were sent to England, but experiments with heavier payloads were unsuccessful. In 1804 William Congreve, considering the Mysorian rockets to have too short a range (less than 1,000

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of the shell over a larger area and prevents it from being blocked by terrain or entrenchments that do not include some form of robust overhead cover. Combined with TOT or MRSI tactics that give no warning of the incoming rounds, these rounds are especially devastating because many enemy soldiers

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process is the key aspect of tactical fire control. Depending on the circumstances and national procedures it may all be undertaken in one place or may be distributed. In armies practicing control from the front, most of the process may be undertaken by a forward observer or other target acquirer.

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their fire so their shorter range is not a disadvantage. Some armies also consider infantry operated mortars to be more responsive than artillery, but this is a function of the control arrangements and not the case in all armies. However, mortars have always been used by artillery units and remain

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are simpler. The modern mortar originated in World War I and there were several patterns. After that war, most mortars settled on the Stokes pattern, characterized by a short barrel, smooth bore, low muzzle velocity, elevation angle of firing generally greater than 45°, and a very simple and light

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True guns are characterized by long range, having a maximum elevation significantly less than 45°, a high muzzle velocity and hence a relatively long barrel, smooth bore (no rifling) and a single charge. The latter often led to fixed ammunition where the projectile is locked to the cartridge case.

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for small displacements. Self-propelled artillery is permanently mounted on a carriage or vehicle with room for the crew and ammunition and is thus capable of moving quickly from one firing position to another, both to support the fluid nature of modern combat and to avoid counter-battery fire. It

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Propelling charges for barrel artillery can be provided either as cartridge bags or in metal cartridge cases. Generally, anti-aircraft artillery and smaller-caliber (up to 3" or 76.2 mm) guns use metal cartridge cases that include the round and propellant, similar to a modern rifle cartridge.

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From the middle of the eighteenth century to the middle of the nineteenth, artillery is judged to have accounted for perhaps 50% of battlefield casualties. In the sixty years preceding 1914, this figure was probably as low as 10 percent. The remaining 90 percent fell to small arms, whose range and

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An implication of indirect fire and improving guns was increasing range between gun and target, this increased the time of flight and the vertex of the trajectory. The result was decreasing accuracy (the increasing distance between the target and the mean point of impact of the shells aimed at it)

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and gun as in the British system). Each cannon was named for the weight of its projectiles, giving us variants such as 4, 8, and 12, indicating the weight in pounds. The projectiles themselves included solid balls or canister containing lead bullets or other material. These canister shots acted as

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In some armies, the weapon of artillery is the projectile, not the equipment that fires it. The process of delivering fire onto the target is called gunnery. The actions involved in operating an artillery piece are collectively called "serving the gun" by the "detachment" or gun crew, constituting

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into western warfare, artillery was dependent upon mechanical energy which not only severely limited the kinetic energy of the projectiles, it also required the construction of very large engines to accumulate sufficient energy. A 1st-century BC Roman catapult launching 6.55 kg (14.4 lb)

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Many other formulations were developed in the following decades, generally trying to find the optimum characteristics of a good artillery propellant – low temperature, high energy, non-corrosive, highly stable, cheap, and easy to manufacture in large quantities. Modern gun propellants are broadly

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bomblets, which arm themselves and function after a set number of rotations after having been ejected from the projectile (this produces unexploded sub-munitions, or "duds", which remain dangerous), scatterable mines, illuminating, coloured flare, smoke, incendiary, propaganda, chaff (foil to jam

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With the Napoleonic Wars, artillery experienced changes in both physical design and operation. Rather than being overseen by "mechanics", artillery was viewed as its own service branch with the capability of dominating the battlefield. The success of the French artillery companies was at least in

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One of the most significant effects of artillery during this period was however somewhat more indirect—by easily reducing to rubble any medieval-type fortification or city wall (some which had stood since Roman times), it abolished millennia of siege-warfare strategies and styles of fortification

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encountered gunpowder weaponry several times. When she led the French against the English at the Battle of Tourelles, in 1430, she faced heavy gunpowder fortifications, and yet her troops prevailed in that battle. In addition, she led assaults against the English-held towns of Jargeau, Meung, and

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A technique called time on target (TOT) was developed by the British Army in North Africa at the end of 1941 and early 1942 particularly for counter-battery fire and other concentrations, it proved very popular. It relied on BBC time signals to enable officers to synchronize their watches to the

5519:: a random number of shells are fired at random intervals, without any pattern to it that the enemy can predict. This process is designed to hinder enemy forces' movement, and, by the constantly imposed stress, threat of losses and inability of enemy forces to relax or sleep, lowers their morale. 4109:

Shells can be divided into three configurations: bursting, base ejection or nose ejection. The latter is sometimes called the shrapnel configuration. The most modern is base ejection, which was introduced in World War I. Base and nose ejection are almost always used with airburst fuzes. Bursting

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However, a major change occurred between 1420 and 1430, when artillery became much more powerful and could now batter strongholds and fortresses quite efficiently. The English, French, and Burgundians all advanced in military technology, and as a result the traditional advantage that went to the

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As small smooth-bore barrels, these were initially cast in iron or bronze around a core, with the first drilled bore ordnance recorded in operation near Seville in 1247. They fired lead, iron, or stone balls, sometimes large arrows and on occasions simply handfuls of whatever scrap came to hand.

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During medieval times, more types of artillery were developed, most notably the counterweight trebuchet. Traction trebuchets, using manpower to launch projectiles, have been used in ancient China since the 4th century as anti-personnel weapons. The much more powerful counterweight trebuchet was

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There are other recognized typifying characteristics for artillery. One such characteristic is the type of obturation used to seal the chamber and prevent gases escaping through the breech. This may use a metal cartridge case that also holds the propelling charge, a configuration called "QF" or

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However, the general switch by artillery to indirect fire before and during World War I led to a reaction in some armies. The result was accompanying or infantry guns. These were usually small, short range guns, that could be easily man-handled and used mostly for direct fire but some could use

3700:, the techniques of indirect fire became available for all types of artillery. Indirect fire was the defining characteristic of 20th-century artillery and led to undreamt of changes in the amount of artillery, its tactics, organisation, and techniques, most of which occurred during World War I. 3574:

was used) tubes of successively smaller diameter. The tube would then be heated to allow it to expand and fit over the previous tube. When it cooled the gun would contract although not back to its original size, which allowed an even pressure along the walls of the gun which was directed inward

3062:); and howitzers that fired large stone cannonballs in an elevated arch, weighted up to 4000 pounds and could fire incendiary devices, such as a hollow iron ball filled with pitch and fuse, designed to be fired at close range and burst on contact. The most popular in Portuguese arsenals was the 2881:

and changed the way that battles were fought. In the preceding decades, the English had even used a gunpowder-like weapon in military campaigns against the Scottish. However, at this time, the cannons used in battle were very small and not particularly powerful. Cannons were only useful for the

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first patented the concept of a central steel tube kept under compression by wrought-iron coils.. and that Armstrong's assertion that he (Armstrong) first used a wrought-iron A-tube and hence did not infringe the patent, was disingenuous, as the main point in Treadwell's patent was the tension

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concept. MRSI is when a single gun fires multiple shells so all arrive at the same target simultaneously. This is possible because there is more than one trajectory for a round to fly to any given target. Typically one is below 45 degrees from horizontal and the other is above it, and by using

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Enemy artillery can be detected in two ways, either by direct observation of the guns from the air or by ground observers (including specialist reconnaissance), or from their firing signatures. This includes radars tracking the shells in flight to determine their place of origin, sound ranging

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In NATO direct support generally means that the directly supporting artillery unit provides observers and liaison to the manoeuvre troops being supported, typically an artillery battalion or equivalent is assigned to a brigade and its batteries to the brigade's battalions. However, some armies

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and a mobile carriage for firing and transport. However, its most important characteristic is the use of indirect fire, whereby the firing equipment is aimed without seeing the target through its sights. Indirect fire emerged at the beginning of the 20th century and was greatly enhanced by the

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Physically, cannons continued to become smaller and lighter. During the Seven Years War, King Frederick II of Prussia used these advances to deploy horse artillery that could move throughout the battlefield. Frederick also introduced the reversible iron ramrod, which was much more resistant to

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to Asia. In great sieges and in sea battles, the Portuguese demonstrated a level of proficiency in the use of artillery after the beginning of the 16th century unequalled by contemporary European neighbours, in part due to the experience gained in intense fighting in Morocco, which served as a

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transmitter in the fuze to detect the ground and explode them at a predetermined height above it. The return of the weak radar signal completes an electrical circuit in the fuze which explodes the shell. The proximity fuze itself was developed by the British to increase the effectiveness of

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In 1914, the methods of correcting firing data for the actual conditions were often convoluted, and the availability of data about actual conditions was rudimentary or non-existent, the assumption was that fire would always be ranged (adjusted). British heavy artillery worked energetically to

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considerations of artillery ordnance through its history, in seeking to achieve a balance between the delivered volume of fire with ordnance mobility. However, during the modern period, the consideration of protecting the gunners also arose due to the late-19th-century introduction of the new

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A third form of artillery typing is to classify it as "light", "medium", "heavy" and various other terms. It appears to have been introduced in World War I, which spawned a very wide array of artillery in all sorts of sizes so a simple categorical system was needed. Some armies defined these

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A second characteristic is the form of propulsion. Modern equipment can either be towed or self-propelled (SP). A towed gun fires from the ground and any inherent protection is limited to a gun shield. Towing by horse teams lasted throughout World War II in some armies, but others were fully

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The gunners' increasing proximity to and participation in direct combat against other combat arms and attacks by aircraft made the introduction of a gun shield necessary. The problems of how to employ a fixed or horse-towed gun in mobile warfare necessitated the development of new methods of

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has the role of providing support to other arms in combat or of attacking targets, particularly in-depth. Broadly, these effects fall into two categories, aiming either to suppress or neutralize the enemy, or to cause casualties, damage, and destruction. This is mostly achieved by delivering

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like high explosives. The shell is accelerated to a high velocity in a very short time by the rapid generation of gas from the burning propellant. This high pressure is achieved by burning the propellant in a contained area, either the chamber of a gun barrel or the combustion chamber of a

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methods in World War I. However, indirect fire was area fire; it was and is not suitable for destroying point targets; its primary purpose is area suppression. Nevertheless, by the late 1970s precision-guided munitions started to appear, notably the US 155 mm Copperhead and its Soviet

3250:

of Bohemia (1418–1424). However, cannons were still large and cumbersome. With the rise of musketry in the 16th century, cannon were largely (though not entirely) displaced from the battlefield—the cannon were too slow and cumbersome to be used and too easily lost to a rapid enemy advance.

5601:

is the process of selecting target and matching the appropriate response to them taking account of operational requirements and capabilities. It requires consideration of the type of fire support required and the extent of coordination with the supported arm. It involves decisions about:

4026:

Early airburst fuzes used igniferous timers which lasted into the second half of the 20th century. Mechanical time fuzes appeared in the early part of the century. These required a means of powering them. The Thiel mechanism used a spring and escapement (i.e. 'clockwork'), Junghans used

4074:

Later versions introduced induction fuze setting and testing instead of physically placing a fuze setter on the fuze. The latest, such as Junghan's DM84U provide options giving, superquick, delay, a choice of proximity heights of burst, time and a choice of foliage penetration depths.

5919:. Time fuzes use a precise timer to detonate the shell after a preset delay. This technique is tricky and slight variations in the functioning of the fuze can cause it to explode too high and be ineffective, or to strike the ground instead of exploding above it. Since December 1944 ( 5650:

Surprise may be essential or irrelevant. It depends on what effects are required and whether or not the target is likely to move or quickly improve its protective posture. During World War II UK researchers concluded that for impact fuzed munitions the relative risk were as follows:

3254:

The combining of shot and powder into a single unit, a cartridge, occurred in the 1620s with a simple fabric bag, and was quickly adopted by all nations. It speeded loading and made it safer, but unexpelled bag fragments were an additional fouling in the gun barrel and a new tool—a

5363:

In NATO armies artillery is usually assigned a tactical mission that establishes its relationship and responsibilities to the formation or units it is assigned to. It seems that not all NATO nations use the terms and outside NATO others are probably used. The standard terms are:

5784:

of 4–8 guns. Otherwise the several FOs communicate with a higher FDC such as at a Battalion level, and the higher FDC prioritizes the targets and allocates fires to individual batteries as needed to engage the targets that are spotted by the FOs or to perform preplanned fires.

5725:

detecting guns firing and resecting their position from pairs of microphones or cross-observation of gun flashes using observation by human observers or opto-electronic devices, although the widespread adoption of 'flashless' propellant limited the effectiveness of the latter.

3813:

enabled relatively cheap and accurate guidance for shells and missiles, notably the US 155 mm Excalibur and the 227 mm GMLRS rocket. The introduction of these led to a new issue, the need for very accurate three dimensional target coordinates—the mensuration process.

5647:

This is particularly the case for a smaller target requiring only a few fire units. The extent to which the process is formal or informal and makes use of computer based systems, documented norms or experience and judgement also varies widely armies and other circumstances.

4250:

divided into three classes: single-base propellants that are mainly or entirely nitrocellulose based, double-base propellants consisting of a combination of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin, and triple base composed of a combination of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin and

3263:

is identified as the general who made cannon an effective force on the battlefield—pushing the development of much lighter and smaller weapons and deploying them in far greater numbers than previously. The outcome of battles was still determined by the clash of infantry.

5847:

to the gun commander in the correct order. The number of rounds that can be delivered in MRSI depends primarily on the range to the target and the rate of fire. To allow the most shells to reach the target, the target has to be in range of the lowest propellant charge.

5026:

took two forms, railway mountings for heavy and super-heavy guns and howitzers and armored trains as "fighting vehicles" armed with light artillery in a direct fire role. Disassembled transport was also used with heavy and super heavy weapons and lasted into the 1950s.

4988:

muzzle velocities and shorter barrels than equivalent guns. All this means they can deliver fire with a steep angle of descent. Because of their multi-charge capability, their ammunition is mostly separate loading (the projectile and propellant are loaded separately).

4890:, some nations carried pack artillery on some warships, these were used and manhandled by naval (or marine) landing parties. At times, part of a ship's armament would be unshipped and mated to makeshift carriages and limbers for actions ashore, for example during the 4237:. It had many disadvantages as a propellant; it has relatively low power, requiring large amounts of powder to fire projectiles, and created thick clouds of white smoke that would obscure the targets, betray the positions of guns, and make aiming impossible. In 1846, 3191:

in 1453 weighed 19 tons, took 200 men and sixty oxen to emplace, and could fire just seven times a day. The Fall of Constantinople was perhaps "the first event of supreme importance whose result was determined by the use of artillery" when the huge bronze cannons of

5668:

Airburst munitions significantly increase the relative risk for lying men, etc. Historically most casualties occur in the first 10–15 seconds of fire, i.e. the time needed to react and improve protective posture, however, this is less relevant if airburst is used.

5684:

then there will be different times of flight and the first rounds will be spread in time. To some extent a large concentration offsets the problem because it may mean that only one round is required from each gun and most of these could arrive in the 15 second

3681:

A few years later, the Richtfläche (lining-plane) sight was invented in Germany and provided a means of indirect laying in azimuth, complementing the clinometers for indirect laying in elevation which already existed. Despite conservative opposition within the

6539: 6517: 6499: 3497:

First, the piece was rifled, which allowed for a much more accurate and powerful action. Although rifling had been tried on small arms since the 15th century, the necessary machinery to accurately rifle artillery was not available until the mid-19th century.

