Artillery - Knowledge

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different sized propellant charges with each shell, it is possible to utilize more than two trajectories. Because the higher trajectories cause the shells to arc higher into the air, they take longer to reach the target. If shells are fired on higher trajectories for initial volleys (starting with the shell with the most propellant and working down) and later volleys are fired on the lower trajectories, with the correct timing the shells will all arrive at the same target simultaneously. This is useful because many more shells can land on the target with no warning. With traditional methods of firing, the target area may have time (however long it takes to reload and re-fire the guns) to take cover between volleys. However, guns capable of burst fire can deliver multiple rounds in a few seconds if they use the same firing data for each, and if guns in more than one location are firing on one target they can use Time on Target procedures so that all their shells arrive at the same time and target.

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second because this avoided the need to use military radio networks and the possibility of losing surprise, and the need for field telephone networks in the desert. With this technique the time of flight from each fire unit (battery or troop) to the target is taken from the range or firing tables, or the computer and each engaging fire unit subtracts its time of flight from the TOT to determine the time to fire. An executive order to fire is given to all guns in the fire unit at the correct moment to fire. When each fire unit fires their rounds at their individual firing time all the opening rounds will reach the target area almost simultaneously. This is especially effective when combined with techniques that allow fires for effect to be made without preliminary adjusting fires.

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caused by the increasing effects of non-standard conditions. Indirect firing data was based on standard conditions including a specific muzzle velocity, zero wind, air temperature and density, and propellant temperature. In practice, this standard combination of conditions almost never existed, they varied throughout the day and day to day, and the greater the time of flight, the greater the inaccuracy. An added complication was the need for survey to accurately fix the coordinates of the gun position and provide accurate orientation for the guns. Of course, targets had to be accurately located, but by 1916, air photo interpretation techniques enabled this, and ground survey techniques could sometimes be used.

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progressively solve all these problems from late 1914 onwards, and by early 1918, had effective processes in place for both field and heavy artillery. These processes enabled 'map-shooting', later called 'predicted fire'; it meant that effective fire could be delivered against an accurately located target without ranging. Nevertheless, the mean point of impact was still some tens of yards from the target-centre aiming point. It was not precision fire, but it was good enough for concentrations and barrages. These processes remain in use into the 21st century with refinements to calculations enabled by computers and improved data capture about non-standard conditions.

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Beaugency, all with the support of large artillery units. When she led the assault on Paris, Joan faced stiff artillery fire, especially from the suburb of St. Denis, which ultimately led to her defeat in this battle. In April 1430, she went to battle against the Burgundians, whose support was purchased by the English. At this time, the Burgundians had the strongest and largest gunpowder arsenal among the European powers, and yet the French, under Joan of Arc's leadership, were able to beat back the Burgundians and defend themselves. As a result, most of the battles of the Hundred Years' War that Joan of Arc participated in were fought with gunpowder artillery.

2839: 2992: 4050:(perhaps originally codenamed 'VT' and later called Variable Time (VT)) were invented by the British and developed by the US and initially used against aircraft in World War II. Their ground use was delayed for fear of the enemy recovering 'blinds' (artillery shells which failed to detonate) and copying the fuze. The first proximity fuzes were designed to detonate about 30 feet (9.1 m) above the ground. These air-bursts are much more lethal against personnel than ground bursts because they deliver a greater proportion of useful fragments and deliver them into terrain where a prone soldier would be protected from ground bursts. 4417: 2344: 4838: 4205: 4288:

This simplifies loading and is necessary for very high rates of fire. Bagged propellant allows the amount of powder to be raised or lowered, depending on the range to the target. It also makes handling of larger shells easier. Cases and bags require totally different types of breech. A metal case holds an integral primer to initiate the propellant and provides the gas seal to prevent the gases leaking out of the breech; this is called obturation. With bagged charges, the breech itself provides obturation and holds the primer. In either case, the primer is usually percussion, but electrical is also used, and

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to ammunition supply, which can vary with the nature of operations. Differences include where the logistic service transfers artillery ammunition to artillery, the amount of ammunition carried in units and extent to which stocks are held at unit or battery level. A key difference is whether supply is 'push' or 'pull'. In the former the 'pipeline' keeps pushing ammunition into formations or units at a defined rate. In the latter units fire as tactically necessary and replenish to maintain or reach their authorised holding (which can vary), so the logistic system has to be able to cope with surge and slack.

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and ammunition. Armored SPs usually carry a useful ammunition load. Early armored SPs were mostly a "casemate" configuration, in essence an open top armored box offering only limited traverse. However, most modern armored SPs have a full enclosed armored turret, usually giving full traverse for the gun. Many SPs cannot fire without deploying stabilizers or spades, sometimes hydraulic. A few SPs are designed so that the recoil forces of the gun are transferred directly onto the ground through a baseplate. A few towed guns have been given limited self-propulsion by means of an auxiliary engine.

3407:, a French artillery engineer, introduced the standardization of cannon design in the mid-18th century. He developed a 6-inch (150 mm) field howitzer whose gun barrel, carriage assembly and ammunition specifications were made uniform for all French cannons. The standardized interchangeable parts of these cannons down to the nuts, bolts and screws made their mass production and repair much easier. While the Gribeauval system made for more efficient production and assembly, the carriages used were heavy and the gunners were forced to march on foot (instead of riding on the 4499: 2749: 5782:, designators and call back fire missions on his radio, or relays the data through a portable computer via an encrypted digital radio connection protected from jamming by computerized frequency hopping. A lesser known part of the team is the FAS or Field Artillery Survey team which sets up the "Gun Line" for the cannons. Today most artillery battalions use an "Aiming Circle" which allows for faster setup and more mobility. FAS teams are still used for checks and balances purposes and if a gun battery has issues with the "Aiming Circle" a FAS team will do it for them. 3758:, at over one million men, grew to be larger than the Royal Navy. Bellamy (1986), pp. 1–7, cites the percentage of casualties caused by artillery in various theaters since 1914: in the First World War, 45 percent of Russian casualties and 58 percent of British casualties on the Western Front; in the Second World War, 75 percent of British casualties in North Africa and 51 percent of Soviet casualties (61 percent in 1945) and 70 percent of German casualties on the Eastern Front; and in the Korean War, 60 percent of US casualties, including those inflicted by mortars. 4830: 2692: 2926: 4977: 4734: 2616:

transporting the artillery into combat. Two distinct forms of artillery were developed: the towed gun, used primarily to attack or defend a fixed-line; and the self-propelled gun, intended to accompany a mobile force and to provide continuous fire support and/or suppression. These influences have guided the development of artillery ordnance, systems, organizations, and operations until the present, with artillery systems capable of providing support at ranges from as little as 100 m to the intercontinental ranges of

4189:. These projectiles use fins in the airflow at their rear to maintain correct orientation. The primary benefits over rifled barrels is reduced barrel wear, longer ranges that can be achieved (due to the reduced loss of energy to friction and gas escaping around the projectile via the rifling) and larger explosive cores for a given caliber artillery due to less metal needing to be used to form the case of the projectile because of less force applied to the shell from the non-rifled sides of the barrel of smooth bore guns. 4043:'unrotated projectiles' (rockets) in World War II. Radar proximity fuzes were a big improvement over the mechanical (time) fuzes which they replaced. Mechanical time fuzes required an accurate calculation of their running time, which was affected by non-standard conditions. With HE (requiring a burst 20 to 30 feet (9.1 m) above the ground), if this was very slightly wrong the rounds would either hit the ground or burst too high. Accurate running time was less important with cargo munitions that burst much higher. 5831: 4940:, under various organisational arrangements including being part of artillery, a separate corps, even a separate service or being split between army for the field and air force for home defence. In some cases infantry and the new armoured corps also operated their own integral light anti-aircraft artillery. Home defence anti-aircraft artillery often used fixed as well as mobile mountings. Some anti-aircraft guns could also be used as field or anti-tank artillery, providing they had suitable sights. 2486: 4965:. During the 20th century, guns and howitzers have steadily merged in artillery use, making a distinction between the terms somewhat meaningless. By the end of the 20th century, true guns with calibers larger than about 60 mm have become very rare in artillery use, the main users being tanks, ships, and a few residual anti-aircraft and coastal guns. The term "cannon" is a United States generic term that includes guns, howitzers, and mortars; it is not used in other English speaking armies. 4296: 3079: 5741:, ground reconnaissance and sound-ranging. Counter-battery fire may be adjusted by some of the systems, for example the operator of an unmanned aircraft can 'follow' a battery if it moves. Defensive measures by batteries include frequently changing position or constructing defensive earthworks, the tunnels used by North Korea being an extreme example. Counter-measures include air defence against aircraft and attacking counter-battery radars physically and electronically. 4846: 2904: 3780: 3431: 11543: 9177: 5794:

each gun once the target has been accurately located—to the guns. Traditionally this data is relayed via radio or wire communications as a warning order to the guns, followed by orders specifying the type of ammunition and fuse setting, direction, and the elevation needed to reach the target, and the method of adjustment or orders for fire for effect (FFE). However, in more advanced artillery units, this data is relayed through a digital radio link.

5726:, with the objective of defeating the enemy's artillery. Typically such fire was used to suppress enemy batteries when they were or were about to interfere with the activities of friendly forces (such as to prevent enemy defensive artillery fire against an impending attack) or to systematically destroy enemy guns. In World War I the latter required air observation. The first indirect counter-battery fire was in May 1900 by an observer in a balloon. 5954: 5822: 149: 4934:, also under various organisational arrangements but typically either field artillery or a specialist branch and additional elements integral to infantry, etc., units. However, in most armies field and anti-aircraft artillery also had at least a secondary anti-tank role. After World War II anti-tank in Western armies became mostly the responsibility of infantry and armoured branches and ceased to be an artillery matter, with some exceptions. 3592: 4356: 50: 2257:. In common speech, the word "artillery" is often used to refer to individual devices, along with their accessories and fittings, although these assemblages are more properly called "equipment". However, there is no generally recognized generic term for a gun, howitzer, mortar, and so forth: the United States uses "artillery piece", but most English-speaking armies use "gun" and "mortar". The projectiles fired are typically either " 5745: 3531: 3075:

round which consisted of a thin lead case filled with iron pellets, that broke up at the muzzle and scattered its contents in a narrow pattern. An innovation which Portugal adopted in advance of other European powers was fuse-delayed action shells, and were commonly used in 1505. Although dangerous, their effectiveness meant a sixth of all rounds used by the Portuguese in Morocco were of the fused-shell variety.

11554: 3823: 4526: 2988:(1495–1521) at least 2017 cannon were sent to Morocco for garrison defense, with more than 3000 cannon estimated to have been required during that 26-year period. An especially noticeable division between siege guns and anti-personnel guns enhanced the use and effectiveness of Portuguese firearms above contemporary powers, making cannon the most essential element in the Portuguese arsenal. 5418: 3742:. The improvements in providing and using data for non-standard conditions (propellant temperature, muzzle velocity, wind, air temperature, and barometric pressure) were developed by the major combatants throughout the war and enabled effective predicted fire. The effectiveness of this was demonstrated by the British in 1917 (at Cambrai) and by Germany the following year ( 3373: 5000:. A term first used in the 1930s when howitzers with a relatively high maximum muzzle velocities were introduced, it never became widely accepted, most armies electing to widen the definition of "gun" or "howitzer". By the 1960s, most equipment had maximum elevations up to about 70°, were multi-charge, had quite high maximum muzzle velocities and relatively long barrels. 5566: 4915: 3177: 5050: 4945:

indirect fire. Some were operated by the artillery branch but under command of the supported unit. In World War II they were joined by self-propelled assault guns, although other armies adopted infantry or close support tanks in armoured branch units for the same purpose, subsequently tanks generally took on the accompanying role.

5707:, fire units fire at the time less their time of flight, this works well with prearranged scheduled fire but is less satisfactory for opportunity targets because it means delaying the delivery of fire by selecting a 'safe' time that all or most fire units can achieve. It can be used with both the previous two methods. 3300:-style fortifications to be built all over Europe and in its colonies, but also had a strong integrating effect on emerging nation-states, as kings were able to use their newfound artillery superiority to force any local dukes or lords to submit to their will, setting the stage for the absolutist kingdoms to come. 4329:: Ammunition with a non- or minimally-explosive projectile that mimics the characteristics (range, accuracy) of live rounds for use under training conditions. Practice artillery ammunition often utilizes a colored-smoke-generating bursting charge for marking purposes in place of the normal high-explosive charge. 3627:, which kept the gun's trail and wheels perfectly still during the firing sequence. Since it did not need to be re-aimed after each shot, the crew could fire as soon as the barrel returned to its resting position. In typical use, the French 75 could deliver fifteen rounds per minute on its target, either 2506:, although sometimes called a company. In gun detachments, each role is numbered, starting with "1" the Detachment Commander, and the highest number being the Coverer, the second-in-command. "Gunner" is also the lowest rank, and junior non-commissioned officers are "Bombardiers" in some artillery arms. 5851:

MRSI has a few prerequisites. The first is guns with a high rate of fire. The second is the ability to use different sized propellant charges. Third is a fire control computer that has the ability to compute MRSI volleys and the capability to produce firing data, sent to each gun, and then presented

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Other parts of the field artillery team include meteorological analysis to determine the temperature, humidity and pressure of the air and wind direction and speed at different altitudes. Also radar is used both for determining the location of enemy artillery and mortar batteries and to determine the

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The Battery FDC computes firing data—ammunition to be used, powder charge, fuse settings, the direction to the target, and the quadrant elevation to be fired at to reach the target, what gun will fire any rounds needed for adjusting on the target, and the number of rounds to be fired on the target by

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Once hostile batteries have been detected they may be engaged immediately by friendly artillery or later at an optimum time, depending on the tactical situation and the counter-battery policy. Air strike is another option. In some situations the task is to locate all active enemy batteries for attack

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In SP equipment, the gun is an integral part of the vehicle that carries it. SPs first appeared during World War I, but did not really develop until World War II. They are mostly tracked vehicles, but wheeled SPs started to appear in the 1970s. Some SPs have no armor and carry few or no other weapons

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A variation of towed is portee, where the vehicle carries the gun which is dismounted for firing. Mortars are often carried this way. A mortar is sometimes carried in an armored vehicle and can either fire from it or be dismounted to fire from the ground. Since the early 1960s it has been possible to

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Howitzers can fire at maximum elevations at least close to 45°; elevations up to about 70° are normal for modern howitzers. Howitzers also have a choice of charges, meaning that the same elevation angle of fire will achieve a different range depending on the charge used. They have rifled bores, lower

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The traditional definitions differentiated between guns and howitzers in terms of maximum elevation (well less than 45° as opposed to close to or greater than 45°), number of charges (one or more than one charge), and having higher or lower muzzle velocity, sometimes indicated by barrel length. These

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At the beginning of the modern artillery period, the late 19th century, many armies had three main types of artillery, in some case they were sub-branches within the artillery branch in others they were separate branches or corps. There were also other types excluding the armament fitted to warships:

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was discovered at nearly the same time. Nitrocellulose was significantly more powerful than black powder, and was smokeless. Early guncotton was unstable, however, and burned very fast and hot, leading to greatly increased barrel wear. Widespread introduction of smokeless powder would wait until the

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However, proximity fuzes can suffer premature detonation because of the moisture in heavy rain clouds. This led to 'Controlled Variable Time' (CVT) after World War II. These fuzes have a mechanical timer that switched on the radar about 5 seconds before expected impact, they also detonated on impact.

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When the Portuguese and Spanish arrived at Southeast Asia, they found that the local kingdoms were already using cannons. Portuguese and Spanish invaders were unpleasantly surprised and even outgunned on occasion. Duarte Barbosa ca. 1514 said that the inhabitants of Java were great masters in casting

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established the "Divine Engine Battalion" (神机营), which specialized in various types of artillery. Light cannons and cannons with multiple volleys were developed. In a campaign to suppress a local minority rebellion near today's Burmese border, "the Ming army used a 3-line method of arquebuses/muskets

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A tactical innovation the Portuguese introduced in fort defense was the use of combinations of projectiles against massed assaults. Although canister shot had been developed in the early 15th century, the Portuguese were the first to employ it extensively, and Portuguese engineers invented a canister

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Supply of artillery ammunition has always been a major component of military logistics. Up until World War I some armies made artillery responsible for all forward ammunition supply because the load of small arms ammunition was trivial compared to artillery. Different armies use different approaches

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All these calculations to produce a quadrant elevation (or range) and azimuth were done manually using instruments, tabulated, data of the moment, and approximations until battlefield computers started appearing in the 1960s and 1970s. While some early calculators copied the manual method (typically

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Another innovative feature, more usually associated with 20th-century guns, was what Armstrong called its "grip", which was essentially a squeeze bore; the 6 inches of the bore at the muzzle end was of slightly smaller diameter, which centered the shell before it left the barrel and at the same time

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The use of the word "cannon" marks the introduction in the 15th century of a dedicated field carriage with axle, trail and animal-drawn limber—this produced mobile field pieces that could move and support an army in action, rather than being found only in the siege and static defenses. The reduction

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burst fire, a rate of fire to deliver three rounds from each gun within 10 or 15 seconds, this reduces the number of guns and hence fire units needed, which means they may be less dispersed and have less variation in their times of flight. Smaller caliber guns, such as 105 mm, have always been

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After World War I many nations merged these different artillery branches, in some cases keeping some as sub-branches. Naval artillery disappeared apart from that belonging to marines. However, two new branches of artillery emerged during that war and its aftermath, both used specialised guns (and a

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for tabulated data), computers use a different approach. They simulate a shell's trajectory by 'flying' it in short steps and applying data about the conditions affecting the trajectory at each step. This simulation is repeated until it produces a quadrant elevation and azimuth that lands the shell

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Electronic multi-function fuzes started to appear around 1980. Using solid-state electronics they were relatively cheap and reliable, and became the standard fitted fuze in operational ammunition stocks in some western armies. The early versions were often limited to proximity airburst, albeit with

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Impact fuzes were, and in some armies remain, the standard fuze for HE projectiles. Their default action is normally 'superquick', some have had a 'graze' action which allows them to penetrate light cover and others have 'delay'. Delay fuzes allow the shell to penetrate the ground before exploding.