4884:, a few nations treated mountain artillery as a separate branch, in others it was a speciality in another artillery branch. They used light guns or howitzers, usually designed for pack animal transport and easily broken down into small easily handled loads 5048: 5637:

how many fire units are needed and which ones they should be from those that are available (in range, with the required munitions type and quantity, not allotted to another target, have the most suitable line of fire if there is a risk to own troops or

5052: 5050: 5046: 2465:

either direct or indirect artillery fire. The manner in which gunnery crews (or formations) are employed is called artillery support. At different periods in history, this may refer to weapons designed to be fired from ground-, sea-, and even air-based

3686:, indirect fire was adopted as doctrine by the 1890s. In the early 1900s, Goertz in Germany developed an optical sight for azimuth laying. It quickly replaced the lining-plane; in English, it became the 'Dial Sight' (UK) or 'Panoramic Telescope' (US). 5006:"quickfiring" by some nations. The alternative does not use a metal cartridge case, the propellant being merely bagged or in combustible cases with the breech itself providing all the sealing. This is called "BL" or "breech loading" by some nations. 3541:

His gun was also a breech-loader. Although attempts at breech-loading mechanisms had been made since medieval times, the essential engineering problem was that the mechanism could not withstand the explosive charge. It was only with the advances in

3131:

already locally-producing large guns, some of them still survived until the present day and dubbed as "sacred cannon" or "holy cannon". These cannons varied between 180 and 260 pounders, weighing anywhere between 3–8 tons, measuring between 3–6 m.

2649:, designating craftsmen and manufacturers of all materials and warfare equipments (spears, swords, armor, war machines); and, for the next 250 years, the sense of the word "artillery" covered all forms of military weapons. Hence, the naming of the 5051: 2870:. In 1419, Sultan Abu Sa'id led an army to reconquer the fallen city, and Marinids brought cannons and used them in the assault on Ceuta. Finally, hand-held firearms and riflemen appear in Morocco, in 1437, in an expedition against the people of 5002:

mounting using a "baseplate" on the ground. The projectile with its integral propelling charge was dropped down the barrel from the muzzle to hit a fixed firing pin. Since that time, a few mortars have become rifled and adopted breech loading.

3215:, King of Scots, was killed when one exploded at the siege of Roxburgh). Their large size precluded the barrels being cast and they were constructed out of metal staves or rods bound together with hoops like a barrel, giving their name to the 5021:

Two other forms of tactical propulsion were used in the first half of the 20th century: Railways or transporting the equipment by road, as two or three separate loads, with disassembly and re-assembly at the beginning and end of the journey.

2895:

defense in a siege was lost. The cannon during this period were elongated, and the recipe for gunpowder was improved to make it three times as powerful as before. These changes led to the increased power in the artillery weapons of the time.

5761:'Field Artillery Team' is a US term and the following description and terminology applies to the US, other armies are broadly similar but differ in significant details. Modern field artillery (post–World War I) has three distinct parts: the 3598:

Armstrong's system was adopted in 1858, initially for "special service in the field" and initially he produced only smaller artillery pieces, 6-pounder (2.5 in/64 mm) mountain or light field guns, 9-pounder (3 in/76 mm) guns for

5910:

The destructiveness of artillery bombardments can be enhanced when some or all of the shells are set for airburst, meaning that they explode in the air above the target instead of upon impact. This can be accomplished either through time

2747:

A depiction of an early vase-shaped cannon (shown here as the "Long-range Awe-inspiring Cannon"(威遠砲)) complete with a crude sight and an ignition port dated from around 1350 AD. The illustration is from the 14th century Ming Dynasty book

4758:

in World War II) or harbor. Not needing to be mobile, coastal artillery used to be much larger than equivalent field artillery pieces, giving them longer range and more destructive power. Modern coastal artillery (for example, Russia's

8643: 2380:, which fired a 4.1 kg (9.0 lb) round, with a kinetic energy of 240 kilojoules, or a 20th-century US battleship that fired a 1,225 kg (2,701 lb) projectile from its main battery with an energy level surpassing 350 3554:

that Armstrong was able to construct a viable solution. The gun combined all the properties that make up an effective artillery piece. The gun was mounted on a carriage in such a way as to return the gun to firing position after the

5820:

Illustration of different trajectories used in MRSI: For any muzzle velocity there is a steeper (> 45°, solid line) and a lower (<45°, dashed line) trajectory. On these different trajectories, the shells have different flight

5729:

using a counter-battery fire at the appropriate moment in accordance with a plan developed by artillery intelligence staff. In other situations counter-battery fire may occur whenever a battery is located with sufficient accuracy.

4105:

The projectile is the munition or "bullet" fired downrange. This may be an explosive device. Projectiles have traditionally been classified as "shot" or "shell", the former being solid and the latter having some form of "payload".

8804: 4873:

Fortress or garrison artillery, operated a nation's fixed defences using guns, howitzers or mortars, either on land or coastal frontiers. Some had deployable elements to provide heavy artillery to the field army. In some nations

8698: 4964:

three criteria give eight possible combinations, of which guns and howitzers are but two. However, modern "howitzers" have higher velocities and longer barrels than the equivalent "guns" of the first half of the 20th century.

8618: 4022:

artillery are almost always used airburst. Airburst fuzes have to have the fuze length (running time) set on them. This is done just before firing using either a wrench or a fuze setter pre-set to the required fuze length.

4472:

within the required 'closing' distance of the target coordinates. NATO has a standard ballistic model for computer calculations and has expanded the scope of this into the NATO Armaments Ballistic Kernel (NABK) within the

8608: 5049: 3081:

in the Jinju National Museum. These cannons were made in the mid 16th century. The closest is a "Cheonja chongtong"(천자총통, 天字銃筒), the second is a "Jija chongtong"(지자총통, 地字銃筒), and the third is a "Hyeonja chongtong"(현자총통,

8688: 5877:(developed by BAE-Systems Bofors in Sweden) is a 155 mm howitzer on a wheeled chassis which is claimed to be able to deliver up to six shells on target simultaneously from the same gun. The 120 mm twin barrel 8529: 8396: 3439:

The development of modern artillery occurred in the mid to late 19th century as a result of the convergence of various improvements in the underlying technology. Advances in metallurgy allowed for the construction of

2890:

in 1356, when the besieged English used a cannon to destroy an attacking French assault tower. By the end of the 14th century, cannon were only powerful enough to knock in roofs, and could not penetrate castle walls.

8534: 4011:

Armor or Concrete-Piercing (AP or CP) fuzes are specially hardened. During World War I and later, ricochet fire with delay or graze fuzed HE shells, fired with a flat angle of descent, was used to achieve airburst.

3654:

Indirect fire, the firing of a projectile without relying on direct line of sight between the gun and the target, possibly dates back to the 16th century. Early battlefield use of indirect fire may have occurred at

2354:

British 64 Pounder Rifled Muzzle-Loaded (RML) Gun on a Moncrieff disappearing mount, at Scaur Hill Fort, Bermuda. This is a part of a fixed battery, meant to protect against over-land attack and to serve as coastal

4748:, but the advent of air power and missiles have rendered this type of artillery largely obsolete. They are typically longer-barreled, low-trajectory, high-velocity weapons designed primarily for a direct-fire role. 4812:

includes mortar carrier vehicles, many of which allow the mortar to be removed from the vehicle and be used dismounted, potentially in terrain in which the vehicle cannot navigate, or in order to avoid detection.

2766:. With the development of better metallurgy techniques, later cannons abandoned the vase shape of early Chinese artillery. This change can be seen in the bronze "thousand ball thunder cannon", an early example of 2512:

for administrative and operational purposes, either battalions or regiments, depending on the army. These may be grouped into brigades; the Russian army also groups some brigades into artillery divisions, and the

8444: 4270:

uses a small pyrotechnic charge at the base of the projectile to introduce sufficient combustion products into the low-pressure region behind the base of the projectile responsible for a large proportion of the

8877: 3852:

which traditionally defended coastal areas against seaborne attack and controlled the passage of ships. With the advent of powered flight at the start of the 20th century, artillery also included ground-based

8668: 8474: 3633:, up to about 5 miles (8,500 m) away. Its firing rate could even reach close to 30 rounds per minute, albeit only for a very short time and with a highly experienced crew. These were rates that contemporary 5550:: directed at objectives not in the immediate vicinity of own force, for neutralizing or destroying enemy reserves and weapons, and interfering with enemy command, supply, communications and observation; or 8882: 8867: 8499: 4052:

The proximity fuze emerged on the battlefields of Europe in late December 1944. They have become known as the U.S. Artillery's "Christmas present", and were much appreciated when they arrived during the

2496:

The gunners and their guns are usually grouped in teams called either "crews" or "detachments". Several such crews and teams with other functions are combined into a unit of artillery, usually called a

8494: 8406: 8381: 7739: 6267: 8862: 8839: 8439: 4278:

Ramjet-assisted, similar to rocket-assisted, but using a ramjet instead of a rocket motor; it is anticipated that a ramjet-assisted 120-mm mortar shell could reach a range of 22 mi (35 km).

3392:, himself a former artillery officer, perfected the tactic of massed artillery batteries unleashed upon a critical point in his enemies' line as a prelude to a decisive infantry and cavalry assault. 5010:

mechanized with wheeled or tracked gun towing vehicles by the outbreak of that war. The size of a towing vehicle depends on the weight of the equipment and the amount of ammunition it has to carry.

8794: 8576: 8504: 8454: 5793:

precise actual strike points of rounds fired by battery and comparing that location with what was expected to compute a registration allowing future rounds to be fired with much greater accuracy.

5696:

multiple round simultaneous impact (MRSI), where a single weapon or multiple individual weapons fire multiple rounds at differing trajectories so that all rounds arrive on target at the same time.

8449: 8779: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8464: 8459: 2959:

and trained them at the walls of the city. The barrage of Ottoman cannon fire lasted forty days, and they are estimated to have fired 19,320 times. Artillery also played a decisive role in the

3396:

breakage than older wooden designs. The reversibility aspect also helped increase the rate of fire, since a soldier would no longer have to worry about what end of the ramrod they were using.

8829: 8580: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8872: 7602:, p. 223. The number given is for Land Forces only. Naval Infantry and Coastal Defense forces, Federal Border Guard Service, and Interior Troops use an additional 500+ ordnance pieces. 8055:

Schmidtchen, Volker (1977). "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit" [Giant cannon of the 15th century: technical masterpieces of their era].

8824: 8386: 5940:

are likely to be caught in the open; even more so if the attack is launched against an assembly area or troops moving in the open rather than a unit in an entrenched tactical position.

5014:

carry lighter towed guns and most mortars by helicopter. Even before that, they were parachuted or landed by glider from the time of the first airborne trials in the USSR in the 1930s.

3227:—projections at the side of the cannon as an integral part of the cast—allowed the barrel to be fixed to a more movable base, and also made raising or lowering the barrel much easier. 3411:, was most effective when fired at shoulder-height across a flat, open area. The ball would tear through the ranks of the enemy or bounce along the ground breaking legs and ankles. 5071:(155 mm AUF1) Self-propelled Guns, 40th Regiment d' Artillerie, with IFOR markings are parked at Hekon base, near Mostar, Bosnia-Herzegovina, in support of Operation Joint Endeavor 8628: 5047: 3809:

equivalent that had success in Indian service. These relied on laser designation to 'illuminate' the target that the shell homed onto. However, in the early 21st century, the

2449:

Over the course of military history, projectiles were manufactured from a wide variety of materials, into a wide variety of shapes, using many different methods in which to

7547: 8774: 5689:

able to deliver three rounds in 15 seconds, larger calibers firing fixed rounds could also do it but it was not until the 1970s that a multi-charge 155 mm howitzer,

4544:: A type of a large calibre, muzzle-loading artillery piece, a cannon or mortar used during sieges to shoot round stone projectiles at the walls of enemy fortifications. 3562:

What made the gun really revolutionary lay in the technique of the construction of the gun barrel that allowed it to withstand much more powerful explosive forces. The "

5332:

although the limited range of many mortars tends to exclude them from the role. Their control arrangements and limited range also mean that mortars are most suited to

3287:

was one of the most important contemporary publications on the subject of artillery. For over two centuries this work was used in Europe as a basic artillery manual.

2577:, or by destroying enemy positions, equipment, and vehicles. Non-lethal munitions, notably smoke, can also suppress or neutralize the enemy by obscuring their view. 7698:, p. 248. Syria, Egypt's strategic partner in the past wars against Israel, uses 3 440+ artillery pieces, and is the 11th ranking artillery user in the World. 3111:, guns (cannons), and other fire-works. In all aspects the Javanese were considered excellent in casting artillery, and in the knowledge of using it. In 1513, the 8718: 8209: 4336:: Ammunition with live primer, greatly reduced propellant charge (typically black powder), and no projectile; used for training, demonstration or ceremonial use. 3848:. Certain smaller-caliber mortars are more properly designated small arms rather than artillery, albeit indirect-fire small arms. This term also came to include 2350: 3948:

filling or eject its cargo (illuminating flare or smoke canisters being examples). The official military spelling is "fuze". Broadly there are four main types:

11344: 7743: 6275: 5591:: that degrades the performance of a target below the level needed to fulfill its mission. Suppression is usually only effective for the duration of the fire. 2216:

Originally, the word "artillery" referred to any group of soldiers primarily armed with some form of manufactured weapon or armour. Since the introduction of

8603: 8566: 7838: 7789:

Hu, Xin Jun; Wang, Hang Yu (September 2013). "Effectiveness Calculation of Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact Shooting Method Based on Monte Carlo Method".

4744:

to be used either against other naval vessels or to bombard coastal targets in support of ground forces. The crowning achievement of naval artillery was the

4031:

and gears, and Dixi used centrifugal force and balls. From about 1980, electronic time fuzes started replacing mechanical ones for use with cargo munitions.

2359:

Although not called by that name, siege engines performing the role recognizable as artillery have been employed in warfare since antiquity. The first known

8703: 8673: 8623: 8570: 4767:) and fully integrated, meaning that each battery has all of the support systems that it requires (maintenance, targeting radar, etc.) organic to its unit. 3522:

as a result of the tight fit, enabled the gun to achieve greater range and accuracy than existing smooth-bore muzzle-loaders with a smaller powder charge.

8738: 8723: 8713: 8683: 8638: 4190:: A combination of the above can be used, where the barrel is rifled, but the projectile also has deployable fins for stabilization, guidance or gliding. 2858:. While it is difficult to confirm the use of firearms in the siege of the city, it is known the Portuguese defended it thereafter with firearms, namely 4860:, first formed as regular units in the late 18th century, with the role of supporting cavalry, they were distinguished by the entire crew being mounted. 8728: 8653: 8633: 8613: 5896:

Two-round MRSI firings were a popular artillery demonstration in the 1960s, where well trained detachments could show off their skills for spectators.

5340:

while rockets are mostly used for the latter. However, lighter rockets may be used for direct fire support. These rules of thumb apply to NATO armies.

3267:

Shells, explosive-filled fused projectiles, were in use by the 15th century. The development of specialized pieces—shipboard artillery, howitzers and

8733: 8708: 8663: 8648: 5556:: placed on enemy troops, weapons or positions which, because of their proximity present the most immediate and serious threat to the supported unit. 4007:

anti-tank shells). At least one nuclear shell and its non-nuclear spotting version also used a multi-deck mechanical time fuze fitted into its base.

3868:. Advances in terminal guidance systems for small munitions has allowed large-caliber guided projectiles to be developed, blurring this distinction. 5036:

categories by bands of calibers. Different bands were used for different types of weapons—field guns, mortars, anti-aircraft guns and coastal guns.

9507: 8693: 4473: 4509:

Artillery types can be categorised in several ways, for example by type or size of weapon or ordnance, by role or by organizational arrangements.

4034:

Proximity fuzes have been of two types: photo-electric or radar. The former was not very successful and seems only to have been used with British

4014:

HE shells can be fitted with other fuzes. Airburst fuzes usually have a combined airburst and impact function. However, until the introduction of

9697: 8401: 5400:

achieve this by placing the assigned artillery units under command of the directly supported formation. Nevertheless, the batteries' fire can be

2756:

Early Chinese artillery had vase-like shapes. This includes the "long range awe inspiring" cannon dated from 1350 and found in the 14th century

8887: 8784: 8678: 6815: 5595:

The tactical purposes also include various "mission verbs", a rapidly expanding subject with the modern concept of "effects based operations".

3902:) and the provision of fuzes, detonators and warheads at the point where artillery troops will assemble the charge, projectile, bomb or shell. 3506:

independently produced rifled cannon in the 1840s, but it was Armstrong's gun that was first to see widespread use during the Crimean War. The

7164:

exerted by the wrought-iron coils, which Armstrong used in exactly the same fashion. Holley, Treatise on Ordnance and Armour, 1865, pp. 863–70

3211:

weapons distinguished by their lack of a field carriage, immobility once emplaced, highly individual design, and noted unreliability (in 1460

10411: 9942: 4264:

enhance and sustain the projectile's velocity by providing additional 'push' from a small rocket motor that is part of the projectile's base.