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in 1799, these rockets were used with considerable effect against the British. After the wars, several Mysore rockets were sent to England, but experiments with heavier payloads were unsuccessful. In 1804 William Congreve, considering the Mysorian rockets to have too short a range (less than 1,000

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of the shell over a larger area and prevents it from being blocked by terrain or entrenchments that do not include some form of robust overhead cover. Combined with TOT or MRSI tactics that give no warning of the incoming rounds, these rounds are especially devastating because many enemy soldiers

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process is the key aspect of tactical fire control. Depending on the circumstances and national procedures it may all be undertaken in one place or may be distributed. In armies practicing control from the front, most of the process may be undertaken by a forward observer or other target acquirer.

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their fire so their shorter range is not a disadvantage. Some armies also consider infantry operated mortars to be more responsive than artillery, but this is a function of the control arrangements and not the case in all armies. However, mortars have always been used by artillery units and remain

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are simpler. The modern mortar originated in World War I and there were several patterns. After that war, most mortars settled on the Stokes pattern, characterized by a short barrel, smooth bore, low muzzle velocity, elevation angle of firing generally greater than 45°, and a very simple and light

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True guns are characterized by long range, having a maximum elevation significantly less than 45°, a high muzzle velocity and hence a relatively long barrel, smooth bore (no rifling) and a single charge. The latter often led to fixed ammunition where the projectile is locked to the cartridge case.

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for small displacements. Self-propelled artillery is permanently mounted on a carriage or vehicle with room for the crew and ammunition and is thus capable of moving quickly from one firing position to another, both to support the fluid nature of modern combat and to avoid counter-battery fire. It

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Propelling charges for barrel artillery can be provided either as cartridge bags or in metal cartridge cases. Generally, anti-aircraft artillery and smaller-caliber (up to 3" or 76.2 mm) guns use metal cartridge cases that include the round and propellant, similar to a modern rifle cartridge.

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From the middle of the eighteenth century to the middle of the nineteenth, artillery is judged to have accounted for perhaps 50% of battlefield casualties. In the sixty years preceding 1914, this figure was probably as low as 10 percent. The remaining 90 percent fell to small arms, whose range and

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An implication of indirect fire and improving guns was increasing range between gun and target, this increased the time of flight and the vertex of the trajectory. The result was decreasing accuracy (the increasing distance between the target and the mean point of impact of the shells aimed at it)

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and gun as in the British system). Each cannon was named for the weight of its projectiles, giving us variants such as 4, 8, and 12, indicating the weight in pounds. The projectiles themselves included solid balls or canister containing lead bullets or other material. These canister shots acted as

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In some armies, the weapon of artillery is the projectile, not the equipment that fires it. The process of delivering fire onto the target is called gunnery. The actions involved in operating an artillery piece are collectively called "serving the gun" by the "detachment" or gun crew, constituting

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into western warfare, artillery was dependent upon mechanical energy which not only severely limited the kinetic energy of the projectiles, it also required the construction of very large engines to accumulate sufficient energy. A 1st-century BC Roman catapult launching 6.55 kg (14.4 lb)

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Many other formulations were developed in the following decades, generally trying to find the optimum characteristics of a good artillery propellant – low temperature, high energy, non-corrosive, highly stable, cheap, and easy to manufacture in large quantities. Modern gun propellants are broadly

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bomblets, which arm themselves and function after a set number of rotations after having been ejected from the projectile (this produces unexploded sub-munitions, or "duds", which remain dangerous), scatterable mines, illuminating, coloured flare, smoke, incendiary, propaganda, chaff (foil to jam

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With the Napoleonic Wars, artillery experienced changes in both physical design and operation. Rather than being overseen by "mechanics", artillery was viewed as its own service branch with the capability of dominating the battlefield. The success of the French artillery companies was at least in

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One of the most significant effects of artillery during this period was however somewhat more indirect—by easily reducing to rubble any medieval-type fortification or city wall (some which had stood since Roman times), it abolished millennia of siege-warfare strategies and styles of fortification

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encountered gunpowder weaponry several times. When she led the French against the English at the Battle of Tourelles, in 1430, she faced heavy gunpowder fortifications, and yet her troops prevailed in that battle. In addition, she led assaults against the English-held towns of Jargeau, Meung, and

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A technique called time on target (TOT) was developed by the British Army in North Africa at the end of 1941 and early 1942 particularly for counter-battery fire and other concentrations, it proved very popular. It relied on BBC time signals to enable officers to synchronize their watches to the

5524:: a random number of shells are fired at random intervals, without any pattern to it that the enemy can predict. This process is designed to hinder enemy forces' movement, and, by the constantly imposed stress, threat of losses and inability of enemy forces to relax or sleep, lowers their morale. 4114:

Shells can be divided into three configurations: bursting, base ejection or nose ejection. The latter is sometimes called the shrapnel configuration. The most modern is base ejection, which was introduced in World War I. Base and nose ejection are almost always used with airburst fuzes. Bursting

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However, a major change occurred between 1420 and 1430, when artillery became much more powerful and could now batter strongholds and fortresses quite efficiently. The English, French, and Burgundians all advanced in military technology, and as a result the traditional advantage that went to the

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As small smooth-bore barrels, these were initially cast in iron or bronze around a core, with the first drilled bore ordnance recorded in operation near Seville in 1247. They fired lead, iron, or stone balls, sometimes large arrows and on occasions simply handfuls of whatever scrap came to hand.

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During medieval times, more types of artillery were developed, most notably the counterweight trebuchet. Traction trebuchets, using manpower to launch projectiles, have been used in ancient China since the 4th century as anti-personnel weapons. The much more powerful counterweight trebuchet was

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There are other recognized typifying characteristics for artillery. One such characteristic is the type of obturation used to seal the chamber and prevent gases escaping through the breech. This may use a metal cartridge case that also holds the propelling charge, a configuration called "QF" or

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However, the general switch by artillery to indirect fire before and during World War I led to a reaction in some armies. The result was accompanying or infantry guns. These were usually small, short range guns, that could be easily man-handled and used mostly for direct fire but some could use

3705:, the techniques of indirect fire became available for all types of artillery. Indirect fire was the defining characteristic of 20th-century artillery and led to undreamt of changes in the amount of artillery, its tactics, organisation, and techniques, most of which occurred during World War I. 3579:

was used) tubes of successively smaller diameter. The tube would then be heated to allow it to expand and fit over the previous tube. When it cooled the gun would contract although not back to its original size, which allowed an even pressure along the walls of the gun which was directed inward

3067:); and howitzers that fired large stone cannonballs in an elevated arch, weighted up to 4000 pounds and could fire incendiary devices, such as a hollow iron ball filled with pitch and fuse, designed to be fired at close range and burst on contact. The most popular in Portuguese arsenals was the 2886:

and changed the way that battles were fought. In the preceding decades, the English had even used a gunpowder-like weapon in military campaigns against the Scottish. However, at this time, the cannons used in battle were very small and not particularly powerful. Cannons were only useful for the

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first patented the concept of a central steel tube kept under compression by wrought-iron coils.. and that Armstrong's assertion that he (Armstrong) first used a wrought-iron A-tube and hence did not infringe the patent, was disingenuous, as the main point in Treadwell's patent was the tension

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concept. MRSI is when a single gun fires multiple shells so all arrive at the same target simultaneously. This is possible because there is more than one trajectory for a round to fly to any given target. Typically one is below 45 degrees from horizontal and the other is above it, and by using

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Enemy artillery can be detected in two ways, either by direct observation of the guns from the air or by ground observers (including specialist reconnaissance), or from their firing signatures. This includes radars tracking the shells in flight to determine their place of origin, sound ranging

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In NATO direct support generally means that the directly supporting artillery unit provides observers and liaison to the manoeuvre troops being supported, typically an artillery battalion or equivalent is assigned to a brigade and its batteries to the brigade's battalions. However, some armies

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and a mobile carriage for firing and transport. However, its most important characteristic is the use of indirect fire, whereby the firing equipment is aimed without seeing the target through its sights. Indirect fire emerged at the beginning of the 20th century and was greatly enhanced by the

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Physically, cannons continued to become smaller and lighter. During the Seven Years War, King Frederick II of Prussia used these advances to deploy horse artillery that could move throughout the battlefield. Frederick also introduced the reversible iron ramrod, which was much more resistant to

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to Asia. In great sieges and in sea battles, the Portuguese demonstrated a level of proficiency in the use of artillery after the beginning of the 16th century unequalled by contemporary European neighbours, in part due to the experience gained in intense fighting in Morocco, which served as a

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transmitter in the fuze to detect the ground and explode them at a predetermined height above it. The return of the weak radar signal completes an electrical circuit in the fuze which explodes the shell. The proximity fuze itself was developed by the British to increase the effectiveness of

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In 1914, the methods of correcting firing data for the actual conditions were often convoluted, and the availability of data about actual conditions was rudimentary or non-existent, the assumption was that fire would always be ranged (adjusted). British heavy artillery worked energetically to

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considerations of artillery ordnance through its history, in seeking to achieve a balance between the delivered volume of fire with ordnance mobility. However, during the modern period, the consideration of protecting the gunners also arose due to the late-19th-century introduction of the new

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A third form of artillery typing is to classify it as "light", "medium", "heavy" and various other terms. It appears to have been introduced in World War I, which spawned a very wide array of artillery in all sorts of sizes so a simple categorical system was needed. Some armies defined these

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A second characteristic is the form of propulsion. Modern equipment can either be towed or self-propelled (SP). A towed gun fires from the ground and any inherent protection is limited to a gun shield. Towing by horse teams lasted throughout World War II in some armies, but others were fully

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The gunners' increasing proximity to and participation in direct combat against other combat arms and attacks by aircraft made the introduction of a gun shield necessary. The problems of how to employ a fixed or horse-towed gun in mobile warfare necessitated the development of new methods of

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has the role of providing support to other arms in combat or of attacking targets, particularly in-depth. Broadly, these effects fall into two categories, aiming either to suppress or neutralize the enemy, or to cause casualties, damage, and destruction. This is mostly achieved by delivering

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like high explosives. The shell is accelerated to a high velocity in a very short time by the rapid generation of gas from the burning propellant. This high pressure is achieved by burning the propellant in a contained area, either the chamber of a gun barrel or the combustion chamber of a

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methods in World War I. However, indirect fire was area fire; it was and is not suitable for destroying point targets; its primary purpose is area suppression. Nevertheless, by the late 1970s precision-guided munitions started to appear, notably the US 155 mm Copperhead and its Soviet

3255:

of Bohemia (1418–1424). However, cannons were still large and cumbersome. With the rise of musketry in the 16th century, cannon were largely (though not entirely) displaced from the battlefield—the cannon were too slow and cumbersome to be used and too easily lost to a rapid enemy advance.

5606:

is the process of selecting target and matching the appropriate response to them taking account of operational requirements and capabilities. It requires consideration of the type of fire support required and the extent of coordination with the supported arm. It involves decisions about:

4031:

Early airburst fuzes used igniferous timers which lasted into the second half of the 20th century. Mechanical time fuzes appeared in the early part of the century. These required a means of powering them. The Thiel mechanism used a spring and escapement (i.e. 'clockwork'), Junghans used

4079:

Later versions introduced induction fuze setting and testing instead of physically placing a fuze setter on the fuze. The latest, such as Junghan's DM84U provide options giving, superquick, delay, a choice of proximity heights of burst, time and a choice of foliage penetration depths.

5924:. Time fuzes use a precise timer to detonate the shell after a preset delay. This technique is tricky and slight variations in the functioning of the fuze can cause it to explode too high and be ineffective, or to strike the ground instead of exploding above it. Since December 1944 ( 5655:

Surprise may be essential or irrelevant. It depends on what effects are required and whether or not the target is likely to move or quickly improve its protective posture. During World War II UK researchers concluded that for impact fuzed munitions the relative risk were as follows:

3259:

The combining of shot and powder into a single unit, a cartridge, occurred in the 1620s with a simple fabric bag, and was quickly adopted by all nations. It speeded loading and made it safer, but unexpelled bag fragments were an additional fouling in the gun barrel and a new tool—a

5368:

In NATO armies artillery is usually assigned a tactical mission that establishes its relationship and responsibilities to the formation or units it is assigned to. It seems that not all NATO nations use the terms and outside NATO others are probably used. The standard terms are:

5789:

of 4–8 guns. Otherwise the several FOs communicate with a higher FDC such as at a Battalion level, and the higher FDC prioritizes the targets and allocates fires to individual batteries as needed to engage the targets that are spotted by the FOs or to perform preplanned fires.

5730:

detecting guns firing and resecting their position from pairs of microphones or cross-observation of gun flashes using observation by human observers or opto-electronic devices, although the widespread adoption of 'flashless' propellant limited the effectiveness of the latter.

3818:

enabled relatively cheap and accurate guidance for shells and missiles, notably the US 155 mm Excalibur and the 227 mm GMLRS rocket. The introduction of these led to a new issue, the need for very accurate three dimensional target coordinates—the mensuration process.

5652:

This is particularly the case for a smaller target requiring only a few fire units. The extent to which the process is formal or informal and makes use of computer based systems, documented norms or experience and judgement also varies widely armies and other circumstances.

4255:

divided into three classes: single-base propellants that are mainly or entirely nitrocellulose based, double-base propellants consisting of a combination of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin, and triple base composed of a combination of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin and

3268:

is identified as the general who made cannon an effective force on the battlefield—pushing the development of much lighter and smaller weapons and deploying them in far greater numbers than previously. The outcome of battles was still determined by the clash of infantry.

5852:

to the gun commander in the correct order. The number of rounds that can be delivered in MRSI depends primarily on the range to the target and the rate of fire. To allow the most shells to reach the target, the target has to be in range of the lowest propellant charge.

5031:

took two forms, railway mountings for heavy and super-heavy guns and howitzers and armored trains as "fighting vehicles" armed with light artillery in a direct fire role. Disassembled transport was also used with heavy and super heavy weapons and lasted into the 1950s.

4993:

muzzle velocities and shorter barrels than equivalent guns. All this means they can deliver fire with a steep angle of descent. Because of their multi-charge capability, their ammunition is mostly separate loading (the projectile and propellant are loaded separately).

4895:, some nations carried pack artillery on some warships, these were used and manhandled by naval (or marine) landing parties. At times, part of a ship's armament would be unshipped and mated to makeshift carriages and limbers for actions ashore, for example during the 4242:. It had many disadvantages as a propellant; it has relatively low power, requiring large amounts of powder to fire projectiles, and created thick clouds of white smoke that would obscure the targets, betray the positions of guns, and make aiming impossible. In 1846, 3196:

in 1453 weighed 19 tons, took 200 men and sixty oxen to emplace, and could fire just seven times a day. The Fall of Constantinople was perhaps "the first event of supreme importance whose result was determined by the use of artillery" when the huge bronze cannons of

5673:

Airburst munitions significantly increase the relative risk for lying men, etc. Historically most casualties occur in the first 10–15 seconds of fire, i.e. the time needed to react and improve protective posture, however, this is less relevant if airburst is used.

5689:

then there will be different times of flight and the first rounds will be spread in time. To some extent a large concentration offsets the problem because it may mean that only one round is required from each gun and most of these could arrive in the 15 second

3686:

A few years later, the Richtfläche (lining-plane) sight was invented in Germany and provided a means of indirect laying in azimuth, complementing the clinometers for indirect laying in elevation which already existed. Despite conservative opposition within the

6544: 6522: 6504: 3502:

First, the piece was rifled, which allowed for a much more accurate and powerful action. Although rifling had been tried on small arms since the 15th century, the necessary machinery to accurately rifle artillery was not available until the mid-19th century.

4889:, a few nations treated mountain artillery as a separate branch, in others it was a speciality in another artillery branch. They used light guns or howitzers, usually designed for pack animal transport and easily broken down into small easily handled loads 5053: 5642:

how many fire units are needed and which ones they should be from those that are available (in range, with the required munitions type and quantity, not allotted to another target, have the most suitable line of fire if there is a risk to own troops or

5057: 5055: 5051: 2470:

either direct or indirect artillery fire. The manner in which gunnery crews (or formations) are employed is called artillery support. At different periods in history, this may refer to weapons designed to be fired from ground-, sea-, and even air-based

3691:, indirect fire was adopted as doctrine by the 1890s. In the early 1900s, Goertz in Germany developed an optical sight for azimuth laying. It quickly replaced the lining-plane; in English, it became the 'Dial Sight' (UK) or 'Panoramic Telescope' (US). 5011:"quickfiring" by some nations. The alternative does not use a metal cartridge case, the propellant being merely bagged or in combustible cases with the breech itself providing all the sealing. This is called "BL" or "breech loading" by some nations. 3546:

His gun was also a breech-loader. Although attempts at breech-loading mechanisms had been made since medieval times, the essential engineering problem was that the mechanism could not withstand the explosive charge. It was only with the advances in

3136:

already locally-producing large guns, some of them still survived until the present day and dubbed as "sacred cannon" or "holy cannon". These cannons varied between 180 and 260 pounders, weighing anywhere between 3–8 tons, measuring between 3–6 m.

2654:, designating craftsmen and manufacturers of all materials and warfare equipments (spears, swords, armor, war machines); and, for the next 250 years, the sense of the word "artillery" covered all forms of military weapons. Hence, the naming of the 5056: 2875:. In 1419, Sultan Abu Sa'id led an army to reconquer the fallen city, and Marinids brought cannons and used them in the assault on Ceuta. Finally, hand-held firearms and riflemen appear in Morocco, in 1437, in an expedition against the people of 5007:

mounting using a "baseplate" on the ground. The projectile with its integral propelling charge was dropped down the barrel from the muzzle to hit a fixed firing pin. Since that time, a few mortars have become rifled and adopted breech loading.

3220:, King of Scots, was killed when one exploded at the siege of Roxburgh). Their large size precluded the barrels being cast and they were constructed out of metal staves or rods bound together with hoops like a barrel, giving their name to the 5026:

Two other forms of tactical propulsion were used in the first half of the 20th century: Railways or transporting the equipment by road, as two or three separate loads, with disassembly and re-assembly at the beginning and end of the journey.

2900:

defense in a siege was lost. The cannon during this period were elongated, and the recipe for gunpowder was improved to make it three times as powerful as before. These changes led to the increased power in the artillery weapons of the time.

5766:'Field Artillery Team' is a US term and the following description and terminology applies to the US, other armies are broadly similar but differ in significant details. Modern field artillery (post–World War I) has three distinct parts: the 3603:

Armstrong's system was adopted in 1858, initially for "special service in the field" and initially he produced only smaller artillery pieces, 6-pounder (2.5 in/64 mm) mountain or light field guns, 9-pounder (3 in/76 mm) guns for

5915:

The destructiveness of artillery bombardments can be enhanced when some or all of the shells are set for airburst, meaning that they explode in the air above the target instead of upon impact. This can be accomplished either through time

2752:

A depiction of an early vase-shaped cannon (shown here as the "Long-range Awe-inspiring Cannon"(威遠砲)) complete with a crude sight and an ignition port dated from around 1350 AD. The illustration is from the 14th century Ming Dynasty book

4763:

in World War II) or harbor. Not needing to be mobile, coastal artillery used to be much larger than equivalent field artillery pieces, giving them longer range and more destructive power. Modern coastal artillery (for example, Russia's

8648: 2385:, which fired a 4.1 kg (9.0 lb) round, with a kinetic energy of 240 kilojoules, or a 20th-century US battleship that fired a 1,225 kg (2,701 lb) projectile from its main battery with an energy level surpassing 350 3559:

that Armstrong was able to construct a viable solution. The gun combined all the properties that make up an effective artillery piece. The gun was mounted on a carriage in such a way as to return the gun to firing position after the

5825:

Illustration of different trajectories used in MRSI: For any muzzle velocity there is a steeper (> 45°, solid line) and a lower (<45°, dashed line) trajectory. On these different trajectories, the shells have different flight

5734:

using a counter-battery fire at the appropriate moment in accordance with a plan developed by artillery intelligence staff. In other situations counter-battery fire may occur whenever a battery is located with sufficient accuracy.

4110:

The projectile is the munition or "bullet" fired downrange. This may be an explosive device. Projectiles have traditionally been classified as "shot" or "shell", the former being solid and the latter having some form of "payload".

8809: 4878:

Fortress or garrison artillery, operated a nation's fixed defences using guns, howitzers or mortars, either on land or coastal frontiers. Some had deployable elements to provide heavy artillery to the field army. In some nations

8703: 4969:

three criteria give eight possible combinations, of which guns and howitzers are but two. However, modern "howitzers" have higher velocities and longer barrels than the equivalent "guns" of the first half of the 20th century.

8623: 4027:

artillery are almost always used airburst. Airburst fuzes have to have the fuze length (running time) set on them. This is done just before firing using either a wrench or a fuze setter pre-set to the required fuze length.

4477:

within the required 'closing' distance of the target coordinates. NATO has a standard ballistic model for computer calculations and has expanded the scope of this into the NATO Armaments Ballistic Kernel (NABK) within the

8613: 5054: 3086:

in the Jinju National Museum. These cannons were made in the mid 16th century. The closest is a "Cheonja chongtong"(천자총통, 天字銃筒), the second is a "Jija chongtong"(지자총통, 地字銃筒), and the third is a "Hyeonja chongtong"(현자총통,

8693: 5882:(developed by BAE-Systems Bofors in Sweden) is a 155 mm howitzer on a wheeled chassis which is claimed to be able to deliver up to six shells on target simultaneously from the same gun. The 120 mm twin barrel 8534: 8401: 3444:

The development of modern artillery occurred in the mid to late 19th century as a result of the convergence of various improvements in the underlying technology. Advances in metallurgy allowed for the construction of

2895:

in 1356, when the besieged English used a cannon to destroy an attacking French assault tower. By the end of the 14th century, cannon were only powerful enough to knock in roofs, and could not penetrate castle walls.

8539: 4016:

Armor or Concrete-Piercing (AP or CP) fuzes are specially hardened. During World War I and later, ricochet fire with delay or graze fuzed HE shells, fired with a flat angle of descent, was used to achieve airburst.

3659:

Indirect fire, the firing of a projectile without relying on direct line of sight between the gun and the target, possibly dates back to the 16th century. Early battlefield use of indirect fire may have occurred at

2359:

British 64 Pounder Rifled Muzzle-Loaded (RML) Gun on a Moncrieff disappearing mount, at Scaur Hill Fort, Bermuda. This is a part of a fixed battery, meant to protect against over-land attack and to serve as coastal

4753:, but the advent of air power and missiles have rendered this type of artillery largely obsolete. They are typically longer-barreled, low-trajectory, high-velocity weapons designed primarily for a direct-fire role. 4817:

includes mortar carrier vehicles, many of which allow the mortar to be removed from the vehicle and be used dismounted, potentially in terrain in which the vehicle cannot navigate, or in order to avoid detection.

2771:. With the development of better metallurgy techniques, later cannons abandoned the vase shape of early Chinese artillery. This change can be seen in the bronze "thousand ball thunder cannon", an early example of 2517:

for administrative and operational purposes, either battalions or regiments, depending on the army. These may be grouped into brigades; the Russian army also groups some brigades into artillery divisions, and the

8449: 4275:

uses a small pyrotechnic charge at the base of the projectile to introduce sufficient combustion products into the low-pressure region behind the base of the projectile responsible for a large proportion of the

8882: 3857:

which traditionally defended coastal areas against seaborne attack and controlled the passage of ships. With the advent of powered flight at the start of the 20th century, artillery also included ground-based

8673: 8479: 3638:, up to about 5 miles (8,500 m) away. Its firing rate could even reach close to 30 rounds per minute, albeit only for a very short time and with a highly experienced crew. These were rates that contemporary 5555:: directed at objectives not in the immediate vicinity of own force, for neutralizing or destroying enemy reserves and weapons, and interfering with enemy command, supply, communications and observation; or 8887: 8872: 8504: 4057:

The proximity fuze emerged on the battlefields of Europe in late December 1944. They have become known as the U.S. Artillery's "Christmas present", and were much appreciated when they arrived during the

2501:

The gunners and their guns are usually grouped in teams called either "crews" or "detachments". Several such crews and teams with other functions are combined into a unit of artillery, usually called a

8499: 8411: 8386: 7744: 6272: 8867: 8844: 8444: 4283:

Ramjet-assisted, similar to rocket-assisted, but using a ramjet instead of a rocket motor; it is anticipated that a ramjet-assisted 120-mm mortar shell could reach a range of 22 mi (35 km).

3397:, himself a former artillery officer, perfected the tactic of massed artillery batteries unleashed upon a critical point in his enemies' line as a prelude to a decisive infantry and cavalry assault. 5015:

mechanized with wheeled or tracked gun towing vehicles by the outbreak of that war. The size of a towing vehicle depends on the weight of the equipment and the amount of ammunition it has to carry.

8799: 8581: 8509: 8459: 5798:

precise actual strike points of rounds fired by battery and comparing that location with what was expected to compute a registration allowing future rounds to be fired with much greater accuracy.

5701:

multiple round simultaneous impact (MRSI), where a single weapon or multiple individual weapons fire multiple rounds at differing trajectories so that all rounds arrive on target at the same time.

8454: 8784: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8469: 8464: 2964:

and trained them at the walls of the city. The barrage of Ottoman cannon fire lasted forty days, and they are estimated to have fired 19,320 times. Artillery also played a decisive role in the

3401:

breakage than older wooden designs. The reversibility aspect also helped increase the rate of fire, since a soldier would no longer have to worry about what end of the ramrod they were using.

8834: 8585: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8877: 7607:, p. 223. The number given is for Land Forces only. Naval Infantry and Coastal Defense forces, Federal Border Guard Service, and Interior Troops use an additional 500+ ordnance pieces. 8060:

Schmidtchen, Volker (1977). "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit" [Giant cannon of the 15th century: technical masterpieces of their era].

8829: 8391: 5945:

are likely to be caught in the open; even more so if the attack is launched against an assembly area or troops moving in the open rather than a unit in an entrenched tactical position.

5019:

carry lighter towed guns and most mortars by helicopter. Even before that, they were parachuted or landed by glider from the time of the first airborne trials in the USSR in the 1930s.

3232:—projections at the side of the cannon as an integral part of the cast—allowed the barrel to be fixed to a more movable base, and also made raising or lowering the barrel much easier. 3416:, was most effective when fired at shoulder-height across a flat, open area. The ball would tear through the ranks of the enemy or bounce along the ground breaking legs and ankles. 5076:(155 mm AUF1) Self-propelled Guns, 40th Regiment d' Artillerie, with IFOR markings are parked at Hekon base, near Mostar, Bosnia-Herzegovina, in support of Operation Joint Endeavor 8633: 5052: 3814:

equivalent that had success in Indian service. These relied on laser designation to 'illuminate' the target that the shell homed onto. However, in the early 21st century, the

2454:

Over the course of military history, projectiles were manufactured from a wide variety of materials, into a wide variety of shapes, using many different methods in which to

7552: 8779: 5694:

able to deliver three rounds in 15 seconds, larger calibers firing fixed rounds could also do it but it was not until the 1970s that a multi-charge 155 mm howitzer,

4549:: A type of a large calibre, muzzle-loading artillery piece, a cannon or mortar used during sieges to shoot round stone projectiles at the walls of enemy fortifications. 3567:

What made the gun really revolutionary lay in the technique of the construction of the gun barrel that allowed it to withstand much more powerful explosive forces. The "

5337:

although the limited range of many mortars tends to exclude them from the role. Their control arrangements and limited range also mean that mortars are most suited to

3292:

was one of the most important contemporary publications on the subject of artillery. For over two centuries this work was used in Europe as a basic artillery manual.

2582:, or by destroying enemy positions, equipment, and vehicles. Non-lethal munitions, notably smoke, can also suppress or neutralize the enemy by obscuring their view. 7703:, p. 248. Syria, Egypt's strategic partner in the past wars against Israel, uses 3 440+ artillery pieces, and is the 11th ranking artillery user in the World. 3116:, guns (cannons), and other fire-works. In all aspects the Javanese were considered excellent in casting artillery, and in the knowledge of using it. In 1513, the 8723: 8214: 4341:: Ammunition with live primer, greatly reduced propellant charge (typically black powder), and no projectile; used for training, demonstration or ceremonial use. 3853:. Certain smaller-caliber mortars are more properly designated small arms rather than artillery, albeit indirect-fire small arms. This term also came to include 2355: 3953:

filling or eject its cargo (illuminating flare or smoke canisters being examples). The official military spelling is "fuze". Broadly there are four main types:

11349: 7748: 6280: 5596:: that degrades the performance of a target below the level needed to fulfill its mission. Suppression is usually only effective for the duration of the fire. 2221:

Originally, the word "artillery" referred to any group of soldiers primarily armed with some form of manufactured weapon or armour. Since the introduction of

8608: 8571: 7843: 7794:

Hu, Xin Jun; Wang, Hang Yu (September 2013). "Effectiveness Calculation of Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact Shooting Method Based on Monte Carlo Method".

4749:

to be used either against other naval vessels or to bombard coastal targets in support of ground forces. The crowning achievement of naval artillery was the

4036:

and gears, and Dixi used centrifugal force and balls. From about 1980, electronic time fuzes started replacing mechanical ones for use with cargo munitions.

2364:

Although not called by that name, siege engines performing the role recognizable as artillery have been employed in warfare since antiquity. The first known

8708: 8678: 8628: 8575: 4772:) and fully integrated, meaning that each battery has all of the support systems that it requires (maintenance, targeting radar, etc.) organic to its unit. 3527:

as a result of the tight fit, enabled the gun to achieve greater range and accuracy than existing smooth-bore muzzle-loaders with a smaller powder charge.

8743: 8728: 8718: 8688: 8643: 4195:: A combination of the above can be used, where the barrel is rifled, but the projectile also has deployable fins for stabilization, guidance or gliding. 2863:. While it is difficult to confirm the use of firearms in the siege of the city, it is known the Portuguese defended it thereafter with firearms, namely 4865:, first formed as regular units in the late 18th century, with the role of supporting cavalry, they were distinguished by the entire crew being mounted. 8733: 8658: 8638: 8618: 5901:

Two-round MRSI firings were a popular artillery demonstration in the 1960s, where well trained detachments could show off their skills for spectators.

5345:

while rockets are mostly used for the latter. However, lighter rockets may be used for direct fire support. These rules of thumb apply to NATO armies.

3272:

Shells, explosive-filled fused projectiles, were in use by the 15th century. The development of specialized pieces—shipboard artillery, howitzers and

8738: 8713: 8668: 8653: 5561:: placed on enemy troops, weapons or positions which, because of their proximity present the most immediate and serious threat to the supported unit. 4012:

anti-tank shells). At least one nuclear shell and its non-nuclear spotting version also used a multi-deck mechanical time fuze fitted into its base.

3873:. Advances in terminal guidance systems for small munitions has allowed large-caliber guided projectiles to be developed, blurring this distinction. 5041:

categories by bands of calibers. Different bands were used for different types of weapons—field guns, mortars, anti-aircraft guns and coastal guns.

9512: 8698: 4478: 4514:

Artillery types can be categorised in several ways, for example by type or size of weapon or ordnance, by role or by organizational arrangements.

4039:

Proximity fuzes have been of two types: photo-electric or radar. The former was not very successful and seems only to have been used with British

4019:

HE shells can be fitted with other fuzes. Airburst fuzes usually have a combined airburst and impact function. However, until the introduction of

9702: 8406: 5405:

achieve this by placing the assigned artillery units under command of the directly supported formation. Nevertheless, the batteries' fire can be

2761:

Early Chinese artillery had vase-like shapes. This includes the "long range awe inspiring" cannon dated from 1350 and found in the 14th century

8892: 8789: 8683: 6820: 5600:

The tactical purposes also include various "mission verbs", a rapidly expanding subject with the modern concept of "effects based operations".

3907:) and the provision of fuzes, detonators and warheads at the point where artillery troops will assemble the charge, projectile, bomb or shell. 3511:

independently produced rifled cannon in the 1840s, but it was Armstrong's gun that was first to see widespread use during the Crimean War. The

7169:

exerted by the wrought-iron coils, which Armstrong used in exactly the same fashion. Holley, Treatise on Ordnance and Armour, 1865, pp. 863–70

3216:

weapons distinguished by their lack of a field carriage, immobility once emplaced, highly individual design, and noted unreliability (in 1460

10416: 9947: 4269:

enhance and sustain the projectile's velocity by providing additional 'push' from a small rocket motor that is part of the projectile's base.

2319:

and meteorological, and in some armies, provision of these are the responsibility of the artillery arm. The majority of combat deaths in the

7058:

Bastable, Marshall J. (1992). "From Breechloaders to Monster Guns: Sir William Armstrong and the Invention of Modern Artillery, 1854–1880".

6147: 6063: 5928:), proximity fuzed artillery shells have been available that take the guesswork out of this process. These employ a miniature, low powered 5898:

program (now cancelled) was slated to have MRSI capability. It is unclear how many fire control computers have the necessary capabilities.

4601:: Large-caliber artillery that have limited mobility with indirect firing trajectory, which was used to bombard targets at long distances. 6931: 4565:

is a type of small cannon mounted on a swiveling stand or fork which allows a very wide arc of movement. Camel mounted swivel guns called

7202: 7182: 4439:, the guns have to be part of a system that enables them to attack targets invisible to them, in accordance with the combined arms plan. 4146: 8269: 7667:, p. 33. The total is composed of 6 270+ ordnance used by the US Army, Army Reserve and National Guard with 1 867 used by the USMC. 11421: 9213: 8514: 7129: 6612:

The travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia, A.D. 1503 to 1508

3619:

of 1897. The gun used cased ammunition, was breech-loading, had modern sights, and a self-contained firing mechanism. It was the first

2984:

proving ground for artillery and its practical application, and made Portugal a forerunner in gunnery for decades. During the reign of

6254: 5540:

These purposes have existed for most of the 20th century, although their definitions have evolved and will continue to do so, lack of

4871:, the main artillery arm of the field army, using either guns, howitzers, or mortars. In World War II this branch again started using 2466:

delivery have likewise changed significantly over time, encompassing some of the most complex and advanced technologies in use today.

9707: 8824: 8794: 8396: 7500: 7482: 6093: 4583:

simultaneously or sequentially in quick succession. Although capable of unleashing intense firepower, volley guns differ from modern

4251:

advent of the double-base powders, which combine nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin to produce powerful, smokeless, stable propellant.

3425: 6328: 4023:, the airburst function was mostly used with cargo munitions—for example, shrapnel, illumination, and smoke. The larger calibers of 11358: 11036: 8421: 5061: 1119: 2972:

was killed by the accidental explosion of one of his own cannon, imported from Flanders, at the siege of Roxburgh Castle in 1460.

8544: 7549: 3683:

for indirect fire by describing, "all the essentials of aiming points, crest clearance, and corrections to fire by an observer".

2743: 1551: 2311:) emerged, primarily for artillery. These are usually utilized by one or more of the artillery arms. The widespread adoption of 10392: 8663: 7394: 4208: 3468: 2825: 8246: 5681:

ordering the guns to fire together, either by executive order or by a "fire at" time. The disadvantage is that if the fire is

4522:

The types of cannon artillery are generally distinguished by the velocity at which they fire projectiles. Types of artillery:

3228:

in the size of the barrel was due to improvements in both iron technology and gunpowder manufacture, while the development of

8748: 8474: 8165: 8138: 7981: 7946: 7904: 7533: 7366: 7340: 7315: 7288: 7266: 7246: 6681: 6654: 6593: 6480: 6451: 6338: 6237: 6105: 3490: 2848: 2300:

artillery; in others these have been separate arms, and with some nations coastal has been a naval or marine responsibility.

5639:, whether adjustment is permissible or surprise essential, the need for special procedures such as precision or danger close 3698:, they were the first to apply the theory in practice in 1899, although they had to improvise without a lining-plane sight. 2218:

vehicles are highly mobile weapons of great versatility generally providing the largest share of an army's total firepower.

9344: 8381: 6978: 6796: 6568: 5322:

the enemy". This NATO definition makes artillery a supporting arm although not all NATO armies agree with this logic. The

3404: 7446: 4094: 3523:

and which engaged with the gun's rifling grooves to impart spin to the shell. This spin, together with the elimination of

11496: 9991: 9942: 8849: 8839: 5835: 5516:: an immediately available prearranged barrier of fire designed to impede enemy movement across defensive lines or areas. 5080:

List of countries in order of amount of artillery (only conventional barrel ordnance is given, in use with land forces):

5068: 4507: 3071:, a 5 cm, one pounder bronze breech-loading cannon that weighted 150 kg with an effective range of 600 meters. 1907: 195: 4004:

Most artillery fuzes are nose fuzes. However, base fuzes have been used with armor-piercing shells and for squash head (

114: 11308: 9922: 9917: 9666: 9322: 8804: 7147: 5310:

Artillery is used in a variety of roles depending on its type and caliber. The general role of artillery is to provide

4927:

few rockets) and used direct not indirect fire, in the 1950s and 1960s both started to make extensive use of missiles:

3609: 2494: 2102: 1880: 490: 8211: 8202: 5834:

Animation showing how six shots of different elevation, speed and timing can be used to hit a target at the same time

3393:

part due to the presence of specially trained artillery officers leading and coordinating during the chaos of battle.