2314:

and meteorological, and in some armies, provision of these are the responsibility of the artillery arm. The majority of combat deaths in the

7053:

Bastable, Marshall J. (1992). "From Breechloaders to Monster Guns: Sir William Armstrong and the Invention of Modern Artillery, 1854–1880".

6142: 6058: 5923:), proximity fuzed artillery shells have been available that take the guesswork out of this process. These employ a miniature, low powered 5893:

program (now cancelled) was slated to have MRSI capability. It is unclear how many fire control computers have the necessary capabilities.

4596:: Large-caliber artillery that have limited mobility with indirect firing trajectory, which was used to bombard targets at long distances. 6926: 4560:

is a type of small cannon mounted on a swiveling stand or fork which allows a very wide arc of movement. Camel mounted swivel guns called

7197: 7177: 4434:, the guns have to be part of a system that enables them to attack targets invisible to them, in accordance with the combined arms plan. 4141: 8264: 7662:, p. 33. The total is composed of 6 270+ ordnance used by the US Army, Army Reserve and National Guard with 1 867 used by the USMC. 11416: 9208: 8509: 7124: 6607:

The travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia, A.D. 1503 to 1508

3614:

of 1897. The gun used cased ammunition, was breech-loading, had modern sights, and a self-contained firing mechanism. It was the first

2979:

proving ground for artillery and its practical application, and made Portugal a forerunner in gunnery for decades. During the reign of

6249: 5535:

These purposes have existed for most of the 20th century, although their definitions have evolved and will continue to do so, lack of

4866:, the main artillery arm of the field army, using either guns, howitzers, or mortars. In World War II this branch again started using 2461:

delivery have likewise changed significantly over time, encompassing some of the most complex and advanced technologies in use today.

9702: 8819: 8789: 8391: 7495: 7477: 6088: 4578:

simultaneously or sequentially in quick succession. Although capable of unleashing intense firepower, volley guns differ from modern

4246:

advent of the double-base powders, which combine nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin to produce powerful, smokeless, stable propellant.

3420: 6323: 4018:, the airburst function was mostly used with cargo munitions—for example, shrapnel, illumination, and smoke. The larger calibers of 11353: 11031: 8416: 5056: 1119: 2967:

was killed by the accidental explosion of one of his own cannon, imported from Flanders, at the siege of Roxburgh Castle in 1460.

8539: 7544: 3678:

for indirect fire by describing, "all the essentials of aiming points, crest clearance, and corrections to fire by an observer".

2738: 1546: 2306:) emerged, primarily for artillery. These are usually utilized by one or more of the artillery arms. The widespread adoption of 10387: 8658: 7389: 4203: 3463: 2820: 8241: 5676:

ordering the guns to fire together, either by executive order or by a "fire at" time. The disadvantage is that if the fire is

4517:

The types of cannon artillery are generally distinguished by the velocity at which they fire projectiles. Types of artillery:

3223:

in the size of the barrel was due to improvements in both iron technology and gunpowder manufacture, while the development of

8743: 8469: 8160: 8133: 7976: 7941: 7899: 7528: 7361: 7335: 7310: 7283: 7261: 7241: 6676: 6649: 6588: 6475: 6446: 6333: 6232: 6100: 3485: 2843: 2295:

artillery; in others these have been separate arms, and with some nations coastal has been a naval or marine responsibility.

5634:, whether adjustment is permissible or surprise essential, the need for special procedures such as precision or danger close 3693:, they were the first to apply the theory in practice in 1899, although they had to improvise without a lining-plane sight. 2213:

vehicles are highly mobile weapons of great versatility generally providing the largest share of an army's total firepower.

9339: 8376: 6973: 6791: 6563: 5317:

the enemy". This NATO definition makes artillery a supporting arm although not all NATO armies agree with this logic. The

3399: 7441: 4089: 3518:

and which engaged with the gun's rifling grooves to impart spin to the shell. This spin, together with the elimination of

11491: 9986: 9937: 8844: 8834: 5830: 5511:: an immediately available prearranged barrier of fire designed to impede enemy movement across defensive lines or areas. 5075:

List of countries in order of amount of artillery (only conventional barrel ordnance is given, in use with land forces):

5063: 4502: 3066:, a 5 cm, one pounder bronze breech-loading cannon that weighted 150 kg with an effective range of 600 meters. 1902: 195: 3999:

Most artillery fuzes are nose fuzes. However, base fuzes have been used with armor-piercing shells and for squash head (

114: 11303: 9917: 9912: 9661: 9317: 8799: 7142: 5305:

Artillery is used in a variety of roles depending on its type and caliber. The general role of artillery is to provide

4922:

few rockets) and used direct not indirect fire, in the 1950s and 1960s both started to make extensive use of missiles:

3604: 2489: 2097: 1875: 490: 8206: 8197: 5829:

Animation showing how six shots of different elevation, speed and timing can be used to hit a target at the same time

3388:

part due to the presence of specially trained artillery officers leading and coordinating during the chaos of battle.

86: 8294: 7414: 7379:. Percin supports his claim with hundreds of items of battlefield correspondence from all parts of the Western Front. 7037: 6540:

Warfare and Empires: Contact and Conflict Between European and Non-European Military and Maritime Forces and Cultures

6518:

Warfare and Empires: Contact and Conflict Between European and Non-European Military and Maritime Forces and Cultures

6500:

Warfare and Empires: Contact and Conflict Between European and Non-European Military and Maritime Forces and Cultures

6125: 4398: 4170:" (UK) or "rotating band" (U.S.). The driving band is usually made of copper, but synthetic materials have been used. 3871: 3347:

yards) developed rockets in numerous sizes with ranges up to 3,000 yards and eventually utilizing iron casing as the

1551: 133: 4380: 2772: 2477:

Some armed forces use the term "gunners" for the soldiers and sailors with the primary function of using artillery.

11513: 8814: 8809: 8320: 8247:

Video: Inside shrieking shrapnel. Hear the great sound of shrapnel's – Finnish field artillery fire video year 2013

4760: 3875: 3160: 2874:. It is clear these weapons had developed into several different forms, from small guns to large artillery pieces. 1629: 6624:

A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century by Duarte Barbosa

6581:

Changes of regime and social dynamics in West Java : society, state, and the outer world of Banten, 1750–1830

2729:

invented in the eastern Mediterranean region in the 12th century, with the earliest definite attestation in 1187.

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An estimated 75,000 French soldiers were casualties of friendly artillery fire in the four years of World War I.

2960: 1974: 1612: 1399: 244: 93: 17: 6901: 4654:: Typically muzzle-loaded, short-barreled, high-trajectory weapons designed primarily for an indirect-fire role. 3689:

The British halfheartedly experimented with indirect fire techniques since the 1890s, but with the onset of the

10352: 9797: 9250: 9201: 9039: 4376: 3727: 3466:

was awarded a contract by the government to design a new piece of artillery. Production started in 1855 at the

2932: 1738: 71: 9981: 8010:

Ordway, Frederick I (July 1970). "History of Astronautics Symposium: Mar Del Plata, Argentina, October 1969".

6605: 3707: 3407:

massive shotguns, peppering the target with hundreds of projectiles at close range. The solid balls, known as

9780: 8426: 3119:"with much artillery made in Java, for the Javanese are skilled in founding and casting, and in all works in 2974:, as it was a necessary tool that allowed the Portuguese to face overwhelming odds both on land and sea from 2155: 1602: 7856: 6693: 4807:

or truck, to move the piece, crew, and ammunition around. Towed artillery is in some cases equipped with an

2994:

The three major classes of Portuguese artillery were anti-personnel guns with a high borelength (including:

11525: 11235: 10491: 10092: 10043: 9465: 9334: 9044: 8595: 5998: 5858:-52 (which can land six rounds simultaneously at targets at least 25 km (16 mi) away), Germany's 5324:

Unlike rockets, guns (or howitzers as some armies still call them) and mortars are suitable for delivering

4980: 4583: 4110:

shells use various types of fuze depending on the nature of the payload and the tactical need at the time.

3821: 3433: 3339: 2650: 2585: 2092: 796: 556: 100: 6622: 5347:, because of their lighter weight and simpler, more transportable design, are usually an integral part of 4754:: Fixed-position weapons dedicated to defense of a particular location, usually a coast (for example, the 4158:: Artillery projectiles have traditionally been spin-stabilised, meaning that they spin in flight so that 2665: 11578: 11335: 11240: 11013: 10915: 10382: 10232: 9802: 9671: 9519: 8343: 5862:(which can land five rounds simultaneously at targets at least 17 km (11 mi) away), Slovakia's 4700:

by land and/or at sea. Some guns were suitable for the dual roles of anti-aircraft and anti-tank warfare.

3683: 3136: 2848: 2514: 2102: 1289: 1091: 962: 500: 8109: 7779:

The Development of Artillery Tactics and Equipment, Brigadier AL Pemberton, 1950, The War Office, pg 129

6412:

DeVries, K: The Use of Gunpowder Weaponry By and Against Joan or Arc During the Hundred Years' War. 1996

2811:

designs, a lack of engineering knowledge rendered these even more dangerous to use than muzzle-loaders.

11583: 11446: 11421: 9874: 9785: 9756: 9157: 9049: 8769: 8764: 8557: 6711:. Vol. 22, No. 3, Special Issue: Asian Studies in Honour of Professor Charles Boxer (1988), pp. 607–28. 6224: 5564: 4372: 4261: 4004: 4000: 3619: 3519: 3323: 2833: 2595: 1566: 67: 38: 4071:

height of burst options, and impact. Some offered a go/no-go functional test through the fuze setter.

3611: 3591: 82: 11086: 10594: 10471: 9932: 9922: 9900: 9768: 9714: 9572: 9529: 9194: 6309: 5352: 4411: 3810: 3335: 3152: 3112: 2787:. By the late 14th century, Chinese rebels used organized artillery and cavalry to push Mongols out. 2338: 1676: 1184: 533: 407: 261: 6807: 4690:: Guns designed for direct fire to destroy tanks and other armored fighting vehicles. 3230: 11369: 11260: 11215: 10975: 10858: 10249: 10222: 10202: 10084: 9976: 9964: 9959: 9084: 8907: 8338: 8333: 6008: 5936: 4796: 4677: 4361: 4125: 3734: 3467: 2600: 2210: 2127: 1994: 1541: 1234: 1052: 900: 7798: 6438: 5882: 5467:. Observation of adjusted fire may be directly by a forward observer or indirectly via some other 5429:

There are several dimensions to this subject. The first is the notion that fire may be against an

4895: 4330:: Ammunition with an inert warhead, inert primer, and no propellant; used for training or display. 4199: 2986: 11506: 11192: 9676: 9445: 9351: 8358: 8328: 8230: 6153: 5968:

around the world incorporate an artillery piece that was used in the war or battle commemorated.

5874: 4932: 4693: 4599: 4365: 4035: 3962: 3750: 3311: 2907: 2837: 2505: 2423: 2080: 2062: 1818: 1377: 1299: 1244: 842: 505: 60: 7520: 7514: 4832: 3864:, preferring the term "missilery", though some modern artillery units employ surface-to-surface 2268:

were also used. "Shell" is a widely used generic term for a projectile, which is a component of

11481: 10863: 10716: 10399: 10347: 10334: 10217: 10168: 10141: 9949: 9744: 9589: 9435: 9290: 8997: 7055: 6936: 4968:

There is no generally accepted minimum muzzle velocity or barrel length associated with a gun.

4498: 4098: 3499: 3343: 3281: 3188: 2936: 2310:

in the early 20th century introduced the need for specialist data for field artillery, notably

2220:

and cannon, "artillery" has largely meant cannon, and in contemporary usage, usually refers to

1947: 1922: 1644: 1556: 1429: 1304: 905: 882: 328: 227: 7839:"Hungary purchases a brutal military beast that can eliminate targets from over 60 kilometres" 7194: 7174: 6639: 6553: 5404:

onto a single target, as can the fire of units in range and with the other tactical missions.

4722:: Large-caliber weapons that are mounted on, transported by and fired from specially-designed 4462:

Logistic services: to provide combat supplies, particularly ammunition, and equipment support.

3139:

actively used heavy artillery in both siege and field combat. Korean forces mounted artillery

11387: 10998: 10965: 10873: 10706: 10501: 10254: 10129: 9692: 9455: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8348: 8287: 8096: 7300: 5935:

This is a very effective tactic against infantry and light vehicles, because it scatters the

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and the actual guns themselves. The forward observer observes the target using tools such as

5766: 5733: 4914: 4295: 4217:

to propel the projectile to the target. Propellant is always a low explosive, which means it

3983: 3854: 3664: 3583:

down its lead coating, reducing its diameter and slightly improving its ballistic qualities.

3551: 3547: 3441: 2878: 2825: 2792: 2709: 2529: 2525: 2509: 2288: 1536: 1469: 1422: 1076: 1039: 1002: 920: 872: 756: 566: 374: 283: 7128: 6426: 5493:: intensive prearranged fire delivered when the imminence of the enemy attack is discovered. 3482:, which marked the birth of modern artillery. Three of its features particularly stand out. 2540: 11378: 11096: 10823: 10759: 10711: 10651: 10579: 10109: 9834: 9614: 9260: 8366: 8252:

Video: Forensic and archaeological interpretation of artillery shell fragments and shrapnel

6781: 5756: 5712: 5505:: delivered by supporting units to assist and protect a unit engaged in a defensive action. 5417: 4849: 4808: 4764: 4613: 4493: 3899: 3403: 3376: 3212: 2980: 2964: 2944: 2743: 2681: 2407: 1927: 1829: 1686: 1681: 1499: 1464: 1199: 1019: 877: 813: 667: 637: 234: 31: 8225: 7499: 7481: 6743: 6721: 4057:. They were also used to great effect in anti-aircraft projectiles in the Pacific against 8: 11553: 10988: 10945: 10840: 10626: 10616: 10564: 10466: 10456: 10406: 10377: 9751: 9372: 9367: 9255: 8977: 7968: 6837: 6427: 5993: 5983: 5920: 5859: 5825: 5672:

There are several ways of making best use of this brief window of maximum vulnerability:

5479: 4976: 4926: 4673: 4054: 2450: 2400: 2343: 1778: 1763: 1639: 1526: 1504: 1479: 1439: 1349: 1159: 1064: 1014: 781: 771: 736: 528: 518: 288: 212: 8258: 7563: 4450:

Control: authority to decide which targets to attack and allot fire units to the attack;

2970:

The able use of artillery supported to a large measure the expansion and defense of the

2298:

In the 20th century, target acquisition devices (such as radar) and techniques (such as

11573: 11255: 11071: 10983: 10950: 10816: 10791: 10691: 10676: 10661: 10621: 10589: 10461: 10312: 10271: 10060: 9502: 9295: 8982: 8942: 8912: 8311: 8043: 8035: 7927: 7802: 7088: 7080: 6383: 5957: 5620:

what types of munitions, including their fuzing, are to be used and in what quantities;

4770: 4315: 4084: 3952: 3806: 3792: 3660: 3530: 3116: 2677: 2581: 2570: 2561: 2279:

that customarily operates such engines. In some armies, the artillery arm has operated

2256:" (if solid) or "shell" (if not solid). Historically, variants of solid shot including 2221: 2112: 1967: 1887: 1808: 1753: 1728: 1649: 1595: 1561: 1492: 1409: 1319: 1224: 1169: 1059: 1024: 977: 852: 823: 776: 714: 689: 523: 337: 256: 107: 4622:: Lightweight guns that can be disassembled and transported through difficult terrain. 2686: 11486: 11396: 11076: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11023: 10955: 10925: 10905: 10554: 10496: 10319: 10180: 10072: 10048: 10038: 9993: 9709: 9666: 9609: 9534: 9300: 9059: 9034: 9029: 8962: 8937: 8562: 8207:

What sort of forensic information can be derived from the analysis of shell fragments

8166: 8156: 8139: 8129: 8084: 8064: 8047: 8027: 7994: 7982: 7972: 7947: 7937: 7905: 7895: 7806: 7524: 7410: 7357: 7331: 7306: 7279: 7257: 7237: 7092: 7072: 7033: 6787: 6672: 6645: 6584: 6559: 6471: 6467: 6442: 6434: 6375: 6329: 6228: 6178: 6121: 6096: 5988: 5978: 5912: 5863: 5850:

Examples of guns with a rate of fire that makes them suitable for MRSI includes UK's

5781: 5780:

The FO can communicate directly with the battery FDC, of which there is one per each

5774: 4975:

A British 60-pounder (5-inch (130 mm)) gun at full recoil, in action during the

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Artillery shells fired from a barrel can be assisted to greater range in three ways:

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artillery and very good artillerymen. They made many one-pounder cannons (cetbang or

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in 1453, included both artillery and foot soldiers armed with gunpowder weapons. The

2920: 2903: 2887: 2612: 2591: 2498: 2454: 2292: 2284: 2148: 2057: 2004: 1907: 1897: 1892: 1862: 1845: 1840: 1813: 1758: 1459: 1449: 1444: 1434: 1354: 1344: 1339: 1314: 1284: 1174: 1144: 1139: 1129: 1124: 1114: 1029: 982: 952: 791: 584: 561: 495: 11205: 8184: 7429: 5474:

NATO also recognises several different types of fire support for tactical purposes:

4459:

Specialist services: produce data to support the production of accurate firing data;

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is emerging. Modern 155 mm guns have a primer magazine fitted to their breech.