86: 8299: 7419: 7384:. Percin supports his claim with hundreds of items of battlefield correspondence from all parts of the Western Front. 7042: 6545:

Warfare and Empires: Contact and Conflict Between European and Non-European Military and Maritime Forces and Cultures

6523:

Warfare and Empires: Contact and Conflict Between European and Non-European Military and Maritime Forces and Cultures

6505:

Warfare and Empires: Contact and Conflict Between European and Non-European Military and Maritime Forces and Cultures

6130: 4403: 4175:" (UK) or "rotating band" (U.S.). The driving band is usually made of copper, but synthetic materials have been used. 3876: 3352:

yards) developed rockets in numerous sizes with ranges up to 3,000 yards and eventually utilizing iron casing as the

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Some armed forces use the term "gunners" for the soldiers and sailors with the primary function of using artillery.

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Video: Inside shrieking shrapnel. Hear the great sound of shrapnel's – Finnish field artillery fire video year 2013

4765: 3880: 3165: 2879:. It is clear these weapons had developed into several different forms, from small guns to large artillery pieces. 1634: 6629:

A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century by Duarte Barbosa

6586:

Changes of regime and social dynamics in West Java : society, state, and the outer world of Banten, 1750–1830

2734:

invented in the eastern Mediterranean region in the 12th century, with the earliest definite attestation in 1187.

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An estimated 75,000 French soldiers were casualties of friendly artillery fire in the four years of World War I.

2965: 1979: 1617: 1404: 244: 93: 17: 6906: 4659:: Typically muzzle-loaded, short-barreled, high-trajectory weapons designed primarily for an indirect-fire role. 3694:

The British halfheartedly experimented with indirect fire techniques since the 1890s, but with the onset of the

10357: 9802: 9255: 9206: 9044: 4381: 3732: 3471:

was awarded a contract by the government to design a new piece of artillery. Production started in 1855 at the

2937: 1743: 71: 9986: 8015:

Ordway, Frederick I (July 1970). "History of Astronautics Symposium: Mar Del Plata, Argentina, October 1969".

6610: 3712: 3412:

massive shotguns, peppering the target with hundreds of projectiles at close range. The solid balls, known as

9785: 8431: 3124:"with much artillery made in Java, for the Javanese are skilled in founding and casting, and in all works in 2979:, as it was a necessary tool that allowed the Portuguese to face overwhelming odds both on land and sea from 2160: 1607: 7861: 6698: 4812:

or truck, to move the piece, crew, and ammunition around. Towed artillery is in some cases equipped with an

2999:

The three major classes of Portuguese artillery were anti-personnel guns with a high borelength (including:

11530: 11240: 10496: 10097: 10048: 9470: 9339: 9049: 8600: 6003: 5863:-52 (which can land six rounds simultaneously at targets at least 25 km (16 mi) away), Germany's 5329:

Unlike rockets, guns (or howitzers as some armies still call them) and mortars are suitable for delivering

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shells use various types of fuze depending on the nature of the payload and the tactical need at the time.

3826: 3438: 3344: 2655: 2590: 2097: 796: 556: 100: 6627: 5352:, because of their lighter weight and simpler, more transportable design, are usually an integral part of 4759:: Fixed-position weapons dedicated to defense of a particular location, usually a coast (for example, the 4163:: Artillery projectiles have traditionally been spin-stabilised, meaning that they spin in flight so that 2670: 11583: 11340: 11245: 11018: 10920: 10387: 10237: 9807: 9676: 9524: 8348: 5867:(which can land five rounds simultaneously at targets at least 17 km (11 mi) away), Slovakia's 4705:

by land and/or at sea. Some guns were suitable for the dual roles of anti-aircraft and anti-tank warfare.

3688: 3141: 2853: 2519: 2107: 1294: 1091: 962: 500: 8114: 7784:

The Development of Artillery Tactics and Equipment, Brigadier AL Pemberton, 1950, The War Office, pg 129

6417:

DeVries, K: The Use of Gunpowder Weaponry By and Against Joan or Arc During the Hundred Years' War. 1996

2816:

designs, a lack of engineering knowledge rendered these even more dangerous to use than muzzle-loaders.

11588: 11451: 11426: 9879: 9790: 9761: 9162: 9054: 8774: 8769: 8562: 6716:. Vol. 22, No. 3, Special Issue: Asian Studies in Honour of Professor Charles Boxer (1988), pp. 607–28. 6229: 5569: 4377: 4266: 4009: 4005: 3624: 3524: 3328: 2838: 2600: 1571: 67: 38: 4076:

height of burst options, and impact. Some offered a go/no-go functional test through the fuze setter.

3616: 3596: 82: 11091: 10599: 10476: 9937: 9927: 9905: 9773: 9719: 9577: 9534: 9199: 6314: 5357: 4416: 3815: 3340: 3157: 3117: 2792:. By the late 14th century, Chinese rebels used organized artillery and cavalry to push Mongols out. 2343: 1681: 1189: 533: 407: 261: 6812: 4695:: Guns designed for direct fire to destroy tanks and other armored fighting vehicles. 3235: 11374: 11265: 11220: 10980: 10863: 10254: 10227: 10207: 10089: 9981: 9969: 9964: 9089: 8912: 8343: 8338: 6013: 5941: 4801: 4682: 4366: 4130: 3739: 3472: 2605: 2215: 2132: 1999: 1546: 1239: 1052: 900: 7803: 6443: 5887: 5472:. Observation of adjusted fire may be directly by a forward observer or indirectly via some other 5434:

There are several dimensions to this subject. The first is the notion that fire may be against an

4900: 4335:: Ammunition with an inert warhead, inert primer, and no propellant; used for training or display. 4204: 2991: 11511: 11197: 9681: 9450: 9356: 8363: 8333: 8235: 6158: 5973:

around the world incorporate an artillery piece that was used in the war or battle commemorated.

5879: 4937: 4698: 4604: 4370: 4040: 3967: 3755: 3316: 2912: 2842: 2510: 2428: 2085: 2067: 1823: 1382: 1304: 1249: 1129: 842: 505: 60: 7525: 7519: 4837: 3869:, preferring the term "missilery", though some modern artillery units employ surface-to-surface 2273:

were also used. "Shell" is a widely used generic term for a projectile, which is a component of

11486: 10868: 10721: 10404: 10352: 10339: 10222: 10173: 10146: 9954: 9749: 9594: 9440: 9295: 9002: 7060: 6941: 4973:

There is no generally accepted minimum muzzle velocity or barrel length associated with a gun.

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in the early 20th century introduced the need for specialist data for field artillery, notably

2225:

and cannon, "artillery" has largely meant cannon, and in contemporary usage, usually refers to

1952: 1927: 1649: 1561: 1434: 1309: 905: 882: 328: 227: 7844:"Hungary purchases a brutal military beast that can eliminate targets from over 60 kilometres" 7199: 7179: 6644: 6558: 5409:

onto a single target, as can the fire of units in range and with the other tactical missions.

4727:: Large-caliber weapons that are mounted on, transported by and fired from specially-designed 4467:

Logistic services: to provide combat supplies, particularly ammunition, and equipment support.

3144:

actively used heavy artillery in both siege and field combat. Korean forces mounted artillery

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This is a very effective tactic against infantry and light vehicles, because it scatters the

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and the actual guns themselves. The forward observer observes the target using tools such as

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to propel the projectile to the target. Propellant is always a low explosive, which means it

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down its lead coating, reducing its diameter and slightly improving its ballistic qualities.

3556: 3552: 3446: 2883: 2830: 2797: 2714: 2534: 2530: 2514: 2293: 1541: 1474: 1427: 1076: 1039: 1002: 920: 872: 756: 566: 374: 283: 7133: 6431: 5498:: intensive prearranged fire delivered when the imminence of the enemy attack is discovered. 3487:, which marked the birth of modern artillery. Three of its features particularly stand out. 2545: 11383: 11101: 10828: 10764: 10716: 10656: 10584: 10114: 9839: 9619: 9265: 8371: 8257:

Video: Forensic and archaeological interpretation of artillery shell fragments and shrapnel

6786: 5761: 5717: 5510:: delivered by supporting units to assist and protect a unit engaged in a defensive action. 5422: 4854: 4813: 4769: 4618: 4498: 3904: 3408: 3381: 3217: 2985: 2969: 2949: 2748: 2686: 2412: 1932: 1834: 1691: 1686: 1504: 1469: 1204: 1019: 877: 813: 667: 637: 234: 31: 8230: 7504: 7486: 6748: 6726: 4062:. They were also used to great effect in anti-aircraft projectiles in the Pacific against 8: 11558: 10993: 10950: 10845: 10631: 10621: 10569: 10471: 10461: 10411: 10382: 9756: 9377: 9372: 9260: 8982: 7973: 6842: 6432: 5998: 5988: 5925: 5864: 5830: 5677:

There are several ways of making best use of this brief window of maximum vulnerability:

5484: 4981: 4931: 4678: 4059: 2455: 2405: 2348: 1783: 1768: 1644: 1531: 1509: 1484: 1444: 1354: 1164: 1064: 1014: 781: 771: 736: 528: 518: 288: 212: 8263: 7568: 4455:

Control: authority to decide which targets to attack and allot fire units to the attack;

2975:

The able use of artillery supported to a large measure the expansion and defense of the

2303:

In the 20th century, target acquisition devices (such as radar) and techniques (such as

11578: 11260: 11076: 10988: 10955: 10821: 10796: 10696: 10681: 10666: 10626: 10594: 10466: 10317: 10276: 10065: 9507: 9300: 8987: 8947: 8917: 8316: 8048: 8040: 7932: 7807: 7093: 7085: 6388: 5962: 5625:

what types of munitions, including their fuzing, are to be used and in what quantities;

4775: 4320: 4089: 3957: 3811: 3797: 3665: 3535: 3121: 2682: 2586: 2575: 2566: 2284:

that customarily operates such engines. In some armies, the artillery arm has operated

2261:" (if solid) or "shell" (if not solid). Historically, variants of solid shot including 2226: 2117: 1972: 1892: 1813: 1758: 1733: 1654: 1600: 1566: 1497: 1414: 1324: 1229: 1174: 1059: 1024: 977: 852: 823: 776: 714: 689: 523: 337: 256: 107: 4627:: Lightweight guns that can be disassembled and transported through difficult terrain. 2691: 11491: 11401: 11081: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11028: 10960: 10930: 10910: 10559: 10501: 10324: 10185: 10077: 10053: 10043: 9998: 9714: 9671: 9614: 9539: 9305: 9064: 9039: 9034: 8967: 8942: 8567: 8212:

What sort of forensic information can be derived from the analysis of shell fragments

8171: 8161: 8144: 8134: 8089: 8069: 8052: 8032: 7999: 7987: 7977: 7952: 7942: 7910: 7900: 7811: 7529: 7415: 7362: 7336: 7311: 7284: 7262: 7242: 7097: 7077: 7038: 6792: 6677: 6650: 6589: 6564: 6476: 6472: 6447: 6439: 6380: 6334: 6233: 6183: 6126: 6101: 5993: 5983: 5917: 5868: 5855:

Examples of guns with a rate of fire that makes them suitable for MRSI includes UK's

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The FO can communicate directly with the battery FDC, of which there is one per each

5779: 4980:

A British 60-pounder (5-inch (130 mm)) gun at full recoil, in action during the

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Artillery shells fired from a barrel can be assisted to greater range in three ways:

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artillery and very good artillerymen. They made many one-pounder cannons (cetbang or

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in 1453, included both artillery and foot soldiers armed with gunpowder weapons. The

2925: 2908: 2892: 2617: 2596: 2503: 2459: 2297: 2289: 2153: 2062: 2009: 1912: 1902: 1897: 1867: 1850: 1845: 1818: 1763: 1464: 1454: 1449: 1439: 1359: 1349: 1344: 1319: 1289: 1179: 1149: 1144: 1134: 1124: 1114: 1029: 982: 952: 791: 584: 561: 495: 11210: 8189: 7434: 5479:

NATO also recognises several different types of fire support for tactical purposes:

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Specialist services: produce data to support the production of accurate firing data;

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is emerging. Modern 155 mm guns have a primer magazine fitted to their breech.

3615:

The first cannon to contain all 'modern' features is generally considered to be the

2122: 11331: 11299: 11235: 11215: 11061: 11013: 10915: 10900: 10855: 10811: 10806: 10779: 10641: 10611: 10579: 10549: 10539: 10297: 10232: 10084: 10026: 9900: 9854: 9844: 9724: 9656: 9636: 9329: 9250: 9245: 9180: 9119: 9084: 9074: 9007: 8962: 8957: 8922: 8416: 8285: 8024: 7934:

The World Atlas of Warfare: Military Innovations that Changed the Course of History

7799: 7165: 7069: 6372: 6058: 5958: 5891: 5767: 4996:

That leaves six combinations of the three criteria, some of which have been termed

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was a type of light cannon developed in the late 15th century that fired a smaller

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The term "artillery" has traditionally not been used for projectiles with internal

3850: 3735: 3520: 3508: 3320: 3308: 3304: 3261: 3202: 2801: 2789: 2705:

Mechanical systems used for throwing ammunition in ancient warfare, also known as "

2526: 2471: 2369: 2254: 2127: 2092: 2024: 1917: 1855: 1748: 1676: 1669: 1526: 1459: 1409: 1399: 1274: 1194: 1154: 1139: 1101: 1086: 957: 942: 895: 803: 761: 704: 699: 657: 480: 457: 364: 293: 222: 205: 6361:

Rogers, Clifford J. (1993). "The Military Revolutions of the Hundred Years' War".

4829: 4665:: Typically breech-loaded, capable of high or low-angle fire with a longer barrel. 4150:

radars) and modern exotics such as electronic payloads and sensor-fuzed munitions.

3664:

in July 1759, when the Russian artillery fired over the tops of trees, and at the

11506: 11501: 11172: 11167: 11086: 11066: 10895: 10816: 10801: 10747: 10706: 10574: 10312: 10244: 10038: 9554: 9492: 9482: 9455: 9420: 9104: 8972: 8554: 8218: 8206: 7556: 7206: 7186: 7111: 6671: 6048: 5895: 5349: 5003: 4962: 4896: 4892: 4868: 4862: 4805: 4800:

Modern field artillery can also be split into two other subcategories: towed and

4779: 4742: 4712: 4656: 4612: 4598: 4432: 4186: 4069: 3896: 3866: 3842: 3801: 3605: 3464: 3453: 3357: 3353: 3273: 3243:(caliber 890 mm), cast in 1586 in Moscow. It is the largest bombard in the world. 3133: 2929: 2772: 2669:(art of shooting), coined by one of the first theorists on the use of artillery, 2570: 2463: 2448: 2436: 2432: 2420: 2320: 2238: 2208: 1937: 1922: 1840: 1796: 1738: 1394: 1389: 1279: 1269: 1184: 1159: 1096: 937: 867: 857: 709: 694: 617: 589: 389: 369: 217: 6273:"Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort" 5314:—"the application of fire, coordinated with the manoeuvre of forces to destroy, 11481: 11456: 11322: 11250: 11147: 11106: 11096: 11071: 11008: 10965: 10833: 10774: 10769: 10742: 10671: 10646: 10589: 10445: 10345: 10104: 9912: 9646: 9465: 9415: 9124: 9079: 9069: 9029: 8251: 6053: 5921: 5844: 5807: 5530:: placed on an area or point to prevent the enemy from using the area or point. 5520: 5468: 4793: 4592: 4289: 4256: 4243: 4139:: shrapnel, star, incendiary and flechette (a more modern version of shrapnel). 4047: 4020: 3941: 3806: 3783: 3635: 3628: 3248: 2957: 2953: 2933: 2706: 2382: 2308: 2192: 2177: 2112: 1860: 1284: 1244: 1222: 1209: 1199: 1169: 1081: 1034: 837: 828: 719: 672: 652: 642: 612: 579: 467: 424: 379: 251: 184: 8256: 4458:

Computation of firing data – to deliver fire from a fire unit onto its target;

4295: 3949:

are the devices that initiate an artillery projectile, either to detonate its

2574:

high-explosive munitions to suppress, or inflict casualties on the enemy from

2485: 11572: 11461: 11230: 10940: 10905: 10791: 10784: 10752: 10701: 10676: 10651: 10433: 10399: 10305: 10168: 10141: 10122: 9834: 9641: 9477: 9317: 9290: 9157: 9147: 9094: 9017: 8997: 8859: 8160:. AUSA Institute of Land Warfare book. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 8093: 8036: 7261:

Against All Odds!: Dramatic Last Stand Actions; Perret, Brian; Cassell 2000;

7081: 6427: 6384: 6033: 5843:

Multiple round simultaneous impact (MRSI) is a modern version of the earlier

5572: 5425: 4997: 4907: 4760: 4728: 4692: 4686: 4644: 4615:: Mobile weapons used to support armies in the field. Subcategories include: 4436: 4247: 4024: 3661: 3654: 3519:

and had a thin lead coating which made it fractionally larger than the gun's

3484: 3476: 3276:—was also begun in this period. More esoteric designs, like the multi-barrel 2809: 2785: 2490: 2416: 2332: 2312: 2304: 2262: 2196: 1959: 1947: 1803: 1723: 1639: 1622: 1479: 1334: 1314: 992: 987: 967: 947: 862: 833: 808: 684: 662: 647: 622: 462: 384: 347: 342: 239: 8175: 8073: 7991: 7956: 7914: 7151: 6157:. Applied Mathematics, Computational Science and Engineering. Archived from 3516: 2609: 2589:

or another observer, including crewed and uncrewed aircraft, or called onto

11547: 11290: 11162: 11137: 10840: 10759: 10334: 10202: 10192: 10153: 10129: 9874: 9599: 9497: 9152: 9099: 9059: 9012: 8199: 7938: 5970: 4886: 4850: 4650: 4624: 4239: 4232: 4223: 4172: 3717: 3680: 3572: 3568: 3377: 3278: 3252: 3206: 3092: 2995:

Portuguese artillery on display at the Military Museum of Lisbon, Portugal.