3610:

The first cannon to contain all 'modern' features is generally considered to be the

2117: 11326: 11294: 11230: 11210: 11056: 11008: 10910: 10895: 10850: 10806: 10801: 10774: 10636: 10606: 10574: 10544: 10534: 10292: 10227: 10079: 10021: 9895: 9849: 9839: 9719: 9651: 9631: 9324: 9245: 9240: 9175: 9114: 9079: 9069: 9002: 8957: 8952: 8917: 8411: 8280: 8019: 7929:

The World Atlas of Warfare: Military Innovations that Changed the Course of History

7794: 7160: 7064: 6367: 6053: 5953: 5886: 5762: 4991:

That leaves six combinations of the three criteria, some of which have been termed

4971: 4867: 4728: 4703: 4550:

was a type of light cannon developed in the late 15th century that fired a smaller

4541: 4121: 3974: 3941: 3860:

The term "artillery" has traditionally not been used for projectiles with internal

3845: 3730: 3515: 3503: 3315: 3303: 3299: 3256: 3197: 2796: 2784: 2700:

Mechanical systems used for throwing ammunition in ancient warfare, also known as "

2521: 2466: 2364: 2249: 2122: 2087: 2019: 1912: 1850: 1743: 1671: 1664: 1521: 1454: 1404: 1394: 1269: 1189: 1149: 1134: 1101: 1086: 957: 942: 895: 803: 761: 704: 699: 657: 480: 457: 364: 293: 222: 205: 6356:

Rogers, Clifford J. (1993). "The Military Revolutions of the Hundred Years' War".

4824: 4660:: Typically breech-loaded, capable of high or low-angle fire with a longer barrel. 4145:

radars) and modern exotics such as electronic payloads and sensor-fuzed munitions.

3659:

in July 1759, when the Russian artillery fired over the tops of trees, and at the

11501: 11496: 11167: 11162: 11081: 11061: 10890: 10811: 10796: 10742: 10701: 10569: 10307: 10239: 10033: 9549: 9487: 9477: 9450: 9415: 9099: 8967: 8549: 8213: 8201: 7551: 7201: 7181: 7106: 6666: 6043: 5890: 5344: 4998: 4957: 4891: 4887: 4863: 4857: 4800: 4795:

Modern field artillery can also be split into two other subcategories: towed and

4774: 4737: 4707: 4651: 4607: 4593: 4427: 4181: 4064: 3891: 3861: 3837: 3796: 3600: 3459: 3448: 3352: 3348: 3268: 3238:(caliber 890 mm), cast in 1586 in Moscow. It is the largest bombard in the world. 3128: 2924: 2767: 2664:(art of shooting), coined by one of the first theorists on the use of artillery, 2565: 2458: 2443: 2431: 2427: 2415: 2315: 2233: 2203: 1932: 1917: 1835: 1791: 1733: 1389: 1384: 1274: 1264: 1179: 1154: 1096: 937: 867: 857: 709: 694: 617: 589: 389: 369: 217: 6268:"Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort" 5309:—"the application of fire, coordinated with the manoeuvre of forces to destroy, 11476: 11451: 11317: 11245: 11142: 11101: 11091: 11066: 11003: 10960: 10828: 10769: 10764: 10737: 10666: 10641: 10584: 10440: 10340: 10099: 9907: 9641: 9460: 9410: 9119: 9074: 9064: 9024: 8246: 6048: 5916: 5839: 5802: 5525:: placed on an area or point to prevent the enemy from using the area or point. 5515: 5463: 4788: 4587: 4284: 4251: 4238: 4134:: shrapnel, star, incendiary and flechette (a more modern version of shrapnel). 4042: 4015: 3936: 3801: 3778: 3630: 3623: 3243: 2952: 2948: 2928: 2701: 2377: 2303: 2187: 2172: 2107: 1855: 1279: 1239: 1217: 1204: 1194: 1164: 1081: 1034: 837: 828: 719: 672: 652: 642: 612: 579: 467: 424: 379: 251: 184: 8251: 4453:

Computation of firing data – to deliver fire from a fire unit onto its target;

4290: 3944:

are the devices that initiate an artillery projectile, either to detonate its

2569:

high-explosive munitions to suppress, or inflict casualties on the enemy from

2480: 11567: 11456: 11225: 10935: 10900: 10786: 10779: 10747: 10696: 10671: 10646: 10428: 10394: 10300: 10163: 10136: 10117: 9829: 9636: 9472: 9312: 9285: 9152: 9142: 9089: 9012: 8992: 8854: 8155:. AUSA Institute of Land Warfare book. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 8088: 8031: 7256:

Against All Odds!: Dramatic Last Stand Actions; Perret, Brian; Cassell 2000;

7076: 6422: 6379: 6028: 5838:

Multiple round simultaneous impact (MRSI) is a modern version of the earlier

5567: 5420: 4992: 4902: 4755: 4723: 4687: 4681: 4639: 4610:: Mobile weapons used to support armies in the field. Subcategories include: 4431: 4242: 4019: 3656: 3649: 3514:

and had a thin lead coating which made it fractionally larger than the gun's

3479: 3471: 3271:—was also begun in this period. More esoteric designs, like the multi-barrel 2804: 2780: 2485: 2411: 2327: 2307: 2299: 2257: 2191: 1954: 1942: 1798: 1718: 1634: 1617: 1474: 1329: 1309: 992: 987: 967: 947: 862: 833: 808: 684: 662: 647: 622: 462: 384: 347: 342: 239: 8170: 8068: 7986: 7951: 7909: 7146: 6152:. Applied Mathematics, Computational Science and Engineering. Archived from 3511: 2604: 2584:

or another observer, including crewed and uncrewed aircraft, or called onto

11542: 11285: 11157: 11132: 10835: 10754: 10329: 10197: 10187: 10148: 10124: 9869: 9594: 9492: 9147: 9094: 9054: 9007: 8194: 7933: 5965: 4881: 4845: 4645: 4619: 4234: 4227: 4218: 4167: 3712: 3675: 3567: 3563: 3372: 3273: 3247: 3201: 3087: 2990:

Portuguese artillery on display at the Military Museum of Lisbon, Portugal.

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Durant, Frederick C. III; Fought, Stephen Oliver; Guilmartin, John F. Jr.

3945: 3073: 11461: 11137: 10920: 10726: 10656: 10357: 10104: 9824: 9619: 9562: 9497: 9482: 9405: 8987: 8972: 8143: 6777: 5718: 5023: 4840: 4719: 4629: 4579: 4575: 4524: 4162:

forces prevent them from tumbling. Spin is induced by gun barrels having

3986: 3716: 3697: 3627: 3534: 3455: 3356: 3235: 2913: 2762: 2692: 2628: 2553: 2549: 2419: 2388: 2319: 2276: 2052: 1803: 1768: 1607: 1294: 1259: 972: 915: 818: 602: 323: 318: 8236:

French artillery and its ammunition. 14th to the end of the 19th century

7390:(3 August 2017) Fort Sill working to install new digital imaging program 6808:"NPS Interpretive Series: Artillery Through the Ages - Explosive Shells" 5499:: used to protect troops when they are within range of enemy small arms. 4447:

Target acquisition: detect, identify and deduce the location of targets;

4318:

or for wartime use in a combat zone. Also known as "warshot" ammunition.

3774: 3575:

against the outward forces that the gun's firing exerted on the barrel.

3425: 2898: 2209:

developed for battlefield use. This development continues today; modern

11177: 10993: 10418: 9859: 9734: 9729: 8039: 7084: 6879: 6387: 6023: 5867: 5770: 5585:: delivered to render a target temporarily ineffective or unusable; and 5380:. These tactical missions are in the context of the command authority: 4745: 4657: 4571: 4557: 4551: 4468: 4301: 4267: 4222: 4214: 4177: 4159: 3989: 3919: 3914: 3788:

artillery is most obviously distinguished by its long range, firing an

3785: 3571: 3543: 3490: 3408: 3216: 3208: 3108: 2641: 2640:

Another suggestion is that it originates from the 13th century and the

2392: 2381: 2373: 2269: 2261: 2253: 2176: 2009: 1979: 1701: 1070: 11471: 8219: 7820: 6861:

Ordway, Vice-Commander of Artillery of the Polish king, Wladyslaw IV,

5948: 4676:: Guns, usually mobile, designed primarily for direct fire to destroy 2438:. Artillery used by naval forces has also changed significantly, with 11147: 11120: 10549: 10266: 10055: 9969: 9954: 9792: 9626: 9395: 6931: 6695:

A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries

6033: 5905: 5068: 4953: 4949: 4625: 4419: 4272: 3993: 3978: 3969: 3841: 3789: 3615: 3507: 3331: 3193: 3144: 3140: 3135:

Between 1593 and 1597, about 200,000 Korean and Chinese troops which

3078: 2713: 2435: 2368: 2311: 2280: 2265: 2225: 2217: 1999: 1823: 1773: 1723: 1713: 1708: 1573: 1364: 1359: 1324: 452: 308: 148: 8023: 7068: 6371: 5816: 4350: 3586: 2776:) and reached Europe in the 13th century, in a very limited manner. 2418:

as transportation. These land versions of artillery were dwarfed by

49: 11466: 11127: 10681: 10529: 10067: 9844: 9775: 9567: 9420: 9378: 9235: 9217: 9186: 8753: 7964: 7406: 5855: 5744: 5571: 5423: 5348: 4697: 4663: 4635: 4561: 4527: 4294:

Battleship ammunition: 16" artillery shells aboard a United States

4166:, which engages a soft metal band around the projectile, called a " 4059: 3887: 3833: 3690: 3475: 3389: 3380: 3224: 2871: 2717: 2705: 2654: 2360: 2229: 2183: 2180: 2014: 1989: 1622: 1254: 1229: 847: 402: 276: 161: 8189: 5739: 5732:

Modern counter-battery target acquisition uses unmanned aircraft,

10878: 10868: 10686: 10631: 10324: 10287: 10210: 10192: 10175: 10158: 9809: 9763: 9604: 9577: 9430: 9425: 9400: 9270: 9137: 9109: 9104: 9019: 7997:(January 1929). "The Development of Artillery in the Great War". 7864: 7860: 6221:

Science & Civilisation in China, volume 7: The Gunpowder Epic

6038: 6013: 6003: 4778: 4741: 4711: 4241:(also known as guncotton) was discovered, and the high explosive 4163: 3895: 3865: 3525: 3444: 3429: 3310:. Their first recorded use was in 1780 during the battles of the 3292: 3096: 2975: 2927:. Very heavy 15th-C bronze muzzle-loading cannon of type used by 2633: 2619:, with the possible exception of artillery reconnaissance teams. 2544:

Artillery illuminating ammunition used in a shooting exercise on

2439: 2024: 1984: 1748: 1582: 1578: 925: 910: 786: 447: 442: 412: 351: 313: 6212: 5743:

Modern artillery ammunition. Caliber 155 mm as used by the

4307:

Artillery ammunition has four classifications according to use:

2770:. These small, crude weapons diffused into the Middle East (the 11182: 11111: 10930: 10885: 10539: 10524: 10016: 9656: 9539: 9280: 9275: 8303: 8257: 8083:. International Aeronautic Federation: 262. January–June 1977. 4638:: Capable of high-angle fire, they are most often employed for 4535: 4233:

Until the late 19th century, the only available propellant was

4128:

and canister may be considered special types of bursting shell.

3829: 3733:

pioneered armour and artillery cooperation at the breakthrough

3556: 3176: 2883: 2854:

In 1415, the Portuguese invaded the Mediterranean port town of

2800: 2615:. The only combat in which artillery is unable to take part is 2396: 2206: 2186:. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach 1531: 932: 749: 485: 8235: 5889:(Finland), is capable of 7 + 7 shells MRSI. The United States 5623:

when the targets should be attacked and possibly for how long;

4520: 3886:

One of the most important roles of logistics is the supply of

11441: 10940: 10481: 10476: 9814: 9739: 6729: 6298:

Warfare and Firearms in Fifteenth century Morocco, 1400–1492.

5924: 5851: 5690: 4538:: The oldest type of artillery with direct firing trajectory. 4505:

during a direct fire mission in a live fire exercise in 2010.

3817: 3637: 3580: 3184: 3124: 2855: 2783:

adopted the Chinese artillery and used it effectively in the

2195: 1007: 543: 538: 7821:"Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact, adjustable simulation" 2720:, are also referred to by military historians as artillery. 9927: 9390: 9385: 6018: 5878: 5617:

the proximity of and risks to own troops or non-combatants;

4667: 3965: 3909: 3905:

A round of artillery ammunition comprises four components:

3744:

Major General J.B.A. Bailey, British Army (retired) wrote:

3667:

fired shrapnel indirectly against advancing French troops.

3291:

building. This led, among other things, to a frenzy of new

3120: 303: 298: 157: 8272: 5952:

An artillery piece in the monument commemorating the 1864

5531:: delivered before an attack to weaken the enemy position. 5412: 3890:

as a primary type of artillery consumable, their storage (

3242:

The first land-based mobile weapon is usually credited to

3171: 3147:, providing an advantage against Japanese navy which used 2627:

The word as used in the current context originated in the

2607:, with a range almost as long as that of field artillery. 2520:

The term "artillery" also designates a combat arm of most

10519: 10511: 9221: 7740:"In a changing world, Finland's artillery stays the same" 7722: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7704: 4648:: Capable of high or low-angle fire with a longer barrel. 3367: 2955:

brought to the siege sixty-nine guns in fifteen separate

2935:, showing ornate decoration. Taken by The Land Feb 07 at 176: 7264:: discussed during the account of the Hougoumont action. 6250:"1526, First Battle of Panipat, Ibrahim Lodhi and Babur" 5560: 4894:, during the First World War the guns from the stricken 4456:

Fire units: guns, launchers or mortars grouped together;

3828:

Weapons covered by the term 'modern artillery' include "

3749:

accuracy had come to rival those of artillery. ... The

2877:

The artillery revolution in Europe caught on during the

8268:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 189–235. 8226:

Artillery Tactics and Combat during the Napoleonic Wars

5543:

is an omission. Broadly they can be defined as either:

5416:

A 155 mm artillery shell fired by a United States

4763:

system) is often self-propelled, (allowing it to avoid

2532:

of the national armed forces that operate the weapons.

7701: 7689: 7677: 7665: 7641: 7629: 7617: 7605: 7593: 6668:

Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past

4909: 4437:

The main functions in the field artillery system are:

2963:

of 1444. Early cannon were not always reliable; King

2829:

French gunner in the 15th century, a 1904 illustration

2330:

said in a speech that artillery was "the god of war".

30:"Artilleryman" redirects here. For the racehorse, see 7653: 7330:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 141. 7278:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 136. 7236:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 135. 7184:, The encyclopedia of weapons of World War II, p. 137 5811: 3670:

In 1882, Russian Lieutenant Colonel KG Guk published

3510:

shell of the Armstrong gun was similar in shape to a

2795:, these weapons became more common, initially as the 2660:

Another suggestion is that it comes from the Italian

7496:"Guided artillery missile with extremely long range" 2847:

Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's

8240:Historic films showing artillery in World War I at 7921:, The International Institute for Strategic Studies 7581: 6671:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 5360:with them in many armies, including a few in NATO. 3030:); bastion guns which could batter fortifications ( 156:fire-off an artillery round with the newly fielded 74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7512: 7228:Red God of War: Soviet Artillery and Rocket Forces 6899: 8190:Cannon Artillery – The Voice of Freedom's Thunder 7498:. patentstorm.us. August 24, 2004. Archived from 7480:. patentstorm.us. August 24, 2004. Archived from 7430:http://nso.nato.int/nso/zPublic/ap/aap6/AAP-6.pdf 7143:"Armstrong Rifled Breech Loading (RBL) 6-Pounder" 6935:. Karnataka, India. June 23, 2005. Archived from 3246:, who deployed his oxen-hauled cannon during the 2690:A bronze "thousand ball thunder cannon" from the 11565: 7894:. Brassey's air power, v. 4. London: Brassey's. 6960:Tactics and Grand Tactics of the Napoleonic Wars 5355:units. This means they generally do not have to 4574:is a gun with multiple single-shot barrels that 4474:SG2 Shareable (Fire Control) Software Suite (S4) 3454:After the British artillery was shown up in the 2275:By association, artillery may also refer to the 6555:Enotenplato, the Chronicle of Military Doctrine 6202: 6200: 5328:. However, they are all suitable for providing 5059:showcasing towing, turning and firing of rounds 4696:: Guns, usually mobile, designed for attacking 2637:, meaning the place where manual work is done. 2202:. As technology improved, lighter, more mobile 7516:Tools of Violence: Guns, Tanks and Dirty Bombs 7442:"Science Service Historical Images Collection" 7403:Enotenplato The Chronicle of Military Doctrine 7298: 4124:, coloured marker, chemical, nuclear devices; 2631:. One suggestion is that it comes from French 2508:in the infantry, and are combined into larger 9202: 8288: 7889: 7012: 6141:Šotnar, Jiří; Carbol, Michal; Blaha, Martin. 6140: 5483:: delivered for the purpose of destroying or 3674:, which provided a practical method of using 3566:" method involved assembling the barrel with 3277:(known as "organ guns"), were also produced. 2453:structural/defensive works and inflict enemy 2149: 7326:Knox, MacGregor; Murray, Williamson (2001). 7274:Knox, MacGregor; Murray, Williamson (2001). 7232:Knox, MacGregor; Murray, Williamson (2001). 7015:Weapons and Equipment of the Napoleonic Wars 6772: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6197: 6059:Improvised artillery in the Syrian Civil War 4948:The three main types of artillery "gun" are 3375:to commemorate the city's resistance to the 3334:made use of the rockets as a weapon. In the 2594:has had a significant influence on the core 2410:, artillery pieces and their crew relied on 8054: 7799:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.397-400.2459 7467:p. 262, International Aeronautic Federation 7401:Chikammadu, Ali Caleb (September 3, 2019). 7111:Grace's Guide to British Industrial History 7030:Artillery Equipments of the Napoleonic Wars 6400: 6143:"Modernization of artillery reconnaissance" 5578:Two other NATO terms also need definition: 4379:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4142:Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition 3489:Armstrong gun deployed by Japan during the 9209: 9195: 8295: 8281: 7993: 7400: 7377:Le massacre de notre infanterie, 1914–1918 7325: 7273: 7231: 6637: 5626:what methods should be used, for example, 4901:formed the main artillery strength of the 3371:A 19th-century cannon, set in the wall of 3207:Bombards developed in Europe were massive 2807:. While there were many early attempts at 2156: 2142: 8126:Artillery: Its Origin, Heyday and Decline 7292: 7215:Artillery: Its Origin, Heyday and Decline 6763: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6511: 6509: 6429:Constantinople 1453: The end of Byzantium 6082: 6080: 5717:Modern counter-battery fire developed in 4777:, this is typically found on slow-flying 4444:Command: authority to allocate resources; 4399:Learn how and when to remove this message 4340: 3421:Field artillery in the American Civil War 2732: 134:Learn how and when to remove this message 11032:List of military strategies and concepts 8124:Hogg, Oliver Frederick Gillilan (1970). 7958: 7052: 6893: 6691: 6664: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6455: 6415: 6247: 5947: 5824: 5815: 5738: 5606:what effects are required, for example, 5559: 5411: 5062: 5043: 4970: 4908: 4839: 4831: 4823: 4727: 4519: 4492: 4410: 4289: 4198: 4088: 3816: 3773: 3706: 3585: 3524: 3484: 3478:, and the outcome was the revolutionary 3424: 3366: 3229: 3170: 3072: 2985: 2919: 2897: 2842: 2832: 2824: 2742: 2685: 2556:, 9 km from the photographer's position. 2539: 2479: 2349: 2337: 1120:List of military strategies and concepts 147: 7916: 7726: 7695: 7683: 7671: 7659: 7647: 7635: 7623: 7611: 7599: 7587: 7187: 7002:. Middlesex: Almark Publishing Co. Ltd. 6957: 6927:"Tipu's missile launch pad in shambles" 6620: 6578: 6461: 6421: 6218: 6206: 6086: 5750: 5706: 5437:. If it is the latter it may be either 4815: 3605:12-pounder (3 inches /76 mm) field guns 3447:guns that could fire at a much greater 3351:which were used effectively during the 3187:. A famous Turkish example used at the 2739:Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty 2524:when used organizationally to describe 2372:stones achieved a kinetic energy of 16 14: 11566: 8231:Artillery of Napoleon's Imperial Guard 8150: 8009: 7925: 7788: 7351: 6863:Great Art of Artillery, the First Part 6776: 6524: 6506: 6355: 6077: 5664:men crouching in trenches – 1/25–1/100 5407: 4870:and later surface to surface missiles. 3196:breached the city's walls, ending the 2821:Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages 2504:Batteries are roughly equivalent to a 9190: 8276: 7890:Browne, J.P.R.; Thurbon, M T (1998). 6641:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder 6603: 6484: 6464:Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774 6115: 5030: 3769: 3077:Three of the large Korean artillery, 2599:generation of infantry weapons using 2367:in 399 BC. Until the introduction of 11548: 9216: 8123: 7513:McNab, Chris; Hunter Keeter (2008). 7027: 6997: 6685: 6665:Wade, Geoff; Tana, Li, eds. (2012). 6658: 6093:Oxford Companion to Military History 5661:men firing from trenches – 1/15–1/50 5445:. Arranged targets may be part of a 5039: 4512: 4377:adding citations to reliable sources 4344: 3824:can be added to unguided projectiles 2552:. The illuminated mountain is Mount 2198:, and led to heavy, fairly immobile 72:adding citations to reliable sources 43: 11492:Idealism in international relations 7446:National Museum of American History 7382: 7328:The Dynamics of Military Revolution 7276:The Dynamics of Military Revolution 7234:The Dynamics of Military Revolution 6621:Stanley, Henry Edward John (1866). 6321: 5943: 5336:. Guns are used either for this or 3696:In the next 15 years leading up to 3458:as having barely changed since the 3302:can trace its heritage back to the 3285:Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima 3123:, over and above what they have in 3091:to destroy an elephant formation". 2814: 2457:. The engineering applications for 2326:were caused by artillery. In 1944, 24: 8117: 7732: 6325:Military Technologies of the World 5881:mortar system, joint developed by 5832:(Click for SVG animated with SMIL) 5812:Multiple round simultaneous impact 5461:, if the latter then it has to be 4943: 4616:: Directly support infantry units. 4418:of the 320th French Artillery, in 4213:Most forms of artillery require a 3594:, the first modern artillery piece 3127:". By the early 16th century, the 3115:led by Pati Unus sailed to attack 2333: 2179:far beyond the range and power of 25: 11595: 8178: 7766:Glossary of Terms and Definitions 7013:Haythornwaite, Philip J. (1979). 6818:from the original on May 14, 2023 5796: 4488: 4180:barrels have been used mostly by 4001:High-Explosive Squash Head (HESH) 3872:Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF) 3672:Indirect Fire for Field Artillery 3183:Bombards were of value mainly in 2571:casing fragments and other debris 2376:, compared to a mid-19th-century 27:Long-ranged guns for land warfare 11547: 11537: 11536: 9171: 9170: 8220:British Artillery in World War 2 7568:National WWI Museum and Memorial 7478:"Fin-stabilized artillery shell" 7230:, London, 1986, p.16, quoted in 6116:Rihll, Tracey Elizabeth (2007). 5487:the enemy's fire support system. 4773:: Large-caliber guns mounted on 4732:Naval cannon, early 19th century 4666:: Large-caliber guns mounted on 4349: 4149: 3876:Joint terminal attack controller 3643: 3620:hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism 3259:—was introduced to remove them. 194: 48: 7883: 7849: 7831: 7813: 7791:Applied Mechanics and Materials 7782: 7773: 7758: 7742:(news analysis). Archived from 7556: 7537: 7506: 7488: 7470: 7461: 7452: 7434: 7423: 7394: 7369: 7345: 7319: 7267: 7250: 7220: 7207: 7167: 7153: 7135: 7117: 7099: 7046: 7021: 7006: 6991: 6966: 6951: 6919: 6872: 6855: 6830: 6800: 6754: 6736: 6714: 6702: 6631: 6614: 6597: 6572: 6546: 6406: 6394: 6359:The Journal of Military History 6349: 6322:Lee, T.W. (December 30, 2008). 6315: 6302: 4850:9.2-inch (230 mm) howitzer 3811:Global Positioning System (GPS) 2961:Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs 2434:– was theoretically capable of 59:needs additional citations for 7352:Bailey, Jonathan B.A. (2004), 7305:. Backintyme. pp. 28–33. 7302:The Evolution of Indirect Fire 6290: 6260: 6241: 6171: 6134: 6109: 4803:has a prime mover, usually an 4670:to provide mobile direct fire. 4093:Artillery can be used to fire 4078: 4063:as well as in Britain against 3322:. The wars fought between the 3166: 2933:siege of Constantinople (1453) 2484:7-person gun crew firing a US 2436:putting a satellite into orbit 13: 1: 8218:Evans, Nigel F. (2001–2007) " 8153:Field Artillery and Firepower 7519:. Osprey Publishing. p. 7354:Field artillery and firepower 7125:"The Emergence of Modern War" 6867:The Complete Art of Artillery 6558:. Lulu.com. August 23, 2019. 6179:"Arms and Men: The Trebuchet" 6087:Bellamy, Christopher (2004). 6065: 5864:155 mm SpGH ZUZANA model 2000 4194: 4005:High Explosive, Plastic (HEP) 3881: 3760:Field artillery and firepower 3362: 3163:) as their largest firearms. 3137:fought against Japan in Korea 2657:unit until the 19th century. 7917:Hackett, James, ed. (2010), 7458:p. 266, Browne & Thurbon 7388:Ms. Marie Berberea (TRADOC) 5999:Beehive anti-personnel round 5899: 5693:first gained the capability. 4844:Australian gunners, wearing 4568:as self-propelled artillery. 4479: 4422:, Belgium, September 5, 1917 3822:M1156 Precision Guidance Kit 3529:8-inch Armstrong gun during 3434:Battle of Langensalza (1866) 3340:Siege of Seringapatam (1792) 2651:Honourable Artillery Company 2622: 2442:generally replacing guns in 7: 11014:Operational manoeuvre group 8585:National Revolutionary Army 8302: 7000:French Napoleonic Artillery 6902:"Rocket and missile system" 6604:Jones, John Winter (1863). 6095:. Oxford University Press. 5971: 5767:Fire Direction Center (FDC) 5374:general support reinforcing 4913:Firing of an 18-pound gun, 4878:was a naval responsibility. 4714:, instead of shot or shell. 4262:Rocket-assisted projectiles 3400:Jean-Baptiste de Gribeauval 2723: 2653:, which was essentially an 2580:Fire may be directed by an 1613:Military–industrial complex 1092:Operational manoeuvre group 160:Lightweight 155-millimeter 10: 11600: 11447:Peace and conflict studies 11336:Infantry fighting vehicles 9875:Front; Russian land forces 8397:War of the Triple Alliance 8185:Naval Weapons of the World 7999:Canadian Defence Quarterly 7200:November 26, 2022, at the 7180:November 26, 2022, at the 6638:Partington, J. R. (1999). 6296:Cook, Weston F., Jr. 1993 6225:Cambridge University Press 5903: 5800: 5754: 5710: 5457:, if the former it may be 4082: 3934: 3647: 3418: 3324:British East India Company 2818: 2736: 2675: 2671: 2535: 39:Artillery (disambiguation) 36: 29: 11534: 11502:International cooperation 11434: 11409: 11276: 11269: 11191: 11110: 11022: 10974: 10849: 10725: 10510: 10472:Combat information center 10449: 10370: 10280: 10009: 10002: 9933:Infantry fighting vehicle 9883: 9715:Unified combatant command 9685: 9548: 9360: 9228: 9166: 9130: 8900: 8853: 8752: 8594: 8548: 8425: 8417:Pre-20th century firearms 8357: 8319: 8310: 7543:The public NABK Brochure 7356:, Naval Institute Press, 7175:"Canon de 75 modèle 1897" 6310:Sieges of Stirling Castle 6274:. 1590–95. Archived from 5088: 5085: 4864:Field or "foot" artillery 4678:armored fighting vehicles 4174:Smoothbore/fin-stabilized 3663:, where a battery of the 3414: 3153:breech-loading swivel gun 2486:M777 Light Towed Howitzer 1677:Loss-of-strength gradient 534:Combat information center 11417:Lists of wars by country 10859:List of military tactics 9977:Self-propelled artillery 9865:Special units by nation: 9308:Protocols and structure: 8805:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 8795:South African Border War 8577:Second Sino-Japanese War 7969:Pen & Sword Military 7926:Holmes, Richard (1988). 7193:Priscilla Mary Roberts, 6958:Jeffery, George (1982). 6219:Needham, Joseph (1987). 6120:. Westholme Publishing. 6070: 6009:Combustion light-gas gun 4799:. As the name suggests, 4787:: Artillery which fires 4628:: Capable of long-range 4554:than the similar falcon. 4530:self-propelled artillery 4126:high-explosive anti-tank 4113:Payloads have included: 3930: 3550:capabilities during the 3468:Elswick Ordnance Company 2515:People's Liberation Army 2211:self-propelled artillery 1995:Military science fiction 1480:Technology and equipment 901:List of military tactics 11514:International relations 11507:Crimes against humanity 10154:Other infantry weapons: 9870:Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy 9441:Functional specialties: 8785:Portuguese Colonial War 8265:Encyclopædia Britannica 8212:August 9, 2021, at the 8151:Bailey, J.B.A. (2004). 7959:McCamley, N.J. (2004). 7299:Frank W. Sweet (2000). 7213:Hogg, O. F. G. (1970). 7204:, World War One, p. 726 6906:Encyclopædia Britannica 6692:Crawfurd, John (1856). 6462:Nicolle, David (1983). 6118:The Catapult: A History 5491:Counterpreparation fire 5338:general supporting fire 4933:Anti-aircraft artillery 4876:coast defence artillery 4694:Anti-aircraft artillery 4600:Large-calibre artillery 4176:: In modern artillery, 4036:anti-aircraft artillery 3855:anti-aircraft batteries 3751:British Royal Artillery 3592:Canon de 75 modèle 1897 3189:siege of Constantinople 2838:First Battle of Panipat 2472: 2422:; the largest of these 2342:French soldiers in the 2063:Wartime sexual violence 1819:Full-spectrum dominance 1630:Supply-chain management 11482:Conscientious objector 9590:Special reconnaissance 9330:Awards and decorations 9153:Civilian gun ownership 8242:europeanfilmgateway.eu 8063:(2): 153–73 (162–64). 8012:Technology and Culture 7056:Technology and Culture 7028:Wise, Terence (1979). 6998:Head, Michael (1970). 6978:www.britishbattles.com 6627:. The Hakluyt Society. 5961: 5835: 5822: 5747: 5575: 5426: 5334:direct supporting fire 5072: 5060: 4984: 4918: 4905:forces in East Africa. 4853: 4837: 4829: 4733: 4531: 4506: 4499:Finnish Defence Forces 4423: 4341:Field artillery system 4304: 4210: 4102: 4099:this 1953 nuclear test 3825: 3782: 3781:guided artillery shell 3764: 3758:J.B.A. Bailey (2004). 3719: 3595: 3538: 3500:Martin von Wahrendorff 3494: 3436: 3384: 3344:Battle of Seringapatam 3282:Kazimierz Siemienowicz 3239: 3180: 3083: 2991: 2940: 2937:Fort Nelson, Hampshire 2910: 2906:, the earliest extant 2851: 2840: 2830: 2753: 2733:Invention of gunpowder 2697: 2603:, better known as the 2557: 2510:military organizations 2493: 2399:on land were moved by 2356: 2347: 1975:Awards and decorations 1948:Peace through strength 1923:Low-intensity conflict 1557:Conscientious objector 1430:Area of responsibility 164: 10502:Torpedo Data Computer 10492:Ship gun fire-control 8830:Nicaraguan Revolution 8780:Araguaia Guerilla War 8349:Early thermal weapons 7961:Disasters Underground 7550:July 6, 2011, at the 7375:General Percin, 1921 7226:Christopher Bellamy, 7149:on February 20, 2002. 6880:"Lithuanian Art Fund" 6812:National Park Service 6698:. Bradbury and Evans. 6579:Atsushi, Ota (2006). 