2813: 2762: 2650: 2621: 2579: 2550: 2408: 2328: 2204: 2146: 2072: 2052: 2047: 1942: 1887: 1521: 1516: 1339: 1254: 997: 731: 632: 429: 333: 153: 6905:

Durant, Frederick C. III; Fought, Stephen Oliver; Guilmartin, John F. Jr.

3950: 3078: 11466: 11142: 10925: 10731: 10661: 10362: 10109: 9829: 9624: 9567: 9502: 9487: 9410: 8992: 8977: 8148: 6782: 5723: 5028: 4845: 4724: 4634: 4584: 4580: 4529: 4167:

forces prevent them from tumbling. Spin is induced by gun barrels having

3991: 3721: 3702: 3632: 3539: 3460: 3361: 3240: 2918: 2767: 2697: 2633: 2558: 2554: 2424: 2393: 2324: 2281: 2057: 1808: 1773: 1612: 1299: 1264: 972: 915: 818: 602: 323: 318: 8241:

French artillery and its ammunition. 14th to the end of the 19th century

7395:(3 August 2017) Fort Sill working to install new digital imaging program 6813:"NPS Interpretive Series: Artillery Through the Ages - Explosive Shells" 5504:: used to protect troops when they are within range of enemy small arms. 4452:

Target acquisition: detect, identify and deduce the location of targets;

4323:

or for wartime use in a combat zone. Also known as "warshot" ammunition.

3779: 3580:

against the outward forces that the gun's firing exerted on the barrel.

3430: 2903: 2214:

developed for battlefield use. This development continues today; modern

11182: 10998: 10423: 9864: 9739: 9734: 8044: 7089: 6884: 6392: 6028: 5872: 5775: 5590:: delivered to render a target temporarily ineffective or unusable; and 5385:. These tactical missions are in the context of the command authority: 4750: 4662: 4576: 4562: 4556: 4473: 4306: 4272: 4227: 4219: 4182: 4164: 3994: 3924: 3919: 3793:

artillery is most obviously distinguished by its long range, firing an

3790: 3576: 3548: 3495: 3413: 3221: 3213: 3113: 2646: 2645:

Another suggestion is that it originates from the 13th century and the

2397: 2386: 2378: 2274: 2266: 2258: 2181: 2014: 1984: 1706: 1070: 11476: 8224: 7825: 6866:

Ordway, Vice-Commander of Artillery of the Polish king, Wladyslaw IV,

5953: 4681:: Guns, usually mobile, designed primarily for direct fire to destroy 2443:. Artillery used by naval forces has also changed significantly, with 11152: 11125: 10554: 10271: 10060: 9974: 9959: 9797: 9631: 9400: 6936: 6700:

A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries

6038: 5910: 5073: 4958: 4954: 4630: 4424: 4277: 3998: 3983: 3974: 3846: 3794: 3620: 3512: 3336: 3198: 3149: 3145: 3140:

Between 1593 and 1597, about 200,000 Korean and Chinese troops which

3083: 2718: 2440: 2373: 2316: 2285: 2270: 2230: 2222: 2004: 1828: 1778: 1728: 1718: 1713: 1578: 1369: 1364: 1329: 452: 308: 148: 8028: 7073: 6376: 5821: 4355: 3591: 2781:) and reached Europe in the 13th century, in a very limited manner. 2423:

as transportation. These land versions of artillery were dwarfed by

49: 11471: 11132: 10686: 10534: 10072: 9849: 9780: 9572: 9425: 9383: 9240: 9222: 9191: 8758: 7969: 7411: 5860: 5749: 5576: 5428: 5353: 4702: 4668: 4640: 4566: 4532: 4299:

Battleship ammunition: 16" artillery shells aboard a United States

4171:, which engages a soft metal band around the projectile, called a " 4064: 3892: 3838: 3695: 3480: 3394: 3385: 3229: 2876: 2722: 2710: 2659: 2365: 2234: 2188: 2185: 2019: 1994: 1627: 1259: 1234: 847: 402: 276: 161: 8194: 5744: 5737:

Modern counter-battery target acquisition uses unmanned aircraft,

10883: 10873: 10691: 10636: 10329: 10292: 10215: 10197: 10180: 10163: 9814: 9768: 9609: 9582: 9435: 9430: 9405: 9275: 9142: 9114: 9109: 9024: 8002:(January 1929). "The Development of Artillery in the Great War". 7869: 7865: 6226:

Science & Civilisation in China, volume 7: The Gunpowder Epic

6043: 6018: 6008: 4783: 4746: 4716: 4246:(also known as guncotton) was discovered, and the high explosive 4168: 3900: 3870: 3530: 3449: 3434: 3315:. Their first recorded use was in 1780 during the battles of the 3297: 3101: 2980: 2932:. Very heavy 15th-C bronze muzzle-loading cannon of type used by 2638: 2624:, with the possible exception of artillery reconnaissance teams. 2549:

Artillery illuminating ammunition used in a shooting exercise on

2444: 2029: 1989: 1753: 1587: 1583: 925: 910: 786: 447: 442: 412: 351: 313: 6217: 5748:

Modern artillery ammunition. Caliber 155 mm as used by the

4312:

Artillery ammunition has four classifications according to use:

2775:. These small, crude weapons diffused into the Middle East (the 11187: 11116: 10935: 10890: 10544: 10529: 10021: 9661: 9544: 9285: 9280: 8308: 8262: 8088:. International Aeronautic Federation: 262. January–June 1977. 4643:: Capable of high-angle fire, they are most often employed for 4540: 4238:

Until the late 19th century, the only available propellant was

4133:

and canister may be considered special types of bursting shell.

3834: 3738:

pioneered armour and artillery cooperation at the breakthrough

3561: 3181: 2888: 2859:

In 1415, the Portuguese invaded the Mediterranean port town of

2805: 2620:. The only combat in which artillery is unable to take part is 2401: 2211: 2191:. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach 1536: 932: 749: 485: 8240: 5894:(Finland), is capable of 7 + 7 shells MRSI. The United States 5628:

when the targets should be attacked and possibly for how long;

4525: 3891:

One of the most important roles of logistics is the supply of

11446: 10945: 10486: 10481: 9819: 9744: 6734: 6303:

Warfare and Firearms in Fifteenth century Morocco, 1400–1492.

5929: 5856: 5695: 4543:: The oldest type of artillery with direct firing trajectory. 4510:

during a direct fire mission in a live fire exercise in 2010.

3822: 3642: 3585: 3189: 3129: 2860: 2788:

adopted the Chinese artillery and used it effectively in the

2200: 1007: 543: 538: 7826:"Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact, adjustable simulation" 2725:, are also referred to by military historians as artillery. 9932: 9395: 9390: 6023: 5883: 5622:

the proximity of and risks to own troops or non-combatants;

4672: 3970: 3914: 3910:

A round of artillery ammunition comprises four components:

3749:

Major General J.B.A. Bailey, British Army (retired) wrote:

3672:

fired shrapnel indirectly against advancing French troops.

3296:

building. This led, among other things, to a frenzy of new

3125: 303: 298: 157: 8277: 5957:

An artillery piece in the monument commemorating the 1864

5536:: delivered before an attack to weaken the enemy position. 5417: 3895:

as a primary type of artillery consumable, their storage (

3247:

The first land-based mobile weapon is usually credited to

3176: 3152:, providing an advantage against Japanese navy which used 2632:

The word as used in the current context originated in the

2612:, with a range almost as long as that of field artillery. 2525:

The term "artillery" also designates a combat arm of most

10524: 10516: 9226: 7745:"In a changing world, Finland's artillery stays the same" 7727: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7709: 4653:: Capable of high or low-angle fire with a longer barrel. 3372: 2960:

brought to the siege sixty-nine guns in fifteen separate

2940:, showing ornate decoration. Taken by The Land Feb 07 at 176: 7269:: discussed during the account of the Hougoumont action. 6255:"1526, First Battle of Panipat, Ibrahim Lodhi and Babur" 5565: 4899:, during the First World War the guns from the stricken 4461:

Fire units: guns, launchers or mortars grouped together;

3833:

Weapons covered by the term 'modern artillery' include "

3754:

accuracy had come to rival those of artillery. ... The

2882:

The artillery revolution in Europe caught on during the

8273:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 189–235. 8231:

Artillery Tactics and Combat during the Napoleonic Wars

5548:

is an omission. Broadly they can be defined as either:

5421:

A 155 mm artillery shell fired by a United States

4768:

system) is often self-propelled, (allowing it to avoid

2537:

of the national armed forces that operate the weapons.

7706: 7694: 7682: 7670: 7646: 7634: 7622: 7610: 7598: 6673:

Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past

4914: 4442:

The main functions in the field artillery system are:

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of 1444. Early cannon were not always reliable; King

2834:

French gunner in the 15th century, a 1904 illustration

2335:

said in a speech that artillery was "the god of war".

30:"Artilleryman" redirects here. For the racehorse, see 7658: 7335:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 141. 7283:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 136. 7241:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 135. 7189:, The encyclopedia of weapons of World War II, p. 137 5816: 3675:

In 1882, Russian Lieutenant Colonel KG Guk published

3515:

shell of the Armstrong gun was similar in shape to a

2800:, these weapons became more common, initially as the 2665:

Another suggestion is that it comes from the Italian

7501:"Guided artillery missile with extremely long range" 2852:

Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's

8245:Historic films showing artillery in World War I at 7926:, The International Institute for Strategic Studies 7586: 6676:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 5365:with them in many armies, including a few in NATO. 3035:); bastion guns which could batter fortifications ( 156:fire-off an artillery round with the newly fielded 74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7517: 7233:Red God of War: Soviet Artillery and Rocket Forces 6904: 8195:Cannon Artillery – The Voice of Freedom's Thunder 7503:. patentstorm.us. August 24, 2004. Archived from 7485:. patentstorm.us. August 24, 2004. Archived from 7435:http://nso.nato.int/nso/zPublic/ap/aap6/AAP-6.pdf 7148:"Armstrong Rifled Breech Loading (RBL) 6-Pounder" 6940:. Karnataka, India. June 23, 2005. Archived from 3251:, who deployed his oxen-hauled cannon during the 2695:A bronze "thousand ball thunder cannon" from the 11570: 7899:. Brassey's air power, v. 4. London: Brassey's. 6965:Tactics and Grand Tactics of the Napoleonic Wars 5360:units. This means they generally do not have to 4579:is a gun with multiple single-shot barrels that 4479:SG2 Shareable (Fire Control) Software Suite (S4) 3459:After the British artillery was shown up in the 2280:By association, artillery may also refer to the 6560:Enotenplato, the Chronicle of Military Doctrine 6207: 6205: 5333:. However, they are all suitable for providing 5064:showcasing towing, turning and firing of rounds 4701:: Guns, usually mobile, designed for attacking 2642:, meaning the place where manual work is done. 2207:. As technology improved, lighter, more mobile 7521:Tools of Violence: Guns, Tanks and Dirty Bombs 7447:"Science Service Historical Images Collection" 7408:Enotenplato The Chronicle of Military Doctrine 7303: 4129:, coloured marker, chemical, nuclear devices; 2636:. One suggestion is that it comes from French 2513:in the infantry, and are combined into larger 9207: 8293: 7894: 7017: 6146:Šotnar, Jiří; Carbol, Michal; Blaha, Martin. 6145: 5488:: delivered for the purpose of destroying or 3679:, which provided a practical method of using 3571:" method involved assembling the barrel with 3282:(known as "organ guns"), were also produced. 2458:structural/defensive works and inflict enemy 2154: 7331:Knox, MacGregor; Murray, Williamson (2001). 7279:Knox, MacGregor; Murray, Williamson (2001). 7237:Knox, MacGregor; Murray, Williamson (2001). 7020:Weapons and Equipment of the Napoleonic Wars 6777: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6202: 6064:Improvised artillery in the Syrian Civil War 4953:The three main types of artillery "gun" are 3380:to commemorate the city's resistance to the 3339:made use of the rockets as a weapon. In the 2599:has had a significant influence on the core 2415:, artillery pieces and their crew relied on 8059: 7804:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.397-400.2459 7472:p. 262, International Aeronautic Federation 7406:Chikammadu, Ali Caleb (September 3, 2019). 7116:Grace's Guide to British Industrial History 7035:Artillery Equipments of the Napoleonic Wars 6405: 6148:"Modernization of artillery reconnaissance" 5583:Two other NATO terms also need definition: 4384:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4147:Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition 3494:Armstrong gun deployed by Japan during the 9214: 9200: 8300: 8286: 7998: 7405: 7382:Le massacre de notre infanterie, 1914–1918 7330: 7278: 7236: 6642: 5631:what methods should be used, for example, 4906:formed the main artillery strength of the 3376:A 19th-century cannon, set in the wall of 3212:Bombards developed in Europe were massive 2812:. While there were many early attempts at 2161: 2147: 8131:Artillery: Its Origin, Heyday and Decline 7297: 7220:Artillery: Its Origin, Heyday and Decline 6768: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6516: 6514: 6434:Constantinople 1453: The end of Byzantium 6087: 6085: 5722:Modern counter-battery fire developed in 4782:, this is typically found on slow-flying 4449:Command: authority to allocate resources; 4404:Learn how and when to remove this message 4345: 3426:Field artillery in the American Civil War 2737: 134:Learn how and when to remove this message 11037:List of military strategies and concepts 8129:Hogg, Oliver Frederick Gillilan (1970). 7963: 7057: 6898: 6696: 6669: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6460: 6420: 6252: 5952: 5829: 5820: 5743: 5611:what effects are required, for example, 5564: 5416: 5067: 5048: 4975: 4913: 4844: 4836: 4828: 4732: 4524: 4497: 4415: 4294: 4203: 4093: 3821: 3778: 3711: 3590: 3529: 3489: 3483:, and the outcome was the revolutionary 3429: 3371: 3234: 3175: 3077: 2990: 2924: 2902: 2847: 2837: 2829: 2747: 2690: 2561:, 9 km from the photographer's position. 2544: 2484: 2354: 2342: 1120:List of military strategies and concepts 147: 7921: 7731: 7700: 7688: 7676: 7664: 7652: 7640: 7628: 7616: 7604: 7592: 7192: 7007:. Middlesex: Almark Publishing Co. Ltd. 6962: 6932:"Tipu's missile launch pad in shambles" 6625: 6583: 6466: 6426: 6223: 6211: 6091: 5755: 5711: 5442:. If it is the latter it may be either 4820: 3610:12-pounder (3 inches /76 mm) field guns 3452:guns that could fire at a much greater 3356:which were used effectively during the 3192:. A famous Turkish example used at the 2744:Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty 2529:when used organizationally to describe 2377:stones achieved a kinetic energy of 16 14: 11571: 8236:Artillery of Napoleon's Imperial Guard 8155: 8014: 7930: 7793: 7356: 6868:Great Art of Artillery, the First Part 6781: 6529: 6511: 6360: 6082: 5669:men crouching in trenches – 1/25–1/100 5412: 4875:and later surface to surface missiles. 3201:breached the city's walls, ending the 2826:Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages 2509:Batteries are roughly equivalent to a 9195: 8281: 7895:Browne, J.P.R.; Thurbon, M T (1998). 6646:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder 6608: 6489: 6469:Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774 6120: 5035: 3774: 3082:Three of the large Korean artillery, 2604:generation of infantry weapons using 2372:in 399 BC. Until the introduction of 11553: 9221: 8128: 7518:McNab, Chris; Hunter Keeter (2008). 7032: 7002: 6690: 6670:Wade, Geoff; Tana, Li, eds. (2012). 6663: 6098:Oxford Companion to Military History 5666:men firing from trenches – 1/15–1/50 5450:. Arranged targets may be part of a 5044: 4517: 4382:adding citations to reliable sources 4349: 3829:can be added to unguided projectiles 2557:. The illuminated mountain is Mount 2203:, and led to heavy, fairly immobile 72:adding citations to reliable sources 43: 11497:Idealism in international relations 7451:National Museum of American History 7387: 7333:The Dynamics of Military Revolution 7281:The Dynamics of Military Revolution 7239:The Dynamics of Military Revolution 6626:Stanley, Henry Edward John (1866). 6326: 5948: 5341:. Guns are used either for this or 3701:In the next 15 years leading up to 3463:as having barely changed since the 3307:can trace its heritage back to the 3290:Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima 3128:, over and above what they have in 3096:to destroy an elephant formation". 2819: 2462:. The engineering applications for 2331:were caused by artillery. In 1944, 24: 8122: 7737: 6330:Military Technologies of the World 5886:mortar system, joint developed by 5837:(Click for SVG animated with SMIL) 5817:Multiple round simultaneous impact 5466:, if the latter then it has to be 4948: 4621:: Directly support infantry units. 4423:of the 320th French Artillery, in 4218:Most forms of artillery require a 3599:, the first modern artillery piece 3132:". By the early 16th century, the 3120:led by Pati Unus sailed to attack 2338: 2184:far beyond the range and power of 25: 11600: 8183: 7771:Glossary of Terms and Definitions 7018:Haythornwaite, Philip J. (1979). 6823:from the original on May 14, 2023 5801: 4493: 4185:barrels have been used mostly by 4006:High-Explosive Squash Head (HESH) 3877:Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF) 3677:Indirect Fire for Field Artillery 3188:Bombards were of value mainly in 2576:casing fragments and other debris 2381:, compared to a mid-19th-century 27:Long-ranged guns for land warfare 11552: 11542: 11541: 9176: 9175: 8225:British Artillery in World War 2 7573:National WWI Museum and Memorial 7483:"Fin-stabilized artillery shell" 7235:, London, 1986, p.16, quoted in 6121:Rihll, Tracey Elizabeth (2007). 5492:the enemy's fire support system. 4778:: Large-caliber guns mounted on 4737:Naval cannon, early 19th century 4671:: Large-caliber guns mounted on 4354: 4154: 3881:Joint terminal attack controller 3648: 3625:hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism 3264:—was introduced to remove them. 194: 48: 7888: 7854: 7836: 7818: 7796:Applied Mechanics and Materials 7787: 7778: 7763: 7747:(news analysis). Archived from 7561: 7542: 7511: 7493: 7475: 7466: 7457: 7439: 7428: 7399: 7374: 7350: 7324: 7272: 7255: 7225: 7212: 7172: 7158: 7140: 7122: 7104: 7051: 7026: 7011: 6996: 6971: 6956: 6924: 6877: 6860: 6835: 6805: 6759: 6741: 6719: 6707: 6636: 6619: 6602: 6577: 6551: 6411: 6399: 6364:The Journal of Military History 6354: 6327:Lee, T.W. (December 30, 2008). 6320: 6307: 4855:9.2-inch (230 mm) howitzer 3816:Global Positioning System (GPS) 2966:Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs 2439:– was theoretically capable of 59:needs additional citations for 7357:Bailey, Jonathan B.A. (2004), 7310:. Backintyme. pp. 28–33. 7307:The Evolution of Indirect Fire 6295: 6265: 6246: 6176: 6139: 6114: 4808:has a prime mover, usually an 4675:to provide mobile direct fire. 4098:Artillery can be used to fire 4083: 4068:as well as in Britain against 3327:. The wars fought between the 3171: 2938:siege of Constantinople (1453) 2489:7-person gun crew firing a US 2441:putting a satellite into orbit 13: 1: 8223:Evans, Nigel F. (2001–2007) " 8158:Field Artillery and Firepower 7524:. Osprey Publishing. p. 7359:Field artillery and firepower 7130:"The Emergence of Modern War" 6872:The Complete Art of Artillery 6563:. Lulu.com. August 23, 2019. 6184:"Arms and Men: The Trebuchet" 6092:Bellamy, Christopher (2004). 6070: 5869:155 mm SpGH ZUZANA model 2000 4199: 4010:High Explosive, Plastic (HEP) 3886: 3765:Field artillery and firepower 3367: 3168:) as their largest firearms. 3142:fought against Japan in Korea 2662:unit until the 19th century. 7922:Hackett, James, ed. (2010), 7463:p. 266, Browne & Thurbon 7393:Ms. Marie Berberea (TRADOC) 6004:Beehive anti-personnel round 5904: 5698:first gained the capability. 4849:Australian gunners, wearing 4573:as self-propelled artillery. 4484: 4427:, Belgium, September 5, 1917 3827:M1156 Precision Guidance Kit 3534:8-inch Armstrong gun during 3439:Battle of Langensalza (1866) 3345:Siege of Seringapatam (1792) 2656:Honourable Artillery Company 2627: 2447:generally replacing guns in 7: 11019:Operational manoeuvre group 8590:National Revolutionary Army 8307: 7005:French Napoleonic Artillery 6907:"Rocket and missile system" 6609:Jones, John Winter (1863). 6100:. Oxford University Press. 5976: 5772:Fire Direction Center (FDC) 5379:general support reinforcing 4918:Firing of an 18-pound gun, 4883:was a naval responsibility. 4719:, instead of shot or shell. 4267:Rocket-assisted projectiles 3405:Jean-Baptiste de Gribeauval 2728: 2658:, which was essentially an 2585:Fire may be directed by an 1618:Military–industrial complex 1092:Operational manoeuvre group 160:Lightweight 155-millimeter 10: 11605: 11452:Peace and conflict studies 11341:Infantry fighting vehicles 9880:Front; Russian land forces 8402:War of the Triple Alliance 8190:Naval Weapons of the World 8004:Canadian Defence Quarterly 7205:November 26, 2022, at the 7185:November 26, 2022, at the 6643:Partington, J. R. (1999). 6301:Cook, Weston F., Jr. 1993 6230:Cambridge University Press 5908: 5805: 5759: 5715: 5462:, if the former it may be 4087: 3939: 3652: 3423: 3329:British East India Company 2823: 2741: 2680: 2676: 2540: 39:Artillery (disambiguation) 36: 29: 11539: 11507:International cooperation 11439: 11414: 11281: 11274: 11196: 11115: 11027: 10979: 10854: 10730: 10515: 10477:Combat information center 10454: 10375: 10285: 10014: 10007: 9938:Infantry fighting vehicle 9888: 9720:Unified combatant command 9690: 9553: 9365: 9233: 9171: 9135: 8905: 8858: 8757: 8599: 8553: 8430: 8422:Pre-20th century firearms 8362: 8324: 8315: 7548:The public NABK Brochure 7361:, Naval Institute Press, 7180:"Canon de 75 modèle 1897" 6315:Sieges of Stirling Castle 6279:. 1590–95. Archived from 5093: 5090: 4869:Field or "foot" artillery 4683:armored fighting vehicles 4179:Smoothbore/fin-stabilized 3668:, where a battery of the 3419: 3158:breech-loading swivel gun 2491:M777 Light Towed Howitzer 1682:Loss-of-strength gradient 534:Combat information center 11422:Lists of wars by country 10864:List of military tactics 9982:Self-propelled artillery 9870:Special units by nation: 9313:Protocols and structure: 8810:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 8800:South African Border War 8582:Second Sino-Japanese War 7974:Pen & Sword Military 7931:Holmes, Richard (1988). 7198:Priscilla Mary Roberts, 6963:Jeffery, George (1982). 6224:Needham, Joseph (1987). 6125:. Westholme Publishing. 6075: 6014:Combustion light-gas gun 4804:. As the name suggests, 4792:: Artillery which fires 4633:: Capable of long-range 4559:than the similar falcon. 4535:self-propelled artillery 4131:high-explosive anti-tank 4118:Payloads have included: 3935: 3555:capabilities during the 3473:Elswick Ordnance Company 2520:People's Liberation Army 2216:self-propelled artillery 2000:Military science fiction 1485:Technology and equipment 901:List of military tactics 11519:International relations 11512:Crimes against humanity 10159:Other infantry weapons: 9875:Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy 9446:Functional specialties: 8790:Portuguese Colonial War 8270:Encyclopædia Britannica 8217:August 9, 2021, at the 8156:Bailey, J.B.A. (2004). 7964:McCamley, N.J. (2004). 7304:Frank W. Sweet (2000). 7218:Hogg, O. F. G. (1970). 7209:, World War One, p. 726 6911:Encyclopædia Britannica 6697:Crawfurd, John (1856). 6467:Nicolle, David (1983). 6123:The Catapult: A History 5496:Counterpreparation fire 5343:general supporting fire 4938:Anti-aircraft artillery 4881:coast defence artillery 4699:Anti-aircraft artillery 4605:Large-calibre artillery 4181:: In modern artillery, 4041:anti-aircraft artillery 3860:anti-aircraft batteries 3756:British Royal Artillery 3597:Canon de 75 modèle 1897 3194:siege of Constantinople 2843:First Battle of Panipat 2477: 2427:; the largest of these 2347:French soldiers in the 2068:Wartime sexual violence 1824:Full-spectrum dominance 1635:Supply-chain management 11487:Conscientious objector 9595:Special reconnaissance 9335:Awards and decorations 9158:Civilian gun ownership 8247:europeanfilmgateway.eu 8068:(2): 153–73 (162–64). 8017:Technology and Culture 7061:Technology and Culture 7033:Wise, Terence (1979). 7003:Head, Michael (1970). 6983:www.britishbattles.com 6632:. The Hakluyt Society. 5966: 5840: 5827: 5752: 5580: 5431: 5339:direct supporting fire 5077: 5065: 4989: 4923: 4910:forces in East Africa. 4858: 4842: 4834: 4738: 4536: 4511: 4504:Finnish Defence Forces 4428: 4346:Field artillery system 4309: 4215: 4107: 4104:this 1953 nuclear test 3830: 3787: 3786:guided artillery shell 3769: 3763:J.B.A. Bailey (2004). 3724: 3600: 3543: 3505:Martin von Wahrendorff 3499: 3441: 3389: 3349:Battle of Seringapatam 3287:Kazimierz Siemienowicz 3244: 3185: 3088: 2996: 2945: 2942:Fort Nelson, Hampshire 2915: 2911:, the earliest extant 2856: 2845: 2835: 2758: 2738:Invention of gunpowder 2702: 2608:, better known as the 2562: 2515:military organizations 2498: 2404:on land were moved by 2361: 2352: 1980:Awards and decorations 1953:Peace through strength 1928:Low-intensity conflict 1562:Conscientious objector 1435:Area of responsibility 164: 10507:Torpedo Data Computer 10497:Ship gun fire-control 8835:Nicaraguan Revolution 8785:Araguaia Guerilla War 8354:Early thermal weapons 7966:Disasters Underground 7555:July 6, 2011, at the 7380:General Percin, 1921 7231:Christopher Bellamy, 7154:on February 20, 2002. 6885:"Lithuanian Art Fund" 6817:National Park Service 6703:. Bradbury and Evans. 6584:Atsushi, Ota (2006). 5956: 5935:anti-aircraft warfare 5833: 5824: 5768:Forward Observer (FO) 5747: 5739:counter-battery radar 5568: 5559:Close supporting fire 5514:Final Protective Fire 5454:. Fire may be either 5420: 5356:and, in some armies, 5331:close supporting fire 5072:Two French Army Giat 5071: 5060: 4979: 4920:Louis-Philippe Crepin 4917: 4848: 4840: 4833:Horse-drawn artillery 4832: 4736: 4619:Infantry support guns 4528: 4501: 4419: 4319:: ammunition used in 4298: 4207: 4193:Rifled/fin-stabilized 4097: 4048:radar proximity fuzes 3960:(including graze and 3837:" artillery (such as 3825: 3782: 3751: 3715: 3670:Royal Horse Artillery 3594: 3557:Industrial Revolution 3553:precision engineering 3533: 3493: 3433: 3375: 3238: 3179: 3081: 2994: 2928: 2906: 2891:, as demonstrated at 2851: 2841: 2833: 2808:. Cannon were always 2751: 2694: 2622:close-quarters combat 2548: 2522:has artillery corps. 2488: 2358: 2346: 2241:(collectively called 567:Torpedo data computer 557:Ship gun fire-control 151: 11368:Specific modern wars 11316:Vehicles and weapons 11241:Military occupations 9840:Carrier strike group 8840:Salvadoran Civil War 8407:Spanish–American War 8382:American Indian Wars 8205:May 4, 2006, at the 8133:. London: C. Hurst. 7924:The Military Balance 7798:. 397–400: 2459–63. 7507:on February 9, 2008. 7489:on February 9, 2008. 6843:"Shell | ammunition" 6788:A History of Warfare 6714:Modern Asian Studies 5762:Field artillery team 5756:Field artillery team 5718:Counter-battery fire 5712:Counter-battery fire 5685:from many dispersed 5553:Deep supporting fire 5423:11th Marine Regiment 5335:deep supporting fire 4841:Man-pulled artillery 4821:Organizational types 4770:counter-battery fire 4378:improve this section 4209:152 mm howitzer D-20 3718:15cm field howitzers 3467:, the industrialist 2970:James II of Scotland 2950:Mehmet the Conqueror 2854:Siege of Ranthambore 2687:History of gunpowder 2396:through most of the 2098:Military occupations 1933:Military engineering 1835:Unrestricted Warfare 1692:Force multiplication 585:Military manoeuvrers 68:improve this article 37:For other uses, see 32:Artilleryman (horse) 11531:Peace organizations 10994:Operations research 10472:Director (military) 10462:Fire-control system 9373:Command and control 8893:Russo-Ukrainian War 8830:Dominican Civil War 8805:Cambodian Civil War 8766:First Indochina War 7939:Viking Studio Books 7773:, NATO, AAP-6(2006) 7751:on January 22, 2013 7164:Holley states that 7112:"William Armstrong" 6232:. pp. 317–19. 6190:. September 5, 2006 5999:Barrage (artillery) 5989:Advanced Gun System 5926:Battle of the Bulge 5865:Panzerhaubitze 2000 5588:Neutralization fire 5485:Counterbattery fire 5413:Application of fire 5391:operational control 5387:operational command 5084: 4982:Battle of Gallipoli 4932:Anti-tank artillery 4679:Anti-tank artillery 4060:Battle of the Bulge 3951:High Explosive (HE) 3205:, according to Sir 2567:military operations 2349:Franco-Prussian War 1784:Penal military unit 1769:Rules of engagement 1445:Command and control 1065:Operations research 529:Director (military) 519:Fire-control system 289:Command and control 170:Part of a series on 11584:Chinese inventions 10989:Military operation 10956:Tactical objective 10467:Fire-control radar 10383:Military equipment 10325:Anti-ship missiles 9677:Electronic-warfare 9540:Military maneuvers 9525:Combat occupations 9301:Commanding officer 9261:Occupational roles 8883:Russo-Georgian War 8825:Lebanese Civil War 8795:Rhodesian Bush War 8412:Mexican Revolution 8397:American Civil War 8387:War of the Pacific 8377:Napoleonic Warfare 8000:McNaughton, Andrew 7897:Electronic Warfare 7862:"Patria hagglunds" 7850:. January 9, 2019. 7848:Daily News Hungary 7118:. October 4, 2018. 6944:on October 1, 2007 6615:. Hakluyt Society. 6542:Douglas M. Peers: 6520:Douglas M. Peers: 6502:Douglas M. Peers: 6475:. pp. 29–30. 5967: 5963:American Civil War 5841: 5828: 5780:laser rangefinders 5753: 5581: 5575:firing outside of 5474:target acquisition 5432: 5326:terms are NATO's. 5083: 5078: 5066: 5036:Caliber categories 4990: 4924: 4887:Mountain artillery 4859: 4857:during World War I 4843: 4835: 4776:Aircraft artillery 4745:: Guns mounted on 4739: 4587:in that they lack 4537: 4512: 4429: 4321:live fire training 4310: 4216: 4125:: high-explosive, 4108: 4090:Shell (projectile) 3831: 3788: 3775:Precision-guidance 3725: 3666:Battle of Waterloo 3601: 3544: 3536:American Civil War 3500: 3442: 3390: 3341:Battle of Pollilur 3325:Fourth Mysore Wars 3245: 3186: 3122:Portuguese Malacca 3089: 2997: 2952:, which conquered 2946: 2916: 2884:Hundred Years' War 2857: 2846: 2836: 2798:Hundred Years' War 2759: 2703: 2683:History of cannons 2618:ballistic missiles 2601:engineering design 2587:artillery observer 2563: 2499: 2495:War in Afghanistan 2429:large-calibre guns 2362: 2353: 1893:Counter-insurgency 1814:Command of the sea 1759:Jewish laws on war 1734:Geneva Conventions 1270:Divide and conquer 1060:Military operation 1025:Tactical objective 524:Fire-control radar 501:Electronic-warfare 165: 11589:Explosive weapons 11566: 11565: 11492:Anti-war movement 11435: 11434: 11427:Conflicts by time 11052:Counter-offensive 11042:Military campaign 10961:Target saturation 10911:Counterinsurgency 10560:International law 10502:Gun data computer 10371: 10370: 9708:Armies by country 9672:Close air support 9637:Aircraft carriers 9306:Executive officer 9189: 9188: 8901: 8900: 8845:Soviet–Afghan War 8820:Laotian Civil War 8568:Spanish Civil War 8167:978-1-59114-029-0 8140:978-0-900966-43-9 8109:Missing or empty 8062:Technikgeschichte 7983:978-1-84415-022-9 7948:978-0-670-81967-6 7906:978-1-85753-133-6 7535:978-1-84603-225-7 7453:. April 19, 2018. 7368:978-1-59114-029-0 7342:978-0-521-80079-2 7317:978-0-939479-20-7 7290:978-0-521-80079-2 7267:978-0-304-35456-6 7248:978-0-521-80079-2 7022:. Blanford Press. 6979:"Battle of Kolin" 6683:978-981-4311-96-0 6656:978-0-8018-5954-0 6595:978-90-04-15091-1 6588:. Leiden: Brill. 6548:, Routledge, 2022 6526:, Routledge, 2022 6508:, Routledge, 2022 6482:978-0-85045-511-3 6473:Osprey Publishing 6453:978-1-84176-091-9 6440:Osprey Publishing 6340:978-0-275-99536-2 6253:unknown (1590s). 6239:978-0-521-30358-3 6214:, pp. 314–16 6164:on April 17, 2018 6107:978-0-19-860696-3 5994:Artillery museums 5984:List of artillery 5859:, South Africa's 5528:Interdiction fire 5438:target or may be 5308: 5307: 5058: 5045:Modern operations 5029:Railway artillery 4984:, 1915. Photo by 4810:artillery tractor 4790:Nuclear artillery 4757:Coastal artillery 4571:Gunpowder Empires 4569:were used by the 4518:Types of ordnance 4414: 4413: 4406: 4034:centrifugal force 3855:coastal artillery 3744:Operation Michael 3740:Battle of Cambrai 3645:could not match. 