5951: 5930:anti-aircraft warfare 5828: 5819: 5763:Forward Observer (FO) 5742: 5734:counter-battery radar 5563: 5554:Close supporting fire 5509:Final Protective Fire 5449:. Fire may be either 5415: 5351:and, in some armies, 5326:close supporting fire 5067:Two French Army Giat 5066: 5055: 4974: 4915:Louis-Philippe Crepin 4912: 4843: 4835: 4828:Horse-drawn artillery 4827: 4731: 4614:Infantry support guns 4523: 4496: 4414: 4314:: ammunition used in 4293: 4202: 4188:Rifled/fin-stabilized 4092: 4043:radar proximity fuzes 3955:(including graze and 3832:" artillery (such as 3820: 3777: 3746: 3710: 3665:Royal Horse Artillery 3589: 3552:Industrial Revolution 3548:precision engineering 3528: 3488: 3428: 3370: 3233: 3174: 3076: 2989: 2923: 2901: 2886:, as demonstrated at 2846: 2836: 2828: 2803:. Cannon were always 2746: 2689: 2617:close-quarters combat 2543: 2517:has artillery corps. 2483: 2353: 2341: 2236:(collectively called 567:Torpedo data computer 557:Ship gun fire-control 151: 11363:Specific modern wars 11311:Vehicles and weapons 11236:Military occupations 9835:Carrier strike group 8835:Salvadoran Civil War 8402:Spanish–American War 8377:American Indian Wars 8200:May 4, 2006, at the 8128:. London: C. Hurst. 7919:The Military Balance 7793:. 397–400: 2459–63. 7502:on February 9, 2008. 7484:on February 9, 2008. 6838:"Shell | ammunition" 6783:A History of Warfare 6709:Modern Asian Studies 5757:Field artillery team 5751:Field artillery team 5713:Counter-battery fire 5707:Counter-battery fire 5680:from many dispersed 5548:Deep supporting fire 5418:11th Marine Regiment 5330:deep supporting fire 4836:Man-pulled artillery 4816:Organizational types 4765:counter-battery fire 4373:improve this section 4204:152 mm howitzer D-20 3713:15cm field howitzers 3462:, the industrialist 2965:James II of Scotland 2945:Mehmet the Conqueror 2849:Siege of Ranthambore 2682:History of gunpowder 2391:through most of the 2093:Military occupations 1928:Military engineering 1830:Unrestricted Warfare 1687:Force multiplication 585:Military manoeuvrers 68:improve this article 37:For other uses, see 32:Artilleryman (horse) 11526:Peace organizations 10989:Operations research 10467:Director (military) 10457:Fire-control system 9368:Command and control 8888:Russo-Ukrainian War 8825:Dominican Civil War 8800:Cambodian Civil War 8761:First Indochina War 7934:Viking Studio Books 7768:, NATO, AAP-6(2006) 7746:on January 22, 2013 7159:Holley states that 7107:"William Armstrong" 6227:. pp. 317–19. 6185:. September 5, 2006 5994:Barrage (artillery) 5984:Advanced Gun System 5921:Battle of the Bulge 5860:Panzerhaubitze 2000 5583:Neutralization fire 5480:Counterbattery fire 5408:Application of fire 5386:operational control 5382:operational command 5079: 4977:Battle of Gallipoli 4927:Anti-tank artillery 4674:Anti-tank artillery 4055:Battle of the Bulge 3946:High Explosive (HE) 3200:, according to Sir 2562:military operations 2344:Franco-Prussian War 1779:Penal military unit 1764:Rules of engagement 1440:Command and control 1065:Operations research 529:Director (military) 519:Fire-control system 289:Command and control 170:Part of a series on 11579:Chinese inventions 10984:Military operation 10951:Tactical objective 10462:Fire-control radar 10378:Military equipment 10320:Anti-ship missiles 9672:Electronic-warfare 9535:Military maneuvers 9520:Combat occupations 9296:Commanding officer 9256:Occupational roles 8878:Russo-Georgian War 8820:Lebanese Civil War 8790:Rhodesian Bush War 8407:Mexican Revolution 8392:American Civil War 8382:War of the Pacific 8372:Napoleonic Warfare 7995:McNaughton, Andrew 7892:Electronic Warfare 7857:"Patria hagglunds" 7845:. January 9, 2019. 7843:Daily News Hungary 7113:. October 4, 2018. 6939:on October 1, 2007 6610:. Hakluyt Society. 6537:Douglas M. Peers: 6515:Douglas M. Peers: 6497:Douglas M. Peers: 6470:. pp. 29–30. 5962: 5958:American Civil War 5836: 5823: 5775:laser rangefinders 5748: 5576: 5570:firing outside of 5469:target acquisition 5427: 5321:terms are NATO's. 5078: 5073: 5061: 5031:Caliber categories 4985: 4919: 4882:Mountain artillery 4854: 4852:during World War I 4838: 4830: 4771:Aircraft artillery 4740:: Guns mounted on 4734: 4582:in that they lack 4532: 4507: 4424: 4316:live fire training 4305: 4211: 4120:: high-explosive, 4103: 4085:Shell (projectile) 3826: 3783: 3770:Precision-guidance 3720: 3661:Battle of Waterloo 3596: 3539: 3531:American Civil War 3495: 3437: 3385: 3336:Battle of Pollilur 3320:Fourth Mysore Wars 3240: 3181: 3117:Portuguese Malacca 3084: 2992: 2947:, which conquered 2941: 2911: 2879:Hundred Years' War 2852: 2841: 2831: 2793:Hundred Years' War 2754: 2698: 2678:History of cannons 2613:ballistic missiles 2596:engineering design 2582:artillery observer 2558: 2494: 2490:War in Afghanistan 2424:large-calibre guns 2357: 2348: 1888:Counter-insurgency 1809:Command of the sea 1754:Jewish laws on war 1729:Geneva Conventions 1265:Divide and conquer 1060:Military operation 1025:Tactical objective 524:Fire-control radar 501:Electronic-warfare 165: 11584:Explosive weapons 11561: 11560: 11487:Anti-war movement 11430: 11429: 11422:Conflicts by time 11047:Counter-offensive 11037:Military campaign 10956:Target saturation 10906:Counterinsurgency 10555:International law 10497:Gun data computer 10366: 10365: 9703:Armies by country 9667:Close air support 9632:Aircraft carriers 9301:Executive officer 9184: 9183: 8896: 8895: 8840:Soviet–Afghan War 8815:Laotian Civil War 8563:Spanish Civil War 8162:978-1-59114-029-0 8135:978-0-900966-43-9 8104:Missing or empty 8057:Technikgeschichte 7978:978-1-84415-022-9 7943:978-0-670-81967-6 7901:978-1-85753-133-6 7530:978-1-84603-225-7 7448:. April 19, 2018. 7363:978-1-59114-029-0 7337:978-0-521-80079-2 7312:978-0-939479-20-7 7285:978-0-521-80079-2 7262:978-0-304-35456-6 7243:978-0-521-80079-2 7017:. Blanford Press. 6974:"Battle of Kolin" 6678:978-981-4311-96-0 6651:978-0-8018-5954-0 6590:978-90-04-15091-1 6583:. Leiden: Brill. 6543:, Routledge, 2022 6521:, Routledge, 2022 6503:, Routledge, 2022 6477:978-0-85045-511-3 6468:Osprey Publishing 6448:978-1-84176-091-9 6435:Osprey Publishing 6335:978-0-275-99536-2 6248:unknown (1590s). 6234:978-0-521-30358-3 6209:, pp. 314–16 6159:on April 17, 2018 6102:978-0-19-860696-3 5989:Artillery museums 5979:List of artillery 5854:, South Africa's 5523:Interdiction fire 5433:target or may be 5303: 5302: 5053: 5040:Modern operations 5024:Railway artillery 4979:, 1915. Photo by 4805:artillery tractor 4785:Nuclear artillery 4752:Coastal artillery 4566:Gunpowder Empires 4564:were used by the 4513:Types of ordnance 4409: 4408: 4401: 4029:centrifugal force 3850:coastal artillery 3739:Operation Michael 3735:Battle of Cambrai 3640:could not match. 3464:William Armstrong 3432:artillery at the 3328:Kingdom of Mysore 3280:The 1650 book by 3261:Gustavus Adolphus 3159:(大筒 – large size 3099:), long muskets, 2972:Portuguese Empire 2908:large-calibre gun 2904:Pumhart von Steyr 2666:Niccolò Tartaglia 2592:Military doctrine 2522:military services 2467:weapons platforms 2426:ever conceived – 2363:was developed in 2166: 2165: 2058:Horses in warfare 2005:Anti-war movement 1908:Gunboat diplomacy 1898:Disaster response 1846:Philosophy of war 1841:Principles of war 1814:Deterrence theory 1759:Right of conquest 1682:Lanchester's laws 1450:Principles of war 1140:Counter-offensive 1125:Military campaign 1030:Target saturation 953:Counterinsurgency 562:Gun data computer 496:Close air support 458:Aircraft carriers 144: 143: 136: 118: 16:(Redirected from 11591: 11551: 11550: 11540: 11539: 11517: 11400: 11391: 11382: 11373: 11357: 11348: 11339: 11330: 11321: 11307: 11298: 11289: 11274: 11273: 11216:Military tactics 11057:Defence in depth 10911:Defeat in detail 10607:Armoured warfare 10545:Military science 10335:Close-in weapons 10007: 10006: 9918:Wheeled vehicles 9913:Tracked vehicles 9710:Chain of command 9373:Defense ministry 9211: 9204: 9197: 9188: 9187: 9174: 9173: 9050:Mass destruction 8958:Blunt instrument 8883:Syrian Civil War 8317: 8316: 8297: 8290: 8283: 8274: 8273: 8269: 8261: 8259:"Ordnance" 8195:Modern Artillery 8174: 8147: 8113: 8107: 8102: 8100: 8092: 8072: 8051: 8006: 7990: 7955: 7922: 7913: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7867:on April 4, 2010 7863:. Archived from 7853: 7847: 7846: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7786: 7780: 7777: 7771: 7769: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7603: 7597: 7591: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7560: 7554: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7474: 7468: 7465: 7459: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7438: 7432: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7349: 7343: 7341: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7271: 7265: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7224: 7218: 7211: 7205: 7191: 7185: 7171: 7165: 7161:Daniel Treadwell 7157: 7151: 7150: 7145:. Archived from 7139: 7133: 7132: 7131:on July 1, 2019. 7127:. Archived from 7121: 7115: 7114: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7010: 7004: 7003: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6876: 6870: 6865:, also known as 6859: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6793:978-0-09174527-1 6774: 6761: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6565:978-0-35980699-7 6550: 6544: 6535: 6522: 6513: 6504: 6495: 6482: 6481: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6432: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6404: 6401:Schmidtchen 1977 6398: 6392: 6391: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6319: 6313: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6216: 6210: 6204: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6158: 6147: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6084: 6054:Suppressive fire 5954:Battle of Tupelo 5944:Use in monuments 5833: 5655:men standing – 1 5638:non-combatants); 5589:Suppression fire 5529:Preparation fire 5394:tactical control 5390:tactical command 5080: 5077: 5054: 4704:Rocket artillery 4404: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4384: 4353: 4345: 4122:white phosphorus 4095:nuclear warheads 4065:V-1 flying bombs 3975:proximity sensor 3862:guidance systems 3846:rocket artillery 3762: 3731:Henry Hugh Tudor 3504:Joseph Whitworth 3304:Mysorean rockets 3300:rocket artillery 3198:Byzantine Empire 3151:(国崩し – Japanese 2815:Expansion of use 2416:tracked vehicles 2408:contemporary era 2397:artillery pieces 2250:rocket artillery 2242:cannon artillery 2238:barrel artillery 2158: 2151: 2144: 1913:Humanitarian aid 1851:Security dilemma 1672:Power projection 1455:Economy of force 1435:Chain of command 1150:Defence in depth 1135:Commerce raiding 958:Defeat in detail 294:Defense ministry 198: 189: 188: 179: 167: 166: 139: 132: 128: 125: 119: 117: 76: 52: 44: 21: 11599: 11598: 11594: 11593: 11592: 11590: 11589: 11588: 11564: 11563: 11562: 11557: 11530: 11511: 11497:Humanitarianism 11426: 11405: 11394: 11385: 11376: 11370:Napoleonic Wars 11367: 11351: 11345:Modern warships 11342: 11333: 11324: 11315: 11301: 11292: 11283: 11270:Other namespace 11265: 11187: 11106: 11018: 10970: 10936:Rapid dominance 10845: 10721: 10506: 10445: 10362: 10308:Naval artillery 10288:Guided missiles 10276: 9998: 9879: 9681: 9544: 9540:Combat training 9488:Security forces 9478:Military police 9416:Airborne forces 9356: 9224: 9215: 9185: 9180: 9162: 9158:Science fiction 9126: 8998:Directed-energy 8892: 8868:Afghanistan War 8849: 8748: 8590: 8550:Interwar period 8544: 8445:Austria-Hungary 8421: 8353: 8306: 8301: 8256: 8214:Wayback Machine 8202:Wayback Machine 8181: 8163: 8136: 8120: 8118:Further reading 8105: 8103: 8094: 8093: 8075: 8024:10.2307/3102202 7979: 7944: 7902: 7886: 7881: 7880: 7870: 7868: 7855: 7854: 7850: 7837: 7836: 7832: 7827:. May 30, 2017. 7819: 7818: 7814: 7787: 7783: 7778: 7774: 7764: 7763: 7759: 7749: 7747: 7738: 7737: 7733: 7725: 7702: 7694: 7690: 7682: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7658: 7654: 7646: 7642: 7634: 7630: 7622: 7618: 7610: 7606: 7598: 7594: 7586: 7582: 7572: 7570: 7562: 7561: 7557: 7552:Wayback Machine 7542: 7538: 7531: 7511: 7507: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7466: 7462: 7457: 7453: 7440: 7439: 7435: 7428: 7424: 7417: 7409:. p. 196. 7399: 7395: 7387: 7383: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7350: 7346: 7338: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7297: 7293: 7286: 7272: 7268: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7225: 7221: 7212: 7208: 7202:Wayback Machine 7195:"French 75 gun" 7192: 7188: 7182:Wayback Machine 7172: 7168: 7158: 7154: 7141: 7140: 7136: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7105: 7104: 7100: 7069:10.2307/3105857 7051: 7047: 7040: 7026: 7022: 7011: 7007: 6996: 6992: 6982: 6980: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6956: 6952: 6942: 6940: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6910: 6908: 6898: 6894: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6860: 6856: 6846: 6844: 6836: 6835: 6831: 6821: 6819: 6806: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6775: 6764: 6759: 6755: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6720: 6719: 6715: 6707: 6703: 6690: 6686: 6679: 6663: 6659: 6652: 6636: 6632: 6619: 6615: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6577: 6573: 6566: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6536: 6525: 6514: 6507: 6496: 6485: 6478: 6460: 6456: 6449: 6420: 6416: 6411: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6372:10.2307/2944058 6354: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6320: 6316: 6307: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6281: 6279: 6278:on May 19, 2014 6266: 6265: 6261: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6217: 6213: 6205: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6145: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6114: 6110: 6103: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6044:Shoot-and-scoot 5974: 5946: 5917:proximity fuzes 5908: 5902: 5831: 5814: 5805: 5799: 5759: 5753: 5715: 5709: 5658:men lying – 1/3 5410: 5370:general support 5044: 5042: 5033: 4946: 4944:Equipment types 4892:Second Boer War 4888:Naval artillery 4858:Horse artillery 4818: 4801:towed artillery 4775:attack aircraft 4738:Naval artillery 4608:Field artillery 4594:Siege artillery 4515: 4503:130 mm Gun M-46 4491: 4482: 4428:field artillery 4426:Because modern 4405: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4370: 4354: 4343: 4197: 4152: 4087: 4081: 4016:proximity fuzes 3939: 3933: 3892:ammunition dump 3884: 3800:development of 3772: 3763: 3757: 3652: 3646: 3601:horse artillery 3460:Napoleonic Wars 3449:muzzle velocity 3423: 3417: 3365: 3353:Napoleonic Wars 3349:Congreve rocket 3175:Artillery with 3169: 3107:(hand cannon), 2925:Dardanelles Gun 2823: 2817: 2768:field artillery 2741: 2735: 2726: 2684: 2674: 2625: 2601:conoidal bullet 2586:map coordinates 2566:field artillery 2538: 2475: 2444:surface warfare 2432:Supergun affair 2428:Project Babylon 2336: 2334:Artillery piece 2316:Napoleonic Wars 2204:field artillery 2188:defensive walls 2162: 2133: 2132: 2083: 2073: 2072: 2038: 2030: 2029: 1970: 1960: 1959: 1933:Multilateralism 1918:Law enforcement 1878: 1868: 1867: 1836:Just war theory 1794: 1784: 1783: 1734:Geneva Protocol 1704: 1694: 1693: 1667: 1657: 1656: 1598: 1588: 1587: 1495: 1485: 1484: 1425: 1415: 1414: 1380: 1370: 1369: 1300:Network-centric 1220: 1210: 1209: 1117: 1107: 1106: 1055: 1045: 1044: 993:Rapid dominance 898: 888: 887: 843:Electromagnetic 752: 742: 741: 728: 681: 629: 605: 595: 594: 590:Combat training 571: 548: 514:Combat systems: 510: 472: 468:Auxiliary ships 434: 394: 390:Military police 356: 279: 269: 268: 208: 182: 181: 180: 175: 140: 129: 123: 120: 77: 75: 65: 53: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Light artillery 15: 12: 11: 5: 11597: 11587: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11559: 11558: 11535: 11532: 11531: 11529: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11477:Global studies 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11452:Peace movement 11449: 11444: 11438: 11436: 11432: 11431: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11424: 11419: 11413: 11411: 11407: 11406: 11404: 11403: 11402: 11401: 11392: 11383: 11374: 11360: 11359: 11358: 11349: 11340: 11331: 11322: 11308: 11299: 11290: 11280: 11278: 11271: 11267: 11266: 11264: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11251:Related lists: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11221:History lists: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11201:Military lists 11197: 11195: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11168:Defense policy 11165: 11163:Defense budget 11160: 11155: 11153:Public policy: 11150: 11145: 11143:United Nations 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11116: 11114: 11108: 11107: 11105: 11104: 11102:Scorched earth 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11028: 11026: 11020: 11019: 11017: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11004:Deep operation 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10980: 10978: 10972: 10971: 10969: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10882: 10881: 10876: 10866: 10861: 10855: 10853: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10832: 10831: 10821: 10820: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10784: 10783: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10752: 10751: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10731: 10729: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10719: 10717:Unconventional 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10667:Disinformation 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10598: 10597: 10592: 10582: 10577: 10575:Post-classical 