3469:William Armstrong 3437:artillery at the 3333:Kingdom of Mysore 3285:The 1650 book by 3266:Gustavus Adolphus 3164:(大筒 – large size 3104:), long muskets, 2977:Portuguese Empire 2913:large-calibre gun 2909:Pumhart von Steyr 2671:Niccolò Tartaglia 2597:Military doctrine 2527:military services 2472:weapons platforms 2431:ever conceived – 2368:was developed in 2171: 2170: 2063:Horses in warfare 2010:Anti-war movement 1913:Gunboat diplomacy 1903:Disaster response 1851:Philosophy of war 1846:Principles of war 1819:Deterrence theory 1764:Right of conquest 1687:Lanchester's laws 1455:Principles of war 1145:Counter-offensive 1125:Military campaign 1030:Target saturation 953:Counterinsurgency 562:Gun data computer 496:Close air support 458:Aircraft carriers 144: 143: 136: 118: 16:(Redirected from 11596: 11556: 11555: 11545: 11544: 11522: 11405: 11396: 11387: 11378: 11362: 11353: 11344: 11335: 11326: 11312: 11303: 11294: 11279: 11278: 11221:Military tactics 11062:Defence in depth 10916:Defeat in detail 10612:Armoured warfare 10550:Military science 10340:Close-in weapons 10012: 10011: 9923:Wheeled vehicles 9918:Tracked vehicles 9715:Chain of command 9378:Defense ministry 9216: 9209: 9202: 9193: 9192: 9179: 9178: 9055:Mass destruction 8963:Blunt instrument 8888:Syrian Civil War 8322: 8321: 8302: 8295: 8288: 8279: 8278: 8274: 8266: 8264:"Ordnance" 8200:Modern Artillery 8179: 8152: 8118: 8112: 8107: 8105: 8097: 8077: 8056: 8011: 7995: 7960: 7927: 7918: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7872:on April 4, 2010 7868:. Archived from 7858: 7852: 7851: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7822: 7816: 7815: 7791: 7785: 7782: 7776: 7774: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7741: 7735: 7729: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7674: 7668: 7662: 7656: 7650: 7644: 7638: 7632: 7626: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7565: 7559: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7479: 7473: 7470: 7464: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7443: 7437: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7403: 7397: 7391: 7385: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7354: 7348: 7346: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7276: 7270: 7259: 7253: 7252: 7229: 7223: 7216: 7210: 7196: 7190: 7176: 7170: 7166:Daniel Treadwell 7162: 7156: 7155: 7150:. Archived from 7144: 7138: 7137: 7136:on July 1, 2019. 7132:. Archived from 7126: 7120: 7119: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6902: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6881: 6875: 6870:, also known as 6864: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6798:978-0-09174527-1 6779: 6766: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6570:978-0-35980699-7 6555: 6549: 6540: 6527: 6518: 6509: 6500: 6487: 6486: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6437: 6424: 6418: 6415: 6409: 6406:Schmidtchen 1977 6403: 6397: 6396: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6324: 6318: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6221: 6215: 6209: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6163: 6152: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6089: 6059:Suppressive fire 5959:Battle of Tupelo 5949:Use in monuments 5838: 5660:men standing – 1 5643:non-combatants); 5594:Suppression fire 5534:Preparation fire 5399:tactical control 5395:tactical command 5085: 5082: 5059: 4709:Rocket artillery 4409: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4389: 4358: 4350: 4127:white phosphorus 4100:nuclear warheads 4070:V-1 flying bombs 3980:proximity sensor 3867:guidance systems 3851:rocket artillery 3767: 3736:Henry Hugh Tudor 3509:Joseph Whitworth 3309:Mysorean rockets 3305:rocket artillery 3203:Byzantine Empire 3156:(国崩し – Japanese 2820:Expansion of use 2421:tracked vehicles 2413:contemporary era 2402:artillery pieces 2255:rocket artillery 2247:cannon artillery 2243:barrel artillery 2163: 2156: 2149: 1918:Humanitarian aid 1856:Security dilemma 1677:Power projection 1460:Economy of force 1440:Chain of command 1155:Defence in depth 1140:Commerce raiding 958:Defeat in detail 294:Defense ministry 198: 189: 188: 179: 167: 166: 139: 132: 128: 125: 119: 117: 76: 52: 44: 21: 11604: 11603: 11599: 11598: 11597: 11595: 11594: 11593: 11569: 11568: 11567: 11562: 11535: 11516: 11502:Humanitarianism 11431: 11410: 11399: 11390: 11381: 11375:Napoleonic Wars 11372: 11356: 11350:Modern warships 11347: 11338: 11329: 11320: 11306: 11297: 11288: 11275:Other namespace 11270: 11192: 11111: 11023: 10975: 10941:Rapid dominance 10850: 10726: 10511: 10450: 10367: 10313:Naval artillery 10293:Guided missiles 10281: 10003: 9884: 9686: 9549: 9545:Combat training 9493:Security forces 9483:Military police 9421:Airborne forces 9361: 9229: 9220: 9190: 9185: 9167: 9163:Science fiction 9131: 9003:Directed-energy 8897: 8873:Afghanistan War 8854: 8753: 8595: 8555:Interwar period 8549: 8450:Austria-Hungary 8426: 8358: 8311: 8306: 8261: 8219:Wayback Machine 8207:Wayback Machine 8186: 8168: 8141: 8125: 8123:Further reading 8110: 8108: 8099: 8098: 8080: 8029:10.2307/3102202 7984: 7949: 7907: 7891: 7886: 7885: 7875: 7873: 7860: 7859: 7855: 7842: 7841: 7837: 7832:. May 30, 2017. 7824: 7823: 7819: 7792: 7788: 7783: 7779: 7769: 7768: 7764: 7754: 7752: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7730: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7675: 7671: 7663: 7659: 7651: 7647: 7639: 7635: 7627: 7623: 7615: 7611: 7603: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7577: 7575: 7567: 7566: 7562: 7557:Wayback Machine 7547: 7543: 7536: 7516: 7512: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7481: 7480: 7476: 7471: 7467: 7462: 7458: 7445: 7444: 7440: 7433: 7429: 7422: 7414:. p. 196. 7404: 7400: 7392: 7388: 7379: 7375: 7369: 7355: 7351: 7343: 7329: 7325: 7318: 7302: 7298: 7291: 7277: 7273: 7260: 7256: 7249: 7230: 7226: 7217: 7213: 7207:Wayback Machine 7200:"French 75 gun" 7197: 7193: 7187:Wayback Machine 7177: 7173: 7163: 7159: 7146: 7145: 7141: 7128: 7127: 7123: 7110: 7109: 7105: 7074:10.2307/3105857 7056: 7052: 7045: 7031: 7027: 7016: 7012: 7001: 6997: 6987: 6985: 6977: 6976: 6972: 6961: 6957: 6947: 6945: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6915: 6913: 6903: 6899: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6865: 6861: 6851: 6849: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6826: 6824: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6780: 6769: 6764: 6760: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6695: 6691: 6684: 6668: 6664: 6657: 6641: 6637: 6624: 6620: 6607: 6603: 6596: 6582: 6578: 6571: 6557: 6556: 6552: 6541: 6530: 6519: 6512: 6501: 6490: 6483: 6465: 6461: 6454: 6425: 6421: 6416: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6377:10.2307/2944058 6359: 6355: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6325: 6321: 6312: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6286: 6284: 6283:on May 19, 2014 6271: 6270: 6266: 6251: 6247: 6240: 6222: 6218: 6210: 6203: 6193: 6191: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6150: 6144: 6140: 6133: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6090: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6049:Shoot-and-scoot 5979: 5951: 5922:proximity fuzes 5913: 5907: 5836: 5819: 5810: 5804: 5764: 5758: 5720: 5714: 5663:men lying – 1/3 5415: 5375:general support 5049: 5047: 5038: 4951: 4949:Equipment types 4897:Second Boer War 4893:Naval artillery 4863:Horse artillery 4823: 4806:towed artillery 4780:attack aircraft 4743:Naval artillery 4613:Field artillery 4599:Siege artillery 4520: 4508:130 mm Gun M-46 4496: 4487: 4433:field artillery 4431:Because modern 4410: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4375: 4359: 4348: 4202: 4157: 4092: 4086: 4021:proximity fuzes 3944: 3938: 3897:ammunition dump 3889: 3805:development of 3777: 3768: 3762: 3657: 3651: 3606:horse artillery 3465:Napoleonic Wars 3454:muzzle velocity 3428: 3422: 3370: 3358:Napoleonic Wars 3354:Congreve rocket 3180:Artillery with 3174: 3112:(hand cannon), 2930:Dardanelles Gun 2828: 2822: 2773:field artillery 2746: 2740: 2731: 2689: 2679: 2630: 2606:conoidal bullet 2591:map coordinates 2571:field artillery 2543: 2480: 2449:surface warfare 2437:Supergun affair 2433:Project Babylon 2341: 2339:Artillery piece 2321:Napoleonic Wars 2209:field artillery 2193:defensive walls 2167: 2138: 2137: 2088: 2078: 2077: 2043: 2035: 2034: 1975: 1965: 1964: 1938:Multilateralism 1923:Law enforcement 1883: 1873: 1872: 1841:Just war theory 1799: 1789: 1788: 1739:Geneva Protocol 1709: 1699: 1698: 1672: 1662: 1661: 1603: 1593: 1592: 1500: 1490: 1489: 1430: 1420: 1419: 1385: 1375: 1374: 1305:Network-centric 1225: 1215: 1214: 1117: 1107: 1106: 1055: 1045: 1044: 993:Rapid dominance 898: 888: 887: 843:Electromagnetic 752: 742: 741: 728: 681: 629: 605: 595: 594: 590:Combat training 571: 548: 514:Combat systems: 510: 472: 468:Auxiliary ships 434: 394: 390:Military police 356: 279: 269: 268: 208: 182: 181: 180: 175: 140: 129: 123: 120: 77: 75: 65: 53: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Light Artillery 15: 12: 11: 5: 11602: 11592: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11564: 11563: 11540: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11482:Global studies 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11457:Peace movement 11454: 11449: 11443: 11441: 11437: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11429: 11424: 11418: 11416: 11412: 11411: 11409: 11408: 11407: 11406: 11397: 11388: 11379: 11365: 11364: 11363: 11354: 11345: 11336: 11327: 11313: 11304: 11295: 11285: 11283: 11276: 11272: 11271: 11269: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11256:Related lists: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11226:History lists: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11206:Military lists 11202: 11200: 11194: 11193: 11191: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11173:Defense policy 11170: 11168:Defense budget 11165: 11160: 11158:Public policy: 11155: 11150: 11148:United Nations 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11121: 11119: 11113: 11112: 11110: 11109: 11107:Scorched earth 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11033: 11031: 11025: 11024: 11022: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11009:Deep operation 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10985: 10983: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10887: 10886: 10881: 10871: 10866: 10860: 10858: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10837: 10836: 10826: 10825: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10789: 10788: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10757: 10756: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10736: 10734: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10724: 10722:Unconventional 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10672:Disinformation 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10603: 10602: 10597: 10587: 10582: 10580:Post-classical 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10521: 10519: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10458: 10456: 10455:Combat systems 10452: 10451: 10449: 10448: 10446:Field hospital 10443: 10442: 10441: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10420: 10419: 10409: 10408: 10407: 10397: 10396: 10395: 10390: 10379: 10377: 10373: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10321: 10320: 10310: 10302: 10301: 10300: 10289: 10287: 10283: 10282: 10280: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10263: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10242: 10241: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10223:Shoulder-fired 10212: 10211: 10210: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10189: 10188: 10178: 10177: 10176: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10150: 10149: 10139: 10138: 10137: 10127: 10123:Service rifles 10119: 10118: 10117: 10107: 10102: 10094: 10093: 10092: 10082: 10081: 10080: 10070: 10069: 10068: 10058: 10057: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10036: 10031: 10030: 10029: 10018: 10016: 10009: 10005: 10004: 10002: 10001: 9996: 9995: 9994: 9989: 9979: 9978: 9977: 9972: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9951: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9909: 9908: 9898: 9892: 9890: 9886: 9885: 9883: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9811: 9810: 9805: 9795: 9794: 9793: 9788: 9778: 9777: 9776: 9766: 9765: 9764: 9754: 9753: 9752: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9711: 9710: 9705: 9694: 9692: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9684: 9682:Reconnaissance 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9647:Auxiliary ship 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9628: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9559: 9557: 9551: 9550: 9548: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9535:Basic training 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9474: 9473: 9466:Reconnaissance 9463: 9458: 9453: 9451:Communications 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9416:Special forces 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9380: 9375: 9369: 9367: 9363: 9362: 9360: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9342: 9332: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9315: 9309: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9237: 9235: 9231: 9230: 9219: 9218: 9211: 9204: 9196: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9183: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9127: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9021: 9020: 9015: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8938:Anti-personnel 8935: 8933:Anti-ballistic 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8909: 8907: 8903: 8902: 8899: 8898: 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8153: 8139: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8119: 8078: 8057: 8023:(3): 407–416. 8012: 7996: 7982: 7961: 7947: 7928: 7919: 7905: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7853: 7835: 7817: 7786: 7777: 7762: 7736: 7734:, p. 368. 7705: 7693: 7691:, p. 255. 7681: 7679:, p. 165. 7669: 7657: 7655:, p. 414. 7645: 7643:, p. 360. 7633: 7631:, p. 400. 7621: 7619:, p. 412. 7609: 7597: 7585: 7560: 7541: 7534: 7510: 7492: 7474: 7465: 7456: 7438: 7427: 7420: 7398: 7386: 7373: 7367: 7349: 7341: 7323: 7316: 7296: 7289: 7271: 7254: 7247: 7224: 7211: 7191: 7178:Chris Bishop, 7171: 7157: 7139: 7121: 7103: 7050: 7043: 7025: 7010: 6995: 6970: 6955: 6923: 6897: 6876: 6859: 6834: 6804: 6797: 6791:. Hutchinson. 6767: 6758: 6740: 6718: 6706: 6689: 6682: 6662: 6655: 6635: 6618: 6601: 6594: 6576: 6569: 6550: 6528: 6510: 6488: 6481: 6459: 6452: 6428:Nicolle, David 6419: 6410: 6398: 6353: 6339: 6319: 6306: 6294: 6264: 6245: 6238: 6216: 6201: 6175: 6138: 6131: 6113: 6106: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6054:Shrapnel shell 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5950: 5947: 5909:Main article: 5906: 5903: 5880:Archer project 5845:time on target 5818: 5815: 5808:Time on target 5806:Main article: 5803: 5802:Time on target 5800: 5760:Main article: 5757: 5754: 5716:Main article: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5705:time on target 5702: 5699: 5691: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5645: 5644: 5640: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5613:neutralization 5598: 5597: 5591: 5579:, Iraq in 2004 5563: 5562: 5556: 5546:counterbattery 5538: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5521:Harassing fire 5517: 5511: 5508:Defensive fire 5505: 5499: 5493: 5414: 5411: 5371:direct support 5306: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5046: 5043: 5037: 5034: 4950: 4947: 4942: 4941: 4935: 4912: 4911: 4890: 4884: 4876: 4866: 4822: 4819: 4802:self-propelled 4798: 4797: 4794:nuclear shells 4787: 4773: 4754: 4740: 4729:railway wagons 4722: 4721: 4720: 4706: 4696: 4690: 4676: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4638: 4628: 4622: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4596: 4593:automatic fire 4574: 4560: 4550: 4544: 4519: 4516: 4495: 4494:Classification 4492: 4486: 4483: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4446:Communications 4412: 4411: 4362: 4360: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4290:laser ignition 4285: 4284: 4281: 4270: 4257:nitroguanidine 4244:nitrocellulose 4226:, rather than 4201: 4198: 4197: 4196: 4190: 4176: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4140: 4134: 4088:Main article: 4085: 4082: 4002: 4001: 3986: 3977: 3965: 3942:Artillery fuze 3940:Main article: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3888: 3885: 3807:predicted fire 3784:M982 Excalibur 3776: 3773: 3760: 3653:Main article: 3650: 3647: 3636:high-explosive 3447:breech-loading 3421: 3418: 3369: 3366: 3173: 3170: 3118:Javanese fleet 2954:Constantinople 2824:Main article: 2821: 2818: 2814:breech-loading 2810:muzzle-loaders 2804:and later the 2790:great conquest 2739: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2707:engines of war 2678: 2675: 2667:arte de tirare 2629: 2626: 2542: 2539: 2479: 2476: 2383:12-pounder gun 2340: 2337: 2309:flash spotting 2282:arm of service 2197:fortifications 2178:ranged weapons 2169: 2168: 2166: 2165: 2158: 2151: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2103:Military terms 2100: 2095: 2089: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1976: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1884: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1861:Tripwire force 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1800: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1684: 1679: 1673: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1637: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1615: 1610: 1604: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1581: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1431: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1386: 1383:Administrative 1381: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1310:New generation 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1285:Fleet in being 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1226: 1223:Grand strategy 1221: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1210:Scorched earth 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1082:Deep operation 1079: 1074: 1067: 1062: 1056: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 929: 928: 923: 918: 908: 899: 894: 893: 890: 889: 886: 885: 883:Unconventional 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 831: 829:Disinformation 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 800: 799: 794: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 753: 748: 747: 744: 743: 740: 739: 734: 727: 726: 725: 724: 723: 722: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 680: 679: 678: 677: 676: 675: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 628: 627: 626: 625: 620: 615: 606: 601: 600: 597: 596: 593: 592: 587: 582: 580:Basic training 577: 570: 569: 564: 559: 554: 547: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 509: 508: 506:Reconnaissance 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 471: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 433: 432: 427: 425:Special forces 422: 417: 416: 415: 405: 400: 393: 392: 387: 382: 380:Reconnaissance 377: 372: 367: 362: 355: 354: 345: 340: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 280: 275: 274: 271: 270: 267: 266: 265: 264: 259: 249: 248: 247: 242: 232: 231: 230: 223:Post-classical 220: 215: 209: 204: 203: 200: 199: 191: 190: 172: 171: 142: 141: 56: 54: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11601: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11561: 11560: 11550: 11549: 11538: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11520: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11462:Peace process 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11444: 11442: 11438: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11419: 11417: 11413: 11403: 11398: 11394: 11389: 11385: 11380: 11376: 11371: 11370: 11369: 11366: 11360: 11355: 11351: 11346: 11342: 11337: 11333: 11328: 11324: 11319: 11318: 11317: 11314: 11310: 11305: 11301: 11296: 11292: 11287: 11286: 11284: 11280: 11277: 11273: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11203: 11201: 11199: 11195: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11127: 11123: 11122: 11120: 11118: 11114: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11026: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11004:Expeditionary 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10984: 10982: 10978: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10906:Counterattack 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10876: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10853: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10835: 10832: 10831: 10830: 10827: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10794: 10793: 10790: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10762: 10761: 10758: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10740: 10738: 10737: 10735: 10733: 10729: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10712:Psychological 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10652:Combined arms 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10592: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10522: 10520: 10518: 10514: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10453: 10447: 10444: 10440: 10437: 10436: 10435: 10434:Military base 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10418: 10415: 10414: 10413: 10410: 10406: 10403: 10402: 10401: 10398: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10385: 10384: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10374: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10335:Depth charges 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10319: 10316: 10315: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10296: 10295: 10294: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10284: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10247: 10246: 10243: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10182: 10179: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10169:Anti-tank gun 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10148: 10145: 10144: 10143: 10142:Assault rifle 10140: 10136: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10130:Battle rifles 10128: 10126: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10113: 10112: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10099: 10098:Infantry guns 10095: 10091: 10088: 10087: 10086: 10083: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10074: 10071: 10067: 10064: 10063: 10062: 10059: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10041: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10028: 10025: 10024: 10023: 10020: 10019: 10017: 10013: 10010: 10006: 10000: 9997: 9993: 9992:Anti-aircraft 9990: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9983: 9980: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9967: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9930: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9907: 9904: 9903: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9893: 9891: 9887: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9799: 9796: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9782: 9779: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9770: 9767: 9763: 9760: 9759: 9758: 9755: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9725:General staff 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9689: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9642:Landing craft 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9612: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9584: 9581: 9580: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9552: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9364: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9291:Enlisted rank 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9217: 9212: 9210: 9205: 9203: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9182: 9174: 9173: 9170: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9134: 9126: 9123: 9122: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9010: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8928:Anti-aircraft 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8910: 8908: 8904: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8868:Yugoslav Wars 8866: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8860:Post-Cold War 8857: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8815:Iran–Iraq War 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8756: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8739:United States 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8598: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8580: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8552: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8540:United States 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8433: 8429: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8372:Early Warfare 8370: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8361: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8303: 8298: 8296: 8291: 8289: 8284: 8283: 8280: 8272: 8271: 8265: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8220: 8216: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8163: 8159: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8136: 8132: 8127: 8126: 8116: 8103: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8064:(in German). 