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10516: 10514: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10453: 10451: 10450:Combat systems 10447: 10446: 10444: 10443: 10441:Field hospital 10438: 10437: 10436: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10415: 10414: 10404: 10403: 10402: 10392: 10391: 10390: 10385: 10374: 10372: 10368: 10367: 10364: 10363: 10361: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10316: 10315: 10305: 10297: 10296: 10295: 10284: 10282: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10258: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10237: 10236: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10218:Shoulder-fired 10207: 10206: 10205: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10184: 10183: 10173: 10172: 10171: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10134: 10133: 10132: 10122: 10118:Service rifles 10114: 10113: 10112: 10102: 10097: 10089: 10088: 10087: 10077: 10076: 10075: 10065: 10064: 10063: 10053: 10052: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10031: 10026: 10025: 10024: 10013: 10011: 10004: 10000: 9999: 9997: 9996: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9984: 9974: 9973: 9972: 9967: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9904: 9903: 9893: 9887: 9885: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9806: 9805: 9800: 9790: 9789: 9788: 9783: 9773: 9772: 9771: 9761: 9760: 9759: 9749: 9748: 9747: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9706: 9705: 9700: 9689: 9687: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9679: 9677:Reconnaissance 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9642:Auxiliary ship 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9623: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9581: 9580: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9554: 9552: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9530:Basic training 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9511: 9510: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9469: 9468: 9461:Reconnaissance 9458: 9453: 9448: 9446:Communications 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9411:Special forces 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9375: 9370: 9364: 9362: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9343: 9342: 9337: 9327: 9322: 9321: 9320: 9310: 9304: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9232: 9230: 9226: 9225: 9214: 9213: 9206: 9199: 9191: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9178: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9134: 9132: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9124: 9123: 9122: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8933:Anti-personnel 8930: 8928:Anti-ballistic 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8897: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8859: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8758: 8756: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8729:United Kingdom 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8644:Czechoslovakia 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8600: 8598: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8588: 8574: 8560: 8554: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8530:United Kingdom 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8431: 8429: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8363: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8325: 8323: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8300: 8299: 8292: 8285: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8216: 8204: 8192: 8187: 8180: 8179:External links 8177: 8176: 8175: 8161: 8148: 8134: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8073: 8052: 8018:(3): 407–416. 8007: 7991: 7977: 7956: 7942: 7923: 7914: 7900: 7885: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7848: 7830: 7812: 7781: 7772: 7757: 7731: 7729:, p. 368. 7700: 7688: 7686:, p. 255. 7676: 7674:, p. 165. 7664: 7652: 7650:, p. 414. 7640: 7638:, p. 360. 7628: 7626:, p. 400. 7616: 7614:, p. 412. 7604: 7592: 7580: 7555: 7536: 7529: 7505: 7487: 7469: 7460: 7451: 7433: 7422: 7415: 7393: 7381: 7368: 7362: 7344: 7336: 7318: 7311: 7291: 7284: 7266: 7249: 7242: 7219: 7206: 7186: 7173:Chris Bishop, 7166: 7152: 7134: 7116: 7098: 7045: 7038: 7020: 7005: 6990: 6965: 6950: 6918: 6892: 6871: 6854: 6829: 6799: 6792: 6786:. Hutchinson. 6762: 6753: 6735: 6713: 6701: 6684: 6677: 6657: 6650: 6630: 6613: 6596: 6589: 6571: 6564: 6545: 6523: 6505: 6483: 6476: 6454: 6447: 6423:Nicolle, David 6414: 6405: 6393: 6348: 6334: 6314: 6301: 6289: 6259: 6240: 6233: 6211: 6196: 6170: 6133: 6126: 6108: 6101: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6049:Shrapnel shell 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5945: 5942: 5904:Main article: 5901: 5898: 5875:Archer project 5840:time on target 5813: 5810: 5803:Time on target 5801:Main article: 5798: 5797:Time on target 5795: 5755:Main article: 5752: 5749: 5711:Main article: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5700:time on target 5697: 5694: 5686: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5608:neutralization 5593: 5592: 5586: 5574:, Iraq in 2004 5558: 5557: 5551: 5541:counterbattery 5533: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5516:Harassing fire 5512: 5506: 5503:Defensive fire 5500: 5494: 5488: 5409: 5406: 5366:direct support 5301: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5041: 5038: 5032: 5029: 4945: 4942: 4937: 4936: 4930: 4907: 4906: 4885: 4879: 4871: 4861: 4817: 4814: 4797:self-propelled 4793: 4792: 4789:nuclear shells 4782: 4768: 4749: 4735: 4724:railway wagons 4717: 4716: 4715: 4701: 4691: 4685: 4671: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4633: 4623: 4617: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4591: 4588:automatic fire 4569: 4555: 4545: 4539: 4514: 4511: 4490: 4489:Classification 4487: 4481: 4478: 4464: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4441:Communications 4407: 4406: 4357: 4355: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4285:laser ignition 4280: 4279: 4276: 4265: 4252:nitroguanidine 4239:nitrocellulose 4221:, rather than 4196: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4185: 4171: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4135: 4129: 4083:Main article: 4080: 4077: 3997: 3996: 3981: 3972: 3960: 3937:Artillery fuze 3935:Main article: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3883: 3880: 3802:predicted fire 3779:M982 Excalibur 3771: 3768: 3755: 3648:Main article: 3645: 3642: 3631:high-explosive 3442:breech-loading 3416: 3413: 3364: 3361: 3168: 3165: 3113:Javanese fleet 2949:Constantinople 2819:Main article: 2816: 2813: 2809:breech-loading 2805:muzzle-loaders 2799:and later the 2785:great conquest 2734: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2702:engines of war 2673: 2670: 2662:arte de tirare 2624: 2621: 2537: 2534: 2474: 2471: 2378:12-pounder gun 2335: 2332: 2304:flash spotting 2277:arm of service 2192:fortifications 2173:ranged weapons 2164: 2163: 2161: 2160: 2153: 2146: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2098:Military terms 2095: 2090: 2084: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1971: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1856:Tripwire force 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1795: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1705: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1679: 1674: 1668: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1610: 1605: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1426: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1381: 1378:Administrative 1376: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1305:New generation 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1280:Fleet in being 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1221: 1218:Grand strategy 1216: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1205:Scorched earth 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1082:Deep operation 1079: 1074: 1067: 1062: 1056: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 929: 928: 923: 918: 908: 899: 894: 893: 890: 889: 886: 885: 883:Unconventional 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 831: 829:Disinformation 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 800: 799: 794: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 753: 748: 747: 744: 743: 740: 739: 734: 727: 726: 725: 724: 723: 722: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 680: 679: 678: 677: 676: 675: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 628: 627: 626: 625: 620: 615: 606: 601: 600: 597: 596: 593: 592: 587: 582: 580:Basic training 577: 570: 569: 564: 559: 554: 547: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 509: 508: 506:Reconnaissance 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 471: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 433: 432: 427: 425:Special forces 422: 417: 416: 415: 405: 400: 393: 392: 387: 382: 380:Reconnaissance 377: 372: 367: 362: 355: 354: 345: 340: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 280: 275: 274: 271: 270: 267: 266: 265: 264: 259: 249: 248: 247: 242: 232: 231: 230: 223:Post-classical 220: 215: 209: 204: 203: 200: 199: 191: 190: 172: 171: 142: 141: 56: 54: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11596: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11571: 11569: 11556: 11555: 11545: 11544: 11533: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11515: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11457:Peace process 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11439: 11437: 11433: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11412: 11408: 11398: 11393: 11389: 11384: 11380: 11375: 11371: 11366: 11365: 11364: 11361: 11355: 11350: 11346: 11341: 11337: 11332: 11328: 11323: 11319: 11314: 11313: 11312: 11309: 11305: 11300: 11296: 11291: 11287: 11282: 11281: 11279: 11275: 11272: 11268: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11194: 11190: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11122: 11118: 11117: 11115: 11113: 11109: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11029: 11027: 11025: 11021: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10999:Expeditionary 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10981: 10979: 10977: 10973: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10901:Counterattack 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10871: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10852: 10848: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10830: 10827: 10826: 10825: 10822: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10789: 10788: 10785: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10757: 10756: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10724: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10707:Psychological 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10647:Combined arms 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10587: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10509: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10454: 10452: 10448: 10442: 10439: 10435: 10432: 10431: 10430: 10429:Military base 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10408: 10405: 10401: 10398: 10397: 10396: 10393: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10380: 10379: 10376: 10375: 10373: 10369: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10330:Depth charges 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10314: 10311: 10310: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10291: 10290: 10289: 10286: 10285: 10283: 10279: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10242: 10241: 10238: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10182: 10179: 10178: 10177: 10174: 10170: 10167: 10166: 10165: 10164:Anti-tank gun 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10143: 10140: 10139: 10138: 10137:Assault rifle 10135: 10131: 10128: 10127: 10126: 10125:Battle rifles 10123: 10121: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10108: 10107: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10094: 10093:Infantry guns 10090: 10086: 10083: 10082: 10081: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10070: 10069: 10066: 10062: 10059: 10058: 10057: 10054: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10036: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10023: 10020: 10019: 10018: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10001: 9995: 9992: 9988: 9987:Anti-aircraft 9985: 9983: 9980: 9979: 9978: 9975: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9962: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9882: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9794: 9791: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9777: 9774: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9762: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9753: 9750: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9720:General staff 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9684: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9637:Landing craft 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9547: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9509: 9506: 9505: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9467: 9464: 9463: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9380: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9359: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9319: 9316: 9315: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9286:Enlisted rank 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9212: 9207: 9205: 9200: 9198: 9193: 9192: 9189: 9177: 9169: 9168: 9165: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9129: 9121: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8923:Anti-aircraft 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8899: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8863:Yugoslav Wars 8861: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8855:Post-Cold War 8852: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8810:Iran–Iraq War 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8751: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8734:United States 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8575: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8547: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8535:United States 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8424: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8367:Early Warfare 8365: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8356: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8298: 8293: 8291: 8286: 8284: 8279: 8278: 8275: 8267: 8266: 8260: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8221: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8158: 8154: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8131: 8127: 8122: 8121: 8111: 8098: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8059:(in German). 8058: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7930: 7924: 7920: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7897: 7893: 7888: 7887: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7852: 7844: 7840: 7834: 7826: 7822: 7816: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7785: 7776: 7767: 7761: 7745: 7741: 7735: 7728: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7697: 7692: 7685: 7680: 7673: 7668: 7661: 7656: 7649: 7644: 7637: 7632: 7625: 7620: 7613: 7608: 7601: 7596: 7589: 7584: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7540: 7532: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7517: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7464: 7455: 7447: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7426: 7418: 7416:9780359806997 7412: 7408: 7404: 7397: 7391: 7385: 7378: 7372: 7365: 7359: 7355: 7348: 7339: 7333: 7329: 7322: 7314: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7295: 7287: 7281: 7277: 7270: 7263: 7259: 7253: 7245: 7239: 7235: 7229: 7223: 7216: 7210: 7203: 7199: 7196: 7190: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7170: 7162: 7156: 7148: 7144: 7138: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7112: 7108: 7102: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7063:(2): 213–47. 7062: 7058: 7057: 7049: 7041: 7039:9780850453362 7035: 7031: 7024: 7016: 7009: 7001: 6994: 6979: 6975: 6969: 6961: 6954: 6938: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6922: 6907: 6903: 6896: 6881: 6875: 6869:, pp. 407–16. 6868: 6864: 6858: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6795: 6789: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6760:Holmes, p. 70 6757: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6710: 6705: 6697: 6696: 6688: 6680: 6674: 6670: 6669: 6661: 6653: 6647: 6644:. JHU Press. 6643: 6642: 6634: 6626: 6625: 6617: 6609: 6608: 6600: 6592: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6567: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6541: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6520: 6519: 6512: 6510: 6502: 6501: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6479: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6458: 6450: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6431: 6430: 6424: 6418: 6409: 6403:, p. 162 6402: 6397: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6366:(2): 241–78. 