8063: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7935: 7929: 7925: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7902: 7898: 7893: 7892: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7857: 7849: 7845: 7839: 7831: 7827: 7821: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7790: 7781: 7772: 7766: 7750: 7746: 7740: 7733: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7702: 7697: 7690: 7685: 7678: 7673: 7666: 7661: 7654: 7649: 7642: 7637: 7630: 7625: 7618: 7613: 7606: 7601: 7594: 7589: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7558: 7554: 7551: 7545: 7537: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7514: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7478: 7469: 7460: 7452: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7431: 7423: 7421:9780359806997 7417: 7413: 7409: 7402: 7396: 7390: 7383: 7377: 7370: 7364: 7360: 7353: 7344: 7338: 7334: 7327: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7308: 7300: 7292: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7268: 7264: 7258: 7250: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7221: 7215: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7195: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7175: 7167: 7161: 7153: 7149: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7125: 7117: 7113: 7107: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7068:(2): 213–47. 7067: 7063: 7062: 7054: 7046: 7044:9780850453362 7040: 7036: 7029: 7021: 7014: 7006: 6999: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6966: 6959: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6933: 6927: 6912: 6908: 6901: 6886: 6880: 6874:, pp. 407–16. 6873: 6869: 6863: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6800: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6784: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6765:Holmes, p. 70 6762: 6754: 6750: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6715: 6710: 6702: 6701: 6693: 6685: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6666: 6658: 6652: 6649:. JHU Press. 6648: 6647: 6639: 6631: 6630: 6622: 6614: 6613: 6605: 6597: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6572: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6546: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6525: 6524: 6517: 6515: 6507: 6506: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6484: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6463: 6455: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6414: 6408:, p. 162 6407: 6402: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6371:(2): 241–78. 6370: 6366: 6365: 6357: 6342: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6323: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6282: 6278: 6277:The Akbarnama 6274: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6249: 6241: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6208: 6206: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6160: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6134: 6132:9781594160356 6128: 6124: 6117: 6109: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6086: 6081: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6034:Light-gas gun 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5974: 5972: 5971:war memorials 5964: 5960: 5955: 5946: 5943: 5942:fragmentation 5938: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5890:(Sweden) and 5889: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5823: 5814: 5809: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5725: 5719: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5502:Covering fire 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5419: 5410: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5149:United States 5148: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5075: 5070: 5063: 5042: 5033: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5005: 5001: 4999: 4998:gun howitzers 4994: 4987: 4986:Ernest Brooks 4983: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4921: 4916: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4761:Atlantic Wall 4758: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4693:Anti-tank gun 4691: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4651:Gun-howitzers 4649: 4646: 4645:indirect-fire 4642: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4625:Mountain guns 4623: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4491: 4482: 4480: 4475: 4472:substituting 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4437:indirect fire 4434: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4408: 4405: 4397: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4363:This section 4361: 4357: 4352: 4351: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4291: 4282: 4279: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4252: 4249: 4248:nitroglycerin 4245: 4241: 4236: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4213:Iran–Iraq War 4210: 4206: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4155:Stabilization 4148: 4144: 4143:Base ejection 4141: 4138: 4137:Nose ejection 4135: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4102:, as seen in 4101: 4096: 4091: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4061: 4055: 4051: 4049: 4044: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4025:anti-aircraft 4022: 4017: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3781: 3772: 3766: 3759: 3757: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3733:Major General 3729: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3684: 3682: 3681:aiming points 3678: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3655:Indirect fire 3649:Indirect fire 3646: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3623:to include a 3622: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3587: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3486: 3485:Armstrong Gun 3482: 3478: 3477:Royal Arsenal 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3396: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3299: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3231: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3184:fortification 3183: 3178: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2993: 2989: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2910: 2907:The Austrian 2905: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2887:defense of a 2885: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2756: 2750: 2745: 2735: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2699: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2505: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2473: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2409:gun carriages 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2350: 2345: 2336: 2334: 2333:Joseph Stalin 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2313:indirect fire 2310: 2306: 2305:sound ranging 2301: 2299: 2295: 2294:anti-aircraft 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2251:gun artillery 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2205:siege engines 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2141: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2087: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1990:Warrior caste 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1969: 1968: 1961: 1960:Show of force 1958: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1948:Peacebuilding 1946: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1877: 1876: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1804:Air supremacy 1802: 1801: 1798: 1793: 1792: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1744:Islamic rules 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1724:Court-martial 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1666: 1665: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1623:Arms industry 1621: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1597: 1596: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1494: 1493: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1240:Broken-backed 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1219: 1218: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1077:Expeditionary 1075: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 948:Counterattack 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 913: 912: 909: 907: 904: 903: 902: 897: 892: 891: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 873:Psychological 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 809:Combined arms 807: 805: 802: 798: 795: 793: 790: 789: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 754: 751: 746: 745: 738: 735: 733: 730: 729: 721: 718: 717: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 687: 686: 683: 682: 674: 671: 670: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 648:Fortification 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 635: 634: 631: 630: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 608: 607: 604: 599: 598: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 572: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 549: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 511: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 473: 469: 466: 464: 463:Landing craft 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 435: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 414: 411: 410: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 395: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 357: 353: 349: 348:Standing army 346: 344: 341: 339: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 278: 273: 272: 263: 260: 258: 255: 254: 253: 250: 246: 243: 241: 240:pike and shot 238: 237: 236: 233: 229: 226: 225: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 207: 202: 201: 197: 193: 192: 186: 178: 174: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 155: 150: 146: 138: 135: 127: 116: 113: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: – 84: 80: 79:Find sources: 73: 69: 63: 62: 57:This article 55: 51: 46: 45: 40: 33: 19: 11557: 11546: 11525: 11521:}} 11517:{{ 11404:}} 11400:{{ 11395:}} 11393:World War II 11391:{{ 11386:}} 11382:{{ 11377:}} 11373:{{ 11367: 11361:}} 11357:{{ 11352:}} 11348:{{ 11343:}} 11339:{{ 11334:}} 11330:{{ 11325:}} 11321:{{ 11315: 11311:}} 11307:{{ 11302:}} 11298:{{ 11293:}} 11289:{{ 11255: 11225: 11205: 11177: 11163:Conscription 11157: 11138:Peace treaty 11124: 10829:Subterranean 10717:Radiological 10657:Conventional 10616: 10606: 10585:Early modern 10564: 10491: 10428: 10344: 10304: 10266: 10249: 10214: 10203:Combat knife 10193:Flamethrower 10158: 10154:Sniper rifle 10121: 10110:Machine guns 10096: 10033: 9895: 9869: 9859: 9824: 9729: 9698:Organization 9651: 9605:Naval units: 9604: 9600:Signal corps 9589: 9562: 9530:Development: 9529: 9519: 9498:Border guard 9461:Intelligence 9445: 9384:Armed Forces 9382: 9351: 9312: 9270: 9050:Martial arts 9013:Depth charge 8983:Conventional 8952: 8724:Soviet Union 8601:World War II 8268: 8157: 8130: 8111:|title= 8102:cite journal 8085: 8081: 8065: 8061: 8020: 8016: 8007: 8003: 7965: 7937:. New York: 7933: 7923: 7896: 7889:Bibliography 7874:. Retrieved 7870:the original 7856: 7847: 7838: 7829: 7820: 7795: 7789: 7780: 7770: 7765: 7753:. Retrieved 7749:the original 7739: 7732:Hackett 2010 7701:Hackett 2010 7696: 7689:Hackett 2010 7684: 7677:Hackett 2010 7672: 7665:Hackett 2010 7660: 7653:Hackett 2010 7648: 7641:Hackett 2010 7636: 7629:Hackett 2010 7624: 7617:Hackett 2010 7612: 7605:Hackett 2010 7600: 7593:Hackett 2010 7588: 7576:. Retrieved 7572: 7563: 7544: 7520: 7513: 7505:the original 7495: 7487:the original 7477: 7468: 7459: 7450: 7441: 7430: 7407: 7401: 7389: 7381: 7376: 7358: 7352: 7332: 7326: 7306: 7299: 7280: 7274: 7257: 7238: 7232: 7227: 7219: 7214: 7194: 7174: 7160: 7152:the original 7142: 7134:the original 7124: 7115: 7106: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7034: 7028: 7019: 7013: 7004: 6998: 6988:February 24, 6986:. Retrieved 6982: 6973: 6964: 6958: 6948:December 16, 6946:. Retrieved 6942:the original 6935: 6926: 6916:December 19, 6914:. Retrieved 6910: 6900: 6888:. Retrieved 6879: 6871: 6867: 6862: 6850:. Retrieved 6846: 6837: 6825:. Retrieved 6816: 6807: 6787: 6783:Keegan, John 6761: 6752: 6743: 6730: 6721: 6713: 6709: 6699: 6692: 6672: 6665: 6645: 6638: 6628: 6621: 6611: 6604: 6585: 6579: 6559: 6553: 6543: 6521: 6503: 6468: 6462: 6433: 6422: 6413: 6401: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6346:November 17, 6344:. Retrieved 6333:. Abc-Clio. 6329: 6322: 6309: 6302: 6297: 6285:. Retrieved 6281:the original 6276: 6267: 6258: 6248: 6225: 6219: 6212:Needham 1987 6194:February 28, 6192:. Retrieved 6187: 6178: 6166:. Retrieved 6159:the original 6154: 6141: 6122: 6116: 6097: 5968: 5939: 5914: 5900: 5877: 5854: 5850: 5842: 5811: 5796: 5792: 5784: 5765: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5704: 5686: 5683:concentrated 5682: 5676: 5672: 5654: 5648: 5646: 5636: 5632: 5616: 5612: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5582: 5558: 5552: 5545: 5541: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5490:neutralizing 5489: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5433: 5407:concentrated 5406: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5361: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5312:fire support 5311: 5309: 5079: 5039: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4991: 4971: 4967: 4952: 4943: 4925: 4902: 4853:, operate a 4824: 4799: 4635:direct fires 4585:machine guns 4581:volley fired 4521: 4513: 4488: 4470: 4441: 4435:mostly uses 4430: 4420: 4400: 4391: 4376:Please help 4364: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4316: 4311: 4301: 4286: 4261: 4253: 4240:black powder 4237: 4233:rocket motor 4217: 4192: 4178: 4173:driving band 4160: 4142: 4136: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4078: 4074: 4063: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4038: 4030: 4018: 4014: 4003: 3989:programmable 3945: 3909: 3890: 3874: 3864: 3832: 3810:152 mm 3789: 3770: 3764: 3752: 3748: 3731:The British 3730: 3726: 3707: 3700: 3693: 3685: 3676: 3674: 3658: 3614: 3602: 3582: 3573:wrought-iron 3566: 3545: 3501: 3458: 3443: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3302: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279:ribauldequin 3277: 3271: 3258: 3253:Hussite Wars 3246: 3226: 3211: 3207:Charles Oman 3187: 3161: 3153: 3139: 3109: 3108:(arquebus), 3105: 3098: 3093:Ming Dynasty 3090: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3033:passavolante 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2998: 2974: 2948:The army of 2947: 2917: 2898: 2881: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2794: 2783: 2776: 2766: 2763:Ming dynasty 2760: 2754: 2732: 2709:", like the 2704: 2696: 2666: 2664: 2649: 2644: 2637: 2631: 2614: 2595: 2584: 2564: 2551:Simplon Pass 2524: 2508: 2500: 2481: 2468: 2453: 2425:railway guns 2391: 2363: 2329:World War II 2302: 2279: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2220: 2180:that launch 2173: 2172: 2073:Fifth column 2053:War resister 2048:Women in war 1943:Peacekeeping 1888:Arms control 1833: 1522:Mobilization 1517:Conscription 1475:Intelligence 1428:Organization 1069: 998:Encirclement 878:Radiological 814:Conventional 766: 668:Subterranean 575:Development: 574: 551: 513: 475: 438:Naval units: 437: 430:Signal corps 419: 397: 375:Intelligence 360:Specialties: 359: 284:Organization 235:Early modern 154:Artillerymen 145: 130: 121: 111: 104: 97: 90: 78: 66:Please help 61:verification 58: 11526:Categories: 11467:Disarmament 11384:World War I 11143:Cooperation 11057:Culminating 10981:Operational 10926:Envelopment 10846:Information 10765:Cold-region 10732:Battlespace 10590:Late modern 10570:Prehistoric 10492:Historical: 10429:Facilities: 9955:Armored car 9830:Naval fleet 9568:Combat arms 9563:Land units: 9520:Categories: 9503:Coast guard 9488:Gendarmerie 9411:Space force 9352:Categories: 9266:Recruitment 8988:Crew-served 8948:Area denial 8780:Six-Day War 8775:Vietnam War 8704:New Zealand 8699:Netherlands 8572:Nationalist 8505:New Zealand 8432:World War I 8392:Crimean War 7569:"Artillery" 7222:. C. 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Osprey. 6967:. Courier. 6847:Britannica 6438:. London: 6188:Historynet 6071:References 6029:Gun laying 5873:K9 Thunder 5776:binoculars 5687:fire units 5460:unobserved 5324:italicised 5316:neutralize 4955:field guns 4903:Königsberg 4751:battleship 4631:Field guns 4595:mechanisms 4577:Volley gun 4563:Swivel gun 4307:battleship 4273:Base bleed 4228:detonating 4220:propellant 4200:Propellant 4183:smoothbore 4165:gyroscopic 4046:The first 3997:including 3995:detonation 3992:electronic 3982:including 3973:including 3968:mechanical 3925:Propellant 3920:Projectile 3887:Ammunition 3577:mild steel 3549:metallurgy 3517:Minié ball 3496:Boshin war 3424:See also: 3414:round shot 3386:Napoleon's 3382:1799 siege 3368:Napoleonic 3222:gun barrel 3214:smoothbore 3150:naval guns 3114:Greek fire 3029:serpentina 2873:falconetes 2869:colebratas 2742:See also: 2681:See also: 2647:Old French 2610:Minié ball 2535:formations 2460:casualties 2398:modern era 2387:megajoules 2379:kilojoules 2360:artillery. 2267:chain shot 2118:War crimes 2108:Operations 2015:Foot drill 1985:Battle cry 1898:deterrence 1557:Harassment 1532:Specialism 1355:Technology 1350:Succession 1295:Liberation 1230:Asymmetric 1165:Empty fort 1071:Blitzkrieg 1040:Withdrawal 1003:Investment 782:Camouflage 777:Biological 715:Underwater 690:Amphibious 609:Aerospace 476:Air units: 453:Submarines 262:fourth-gen 257:industrial 245:napoleonic 94:newspapers 11579:Artillery 11282:Templates 11153:Mediation 11133:Alliances 11126:Diplomacy 11102:Offensive 11082:Defensive 11077:Deception 11047:Attrition 10931:Guerrilla 10879:Airbridge 10697:Loitering 10617:Artillery 10555:Diplomacy 10376:Equipment 10330:Torpedoes 10272:Land mine 10228:Anti-tank 10061:Field gun 10039:Artillery 9975:Gun truck 9960:Scout car 9798:Battalion 9691:Structure 9590:Artillery 9508:Logistics 9456:Engineers 9401:Air force 9085:Pneumatic 9075:Offensive 9008:Explosive 8953:Artillery 8943:Anti-tank 8923:Ancillary 8609:Australia 8563:Chaco War 8445:Australia 8326:Premodern 8094:0020-5168 8082:Interavia 8053:113141625 8037:0040-165X 7812:111026161 7098:112105821 7082:1097-3729 6937:The Hindu 6385:1543-7795 6259:Baburnama 6168:March 17, 6039:Paris Gun 5969:Numerous 5911:Air burst 5905:Air burst 5888:Hägglunds 5649:targeting 5633:converged 5604:Targeting 5469:predicted 5452:fire plan 5448:scheduled 5074:GCT 155mm 4959:howitzers 4851:gas masks 4669:Tank guns 4641:Howitzers 4485:Logistics 4425:Hoogstade 4365:does not 3893:munitions 3847:field gun 3812:Krasnopol 3795:explosive 3621:field gun 3617:French 75 3584:slightly 3513:cast iron 3498:(1868–69) 3249:Jan Žižka 3230:trunnions 3199:Mehmed II 3106:spingarde 3084:Chongtong 3049:basilisco 3009:falconete 2962:batteries 2865:bombardas 2784:In Asia, 2765:treatise 2719:trebuchet 2651:artillier 2628:Etymology 2578:and from 2411:. 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8317:History 8309:Weapons 8045:3102202 7090:3105857 6852:May 14, 6827:May 14, 6753:History 6731:History 6393:2944058 6287:May 19, 6044:Railgun 6019:Cordite 6009:Coilgun 5787:battery 5690:window. 5444:on-call 5350:mortars 5348:Modern 5289:Hungary 5279:Morocco 5249:Finland 5219:Algeria 5142:10,774+ 5132:11,258+ 5122:17,700+ 5112:17,900+ 5091:Number 5004:Mortars 4963:mortars 4873:rockets 4766:"Bereg" 4713:rockets 4657:Mortars 4547:Bombard 4421:Cyclone 4386:removed 4371:sources 4317:Service 4187:mortars 4169:rifling 3901:arsenal 3720:during 3716:German 3662:Paltzig 3575:(later 3525:windage 3388:troops. 3347:and in 3303:Modern 3298:bastion 3274:mortars 3102:rentaka 2981:Morocco 2802:bombard 2786:Mongols 2677:History 2639:atelier 2565:During 2541:Tactics 2511:company 2504:battery 2435:of the 2417:wheeled 2351:1870–71 2290:coastal 2239:mortars 2212:cannons 2199:during 2133:Writers 2128:Weapons 2093:Battles 2042:Related 2030:Wargame 2025:Uniform 1973:Culture 1754:Perfidy 1749:Justice 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