6365: 6361: 6360: 6352: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6318: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6277: 6273: 6272:The Akbarnama 6269: 6263: 6255: 6251: 6244: 6236: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6203: 6201: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6129: 6127:9781594160356 6123: 6119: 6112: 6104: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6081: 6076: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6029:Light-gas gun 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5969: 5967: 5966:war memorials 5959: 5955: 5950: 5941: 5938: 5937:fragmentation 5933: 5931: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5885:(Sweden) and 5884: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5834: 5827: 5818: 5809: 5804: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5746: 5741: 5737: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5720: 5714: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5497:Covering fire 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5414: 5405: 5403: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5144:United States 5143: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5070: 5065: 5058: 5037: 5028: 5025: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4994: 4993:gun howitzers 4989: 4982: 4981:Ernest Brooks 4978: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4941: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4904: 4900: 4899: 4893: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4756:Atlantic Wall 4753: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4688:Anti-tank gun 4686: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4646:Gun-howitzers 4644: 4641: 4640:indirect-fire 4637: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4620:Mountain guns 4618: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4475: 4470: 4467:substituting 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4432:indirect fire 4429: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4400: 4392: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4358:This section 4356: 4352: 4347: 4346: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4286: 4277: 4274: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4243:nitroglycerin 4240: 4236: 4231: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4208:Iran–Iraq War 4205: 4201: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4150:Stabilization 4143: 4139: 4138:Base ejection 4136: 4133: 4132:Nose ejection 4130: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4097:, as seen in 4096: 4091: 4086: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4050: 4046: 4044: 4039: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4020:anti-aircraft 4017: 4012: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3879: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3776: 3767: 3761: 3754: 3752: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3728:Major General 3724: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3679: 3677: 3676:aiming points 3673: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3650:Indirect fire 3644:Indirect fire 3641: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3618:to include a 3617: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3481: 3480:Armstrong Gun 3477: 3473: 3472:Royal Arsenal 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3391: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3226: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3179:fortification 3178: 3173: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2988: 2984: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2909: 2905: 2902:The Austrian 2900: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2882:defense of a 2880: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2751: 2745: 2740: 2730: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2694: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2468: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2404:gun carriages 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2352: 2345: 2340: 2331: 2329: 2328:Joseph Stalin 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2308:indirect fire 2305: 2301: 2300:sound ranging 2296: 2294: 2290: 2289:anti-aircraft 2286: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2246:gun artillery 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2200:siege engines 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2136: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2077: 2076: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1985:Warrior caste 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1964: 1963: 1956: 1955:Show of force 1953: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1943:Peacebuilding 1941: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1799:Air supremacy 1797: 1796: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1739:Islamic rules 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1719:Court-martial 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1698: 1697: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1661: 1660: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1618:Arms industry 1616: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1419: 1418: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1235:Broken-backed 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1214: 1213: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1077:Expeditionary 1075: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 948:Counterattack 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 913: 912: 909: 907: 904: 903: 902: 897: 892: 891: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 873:Psychological 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 809:Combined arms 807: 805: 802: 798: 795: 793: 790: 789: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 754: 751: 746: 745: 738: 735: 733: 730: 729: 721: 718: 717: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 687: 686: 683: 682: 674: 671: 670: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 648:Fortification 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 635: 634: 631: 630: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 608: 607: 604: 599: 598: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 572: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 549: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 511: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 473: 469: 466: 464: 463:Landing craft 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 435: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 414: 411: 410: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 395: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 357: 353: 349: 348:Standing army 346: 344: 341: 339: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 278: 273: 272: 263: 260: 258: 255: 254: 253: 250: 246: 243: 241: 240:pike and shot 238: 237: 236: 233: 229: 226: 225: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 207: 202: 201: 197: 193: 192: 186: 178: 174: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 155: 150: 146: 138: 135: 127: 116: 113: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: – 84: 80: 79:Find sources: 73: 69: 63: 62: 57:This article 55: 51: 46: 45: 40: 33: 19: 11552: 11541: 11520: 11516:}} 11512:{{ 11399:}} 11395:{{ 11390:}} 11388:World War II 11386:{{ 11381:}} 11377:{{ 11372:}} 11368:{{ 11362: 11356:}} 11352:{{ 11347:}} 11343:{{ 11338:}} 11334:{{ 11329:}} 11325:{{ 11320:}} 11316:{{ 11310: 11306:}} 11302:{{ 11297:}} 11293:{{ 11288:}} 11284:{{ 11250: 11220: 11200: 11172: 11158:Conscription 11152: 11133:Peace treaty 11119: 10824:Subterranean 10712:Radiological 10652:Conventional 10611: 10601: 10580:Early modern 10559: 10486: 10423: 10339: 10299: 10261: 10244: 10209: 10198:Combat knife 10188:Flamethrower 10153: 10149:Sniper rifle 10116: 10105:Machine guns 10091: 10028: 9890: 9864: 9854: 9819: 9724: 9693:Organization 9646: 9600:Naval units: 9599: 9595:Signal corps 9584: 9557: 9525:Development: 9524: 9514: 9493:Border guard 9456:Intelligence 9440: 9379:Armed Forces 9377: 9346: 9307: 9265: 9045:Martial arts 9008:Depth charge 8978:Conventional 8947: 8719:Soviet Union 8596:World War II 8263: 8152: 8125: 8106:|title= 8097:cite journal 8080: 8076: 8060: 8056: 8015: 8011: 8002: 7998: 7960: 7932:. New York: 7928: 7918: 7891: 7884:Bibliography 7869:. Retrieved 7865:the original 7851: 7842: 7833: 7824: 7815: 7790: 7784: 7775: 7765: 7760: 7748:. Retrieved 7744:the original 7734: 7727:Hackett 2010 7696:Hackett 2010 7691: 7684:Hackett 2010 7679: 7672:Hackett 2010 7667: 7660:Hackett 2010 7655: 7648:Hackett 2010 7643: 7636:Hackett 2010 7631: 7624:Hackett 2010 7619: 7612:Hackett 2010 7607: 7600:Hackett 2010 7595: 7588:Hackett 2010 7583: 7571:. Retrieved 7567: 7558: 7539: 7515: 7508: 7500:the original 7490: 7482:the original 7472: 7463: 7454: 7445: 7436: 7425: 7402: 7396: 7384: 7376: 7371: 7353: 7347: 7327: 7321: 7301: 7294: 7275: 7269: 7252: 7233: 7227: 7222: 7214: 7209: 7189: 7169: 7155: 7147:the original 7137: 7129:the original 7119: 7110: 7101: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7029: 7023: 7014: 7008: 6999: 6993: 6983:February 24, 6981:. Retrieved 6977: 6968: 6959: 6953: 6943:December 16, 6941:. Retrieved 6937:the original 6930: 6921: 6911:December 19, 6909:. Retrieved 6905: 6895: 6883:. Retrieved 6874: 6866: 6862: 6857: 6845:. Retrieved 6841: 6832: 6820:. Retrieved 6811: 6802: 6782: 6778:Keegan, John 6756: 6747: 6738: 6725: 6716: 6708: 6704: 6694: 6687: 6667: 6660: 6640: 6633: 6623: 6616: 6606: 6599: 6580: 6574: 6554: 6548: 6538: 6516: 6498: 6463: 6457: 6428: 6417: 6408: 6396: 6363: 6357: 6351: 6341:November 17, 6339:. Retrieved 6328:. Abc-Clio. 6324: 6317: 6304: 6297: 6292: 6280:. Retrieved 6276:the original 6271: 6262: 6253: 6243: 6220: 6214: 6207:Needham 1987 6189:February 28, 6187:. Retrieved 6182: 6173: 6161:. Retrieved 6154:the original 6149: 6136: 6117: 6111: 6092: 5963: 5934: 5909: 5895: 5872: 5849: 5845: 5837: 5806: 5791: 5787: 5779: 5760: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5716: 5699: 5681: 5678:concentrated 5677: 5671: 5667: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5631: 5627: 5611: 5607: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5577: 5553: 5547: 5540: 5536: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5485:neutralizing 5484: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5428: 5402:concentrated 5401: 5398: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5356: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5307:fire support 5306: 5304: 5074: 5034: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4986: 4966: 4962: 4947: 4938: 4920: 4897: 4848:, operate a 4819: 4794: 4630:direct fires 4580:machine guns 4576:volley fired 4516: 4508: 4483: 4465: 4436: 4430:mostly uses 4425: 4415: 4395: 4386: 4371:Please help 4359: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4311: 4306: 4296: 4281: 4256: 4248: 4235:black powder 4232: 4228:rocket motor 4212: 4187: 4173: 4168:driving band 4155: 4137: 4131: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4073: 4069: 4058: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4033: 4025: 4013: 4009: 3998: 3984:programmable 3940: 3904: 3885: 3869: 3859: 3827: 3805:152 mm 3784: 3765: 3759: 3747: 3743: 3726:The British 3725: 3721: 3702: 3695: 3688: 3680: 3671: 3669: 3653: 3609: 3597: 3577: 3568:wrought-iron 3561: 3540: 3496: 3453: 3438: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3297: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274:ribauldequin 3272: 3266: 3253: 3248:Hussite Wars 3241: 3221: 3206: 3202:Charles Oman 3182: 3156: 3148: 3134: 3104: 3103:(arquebus), 3100: 3093: 3088:Ming Dynasty 3085: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3028:passavolante 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2993: 2969: 2943:The army of 2942: 2912: 2893: 2876: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2853: 2789: 2778: 2771: 2761: 2758:Ming dynasty 2755: 2749: 2727: 2704:", like the 2699: 2691: 2661: 2659: 2644: 2639: 2632: 2626: 2609: 2590: 2579: 2559: 2546:Simplon Pass 2519: 2503: 2495: 2476: 2463: 2448: 2420:railway guns 2386: 2358: 2324:World War II 2297: 2274: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2215: 2175:that launch 2168: 2167: 2068:Fifth column 2048:War resister 2043:Women in war 1938:Peacekeeping 1883:Arms control 1828: 1517:Mobilization 1512:Conscription 1470:Intelligence 1423:Organization 1069: 998:Encirclement 878:Radiological 814:Conventional 766: 668:Subterranean 575:Development: 574: 551: 513: 475: 438:Naval units: 437: 430:Signal corps 419: 397: 375:Intelligence 360:Specialties: 359: 284:Organization 235:Early modern 154:Artillerymen 145: 130: 121: 111: 104: 97: 90: 78: 66:Please help 61:verification 58: 11521:Categories: 11462:Disarmament 11379:World War I 11138:Cooperation 11052:Culminating 10976:Operational 10921:Envelopment 10841:Information 10760:Cold-region 10727:Battlespace 10585:Late modern 10565:Prehistoric 10487:Historical: 10424:Facilities: 9950:Armored car 9825:Naval fleet 9563:Combat arms 9558:Land units: 9515:Categories: 9498:Coast guard 9483:Gendarmerie 9406:Space force 9347:Categories: 9261:Recruitment 8983:Crew-served 8943:Area denial 8775:Six-Day War 8770:Vietnam War 8699:New Zealand 8694:Netherlands 8567:Nationalist 8500:New Zealand 8427:World War I 8387:Crimean War 7564:"Artillery" 7217:. C. 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Osprey. 6962:. Courier. 6842:Britannica 6433:. London: 6183:Historynet 6066:References 6024:Gun laying 5868:K9 Thunder 5771:binoculars 5682:fire units 5455:unobserved 5319:italicised 5311:neutralize 4950:field guns 4898:Königsberg 4746:battleship 4626:Field guns 4590:mechanisms 4572:Volley gun 4558:Swivel gun 4302:battleship 4268:Base bleed 4223:detonating 4215:propellant 4195:Propellant 4178:smoothbore 4160:gyroscopic 4041:The first 3992:including 3990:detonation 3987:electronic 3977:including 3968:including 3963:mechanical 3920:Propellant 3915:Projectile 3882:Ammunition 3572:mild steel 3544:metallurgy 3512:Minié ball 3491:Boshin war 3419:See also: 3409:round shot 3381:Napoleon's 3377:1799 siege 3363:Napoleonic 3217:gun barrel 3209:smoothbore 3145:naval guns 3109:Greek fire 3024:serpentina 2868:falconetes 2864:colebratas 2737:See also: 2676:See also: 2642:Old French 2605:Minié ball 2530:formations 2455:casualties 2393:modern era 2382:megajoules 2374:kilojoules 2355:artillery. 2262:chain shot 2113:War crimes 2103:Operations 2010:Foot drill 1980:Battle cry 1893:deterrence 1552:Harassment 1527:Specialism 1350:Technology 1345:Succession 1290:Liberation 1225:Asymmetric 1160:Empty fort 1071:Blitzkrieg 1040:Withdrawal 1003:Investment 782:Camouflage 777:Biological 715:Underwater 690:Amphibious 609:Aerospace 476:Air units: 453:Submarines 262:fourth-gen 257:industrial 245:napoleonic 94:newspapers 11574:Artillery 11277:Templates 11148:Mediation 11128:Alliances 11121:Diplomacy 11097:Offensive 11077:Defensive 11072:Deception 11042:Attrition 10926:Guerrilla 10874:Airbridge 10692:Loitering 10612:Artillery 10550:Diplomacy 10371:Equipment 10325:Torpedoes 10267:Land mine 10223:Anti-tank 10056:Field gun 10034:Artillery 9970:Gun truck 9955:Scout car 9793:Battalion 9686:Structure 9585:Artillery 9503:Logistics 9451:Engineers 9396:Air force 9080:Pneumatic 9070:Offensive 9003:Explosive 8948:Artillery 8938:Anti-tank 8918:Ancillary 8604:Australia 8558:Chaco War 8440:Australia 8321:Premodern 8089:0020-5168 8077:Interavia 8048:113141625 8032:0040-165X 7807:111026161 7093:112105821 7077:1097-3729 6932:The Hindu 6380:1543-7795 6254:Baburnama 6163:March 17, 6034:Paris Gun 5964:Numerous 5906:Air burst 5900:Air burst 5883:Hägglunds 5644:targeting 5628:converged 5599:Targeting 5464:predicted 5447:fire plan 5443:scheduled 5069:GCT 155mm 4954:howitzers 4846:gas masks 4664:Tank guns 4636:Howitzers 4480:Logistics 4420:Hoogstade 4360:does not 3888:munitions 3842:field gun 3807:Krasnopol 3790:explosive 3616:field gun 3612:French 75 3579:slightly 3508:cast iron 3493:(1868–69) 3244:Jan Žižka 3225:trunnions 3194:Mehmed II 3101:spingarde 3079:Chongtong 3044:basilisco 3004:falconete 2957:batteries 2860:bombardas 2779:In Asia, 2760:treatise 2714:trebuchet 2646:artillier 2623:Etymology 2573:and from 2406:. 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8312:History 8304:Weapons 8040:3102202 7085:3105857 6847:May 14, 6822:May 14, 6748:History 6726:History 6388:2944058 6282:May 19, 6039:Railgun 6014:Cordite 6004:Coilgun 5782:battery 5685:window. 5439:on-call 5345:mortars 5343:Modern 5284:Hungary 5274:Morocco 5244:Finland 5214:Algeria 5137:10,774+ 5127:11,258+ 5117:17,700+ 5107:17,900+ 5086:Number 4999:Mortars 4958:mortars 4868:rockets 4761:"Bereg" 4708:rockets 4652:Mortars 4542:Bombard 4416:Cyclone 4381:removed 4366:sources 4312:Service 4182:mortars 4164:rifling 3896:arsenal 3715:during 3711:German 3657:Paltzig 3570:(later 3520:windage 3383:troops. 3342:and in 3298:Modern 3293:bastion 3269:mortars 3097:rentaka 2976:Morocco 2797:bombard 2781:Mongols 2672:History 2634:atelier 2560:During 2536:Tactics 2506:company 2499:battery 2430:of the 2412:wheeled 2346:1870–71 2285:coastal 2234:mortars 2207:cannons 2194:during 2128:Writers 2123:Weapons 2088:Battles 2037:Related 2025:Wargame 2020:Uniform 1968:Culture 1749:Perfidy 1744:Justice 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